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HUYN TRANG

THNH DUY THC

VIJAPTIMTRASIDDHI

TU S dch v ch

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LUN THNH DUY THC

MC LC

MC LC ................................................................................................................................ 2 TA QUY KNH.....................................................................................................................12 CHNG I. BIU HIN CA THC .................................................................................13 TIT 1. NG V PHP .........................................................................................................13

I. CC QUAN IM V NG............................................................................................15 1. Cc thuyt ngoi gio............................................................................................................... 15 2. Un v ng............................................................................................................................... 17 3. Tng hp ph bnh ................................................................................................................... 17 4. Qu trnh dit ng .................................................................................................................... 18 5. Tng thch ............................................................................................................................... 19 6. Phn vn.................................................................................................................................. 20

II. CC QUAN IM V PHP.........................................................................................21 A. CC HC THUYT NGOI O ................................................................................21

1. S LUN................................................................................................................................ 21 2. THNG LUN ....................................................................................................................... 23 3. I T TI THIN GIO..................................................................................................... 27 4. BY LUN S NGOI O................................................................................................ 27 5. THANH LUN S ................................................................................................................. 28 6. THUN TH NGOI O.................................................................................................... 28 7. TNG PH NGOI O....................................................................................................... 30

B. CC TNG PHI TIU THA......................................................................................31 1. SC PHP.............................................................................................................................. 31

i. Sc hu i nh yu t tc thnh: cc vi......................................................... 32 ii. Sc hu i c tc thnh: cn-cnh ............................................................ 33 iii. Sc v i..................................................................................................... 36

2. HNH KHNG TNG NG............................................................................................... 38 i. c v phi c ................................................................................................ 39 ii. ng phn..................................................................................................... 41 iv. Mng cn...................................................................................................... 41 iv. V tm nh v v tng qu ........................................................................ 42 v. Tng hu vi ................................................................................................. 43 vi. Danh c vn............................................................................................ 45 vii. Tu min ..................................................................................................... 47

3. V VI ..................................................................................................................................... 48 i. Tng qut ....................................................................................................... 48 ii. Ph bnh cc quan im ................................................................................. 48

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iii. Duy thc chnh ngha ................................................................................... 49 4. NNG TH V S TH ....................................................................................................... 50 5. ON TR PHP CHP....................................................................................................... 51

TIT 2. TNG KT ...............................................................................................................52 I. TNG KT NG PHP...................................................................................................52 II. NGHA GI THUYT ................................................................................................53

1. Nn vn ................................................................................................................................... 53 2. Gii thch................................................................................................................................. 53 III. THC BIN.......................................................................................................................... 55

CHNG II: A-LI-DA THC............................................................................................57 Tit I. NH DANH.............................................................................................................57

1. A-li-da ................................................................................................................................... 57 2. D thc..................................................................................................................................... 58 3. Nht thit chng....................................................................................................................... 58

Tit II. CHNG T .............................................................................................................58 i. nh ngha................................................................................................................................ 58 ii. Tn hun v bn hu................................................................................................................ 60

a. Thuyt bn hu: H Nguyt ........................................................................... 60 b. Thuyt tn hun: Thng Qun & Nan-........................................................ 61 c. Quan im ca H Php................................................................................ 62

iii. C TNH CA CHNG T .............................................................................................. 66 iv. iu kin hun tp .................................................................................................................. 68

1. S hun ......................................................................................................... 68 2. Nng hun ..................................................................................................... 68

Tit III HNH TNG V S DUYN.............................................................................69 1. TNG THCH......................................................................................................................... 69 2. HNH TNG....................................................................................................................... 70 3. S DUYN............................................................................................................................. 74

i. X: th gii ngoi ti. ..................................................................................... 74 2. Chp th: i tng ni gii. ......................................................................... 75

4. BIN THI C BIT........................................................................................................... 76 5. BT KH TRI ........................................................................................................................ 77

Tit IV TM S TNG NG ..........................................................................................77 1. NM TM S....................................................................................................................... 77

i. Xc................................................................................................................. 77 ii. Tc . ............................................................................................................ 79 iii. Th............................................................................................................... 79 iv. Tng........................................................................................................... 80 v. T.................................................................................................................. 80

2. DUY X TH ........................................................................................................................ 80 3. CC TM S KHC ............................................................................................................. 81

Tit V. BN CHT v TN TC........................................................................................82

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1. BN CHT CA THC TH TM .................................................................................. 82 1. BN CHT TM S TNG NG...................................................................................... 82

Tit VI. THC HNG CHUYN .......................................................................................85 1. NGHA DUYN KHI ....................................................................................................... 85 2. PH BNH CC B................................................................................................................ 85

a. Hu b v Chnh lng b ............................................................................. 85 b. Cc b phi khc............................................................................................ 86 c. Kinh b .......................................................................................................... 87

Tit VII. X A-LI-DA.......................................................................................................87 1. CU CNH X...................................................................................................................... 87 1. CC BIT DANH................................................................................................................... 89 3. GIAI V................................................................................................................................... 90

Tit VIII. CHNG MINH S TN TI CA CN BN THC .......................................91 A. GIO CHNG....................................................................................................................... 91 I. I THA GIO.................................................................................................................... 91

2. Cc dn chng ............................................................................................... 91 2. Pht thuyt i tha ...................................................................................... 94

II. TIU THA GIO................................................................................................................. 95 B. L CHNG........................................................................................................................... 97 1. TR CHNG ........................................................................................................................... 97 2. TM D THC ......................................................................................................................100 3. TH V SINH ......................................................................................................................102 4. CHP TH ............................................................................................................................103 5. TH - NON THC...........................................................................................................103 6. SINH T TM ......................................................................................................................104 7. DANH SC............................................................................................................................105 8. THC PHM ........................................................................................................................106 9. DIT TN INH...................................................................................................................108 10. NHIM TNH.......................................................................................................................111

CHNG III: THC MT-NA ..........................................................................................113 TIT 1: NH DANH ........................................................................................................113 TIT 2: S Y CA MT-NA............................................................................................114

1. Nhn duyn y..........................................................................................................................115 2. Tng thng y ........................................................................................................................115

a. Quan im ca Nan-................................................................................. 115 a. Quan im ca An Hu ................................................................................ 116 c. Thuyt Tnh Nguyt ..................................................................................... 118 d. Thuyt ca H Php..................................................................................... 119

3. ng v gin duyn y .............................................................................................................120 a. Thuyt Nan- ............................................................................................. 120 b. Thuyt An Hu ............................................................................................ 121 c. Thuyt H Php ........................................................................................... 122

TIT 3: S DUYN CA MT-NA .................................................................................124

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a. Thuyt Nan- ............................................................................................. 124 b. Thuyt Ha Bin.......................................................................................... 124 c. Thuyt An Hu ............................................................................................ 124 d. Thuyt H Php........................................................................................... 124

TIT 4: TNH TNG CA MT-NA.............................................................................125 TIT 5: TM S TNG NG .......................................................................................125

1. Bn phin no .......................................................................................................................125 2. Cc tm s khc.....................................................................................................................127 3. Tng ng th .......................................................................................................................130 4. Ba tnh....................................................................................................................................131 5. Gii h ..................................................................................................................................131

TIT 6: PHN V KHI DIT ..........................................................................................131 1. Trn phc v on tr .........................................................................................................131 2. Cc quan im.......................................................................................................................132 3. Phn v hnh tng ...............................................................................................................134

TIT 7: CHNG L TN TI..........................................................................................135 1. Gio chng ............................................................................................................................135 2. L chng ...............................................................................................................................136

2.1. Bt cng v minh...................................................................................... 136 2.2. thc hai duyn........................................................................................ 137 2.3. Tn gi bt thnh ...................................................................................... 138 2.4. Hai nh.................................................................................................... 138 2.5. V tng hu tnh..................................................................................... 139 2.6. Khng ng chp ........................................................................................ 139 2.7. Kt lun .................................................................................................... 140

CHNG IV: V SU THC ............................................................................................142 TIT 1: CC C TNH .....................................................................................................142

1. nh danh.......................................................................................................................142 2: Tnh tng......................................................................................................................143 3: Ba tnh............................................................................................................................144

TIT 2: TM S TNG NG .........................................................................................146 1. nh ngha tm s...........................................................................................................146 2. Cc nhm tm s ............................................................................................................147 3. Tng ng th ................................................................................................................148

a. Ba th .....................................................................................................................................148 b. Nm th..................................................................................................................................149 c. Ba th cng khi .....................................................................................................................153

4. Tm s bin hnh............................................................................................................153 5. Tm s bit cnh.............................................................................................................154

a. nh danh ...............................................................................................................................154 (1) Dc. ........................................................................................................... 154 (2) Thng gii .................................................................................................. 156

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(3) Nim.......................................................................................................... 157 (4) nh........................................................................................................... 157 (5) Hu ............................................................................................................ 159

b. c hnh v cng hnh ...........................................................................................................159 c. Tng ng nm th.................................................................................................................161

6. Tm s thin...................................................................................................................162 a. nh ngha cc tm s thin.................................................................................................162

(1) Tn ............................................................................................................. 162 (2-3) Tm- Qu ............................................................................................... 164 (4-5-6) V tham-v sn-v si........................................................................... 165 (7) Cn ............................................................................................................ 166 (6) An.............................................................................................................. 167 (9) Bt phng dt ............................................................................................. 167 (10) Hnh x.................................................................................................... 168 (11) Bt hi...................................................................................................... 168

b. Cc vn ..............................................................................................................................169 (1) ngha bao hm ........................................................................................ 169 (2) Ph lp ....................................................................................................... 170 (3) S lng .................................................................................................... 170 (4) Gi thc ..................................................................................................... 170 (5) Cu khi .................................................................................................... 170 (6) Tng ng su thc ................................................................................... 171 (7) Tng ng nm th .................................................................................... 172 (8) Tng ng bit cnh .................................................................................. 172 (9) Ba tnh. ...................................................................................................... 172 (10) Ba gii ..................................................................................................... 172 (11) Ba hc...................................................................................................... 172 (12) Ba on.................................................................................................... 172

7. Tm s phin no............................................................................................................172 a. nh ngha ..............................................................................................................................172

(1) Tham.......................................................................................................... 172 (2) Sn............................................................................................................. 172 (3) Si ............................................................................................................... 173 (4) Mn ........................................................................................................... 173 (5) Nghi........................................................................................................... 174 (6) c kin ...................................................................................................... 174

b. Cc vn ..............................................................................................................................176 (1) Cu sinh v phn bit ................................................................................. 176 (2) Tng ng ng loi .................................................................................. 176 (3) Tng ng cc thc ................................................................................... 177

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(4) Tng ng cc th ..................................................................................... 177 (5) Tng ng bit cnh .................................................................................. 178 (6) Tng ng ba tnh...................................................................................... 178 (7) Phn bit gii h ........................................................................................ 178 (8) Ba hc........................................................................................................ 180 (9) Ba on...................................................................................................... 180 (10) Duyn hu s v s.................................................................................. 181 (11) Duyn hu lu v lu ............................................................................... 181 (12) Duyn s cnh v danh cnh .................................................................... 181

8. Ty phin no.................................................................................................................181 a. nh danh ...............................................................................................................................182

(1) Phn........................................................................................................... 182 (2) Hn ............................................................................................................ 182 (3) Ph ............................................................................................................ 183 (4) No ............................................................................................................ 183 (5) Tt ............................................................................................................. 183 (6) Xan ............................................................................................................ 184 (7) Cung ........................................................................................................ 184 (8) Sim........................................................................................................... 184 (9) Hi ............................................................................................................. 184 (10) Kiu ......................................................................................................... 184 (11) V tm ..................................................................................................... 185 (12) V qu ..................................................................................................... 185 (13) Tro c..................................................................................................... 185 (14) Hn trm.................................................................................................. 186 (15) Bt tn ...................................................................................................... 187 (16) Gii i .................................................................................................... 187 (17) Phng dt ................................................................................................. 187 (18) Tht nim................................................................................................. 188 (19) Tn lon ................................................................................................... 188 (20) Bt chnh tri ............................................................................................. 189

b. Cc vn ..............................................................................................................................189 (1) Gi v tht.................................................................................................. 189 (2) Cu sinh v phn bit ................................................................................. 190 (3) Tng ng ng loi .................................................................................. 190 (4) Tng ng cc thc ................................................................................... 190 (5) Tng ng nm th .................................................................................... 190 (6) Tng ng bit cnh .................................................................................. 191 (7) Tng ng cn bn .................................................................................... 191

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(8) Tng ng ba tnh...................................................................................... 191 (9) Tng ng ba gii...................................................................................... 191 (10) Ba hc...................................................................................................... 192 (11) Ba on.................................................................................................... 192 (12) Hu s v v s ....................................................................................... 192

9. Tm s bt nh ..............................................................................................................193 (1) Hi............................................................................................................. 193 (2) Min .......................................................................................................... 193 (3-4) Tm v t................................................................................................ 194

b. Cc vn ..............................................................................................................................195 (1) Gi v tht.................................................................................................. 195 (2) Tng ng ng loi .................................................................................. 196 (3) Tng ng cc thc ................................................................................... 196 (4) Tng ng nm th .................................................................................... 197 (5) Tng ng bit cnh .................................................................................. 197 (6) Cng khi vi thin.................................................................................... 197 (7) Tng ng phin no ................................................................................. 197 (8) Tng ng ty phin no ........................................................................... 197 (9) Ba tnh ....................................................................................................... 197 (10) Gii h ..................................................................................................... 198 (11) Ba hc...................................................................................................... 198 (12) Ba on.................................................................................................... 198

10. Tm v tm s ng d ..........................................................................................................199 TIT 3: PHN V HIN KHI CA SU THC .............................................................200

1. Thc hin khi........................................................................................................................201 a. Nm thc ..................................................................................................... 201 b. thc.......................................................................................................... 202

2. V thc...................................................................................................................................202 a. V tng thin............................................................................................. 202 b. V tng nh.............................................................................................. 204 c. Dit tn nh ................................................................................................ 205 d. Ng v ngt ................................................................................................. 209 e. Cht v ti sinh ............................................................................................ 209

3. Thc ng chuyn...................................................................................................................209 4. Thc d th .............................................................................................................................212

CHNG V: S BIN CA THC ...................................................................................213 Tit 1. BIN THI CA THC...........................................................................................213 Tit 2. CHNG MINH GIO NGHA DUY THC ...........................................................214

1. Gio chng .............................................................................................................................214 2. L chng ................................................................................................................................216 3. Cc nghi vn...........................................................................................................................217

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Tit 3. DUY THC DUYN KHI......................................................................................220 1. BN DUYN.................................................................................................................221

1. Nhn duyn ............................................................................................................................222 2. ng v gin duyn ................................................................................................................223 3. S duyn duyn ......................................................................................................................226 4. Tng thng duyn .................................................................................................................228

2. MI NHN.................................................................................................................230 1. Mi nhn v mi lm y x ..................................................................................................230

a. Ty thuyt nhn v ng y x ........................................................................ 230 b. Quan i nhn v lnh th y x .................................................................... 231 d. Sinh khi nhn v hu nhun chng t y x................................................. 232 e. Nhip th nhn v tng th su y x............................................................. 232 f. Dn pht nhn v ty thun y x .................................................................. 232 g. nh d nhn v sai bit cng nng y x....................................................... 233 h. ng s nhn v ha hip y x .................................................................... 233 i. Tng vi nhn v chng ngi y x.............................................................. 233 j. Bt tng vi nhn v bt chng ngi y x ................................................... 233

2. Mi nhn v hai nhn............................................................................................................233 3. Bn duyn v mi lm y x ..................................................................................................235

3. NM QU.....................................................................................................................235 a. nh ngha ..............................................................................................................................236 b. Cc y x .................................................................................................................................237 c. Qu vi nhn v duyn............................................................................................................238

Tit 4. CHNG T V HIN HNH..................................................................................238 CHNG VI. TIN TRNH SINH T ...............................................................................242 Tit 1. GII THCH VN NGHA.......................................................................................242

1. THCH T .....................................................................................................................242 2. THCH VN ..................................................................................................................244 3. TNG THCH................................................................................................................245

Tit 2. MI HAI HU CHI...............................................................................................246 1. TNG QUT.................................................................................................................246 2. QUAN H CC CHI .....................................................................................................248 3. CC VN ................................................................................................................251

1. Gi tht...................................................................................................................................251 2. Nht s v phi nht s.............................................................................................................252 3. Nhim v bt nhim................................................................................................................252 4. c nht v phi hp ..............................................................................................................252 5. Sc v phi sc .........................................................................................................................252 6 & 7. Hu lu Hu vi .............................................................................................................252 8. Ba tnh....................................................................................................................................252 9. Gii h ...................................................................................................................................252 10. i tr ...................................................................................................................................252 11. Hc v v hc.......................................................................................................................253

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12. on tr ...............................................................................................................................253 13. Ba th...................................................................................................................................255 14. Ba kh ..................................................................................................................................255 15. Bn ..................................................................................................................................256 16. Bn duyn ............................................................................................................................256 17. Hoc Nghip Kh............................................................................................................257

4. NGHA SINH T.......................................................................................................257 1. Hai dng sinh t......................................................................................................................257 2. Bin minh...............................................................................................................................258 Bin minh 2................................................................................................................................260

CHNG VII. BA T TNH...............................................................................................261 1. NH NGHA ................................................................................................................261

1. Bin k ..................................................................................................................................261 i. Gii thch ca Nan- ................................................................................... 261 ii. Gii thch ca H Php ................................................................................ 262

2. Y tha khi...............................................................................................................................266 3. Vin thnh tht........................................................................................................................267

2. CC VN ................................................................................................................269 1. Su v vi.................................................................................................................................269 2. By chn nh ..........................................................................................................................269 3. Su phm tr...........................................................................................................................270 4. Nm s ...................................................................................................................................270

i. Nm php ..................................................................................................... 270 2. Nm tng................................................................................................... 271 5. Bn chn tht............................................................................................... 271 6. Bn Thnh .............................................................................................. 272 ii. Tp ......................................................................................................... 273 iii. Dit ........................................................................................................ 273 iv. o ........................................................................................................ 273

7. Ba gii thot ...........................................................................................................................274 8. Hai php tng .......................................................................................................................274 9. Tr phm thnh........................................................................................................................275 10. Gi tht.................................................................................................................................275 11. D v bt d ...........................................................................................................................275

3. BA V TNH .................................................................................................................276 CHNG VIII. TH NGHIM CA THC .....................................................................279

1. T LNG V ..............................................................................................................280 2. GIA HNH V ...............................................................................................................284 3. THNG T V............................................................................................................287

1. V phn bit tr .......................................................................................................................288 2. Kin o .................................................................................................................................289 3. Chn loi tm ..........................................................................................................................291 4. Hu c tr ..............................................................................................................................292

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5. Su hin qun v hai kin o .................................................................................................293 4. TU TP V.....................................................................................................................294

1. Chuyn y ................................................................................................................................295 2. Mi a.................................................................................................................................296 3. Mi ba-la-mt.......................................................................................................................297 4. Mi trng chng .................................................................................................................301 5. Mi chn nh .......................................................................................................................308 6. Qu trnh chuyn y..................................................................................................................310

a. Giai v chuyn y. .......................................................................................... 310 b. Ngha chuyn y. ........................................................................................... 311

7. Hai qu chuyn y ....................................................................................................................313 a. i Nit-bn ................................................................................................ 313 b. i B- .................................................................................................... 315

V. CU CNH V .............................................................................................................319 1. V LU GII................................................................................................................320 2. GII THOT THN .....................................................................................................323 3. MU-NI DANH PHP ..................................................................................................323

1. Bit tng ca ba thn.............................................................................................................323 a. T tnh thn. ................................................................................................ 323 2. Th dng thn.............................................................................................. 323 3. Bin ha thn............................................................................................... 323

2. Nm php ...............................................................................................................................324 3. Phm cht ca ba thn.............................................................................................................325 4. Ba thn v hai li ....................................................................................................................326 5. Ba thn v quc s y ..........................................................................................................326 6. Pht thn Pht ng d........................................................................................................326 7. Thn v nng bin v s bin..............................................................................................327 8. Ngha duy thc .......................................................................................................................327

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TA QUY KNH Knh ly ng thanh tnh vin mn,1 V ng thanh tnh tng phn2 trong Duy thc tnh.3 Ti4 nay gii thch gio thuyt ca v y,5 V li ch v an lc ca cc hu tnh. Lun (Duy thc tam thp tng) ny c vit vi mc ch khin cho nhng ai c s m lm trong hai Khng6 m pht sinh nhn thc chn chnh. Do nhn thc chn chnh m hai trng chng7 c on tr. Bi v, do chp ng v chp php m hai chng cng pht sinh. Nu chng hai Khng, cc chng y ty theo m b on tr. Do on tr cc chng m c hai qu v th thng. Do on phin no chng vn dn n ti sinh8 m chng chn gii thot.9 Do on s tri chng vn cn ngi nhn thc m c i b-. Li na, v khai th cho nhng ai m m Duy thc nhm ln chp ng v chp php, khin cho c tri kin nh thc i vi Duy thc. Hoc c ngi m nhm l Duy thc;10 hoc chp ngoi cnh khng phi l v th, nh thc;11 hoc chp ni thc khng phi hu th, nh cnh;12 hoc chp cc thc c dng 1 Xu yu (p613b29): Mn tnh, v phn tnh, (danh t) bin cch th t (s d cch, lm tc t gin tip), ch i tng knh l. 2 Phn thanh tnh, Thut k (p233a3): Th Thn tuy cha ln hng Thp a, nhng c tn gii quyt nh trong Duy thc tnh; tuy cha chng Chn, nhng ty thun tu tp m tng phn s c, do c xng tng l Phn thanh tnh. 3 Xu yu (p613b27): Duy thc tnh, (danh t) bin cch th 7 (s y cch, ch v tr), ch s ch khng phi s y. Theo , nn hiu l trong Duy thc tnh. Skt. vijaptimtratym. 4 Thut k (p233c13): ch bn thn An Hu. Tc bi tng quy knh ny do An Hu. n bn Sanskrit (Sylvain Lvi) v bn Tng ng (Enga Teramoto) u khng thy bi ta ny. 5 B thuyt, Thut k (p233c23), ch Duy thc tam thp tng ca Th Thn. 6 Hai Khng, ch sinh khng (hay nhn khng, Skt. pudgala-nyat) v php khng (dharma-nyat). Sthiramati: pudgala-nairtmya (nhn v ng) v dharma-nairtmya (php v ng). 7 Hai trng chng (Skt. varaa-dvaya), ch phin no chng (klea-varaa) v s tri chng (jeya-varaa). 8 Tc sinh phin no; Du-gi 59 (629c14): Nn bit, ht thy phin no u l chui ni kt cc i sng (kt sinh tng tc; Skt. pratisandhi-bandha). 9 Thut k (p235c5): Gii thot, Ty vc phn m ni ba-l-nc-phc-nm; tc Skt. parinirvam, bt-nit-bn, nit-bn vin diu, hay vin mn tch dit. 10 Thut k (p236b17), Thanh Bin ni, theo th , tm v cnh u c; y thng ngha, tm v cnh u khng. 11 ibid., quan im ca Hu b.

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sai bit nhng th ng nht;13 hoc chp la tm khng c tm s ring bit.14 V bc b nhng chp trc sai bit y khin cho c c nhn thc nh thc trong l thm diu ca Duy thc, do lun ny c vit.

CHNG I. BIU HIN CA THC Nu duy ch c thc, ti sao th gian v cc Thnh gio u ni c ng v php? Tng ni: T31n1585_p0001a20 T31n1585_p0001a21 T31n1585_p0001a22 Do gi thuyt ng php Hu chng chng tng chuyn B y thc s bin Th nng bin duy tam.15 Cc hnh thi chuyn hin sai bit u l gi thc nh l ng v php.16 Chng l hai bin thi ca thc.17 S bin thi18 ny c ba dng. l, d thc, t lng, v biu thc ca cnh vc.19

TIT 1. NG V PHP Ng v php m th gian v Thnh gio ni n nh l tn ti, l s gi lp ch khng phi l t th thc hu. Ng tc ch t.20 Php l ci duy tr qu tc.21 C hai chuyn hin di nhiu hnh thi sai bit. Cc hnh thi sai bit ca ng nh hu tnh, sinh mng,22 v.v., v D lu, Nht lai, v.v.23

12 ibid., lp trng ca Thanh Bin v cc nh Trung qun. 13 ibid., mt b phn i tha. Nhip i tha 4 (T31n1579, tr. 3392c21): c mt hng B tt quan nim ch c mt thc th. 14 ibid., quan im ca Kinh b hay Th d lun gi (Chnh l 11, tr. 395a1), v Gic Thin. (cf. T-b-sa 142, tr. 730b26). 15 tmadharmopacro hi vividho ya pravartate/vijnaparime sau parima sa ca tridh// 1/vipko manyankhya ca vijaptir viayasya ca/ 16 Skt. tma-dharma-upacra, cn hnh nh l ng v php; gi thuyt, gi lp, gi thi thit, gi thc, hay ngoi hin, nh l ng v php. Hn: gi thuyt ng php. Thut k (tr.238a18): gi c hai, v th ty tnh gi: t th khng tn ti nhng c khi nim ty theo s tng tng; hu th thi thit gi, khi nim cng gn trn t th th tn ti. 17 Skt. vijnaparima. Hn: thc s bin. Trong bn dch ca Huyn Trang, t Skt. parima, ty theo trng hp, hoc c dch l s bin, hoc c dch l nng bin. T. 1587: thc chuyn. 18 Skt. parama. Hn: nng bin. Xem cht. 16 trn. 19 T.1587, ba nng duyn: qu bo thc, chp thc, v trn thc. 20 Cf. Pali, S. iii. 66: rpa bhikkhave anatt. rpaca hida bhikkhave att abhavissa nayida rpa bdhya savatteyya, labbhetha ca rpe eva me rpam hotu, eva me rpa m ahosi, Sc l v ng. Nu sc l ng, sc ny khng bnh, v cc ngi c the mong c mong sc ca ti s nh vy, s khng nh vy. 21 Koa i. 2: svalakaadhrad dharma, ni l php v duy tr yu tnh ca chnh n. Cf. Ht. (T29n1558, tr.1b9).

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Cc hnh thi sai bit ca php nh thc th, phm tnh, vn ng, v.v.,24 v un, x, gii, v.v. Chuyn hin,25 l ty theo cc duyn (iu kin) m xut hin vi nhng khi nim26 khc bit. Cc hnh thi sai bit nu ch l ngoi hin (gi thuyt) y y trn ci g m c quan nim? Cc hnh thi sai bit y y trn bin thi ca thc27 m gi lp khi nim. Thc y ch biu thc.28 Thc c ni trong y cng gm c tm s, v chng nht nh cng tng ng. Bin thi,29 l th ca thc biu hin thnh hai phn ngoi hin.30 Bi v, tng phn v kin phn u y t chng phn m hin khi. Y trn hai phn ny m ng v php c gi thit. Hai phn ny m la thc th th khng c g lm s y.31 Hoc cho rng ni thc chuyn t thnh ngoi cnh.32 Do nng lc hun tp ca s phn bit ng v php, khi cc thc sinh khi, chng bin t thnh ng php. Cc hnh thi ng v php ny tuy trong ni thc nhng do phn bit m xut hin nh l t ngoi cnh. 22 i phm bt-nh 2 (La-thp, T8n223, tr.230c11), 16 bit danh ca ng: chng sinh , th gi , mng gi, sinh gi, dng dc gi, chng s nhn , tc gi, s tc gi, khi gi , s khi gi, th gi, s th gi, tri gi, kin gi. Danh sch theo Huyn Trang, i bt nh 406 (T7n220, tr.29a29): hu tnh, mng gi, sinh gi, dng gi, s phu, b-c-gi-la, sinh, nho ng, tc gi, th gi, tri gi, kin gi. Danh sch theo Mahvyutpatti ccviii. trthaktma-paryy (danh mc v t ng ca ngoi o): tm, sattva, jva, jantu, poa, purua, pudgala, manuja, mnava, kraka, krpaka, vedaka, jnaka, payaka, utthpaka, samutthpaka. Cf. Du-gi 83 (tr.764b12). 23 Danh hiu cc Thnh gi Thanh vn, tm bc Thnh hay 8 B-c-gi-la (aau pudgal): D lu hng (srota-patti-pratipannaka), D lu qu (srota-panna), Nht lai hng (sakd-gmi-pratipannaka), Nht lai qu (sakd-gm), Bt hon hng (gmi-pratipannaka), Bt hon qu (gmi), A-la-hn hng (arhat-pratipannaka), A-la-hn qu (arhat). Xu yu (p619b16): 27 bc Hin Thnh bao gm c i tha v Tiu tha. 24 Su bn th tn ti (padrtha: c ngha) ca Thng lun (Vaieika): 1. thc (dravya), 2. c (gua), 3. nghip (karma), 4. ng (smnya), 5. d (viea), 6. ha hip (samavya). Hoc 10 c ngha, Thng tng thp c ngha lun (T54n2138, tr.1262c16): nh trn, thm, 7. nng (akti), 8. v nng(aakti), 9. cu phn(ubhayatobhga), 10. v thuyt (abhva). 25 Hn: chuyn; Skt. pravartate. Thut k (p240b19): Chuyn tc khi. Ty theo cc duyn m hin khi cc tng ng v php. 26 Hn: thi thit, Thut k (tr. 240b16), ng ngha vi an lp, tc gi thuyt. Skt. prajapti: khi nim gi lp. 27 Hn: thc s chuyn bin; Skt. vijnaparima. 28 Hn: liu bit; Skt. vijapti. Koa i. 16: vijna prativijapti: viaya viaya prati vijaptir upalabdhir, thc, c bit nhn thc, l biu thc th c tng i tng ring bit. 29 Skt. pariama. 30 Thut k (242a25): An Hu lp mt phn; Thn Thng, hai phn; Trn-na, ba phn; H Php, bn phn. Cf. Xu yu (T43n1831, tr.609b4). Ngha ng (674b6): An Hu, cn c y tha khi lp ch mt phn. 31 Thut k (T43n1830, tr.241a11), c hai trng hp, hoc kin v tng ng chng t; hoc khc chng t. Xu yu (T43n1831, tr.620a14): thuyt ca An Hu, c hai phn u ng chng t. ibid., tr. 620a7. 32 Thut k (242a17): Quan im ca Nan- v Thn Thng, lp hai phn kin v tng. Ngha ng (T43n1832, tr.680b27): dn Vin Trc (Thnh duy thc lun s), T bin c gii thch bng 2 phn v 3 phn. Theo , c 3 thuyt: 1. Lp 3 phn, gii thch ca 8 Lun s trong gm An Hu; tr Ha Bin v Thn Thng, hai ngi ng thi vi Th Thn, lp 2 phn. 2. Gii thch bng 3 phn, tr An Hu, cn li nh trn. 3. Gm cc Lun s, tr An Hu. Nhng Ngha ng bc b Vin Trc, cho rng khng c on vn no ni An Hu lp 3 phn; 2 phn cng khng thy.

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Cc loi hu tnh t thi v thu ly lm i tng m chp l thc ng v thc php. Nh nhm mt,33 chim bao.34 Do tc ng ca nhm mt, chim bao, tm xut hin vi nhng hnh thi a dng ca t ngoi cnh. Ly lm i tng m chp rng ngoi cnh l thc hu. Thc ng v thc php, c quan nim bi hng phm ngu, l hon ton khng tn ti. Nhng tu theo tng tng sai lm m c khi nim. Khi nim c ni l gi.35 T ng v t php vn l bin thi ca ni thc, tuy tn ti nhng khng phi l t th thc ng v thc php; do v xut hin tng t nn ni l gi. Ngoi cnh tu theo s tng tng m c khi nim, do khng tn ti; nh thc.36 Ni thc tt y nhn duyn m sinh khi, do khng phi khng tn ti; nh cnh. Bng iu ny m hai chp tng v gim37 b bc b. Cnh y trn ni thc m c gi lp do ch tn ti trong quy c th tc. Thc l s y ca gi cnh nn cng tn ti trong thng ngha. Do u38 bit rng thc khng tn ti ngoi cnh duy ch c ni thc sinh khi tng t ngoi cnh? V thc ng v thc php khng th nm bt c.

I. CC QUAN IM V NG 1. Cc thuyt ngoi gio V sao khng th nm bt thc ng?39 Mt cch tng qut, c ba loi chp ng: 1. Ch trng t th ca ng thng hng, chu bin, lng ng h khng. Bi v, ty theo mi trng m n to nghip, hay th nhn kh, lc. 40 2. Ch trng t th ca ng th thng hng nhng lng ca n th bt nh; bi v n tri rng hay thu nh ty theo s ln hay nh ca thn.41 3. Ch trng t th ca ng l thng hng, v cc k vi t nh mt cc vi, tim tng chuyn vn trong thn to tc s nghip.42

33 Hn: hon. Thut k (243a9): Nh b bnh nhit, th lc ca mt b tn hi, khin tt c mu u thy l vng. Hin dng 11 (532c7): Nh b bnh ca-mt-la (Skt. kmal) lm tn hoi nhn cn, vt khngphi mu vng m thy l vng. 34 Thut k (243a7): th d ny ch c gi tr i vi Kinh b. Hu b cho rng nhng g c thy trong chim bao cng l thc cnh, nn th d bt thnh. 35 Thut k (tr.243b7), thuc v th ty tnh gi. Xem cth. 15 trn. 36 Nhn minh lng, d d. 37 Tng gim nh chp. Thut k (243c4): tng chp ca ngoi o cho rng cnh thc hu tn ti ngoi tm. Tn gim chp, chp Khng mt cch sai lm, cho rng thc cng khng tn ti. 38 Thut k (tr.244b17): vn, i th theo H Php. 39 ibid., tr. 244c3: t vn vi cc xu hng hu ng: c t b (Vtsputriya), Chnh lng b (Sammatya), Kinh lng b (Sautrntika) 40 Quan nim v t ng ca S lun (Thut k: Tng-kh; Skt. Sakhy), Thng lun (Thut k: Ph-th-s-ca; Skt. Vaieika). Cu-x 30 (158b7), Thng lun nn vn: Nu t ng khng tn ti hin thc, ci g to nghip? Bi v chnh t ng s nhn lnh qu bo kh, lc. 41 Quan nim ng ca phi Ni-kin t (Thut k: Ni-kin- pht-tr-la, dch l Ly h t; Skt.Nigrantha-putra) 42 Quan nim ca Th ch (Thut k: B-thu-bt-a, Skt. Paupati), v cng ca Xut gia ngoi o (Thut k: Ba-l-t-la-cu-ca dch l Bin xut; Skt. Parivrjaka). Th ch (Paupati) cng l bit hiu ca T Ti Thin (Mahevara), Thin cha ca phi ngoi o Bi tro ( hi ngoi o, Skt. bhasman). Cf. Cu x Quang k 9 (T41n1821, tr.172c9).

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1. Quan im th nht l phi l. V sao? a. Ch trng rng t ng thng hng, ph bin, lng ng h khng, th th n khng ty thn lnh th kh lc.43 b. Thm na, v l thng hng ph bin nn n khng th chuyn ng,44 vy lm th no n c th ty theo thn to tc cc nghip?45 c. Li na, ng theo quan im ny l ng nht hay d bit trong tt c hu tnh? Nu l ng nht, khi mt c th tc nghip, tt c cng tc nghip;46 khi mt c th lnh th qu, tt c cng lnh th; khi mt c th chng c gii thot, tt c cng gii thot. Nh th th ht sc sai lm. Nu ni l d bit,47 t ng ca cc hu tnh ph bin ln nhau cho nn t th tr thnh hn tp. d. Li na, khi mt c th tc nghip, mt c th lnh th qu bo, khi y cng nn ni tt c u tc nghip, u lnh th, v x s ca t ng khng d bit. Nu ni, tc nghip v lnh th u c s thuc ring bit cho nn khng phm sai lm y; iu ny cng khng hp l. Nghip, qu v thn cng hip nht vi ng, nhng li thuc v ni ny m khng thuc v ni kia, th th khng hp l. e. Li na, khi mt c th gii thot, tt c cng u gii thot, v php c tu v c chng cng hip nht vi tt c t ng. 2. Quan im th hai cng phi l.48 V sao? a. Nu t th ca ng l thng tr, n khng th tri rng hay co rt ty theo thn. c s tri rng hay co rt, nh gi trong y hay ng so, khng th l thng tr. b. Li na, ng c th b chia ch ty theo thn, nh th lm sao c th cho rng t th ca ng nht th? Cho nn, thuyt ca phi ny ging nh tr a ca tr nt. 3. Thuyt sau cng cng phi l. V sao? Lng ca ng cc tiu, ch bng nh mt cc vi, lm sao c th khin cho ton thn to ln chuyn ng?49 Nu ni t ng tuy nh nhng chy khp thn nhanh nh vng la quay, c v nh chuyn ng ton din; ng c quan nim nh th th khng phi l nht th, khng phi thng hng. V tt c nhng g c di chuyn u khng phi l nht th, khng phi thng hng.

43 Cf. Kim tht thp lun (T54n2137, tr.1249c29): Tng-kh (Sakhy) ni Thn ng (purua) khng phi l tc gi. V-th-s (Vaieika) ni, T ng l tc gi. 44 Ch trng ca Thng lun (Thng tng thp c ngha, tr.1264a12): t ng (tman) thuc tht c ngha (dravya-padrtha) khng c ng tc. Cf. Bch lun (T30n1569, tr.170c18): u-lu-ca (Ulka) ni, tht c Thn (Ng) thng hng. Do cc du hiu nh th mng, nhm m mt, th ra vo, m bit c Thn (Ng). 45 Xem cht. 41 trn. 46 Cf. Kim tht thp lun (p1249c15): Nu ng ng nht, khi mt ngi sinh, tt c cng sinh. 47 Ch trng ca S lun (Kim tht thp lun, tr. 1249c12): C nhiu ng; ty theo mi thn c mt t ng ring. 48 Quan im v ng ca phi Ni-kin t. 49 Thut k (246c9): Ng cc vi tiu ny c th lm chuyn ng thn th cc k to ln n 1 vn 6 nghn do tun ca tri Sc cu cnh.

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2. Un v ng Li na, c ba quan im v ng50: 1. ng nht vi un; 2. d bit un; 3. phi ng nht phi d bit i vi un.51 1. Th nht, un tc ng, phi l. a. V nh un, ng khng phi l thng hng, khng phi l nht th. b. Li na, cc sc trong ni thn quyt nh khng phi l thc ng, v c cht ngi,52 nh ngoi sc. b. Tm v tm s php53 cng khng phi l thc ng, v khng hng tng tc, v v cn hi duyn.54 c. Cc hnh v cc sc cn li55 cng khng phi l thc ng, nh h khng, v khng phi l gic tnh.56 2. Th hai, ng la un cng phi l, v nh h khng khng c tc v th. 3. Th ba, phi ng nht v phi d bit i vi un, cng phi l. a.V nu y trn un m thit lp ng nn khng phi ng nht cng khng phi d bit un, th th, nh bnh cc th, v khng phi l thc ng. b. Li na, khng th ni l hu vi hay v vi,57 th cng khng th ni l ng hay phi ng. Do , ng theo quan nim ca thuyt y khng thnh.

3. Tng hp ph bnh 1. Li na, th ca ng c quan nim l thc hu y c t l, hay khng c t l?58 a. Nu c t l, tt l v thng, v khng phi c t l trong tt c mi thi gian. b. Nu khng c t l, th nh h khng, n khng th tc nghip, cng khng th qu. Do , quan nim v ng khng chng minh c l do ca n. 2. Li na, th ca ng c quan nim l thc hu y c tc dng, hay khng c tc dng?

50 Cf. Du-gi 6 (T30n1579, tr.306b7), bn c s chp ng: ngay chnh ni un (un tc ng), (d bit un) nhng trong un, (d bit un) nhng ngoi un, khng lin h g n un. 51 Quan im ca c t b (Vsputrya). Thut k: Phit-tra th ngoi o ; Skt. Vatsagotra-parivrjaka; cf. Cu-x 30, T29n1558, tr.156a6, mt ngi xut gia ngoi o hi Pht c ng hay khng, Pht khng tr li; Pali: Vacchagotta-paribbjaka, cf. S.iv. tr. 400. Khuy C ng nht Vatsagotra vi Vts-putrya (Pali: Vajji-puttaka). Cf. D b tng lun lun (T49n2031, tr.16c15), c t b ch trong hu ng: B-c-gi-la (pudgala) phi tc un phi ly un; y un, x gii m gi thi thit tn gi. V bc b Ng ca c t b, chi tit xem Cu x 29 (T29n1558, tr.152c9), tip theo v quyn 30: c t b quan nim th ca b-cgi-la phi nht phi d i vi un. 52 Cht ngi, tnh cht c kt, hu hnh. Xem on sau, tr. 2c26. 53 Ch cc un cn li, tr sc un v mt phn hnh un. 54 Thut k lp th d, nh ngn n, v nh m thanh. 55 Cc hnh cn li, ch cc hnh phi tm s, tng hnh khng tng ng tm. Cc sc cn li, ch 6 ngoi x v sc v biu. 56 Thut k 1b, gic tc gic st; tn gi chung cho tm v tm s. 57 c t b lp nm tng. Ng thuc tng th nm, gi l bt kh thuyt (avyaktavya). Cf. Cu-x 29 (T29n1558, tr.153b3). 58 Thut k: c t l (Skt. cinmtra), nhm Tng-kh (Sakhy); khng t l, nhm Ph-th (Vaiaika)

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a. Nu c tc dng,59 th nh tay hay chn,60 phi l v thng. b. Nu khng c tc dng, nh sng th, tt khng phi l thc ng. Do , hai quan nim v ng ny u bt thnh. 3. Li na, th ca ng c quan nim l thc hu y c phi l cnh s duyn ca ng kin khng?61 a. Nu khng phi l cnh s duyn ca ng kin, lm sao cc ngi bit thc c ng? b. Nu ng l cnh s duyn ca ng kin, th th c phm tr ng kin khng c bao hm trong in o, v l c bit mt cch nh thc.62 Nu vy, ti sao Ch gio m nhng ngi theo quan im hu ng tin theo63 li ch trch ng kin, ca ngi v ng, ni rng, ai khng ng kin th chng Nit-bn; ai chp trc ng kin th chm m sinh t? H c trng hp, ngi c t kin th chng Nit-bn, tri li chnh kin khin cho trm lun sinh t? c. Li na, cc ng kin u khng duyn thc ng, v c s duyn.64 Nh tm duyn cc php khc.65 S duyn ca ng kin quyt nh khng phi thc ng, v l s duyn, nh cc php khc.66 Do , ng kin khng duyn thc ng. Nhng n ly cc un l nhng bin hin ca thc lm i tng, ri ty theo tng tng c bit m din dch thnh nhiu hnh thi khc nhau.

4. Qu trnh dit ng Tng qut, cc quan im v ng c hai loi: 1 cu sinh; 2 phn bit.67 1. Ng chp cu sinh, do nng lc ca nhn ni ti c hun tp bi h vng k t thi v thy n nay, thng hng tn ti cng vi thn; khng cn chu nh hng bi t gio v t phn bit, m chuyn hin mt cch t nhin, do gi l cu sinh. Loi ng chp ny li c hai th: a. Thng tng tc, ti thc th by; n ly thc th tm lm i tng khin sinh khi hnh tng ca t tm,68 ri chp l thc ng.

59 Xu yu (tr.621c5): Tng-kh (Sakhy) v cc phi khc, tc dng m khng ng chuyn. 60 Thut k: tay vi tc dng chuyn bin, nhm S lun. Chn vi tc dng hoi dit, nhm Thng lun. 61 Cu-x 29 (T29n1558, tr.153c25): c t b ni, ng (b-c-gi-la, Skt. pudgala) khng phi l s duyn (Skt. lambana) ca thc. 62 Qung bch lun 2 (T30n1571, tr.194b29): Nu ng c quan nim y l thc hu th khng th l i tng ca ng kin vn l kin chp in o. Thut k, Gio l ca cc phi Ngoi o v Tiu tha ch trng hu ng u cho rng ng kin tuy thun s duyn nhng t th l in o. Khi on tr n th thnh Thnh. 63 Ch c t b, tuy Pht gio nhng ch trng hu ng, do c tranh lun v ngha chnh xc ca Kinh. Cf. Cu-x 29 (tr.154c13). 64 Skt. slambana. Ch thc hay cc tm gii, l nhn th lun lun hng n i tng; xem Cu-x 2 (T29n1558, tr.8b9) 65 Nh duyn d tm. Thut k (tr.249a3): nh tm duyn ng l ngai sc cc th. 66 Thut k: D, nh sc php v.v. ibid. 195c13: i tng ca ng kin khng phi l thc ng. V mang hnh tng hoc nam, hoc n l i tng nhn thc ca tm. Nh thn th. 67 Cf. Lak, tr. 118: tatra Mahmate satkyadir dvividh yaduta sahaj ca parikalpit ca. Nhp Lng-gi 4 (bn 10 quyn, T16n671, tr.537a17), Thn kin c hai: 1. cu sanh, 2. h vng phn bit.

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b. C gin on, ti thc th su; n ly hnh tng nm th un, vn l bin hin ca thc, lm i tng, hoc tng th hoc c bit,69 khin sinh khi tng ca t tm70 ri chp l thc ng. C hai chp trc ny rt kh on tr, v rt vi t. V sau, trong tu o, thng xuyn tu tp sinh khng qun c bit71 mi c th dit tr. 2. Ng chp do phn bit cng do nng lc ca ngoi duyn hin ti, khng cng tn ti vi thn, m cn phi c nh hng ca t gio v t phn bit mi c th pht khi, v vy ni l phn bit. N ch tn ti trong thc th su l . Loi ny cng c hai th: a. Duyn vo tng ca un c thuyt bi t gio khin sinh khi tng ca t tm, ri phn bit suy din chp l thc ng. b. Duyn vo tng ca ng c thuyt bi t gio khin sinh khi tng ca t tm, ri phn bit suy din chp l thc ng. Hai loi ng chp ny d b on tr, v th. Khi s khi ca kin o,72 qun chn nh v sinh khng v php khng ca ht thy cc php th c th on tr.73

5. Tng thch Tt c ng c quan nim nh vy, nu l un ngoi ti ca t tm, hoc tn ti hoc khng tn ti.74 Nu l un ni ti ca t tm, n hon ton tn ti. Do , tt c ng chp u ly tng75 ca nm th un vn v thng ri vng chp l ng. Nhng, tng ca cc un sinh khi t duyn,76 do chng hin hu nh l huyn. Ng c chp trc sai lm y, v c suy din mt cch ngu hng, quyt nh khng tn ti. Cho nn, Kh kinh ni, B-x nn bit, nhng g l ng kin ca cc sa-mn, b-la-mn trong th gian, tt c u duyn vo nm th un m sinh khi.77

68 Xu yu (621c19), khi t tm tng, c 2 gii thch: 1. tng l nh tng; 2. tng l ci b chp. Thut k, y l tng ca t tm ca thc th by. Din b (tr. 824c25): s duyn u l tng phn ca t tm. 69 Thut k: ly tng th ng un lm i tng; hoc ly tng un c bit lm i tng. 70 ibid., tng ca t tm, ch tng l nh tng. 71 Thng sinh khng qun. Lak, ibid., srotapannasya sadasatpakadidarat satkyadi prah bhavati, Khi Tu--hon thy r kin chp sai lm v hu v phi hu, thn kin (cu sanh) c on tr. 65 S kin o; kin o c 2 phn: chn kin o v tng kin o. y thuc phn u. 73 Lak, ibid., s ca tasya pudgalanairtmyagrahbhvata prah, kin chp ny b on tr khi (Tu--hon) khng cn chp cht i vi nhn v ng. 74 Thut k (tr. 250c10): Hu hay v, xt theo bn cht...Y un m chp ng, ng y c bn cht; la un m chp ng, ng y khng c bn cht. 75 Tng, ch tng phn (nimittabhga). Thut k (tr. 250c25): nh tng, l tng phn, tt nhin l un; ly lm i tng m chp l ng 76 Thut k, ibid.,:Tng (phn) ni thc, do y tha duyn sinh, nn tn ti. 77 Tham chiu, Tp A-hm 2 (T2n99, tr.011b1); Pali, S. iii. 46: ye hi keci, bhikkhave, sama v brhma v anekavihita attna samanupassamn samanupassanti, sabbe pacupdnakkhandhe samanupassanti, etesa v aatara.

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6. Phn vn 1. Nu khng tn ti thc ng, lm sao c th c cc s vic nh k c, nhn thc, c tng, n tp, n, on?78 Ng c quan nim nh vy l thng hng, khng bin d, th sau cng nh trc, s vic y khng phi l c; trc cng phi nh sau, s vic y khng phi l khng.79 V trc v sau t th khng khc bit. Nu ni rng dng ca ng c bin dch trc v sau nhng t th ca ng th khng; iu ny cng khng hp l. Bi v, hoc dng phi l thng hng v khng tch ri th; hoc th phi l khng thng hng v khng tch ri dng. Tuy nhin, cc hu tnh mi mi c bn thc ring, tn ti mt cch tng tc v ng nht loi t, duy tr chng t, h tng lm nhn cho tt c cc php. Nhng s vic nh k c cc th c c l do nng lc ca ci c hun tp. Do , nn vn c nu ln l do sai lm ni ng, ch khng phi ni tin ca ti. 2. Nu khng tn ti thc ng, ci g to nghip? Ci g th qu?80 Ng c quan nim l thc y l khng bin dch, nh h khng, lm th no c th to nghip, th qu? Nu n c bin dch, n phi l khng thng hng. Tuy nhin, tm v tm s php ca cc hu tnh tng tc khng gin on do bi nng lc ca nhn duyn; cho nn s to nghip v th qu khng c g tri l. 3. Nu ng thc s khng tn ti, ci g lun hi cc ci trong sinh t?81 Ci g nhm tm kh m mong cu th hng Nit-bn? Ng c quan nim l thc hu y khng sinh dit, lm sao c th ni n lun chuyn trong sinh t? Thng hng nh h khng, khng b bc no bi kh, cn g phi nhm tm, x ly, mong cu th hng Nit bn? Cho nn, iu c pht biu kia thng ch l t hi. Tuy nhin, thn v tm ca cc loi hu tnh tng tc, do nng lc ca nghip phin no m lun chuyn cc ci th, v do nhm tm kh m mong cu th hng Nit-bn. Do nhng chng l nh th m nhn thc c rng tuyt i khng tn ti thc ng. Th nhng, dng tng tc ca nhn qu ca cc hu tnh k t v thy, ci trc dit ci sau sinh, do c hun tp mt cch sai lm, xut hin vi tng nh l t ng. Ngi ngu trong quan nim mt cch sai lm l ng.

78 Cf. Cu-x 30 (T29n1558, tr156c26): Nu t th ca ng tuyt i khng tn ti, th th, tm st-na dit lm th no c th nh bit cnh tng t tng c nhn thc t lu xa? Cf. T-b-sa 11 (T29n1558, tr.156c26). tr li c t b v gii thch v k c. 79 Thut k: Minh tnh (Skt. prakti) khi cha bin chuyn thnh i (mahat) cc th, th Ng (purua) cha c th dng cnh. V sau, khi i cc th xut hin, Ng (purua) mi c s th dng. Trc, khng c s vic y; khng c tc dng lnh th cnh. Sau, c s vic y, c tc dng th nhn cnh. 80 Cu-x 30 (T29n1558, tr.158b26). Liu ngha ng (T43n1832, tr.688a23): Nm b gm c t, Chnh lng, Bn kinh, Hin tr, Mt lm sn, u ni 5 thc khng c kh nng tc nghip, th qa; th su c c hai. i chng b ng thuyt. Hu b, 5 thc th qu nhng khng tc nghip. Ph ch ca Thut k tp thnh bin 6 (T67n2266, tr. 123c12): Gii thch ny ch c nghe truyn thuyt ch khng thy minh vn ca Kinh gio. 81 ibid., tr. 156c2: nn vn ca c t b, dn kinh chng: Trong kinh, Pht ni, cc hu tnh b v minh trm kn, b tham i tri buc, nn dong rui sinh t. Nh vy, phi c b-c-gi-la (pudgala).

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II. CC QUAN IM V PHP V sao ngoi thc khng th c quan nim v tnh thc hu ca cc php? V php ngoi ti m Ngoi o v cc Tha khc quan nim khng c chng minh l thc hu.

A. CC HC THUYT NGOI O V sao ng c quan nim bi cc ngoi o l khng tn ti? 1. S LUN V, S lun82 cho rng ng l t83 th dng 23 php gm i84 cc th c tc thnh bi tt-a, lc-x, p-ma.85 i cc th tuy l hp thnh ca ba s nhng l thc ch khng phi gi, c tip nhn bng hin lng.86 Ch trng y phi l. V sao? i. V cc yu t Cc php nh i cc th c hp thnh87 bi nhiu s, nh on qun hay m rng,88 hn l gi ch khng phi thc. Th th, lm sao c th ni chng c tip nhn bng hin lng? Li na, cc php nh i cc th, nu l thc hu, chng phi nh l bn s,89 khng phi l hp thnh ca 3 s. ii. V ba c V ba s, tt-a cc th, chnh l i cc th, tt cng nh i cc th, cng phi do ba s hp thnh.90

82 Thut k: S lun, Phn m l Tng-kh (Skt. Samkhy), dch l s, tc tr tu s. Do tnh m cn bn ca cc php, theo m t tn... Ngi sng lp l Kip-t-la, phin m c l Ca-t-la, dch l Hunh Sc. Tiu s truyn thuyt, xem Kim tht thp lun 1 (T54n2137, tr.1245a8). 83 ibid., tr. 1245c5: ng l tri gi (skt. cit, cetana, caitanya, j). 84 S lun l trit thuyt nh nguyn lun, vi hai bn th: Thn ng (Purua), bn th tm linh; v T tnh (Prakti), bn th ca vt cht. T t tnh, khi kt hp vi Thn ng, pht sinh 23 s tht, theo th t: i (mahat), ng mn (ahakra); t ng mn pht sinh 16 th: 11 cn (indriyni) v nm duy (paca tanmtri); t 5 duy pht sinh 5 i (paca mahbhtni); ibid., tr. 1250b30. Trong , mt nguyn l duy bn cht l t tnh; duy bin thi gm c 5 i v 11 cn v c sinh t ci khc ch t thn khng lm bn cht pht sinh ci khc; va bn va bin gm i, ng mn v 5 duy v c sinh t ci khc v cng pht sinh ra ci khc. Thn ng phi bn, phi bin. ibid., tr. 245c9. Tng th, c tt c 25 nguyn l, t pht sinh tt c mi hin tng. 85 Ba c (tri-gua), 3 yu tnh trong t tnh (prakti). Thut k, tt-a (Sk. sattva), dch l hu tnh, dng kin; lc-x (Sk. rajas), dch l vi (t), nh lng b, ht bi; p-ma (Sk. tamas) dch l m, tc m n. Ba yu tnh ny cn ch cho, theo th t, h, u, m; nhim, th, hc (en); vng, , en. Cf. Kim tht thp, tr. 247c15. Do t l ha hip khc nhau ca 3 yu tnh ny m xut hin cc yu t khc nhau. 86 Kim, ibid. tr. 245c23: c ba cng c nhn thc: chng, t v Thnh ngn. Tc hin lng (pratyaka-prama), nhn thc bi trc gic; t lng (anumna), nhn thc bng loi suy hay lun l hc; Thnh gio lng (gama), nhn thc c truyn bi Thnh gio. 87 Thut k: ni l thnh, ch khng ni l sinh, khng tri vi tng ngha ca S lun. 88 Thut k: khng ly bnh lm th d; v tuy cng do nhiu th hip thnh nhng cc th ny khng ri nhau. Trong khi, on qun do nhiu lnh v m rng do nhiu cy, chng bit lp nhau. 89 Nh bn s, nh ba c nguyn thy, tc nh bn t tnh. 90 Tr Thn ng v T tnh, 23 yu t cn li u l hp thnh ca ba c. Kim tht thp (tr. 1247b19): bin d c 3 c. Bin d l i (mahat), ng mn (ahakra), cho n 5 i (mahbhtni).

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Chuyn bin khng thng hng,91 cng l lun nh trn. Li na, trong ba bn s, mi mt s c nhiu cng nng92 nn cng phi c nhiu t th. V cng nng v t th phi ng nht. Ba t th y l ph bin,93 th khi mt ni chuyn bin, cc ni khc cng vy. V t th khng d bit. Cho rng th v tng ca ba s u d bit, th th lm sao chng ha hip cng tc thnh mt tng? Khng th ni khi hip th chng tr thnh mt tng, v t th vn khng d bit vi khi cha hip. Nu cho rng th ca ba s th d bit nhng tng ca chng th tng ng, nh vy t mu thun vi tng ngha ca mnh v theo th v tng vn ng nht. Th tt phi nh tng, mc nhin l mt; tng cng phi nh th, hin nhin c ba. Nh vy, khng th ni ba hip thnh mt. iii. Ba c v cc yu t (1) Li na, ba s l bit, i cc th l tng. V tng v bit l mt, cho nn, hoc khng th l mt, hoc khng th l ba. (2) Ba s ny khi chuyn bin, nu khng ho hip thnh mt tng,94 chng phi nh trc khi cha chuyn bin. Vy, v sao sc c nhn thc hin tin nh l mt?95 Nu ba s ho hip thnh mt tng, chng phi mt i tng d bit nguyn thu, v nh vy th ca chng cng mt. (3) Khng th ni mi ba s u c hai tng, l tng tng v bit tng. V tng cng chnh l bit, nh vy tng phi l ba, lm sao c thy nh l mt? (4) Nu cho rng th ca ba s, mi s c ba tng m s ho hip hn tp ca chng kh nhn ra cho nn c nhn thc nh l mt: a. Nhng, c ba tng, u c th thy l mt.96 b. V ri lm sao c th bit c c s d bit ca ba s?97 c. Nu mi mt s u c ba tng, th th mi mt s c th tc thnh sc cc th, v sao phi hi ba s ho hip ch khng th thiu bt mt? d. Mi s cng phi c ba th, v th chnh l tng. e. Li na, cc php nh i cc th u do ba s hip thnh, s khng c s sai bit gia php ny v php kia, th th s khng c s sai bit gia nhn v qu; gia cc duy

91 Phn lun, ba c cng chuyn bin v thng nh i cc th. Nu mu thun ngay trong ch trng ca S lun. Thut k (tr. 253c24): ni chuyn bin phi thng trnh li nng bit bt cc thnh, v khng c ng d. V S lun khng quan nim v thng theo ngha hoi dit, m theo ngha chuyn bin. Cf. Kim tht thp, tr.1247a28: t tnh thng hng, ibid., tr. 1247b8: t tnh khng chuyn bin. 92 Cng nng pht sinh i cc th. 93 ibid., tr. 1247b1: t tnh v ng ph bin khp mi ni. 94 ibid., tr. 1248a26: ba c, t th, theo th t, l h, u, m; ba tng: khinh quang (sng v nh), tr ng (hng phn v xung ng), trng ph (nng n v m qung). 95 Sc c thy thnh ba, thay v l mt, v c ba t th, nh ba s. 96 Thut k tr. 255a07 nh vy, mt i (mahat) phi c thy thnh 9 thay v ch mt, v mi s u c 3 s. 97 ibid., tr. 255a13, V tt-a cng do 3 s nh lc-x, nn khng th khc nhau.

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lng, cc i, cc cn.98 Nu vy, bng mt cn m c th tip nhn c tt c mi cnh; hoc mt cnh c th c tip nhn bi tt c cc cn. V nh vy, nhng g c nhn thc trong th gian, hu tnh v phi tnh, cc vt tnh hay u, hin lng hay t lng, vn vn, tt c s khng c g sai bit. Th th ht sc sai lm. Do , php m hc thuyt y quan nim l thc hu ch l hin hu do suy din bi tng tng c nhn thi.

2. THNG LUN Cc c ngha,99 thc v.v., m Thng lun100 quan nim, vn a th, thc hu tnh,101 c nhn thc bng hin lng.102 Quan im ca phi y phi l. V sao? 1. Tng ph. (1)Trong cc c ngha,103 nhng c ngha c cho l thng tr,104 (a) nu chng c kh nng sinh qu,105 tt phi v thng, v c tc dng; nh qu c sinh. (b) Nu khng sinh qu,106 chng khng c t tnh thc hu tn ti ngoi thc, nh sng th v.v.107 (2) Nhng c ngha c cho l v thng, (a) nu c tnh cht ngi,108 tt phi c phng phn,109 v c th b phn tch, nh on qun, khu rng v.v., khng c tnh thc

98 Tc 5 duy (lng), 5 i v 11 cn. Xem trn. 99 Skt. padrtha: phm tr (thc ti). Cn bn c 6 (Vaieika-stra): thc (dravya), c (gua), nghip (karma), ng (smnya), d (viea), ha hip (samavya). V sau, chnh l v trin khai thnh 10: 6 c ngha u, nh trn, thm 4: hu nng (akti), v nng (akati), cu phn (sdya: tng t), v thuyt (abhva). Bch lun v Thnh duy thc ch cp 6. Xem, Thng tng thp c ngha lun (T54n2138). Tc gi: Thng gi Hu Nguyt; Hn dch: Huyn Trang. Skt. Vaieika-nikya-daapadrtha-stra, bn Phn tht lc. 100 Skt. Vaieika. Thut k 1 (tr. 255b26): Ph-th-s-ca, y dch l Thng . Sng lp lc c lun, m khng c hc thuyt no hn ni, nn gi l Thng. Hoc do Thng nhn sng lp nn gi l Thng lun. Vaieka-stra 1.1: Mi hin tng sai bit (dharmaviea) pht sinh t chn tr, vn quan h vi ng tng v d tng ca su c ngha. Bch lun 1 (T30n1569, tr.171b7): t ca u-lu-ca (Skt. Ulka) tng kinh V-th-s... 101 a thc hu tnh, c 2 gii thch: a phn, hoc a th. Thut k: Ni l a, nu r khng phi ch mt php (tc a th). T ba php tr ln c ni l a. Trong 9 c ngha, 9 c ngha l thc hu. C ngha th 10 l v. a phn thc hu nn ni l a. Ngha ng (tr. 689a28): Trong thc c, on qun, khu rng l gi, nh lun ni... Nhng ci , mt phn t l gi, cn li a phn l thc. 102 Thut k, ibid., trong 6 c ngha, tr ho hip, 5 cn li c nhn thc bi hin lng. Thng tng (tr.1263b06): Cn cnh khi ha hip lm pht sinh nhn thc, gi l hin lng. Cc hnh thi hin lng: 4 ha hip sinh (cn, cnh, ng, ), 3 ha hip sinh (cn, , ng), 2 ho hip ( v ng). 103 Cc c ngha, xem cc cht. 111, vv., di. 104 Trong 10 c ngha, 6 thng: ng, d, ha hip, hu nng, v nng, cu phn. Thc, c, v thuyt, mt phn thng, mt phn v thng. Nghip, duy v thng. Trong 9 thc, 5 thng; 4 phn bit: t, nc, la gi nu l i s bn, chng thng hng; nu hp th, chng v thng. Trong 24 c, 14 v thng (gic, lc, kh, dc, sn, cn dng, php, phi php, hnh, ly, b tnh, th tnh, thanh, hng). 105 Trong thc c, 4 i s bn (t, nc, la, gi), trong c c 10, v hu nng, l thng v sinh qu. 5 c ngha cn li (ng, d, ha hip, v nng, cu phn), thng nhng khng sinh qu. 106 Xem cht. trn. 107 Thng lun, ci tuyt i khng tn ti, thuc c ngha v thuyt (abhva, v th), l thng tr. Do , dn sng th lm ng d.

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hu. (b) Nu khng c tnh cht ngi,110 nh tm v tm s,111 tt khng th ngoi y112 m thc hu t tnh. 2. Thc v c.113 a. Li na, t, nc, la, gi m phi y quan nim khng th l nhng ci c tnh cn ngi c bao hm trong c ngha thc,114 v c xc chm bi thn cn;115 nh cng, t, nng, ng.116 b. Hoc, cc tnh cht cng, t, nng, v.v.,117 m phi y quan nim khng th l nhng th c tnh khng cn ngi c bao hm trong c ngha c, v c xc bi thn cn,118 nh t, nc, la, gi. c. Ba thc th t, nc, la, i mu xanh cc th119 u c thy bi mt, chun theo m ph bnh. Do bit rng, khng c thc th t, nc, la, gi tn ti vi t tnh ring bit ngoi cng, t, v.v., cng khng phi mt thy thc th t, nc, la. 3. Ti nghim xt c ngha. a. Li na, trong c ngha thc m phi y quan nim, nhng ci thng hng,120 c tnh cn ngi, v thy u c tnh cn ngi, nh t th, tt phi l v thng.

108 Trong thc c, 4 i phi sinh (cc vi con), v , l v thng, v c tnh cht ngi. 109 C phng s hay v tr v phn v hay thnh phn. 110 4 trong thc c (khng, thi, phng, ng), v 9 c ngha cn li, khng c tnh cht ngi. V thng, khng cht ngi: gm ton phn 14, v mt phn 10 trong 24 c; 5 ton phn nghip; ton phn v th ca ci cha sinh (prgabhva), mt phn v th ca ci khng hi trong c ngha v thuyt (v th). 111 Tm, tm s, tc gic, lc cc th trong c c ca Thng lun, c quan nim l v thng, khng cht ngi. Do dc dn l ng d. 112 Khng ngoi thc. 113 Thc c ngha (dravya-padrtha: phm tr vt th hay thc th) c 9: a (pthivi), thy (ap), ha (tejas), phong (vyu), khng (ka), thi (kla), phng (di), ng (tman), (manas). c c ngha (gua-padrtha), phm tr phm tnh, c 24: sc (rpa), v (rasa), hng (gandha), xc (spara), s (sakhy), lng (parima), bit th (pthaktva), hip (sayoga), ly (vibhga), b th (paratva), th th (aparatva), trng th (gurutva), dch th (dravatva), nhun (sneha), thanh (abda), gic (buddhi), lc (sukha), kh (dukha), dc (icch), sn (dvea), cn dng (prayatna), php (dharma), phi php (adharma), hnh (saskra). 114 Thng tng, tr. 1264a13, trong thc c, 5 c cht ngi: t, nc, la, gi v ; 4 cn li khng cht ngi. 115 ibid., tr. 1264a18, 4 c xc: t, nc, la, gi. Cn li 5, v xc. V c xc, nn ni l c tip nhn bi thn cn. 116 Thut k (tr.258c10): cng, t v.v., thuc xc trong c ngha c. Thng tng, tr. 1263a09, Vaieika-stra 2.1.1: Xc, i tng c nhn thc bi da, vi 3 trng thi: lnh (ta), nng (ua), v khng lnh khng nng (anuta). 117 Thut k: y l cc tnh cht trong xc c. Stra 2.1.1: xc c 3, lnh (ta), nng (ua), khng lnh khng nng (anuta). 118 Thut k, tr. 258c22, theo thuyt Thng lun, thn cn nhn thc c 11 c: xc, s, lng, bit tnh, hip, ly, b tnh, th tnh, dch tnh, nhun, th dng (tc hnh, saskra). 119 Vaieika-stra 2.1.1: t mu xanh (nla), nc mu trng (veta), la mu sng chi (bhsvara). Thng tng, tr. 1264a20, 21: ba thc th ny c th thy bng mt. Gi khng c mu. 120 Trong c ngha thc, bn i s bn (cc vi cha m) v , l thng hng, hu ngi. Cc i phi sinh hay hp th (cc vi con), nh t th, thy u v thng.

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b. Trong cc c ngha khc, cc php khng cht ngi c nhn thc bi sc cn121 tt phi c tnh ngi, v cho rng c nhn thc bi sc cn,122 nh t, nc, la, gi. c. Cc c ngha khng phi l thc nh c v.v. 123 theo quan nim ca phi y tt khng c t tnh ring bit ngoi thc, v thuc v phi thc, nh con ca thch n. d. Nhng g phi hu, nh thc, v.v.,124 tt khng th la thc m c t tnh ring bit, v thuc v phi hu, nh hoa m gia tri. 4. Ph nh hu tnh a. i hu tnh125.- Hu m phi y quan nim khng th c t tnh ring bit tch ngoi thc, v cho rng phi v, nh thc, c, v.v.126 Nu tch ri thc cc th tt khng phi l hu tnh, v c cho rng d bit vi thc cc th, nh ci v tuyt i, v.v.127 Cng nh hu khng phi l v, khng c t tnh ring bit,128 ti sao thc, v.v., c t tnh ring bit? Vy, hu tnh y ch l s suy din theo tng tng. b. ng d tnh129.- Li na, Thng lun quan nim rng thc tnh, c tnh, nghip tnh d bit vi thc, c, nghip;130 quan nim ny khng hp l. Khng nn cho rng y cng khng phi l thc tnh, c tnh, nghip tnh, v b bit thc, v.v., nh c, nghip, v.v.131

121 Cc php ny, trong c ngha c, c 15: sc, v, hng, xc, thanh, s, lng, bit th, hip, ly, b th, th th, trng th, dch th, nhun; cng vi nghip, i hu (ng), cu phn. 122 Thng tng, tr. 1264a25: 5 trong 9 thc c l cn, t; t cn, nc: thit cn, la: nhn cn, gi: b cn, khng: nh cn. ibid., tr. 1263c12: c ngha ng, bi tt c cc cn; tr. 1263c23: trong c ngha cu phn, thc tnh (dravyatva) c nhn thc bi nhn xc (tr.1263c26); c tnh (guatva) bi tt c cn (tr.1263c28); nghip tnh (karmatva), bi nhn xc (tr.1263c29). 123 Thut k (tr.259b04): tr thc c, 8 c ngha cn li u phi thc. Thut k khng k v thuyt. 124 Hn: phi hu thc ng; Thut k: Cc c ngha thc v.v. ngoi gic, lc cc th, v khng phi hu tnh. Stra 1.2.7-9: Nguyn nhn lm pht sinh khi nim tn ti ni thc, c, nghip, gi l hu tnh (satt). Hu tnh l nguyn l ngoi thc, c, nghip. Hu tnh khng phi l c, khng phi l nghip, v n tn ti ni c, nghip. 125 Cu dch i hu tnh, tn dch l ng (c ngha). Skt. smnya. 126 Xu yu (tr.622c11), lp lun ca Thng lun: Hu tnh c t tnh ring bit tch ngoi thc c,v.v. V (phi ny) cho rng phi v. Nh c, nghip. Nhn phm li php t tng tng vi. Cf. Nhn minh nhp chnh l lun (T32n1630, tr.12a15); Nhn minh nhp chnh l lun s (T44n1840, tr.112a12). 127 Tt cnh v (atyantbhva), tuyt i khng tn ti, mt trong 5 v thuyt (abhva). Thut k: t ng, k lun v sanh v (prgabhva). 128 Thut k (tr.259c26) gii thch: Nh hu tnh khng phi l php khng tn ti (v php), hu tnh khng d bit ci hu ca hu tnh; vy, thc v.v. cn khng phi l v, ti sao khng c ci hu ring bit? 129 Tc d c ngha (viea-padrtha). Thut k (tr. 256c21): Cu dch l ng d tnh. Va ng va d, nn ni l ng d tnh. 130 Stra 1.2.5: Thc tnh (dravyatva), c tnh (guatva), nghip tnh (karmatva), va ng va d. ibid.1.2.2: Thc tnh, trong bao hm a s, cho nn ni n l ci tn ti ngoi thc. Thut k (tr. 260a22): tht tnh, c tnh, nghip tmh, tc ng d tnh.

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Li na, thc v.v. khng th c bao hm trong thc v.v. V d bit thc tnh v.v. Nh c, nghip, thc.132 a tnh v.v. i chiu th ca a v.v. trng ct ln nhau, chun theo trn m lp lun. Cng nh thc tnh v.v.133 khng khc bit thc tnh v.v., thc v.v. cng khng khc bit thc tnh. Nu tch ngoi thc cc th m c thc tnh cc th, th cng nn tch ngoi phi thc cc th m c phi thc tnh cc th. Trng hp kia m c th, sao y li khng th? Vy, ng d tnh ch l khi nim gi lp. c. Ha hip c.- C ngha ha hip m Thng lun quan nim134 quyt nh khng phi l thc hu. V c bao hm trong cc php phi hu, phi thc cc cc th.135 Nh ci tuyt i khng tn ti. Thng lun quan nim rng thc cc th, c nhn thc bng hin lng,136 theo l m suy trng, cng cn khng phi l thc hu, hung g c ngha ha hip, m phi y cho rng khng c nhn thc bng hin lng, li c th thc hu? 5. Gii thch ca Duy thc a. Nhng, thc v.v. ca Thng lun khng phi l ci t c bng hin lng do ly t th thc hu ngoi thc lm i tng.137 V c cho l s tri. Nh lng ra cc th. b. Li na, tr ly thc lm i tng khng thuc tr (nhn thc) bng hin lng ly t th ca c ngha thc tn ti ngoi thc lm i tng. V pht sinh t gi hp.138 Nh tr

131 ibid., Khng nn cho rng ng d tnh ny cng khng phi l ng d tnh. Tng lp lng: Thc tnh, c tnh, nghip tnh m cc ng quan nim tt khng phi l thc tnh, c tnh, nghip tnh. V d bit thc, c, nghip. Nh ha hip, v.v. 132 Vn lp lun tng hp. Thut k phn tch: Thc hn khng phi l thc. V b bit thc tnh. Nh c, nghip. Thay ch t trong tng chi bng c, nghip, cng vy. Xu yu (622c23): trong lp lun ca Thng lun, nhn phm li hu php t tng tng vi (dharmi-svarpa-viparita-sdhana). Tc l ni, ng d tnh quyt nh tn ti bit lp ngoi thc (c ngha). V d bit thc. Nh c, nghip. 133 Thc tnh (dravyatva), v.v., tc ng d tnh (viea). 134 Thut k (tr.): Thng lun quan nim c mt php thng hng, chn tht, c tc dng kt hp khin cho thc cc th l thuc nhau khng phn ly. Stra 7.2.26: Trong quan h nhn qu, nguyn nhn lm pht sinh khi nim Ci ny tn ti ni ci ny, nguyn nhn c gi l ha hip. Tarkasagraha 75: Ha hip l s kt hp thng hng, tn ti khng th phn ly...Nh c vi ci c c l thc, nghip vi ci c nghip l thc. 135 Phi hu (asat), phi thc (adravya): ch cc thc khng thuc hu tnh (satt) tc khng tn ti, v cc th khng thuc trong c ngha thc, tc 8 c ngha cn li tr v thuyt. 136 Xem cht. 101 trn. 137 Hn: duyn ly thc ngoi...Thut k (261b08), duyn, ch nng duyn l hin lng, bc b i tng c cho l thc hu tn ti ngoi thc, ch khng bc b i tng gi hu trong ni thc. Din b (831c14): Nu khng ni n t duyn...phm li mu thun vi tng. V t tng v tha tng u cho rng tm (tm v tm s trong Duy thc; gic, lc,v.v., trong c c ngha) u khng tn ti ngoi thc. Thut k (tr. 261b16, 20): Duyn..., xc nh nhm t l phc hp t y s (tatpurua-samsa), ch khng phi l tr nghip (karmadhraya). 138 Gi hp sanh: nhn thc pht sinh do ly i tng l s gi hp ca nhiu th, nh i hu, l hu tnh ca 9 thc; hay cc phm tnh ca c xut hin trn cc thc.

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(nhn thc) c v.v. Ni rng ra, cho n, tr ly ha hip lm i tng khng thuc tr hin lng ly lm i tng l t th ca ho hip tn ti ngoi thc. V pht sinh t s gi hp. Nh tr ly thc lm i tng. Vy, cc c ngha ca Thng lun, th