M. A. II History Sem. III P. 310 title 2019... · 2019. 10. 22. · (4) Pma {MH$Qy>Z am{hco. Pmada {Z`§ÌU R>ody eH$Umar H$moUVrhr amÁ`KQ>Zm a{e`mV ApñVËdmV `ody eH$cr Zmhr. PmaH$Sy>ZM

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

a{e`mMm B{Vhmg(History of Russia)

(1900 to 1950)

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)

E_. E. ^mJ-2B{Vhmg

Optional : Paper 310

H I

K J

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S>m°.daoH$a EZ.E. (B{Vhmg à_wI, AmXe© _hm[dÚmc`, {dQ>m, gm§Jcr)

KQ>H$-1

emhr a{e`m(Imperial Russia)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 _wŠVrMm AmXoe (Edict of Emancipation)

1.2.2 Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mMm H$mcI§S> (Reign of Czar Nicholas-II)

1.2.3 a{e`m-OnmZ `wÜXmMo (1904-05) _hÎd (Significance of Russo-Japan War

1904-05)

1.3 gmam§e

1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©

1.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © nwñVHo$

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmcm,

1. a{e`mVrc 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©Vrc A§VJ©V amOH$maU d PmaemhrMo ñdê$n g_OyZKoVm oB©c.

2. wXmg nÜXVrMo CÀMmQ>Z, {Z{h{cP_ d XheVdmX `mMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

3. Pma Xþgam {ZH$mocg `mÀ`m emgZH$mcmMr _m{hVr (gZ 1814-1917) a{e`mÀ`m A{Z §{ÌVPmaemhrMm eodQ> `mMr _m{hVr hmoB©c.

4. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜX (1904-05) `m wÜXmMo a{e`mda VgoM Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamda Pmcoë`mn[aUm_m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVm oB©c.

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1.1 àmñVm{dH$

gmopìhEQ> g§K qH$dm gmopìhEQ> g_mOdmXr àOmgÎmmH$ g§KamÁ` `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmUmao "a{e`m'ho àmXo{eH$ÑîQ>çm AmYw{ZH$ OJmVrc gdm©V _moR>o {demc amîQ´> Amho. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©VBVa wamonr` amîQ´>m§À`m VwcZoZo a{e`m hm Xoe _mJmgcoë`m pñWVrVM am{hcocm hmoVm. wamonmVrc ho gdm©V_moR>o gm_«mÁ` gwYmaUoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo BVa wamo{n`Z amîQ´>mnojm e§ a df} _mJo hmoVo. _Ü` wJmVrc ga§Om_nÜXVr a{e`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` OrdZmV Mmcy hmoVr. PmaÀ`m A{Z §{ÌV gÎmoÀ`mà^mdmImcr gd©gm_mÝ` OZVm âS>cr OmV hmoVr. _Ü` wJmnmgyZ MmcV Amcocr emofUmda AmYmacocrAer ga§Om_emhrMr Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm a{e`m_Ü o 20 ì`m eVH$mVhr Mmcy am{hcr. `mg§~{YV KQ>H$mV AmnUmg a{e`mVrc H«$m§VrnyduMo ñdê$n, Ë`mV emhr a{e`mVrc (gZ 1855 Vo 1917)A§VJ©V g§Kf©, amOH$maU, PmaemhrMo ñdê$n, Pma Xþgam d {Vgam AcoŠPm§S>a `mÀ`m H$mcI§S>mVrc dmT>VmAg§Vmof, yXmg nÜXVrMo CÀMmQ>Z {Z{h{cP_Mm CX` d "XheVdmX Pma {ZH$mocg' Xþgam `mMm emgZH$mc d a{e`m OnmZ wÜXmMo _hÎd `m JmoîQ>tMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 _wŠVrMm AmXoe (Edict of Emancipation)

gmo{dEV g§K qH$dm gmo{dEV g_mOdmXr àOmgÎmmH$ g§KamÁ` `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmUmao a{e`mho amîQ´> àmXo{eH$ÑîQ>çm, AmYw{ZH$ OJmVrc gdm©V {demc amîQ´> Amho. wamon I§S>mMm AYm© Am{U Am{e`mI§S>mMm EH$ V¥Vr`m§e ^mJ hm `m amîQ´>mZo ì`mncm Amho. npíM_ocm nmoc§S> d ~mpëQ>H$ g_wÐ `mnmgyZ nyd}cmn°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJamn ªV Va CÎmaocm AmH²©${Q>H$ _hmgmJamnmgyZ X{jUocm H$mim g_wÐ, BamU, A\$Jm{UñVmZ,^maV, MrZ `m amîQ´>m§À`m CÎma gr_mn ªV a{e`mMm {dñVma hmoVm. nyd©-npíM_ gw_mao ghm hOma XmoZeon§Yam _¡c Am{U CÎma-X{jU gw_mao VrZ hOma EH$eo Xhm _¡c joÌ\$i Agcoë`m `m amîQ´>mZo n¥ÏdrÀ`mEHy$U yn¥îR>mMm EH$ fîR>m§e ^mJ ì`mncm hmoVm.

gZ 1870 _Ü o joÌ\$i d cmoH$g§»`m øm XmoÝhr ÑîQ>rZo a{e`m gd© wamonr` amîQ´>m§nojm {demchmoVo Vmon ªV wamonr` a{e`m~amo~aM g§nyU© g¡~o[a`m d _Ü` Am{e`mMm {demc y-àXoe a{e`ZA_cmImcr Amcocm AgyZ a{e`Z gr_m X{jUoV A\$Jm{UñVmZcm Va nyd}cm n°{g{\$H$ g_wÐmcm OmD$Z{^S>ë`m hmoË`m. CÎma n°{g{\$H$_Yrc nydu OnmZÀ`m Vmã`mV Agcocr d Ama_marÑîQ>çm AË §V _hÎdmMrR>aUmar gmI{cZ ~oQ>o hr gZ 1875 n`ªV Ë`m amîQ´>mZo {_idcr hmoVr. WmoS>Š`mV nrQ>a X J«oQ> nmgyZa{e`mMr ZrVr gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMr hmoVr.

1. A§VJ©V amOH$maU :-

a{e`m `m wao{e`m I§S>mÀ`m CÎma^mJmVrc EH$ Xoe Amho. a{e`m hm joÌ\$imÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo OJmVrcgdm©V _moR>m Xoe Amho. n¥Ïdrdarc 1/6 yàXoe EH$Q>çm a{e`mZo ì`mncm Amho. gm_mÝ`V: wamon_Ü o d

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Am{e`m_Ü o CÎmaog hm Xoe ngacocm Amho. AR>amì`m eVH$mn ªV wamonr` a{e`m _mñH$moìhr åhUV AgV.VËH$mcrZ _mñH$mo `m amOYmZrÀ`m {R>H$mUmdê$Z ho Zmd nS>co hmoVo. na§Vw EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$m_Ü o.Pmcoë`mamO{dñVmamZ§Va øm àm§Vmg gd©Ì a{e`m `m ZmdmZo g§~moYco Omdy cmJco. _hm wÜXmnyduÀ`m a{e`Zgm_«mÁ`mMo joÌ\$i 8417118 Mm¡ag _¡c BVHo$ hmoVo. {dñVmamÀ`m ZmdmZo XoemVrc dñVr {dai Amho.n{hë`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m gw_mamg oWrc cmoH$g§»`m 1917 gmcr 182182600 BVH$s hmoVr. BVa wamonràmîQ´>m§À`m VwcZoV a{e`m 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§ r nmíMmË` g§ñH¥$Vr d àJVr `m ÑîQ>rZo _mÌ _mJmgcocohmoVo. _Ü` wJmVrc g_mOì`dñWm `m H$mimVhr a{e`mV VerM Mmcy hmoVr. ~hþg§»` cmoH$ O_rZXmam§À`md A_raC_amdm§À`m eoVrda Jwcm_mgmaIo am~V hmoVo. A_ra C_amdm§À`m Am{U MM©À`m A{YH$mar dJm©À`m{deofm{YH$mam§Zm Oamhr YŠH$m cmJcm ZìhVm. WmoS>Š`mV wamon_Yrc ho gdm©V _moR>o gm_«mÁ` gwYmaUoÀ`mÑîQ>rZo BVa amîQ´>mnojm eVH$mZo _mJo hmoVo. _Ü` wJrZ ga§Om_emhr nÜXVr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$d amOH$s` OrdZmV Mmcy hmoVr. PmaÀ`m A{Z §{ÌV gÎmoà_mUoM Y_©Jwê§$À`m à^mdmImcr gd©gm_mÝÒZVm hmoVr. _Ü` wJrZ H$mimVrc amOgÎmoÀ`m X¡dr hŠH${gÜXm§VmÀ`m H$ënZm§Zm YŠH$mhr ~gcocm ZìhVm.Pmada {Z §ÌU R>odUmar amÁ`KQ>Zm VgoM H$m`Xo_§S>i ApñVËdmV ZìhVo. _§Ìr ho Ho$di PmaMo _XVZrgAgyZ Ë`m§Mr {Z wŠVr d nXmdarc ApñVËd Ho$di PmaÀ`m _Ouda Adc§~yZ hmoVo. PmaMo hþHy$_ hoMamîQ´>mMo H$m`Xo hmoVo. gaH$mar A{YH$mar H$V©ìèyÝ` d «îQ> AgyZ Owcy_ d XS>nemhr `m§Mo g_ a{e`mVA{Z~ªYnUo gam©g Mmcy hmoVo. CÀMñVar` cmoH$m§À`m hmVm_Ü o {ejU d g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mr _ŠVoXmar hmoVr.70% OZVm hr {ZajU hmoVr. g§emoYZ, {ejU, àgma_mÜ`_o `mda PmaMo nyU©nUo {Z §ÌU hmoVo. Ym{_©H$joÌmV Va PmaMm hñVjon EdT>m hmoVm H$s MM©À`m n{dÌ g^mà_wImMr Zo_UyH$ ñdV: Vmo H$arV hmoVm.`m{edm` a{e`mV amo_Z H°$W{cH$, àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>, Á y, _wñcr_ d AÝ`Y_u`hr cmoH$ hmoVo. Ë`m gdm©àVr PmaMrZrVr Ag{hîUyVoMr hmoVr. {Za{Zamiçm Ym{_©H$ JQ>m§Mm N>i gVV Mmcy hmoVm.

_Ü` `wJmVrc BVa amîQ´>mà_mmUoM a{e`Z gm_«mÁ`hr EH${OZgr d EH$g§Yr ZìhVo. Ë`mVhr{Za{Zamiçm dm§{eH$ JQ>mMm g_mdoe hmoV hmoVm. J«oQ> a{e`Ýg, {cQ>c a{e`Ýg "`wH«o${Z`Ýg dìhmB©Q> a{e`Ýg' ho gd© ñcmìhd§er` hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m ^mfmhr nañnam§er {_iË`m-OwiË`m hmoË`m. `m{edm`nmoc§S>, {cWwAm{Z`m, `wH«o$Z `m àXoemV nmo{ce d {\$Zc§S>_Üò {\${Ze d pñdS>re, ~mpëQ>Z àm§VmV O_©Z,{cWwA{Z`Z, coQ²> d EñQ>r{Z`Z, ~ogAao{~`mV ê$_mZ, {H«${e`m d AmJ«ogoÀ`m àm§VmV VmVm©a, H$m°Ho$eg^mJmV Am_}{Z`Z d Om°{O© Z, g¡~o[a`mV _§Jmoc, _Ü` Am{e`mV _wñcr_ O_mVr, Va CÎma g¡~o[a`mV c°nd EpñH$_mo `mgmaIo cmoH$ hmoVo. nmoc d {\$Z² `m cmoH$mV d Aën à_mUmV ê$_m{Z`Z, EñQ>r{Z`Z d{cWwAm{Z`Z `m cmoH$m§V PmaÀ`m naH$s`, cmoH$m{dÝ_wI gÎmo{déÜX WmoS>m\$ma Ag§Vmof Yw_gV AgcmVar npíM_ wamonmVrc amîQ´>dmXmMo dmao _mÌ 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mn ªV a{e`mÀ`m y_rn ªV oD$ZnmohMco hmoVo.

✺ PmaemhrMo ñdê$n :-

a{e`mVrc Pmaemhr hr wamonmVrc eodQ>Mr A{Z §{ÌV amOgÎmm, B©ídaXÎm gÎmoÀ`m VËdmcm gd©M

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Pma {MH$Qy>Z am{hco. Pmada {Z`§ÌU R>ody eH$Umar H$moUVrhr amÁ`KQ>Zm a{e`mV ApñVËdmV òdy eH$crZmhr. PmaH$Sy>ZM _§Í`mMr Zo_UyH$ hmoV Ago d Vo PmacmM d¡ pŠVH$[aË`m O~m~Xma AgV. doimodoirPmaZo H$mT>coco \$_m©Zo hoM a{e`mMo H$m`Xo hmoVo. VËdV: PmaMr amOdQ> hr H|${ÐV ñdê$nmMr hmoVr; na§VwA\$mQ> ngacoë`m d XiUdiUmMm A^md Agcoë`m `m gm_«mÁ`mV ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mè`m§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mamVIynM _moR>o ñWmZ hmoVo ho A{YH$mar àm_w»`mZo ga§Om_Xma AgV.

✺ Pma Xþgam AcoŠPm§S>a `mMm H$mcI§S> (1855-1881) :-

{H«${_`Z wÜX Mmcy AgVmZmM {ZH$mocgMo {ZYZ Pmco hmoVo. Ë`mZo _¥Ë yeæ oda AgVmZmM ^mdrPmacm CÔoeyZ {c{hco hmoVo. ""_r `m {Z~©c XoemMr Ywam Vw_À`m Im§Úmda Q>mH$sV Amho. wÜXmVrcnamO`mZo `WmW©V: EH$m{YH$maemhrMo {Xdmio H$mT>co hmoVo'' {H«${_`mÀ`m wÜXmV EH$V§Ìr d à{VJm_rYmoaUm_wio a{e`mcm nmpíM_mË` amîQ´>m§H$Sy>Z Zm_wîH$s nËH$amdr cmJcr hmoVr. àñWm{nV _wcH$s d cîH$arì`dñWm nyU©nUo H$moc_Sy>Z nS>cr. AcoŠPm§S>aZo `m {df_ n[apñWVrV {dO`r Xoem§er Ë`m§À`mM AQ>tda VhH$aÊ`mMo _ZmoY¡ © XmI{dco. {ZH$mocgÀ`m VwcZoV ZdrZ Pma àmßV n[apñWVtMm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mg A{YH$`mo½` hmoVm. Ë`mMo {ejU H$dr dm{gc PwH$moìhñH$sÀ`m hmVmImcr Pmë`m_wio _mZdVmdmXr {dMmamH$S>oË`mMm H$c hmoVm. 36 dfm©Mm hm VéU Pma gwYmaUmdmXr d _wŠVrXmVm Pma åhUyZ à{gÜX Amho. Ë`mZoa{e`mÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr {ZH$S> OmUdyZ ^yXmgm§Mr _wŠVVm, àËòH$ naJÊ`mV OZVoZo {ZdSy>Z {Xcoë`mà{V{ZYtÀ`m g{_Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm, {dZm{dc§~ {Z:njnmVr Ý`m` {_imdm `mH$[aVm Ý`m` ImË`mV ~XcKS>dyZ AmUco. {ejUmcm CÎmoOZ {Xco, Vm§{ÌH$ {dÚmc`m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. `m gd© gwYmaUm Ë`mZoAmnë`m H$ma{H$XuV KS>dyZ AmUë`m.

✺ yXmg nÜXVrMo CÀMmQ>Z :-

19 \o$~«wdmar 1861 À`m H$m`ÚmZo Pma Xþgam `mZo KSy>Z Amcocr ^yXmg nÜXVr hr Ho$di EH$gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm ZìhVr, Va amOgÎmoÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo KSy>Z Amcocr Vr EH$ H«$m§VrM hmoVr. a{e`mÀ`mgm_m{OH$ OrdZmV eVH$mZweVHo$ éOcocr AÝ`m` d KmVH$ nÜXVr 19 \o$~«wdmarÀ`m H$m`ÚmZo ZîQ> Ho$cr.AW©H$maU, g_mOH$maU, H$m`Xm, amOH$maU `m gd©M ÑîQ>rZr yXmg_wŠVr H$m`ÚmZo a{e`mÀ`m amîQ´>OrdZmV nyU© n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUco.

✺ yXmg :-

yXmg hr l{_H$m§À`m emofUmMr EH$ nÜXV Amho. Á`m ì`dñWoV _mUgm§Zm H$moUmMr Var _mc_Îmmg_Oco OmVo Am{U ~imMm qH$dm YmH$mMm dmna H$ê$Z H$m_ H$am`cm cmdco OmVo, {Vcm gd©gmYmaUnUoJwcm_{Jar qH$dm Jwcm_r ( yXmg) Aer g§km Amho. Jwcm_m§Zm Ë`m§À`m BÀN>o{déÜX {dH$V KoU`mV oV AgoqH$dm Vo OÝ_mnmgyZM Jwcm_ g_Oco OmV AgV. H$m_ gmoSy>Z OmÊ`mMm, H$m_mg ZH$ma XoÊ`mMm qH$dmH$m_mgmR>r _mo~Xcm _mJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`m§Zm Zgo. H$mhr OwÝ`m Jwcm_{JJarÀ`m ì`dñWm_Ü o _mcH$Aem Jwcm_m§Zm R>mahr _mê$ eH$V AgV.

(5)

a{e`Z ^mfoVrc "ZamoX' hm eãX AcrH$S>o "OZVm' qH$dm "amîQ´>' `m AWm©Zo dmnacm OmVmo. na§VwEH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mn ªV, VoWrc eoVH$è`m§Zm ( yXmg d ñdV§Ì Agcoco eoVH$ar hr ZamoX åhUV. Ë`mdoirg_mOmV XmoZM dJ© hmoVo. EH$ dJ© åhUOo a{e`mVrc gw_mao 90% OZVm eoVH$ar. åhUOo ZamoX Va XþgamZamoXoVa dJ© A_ra C_amd, O_rZXma, ì`mnmar Zì`mZo CX`mcm oUmao _Ü`_dJu` Y§XodmB©H$ BË`mXrMm._Ü``wJrZ H$mimV `wamonÀ`m BVahr amîQ´>mV Jwcm_rMr nÜXVr hmoVr Ë`mà_mUo Vr a{e`mVhr hmoVr.ga§Om_Xmam§À`m d PmaÀ`m eoVO_rZr H$gUmè`m yXmgm§Zm _mcH$mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` O_rZ gmoSy>Z OmVmoV Zgo. _mcH$ ~Xcë`mg O_rZrà_mUoM `m H$gUmè`m§Zmhr Zì`m _mcH$mÀ`m ñdmYrZ ìhmdo cmJo. `myXmgm§Mr n[apñWVr Jwcm_mnojm dmB©Q> hmoVr. ga§Om_Xma wXmgmH$adr O_rZ H$gyZ KoV, na§Vw Ë`m§À`m

M[aVmWm©Mr O~m~Xmar Vo KoVM AgV Ago Zmhr. _mZdVmdmXmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo hr n[apñWVr qZÚM hmoVr. nUAm{W©H$ÑîQ>çmhr AH$m ©j_ hmoVr, `mM cmoH$mVyZ a{e`mMr g¡Ý`âVr hmoV Agë`mZo H$m ©j_Vm,~wpÜX_Îmm d ZoV¥Ëd `m gd©M ÑîQ>rZo Vo nmíMmË` amîQ´>mVrc ñdV§Ì ZmJ[aH$m§À`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m VwcZoZo {H$VrH$_r nS>co `mMr àMrVr {H«${_`Z `wÜXmV AmcrM hmoVr. Amnë`m àM§S> gm_«mÁ`mMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mÀ`mÑîQ>rZo hr ^yXmg nÜXVr AgUo `mo½` Zmhr. ho OmUyZ Xþgè`m AcoŠPm§S>aZo ^yXmg nÜXVr ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r19 \o$~«wdmar, 1861 gmcr _wŠVrMm AmXoe {Xcm. yXmg nÜXVr gwYmaUoMo ñdê$n R>a{dÊ`mgmR>rAcoŠPm§S>aZo g{_Vr Zo_cr, Ë`m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer cjmV KoD$Z `m _wŠVrÀ`m AmXoemV VaVwXrHo$coë`m hmoË`m. KaJwVr H$m_ H$aUmè`m ^yXmgm§Zm _wŠV Ho$co. nU Ë`m§Zm H$moUVohr hŠH$ {_imco ZmhrV.eoVmda am~Umè`m yXmgm§Zm ñdV§Ì H$aVmZm O{_ZrMm VwH$S>m d ahmVo Ka {_iÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$cr. àË oH$IoS>çmVrc H$gÊ`mg `mo½` O{_Zrn¡H$s AYu O_rZ Ë`m-Ë`m IoS>çmÀ`m gm_wXm{`H$ _mcH$sMr ~Z{dÊ`mVAmcr. `m gm_wXm{`H$ ì`dñWo_m\©$V (_ra) Xadfu eoVH$è`m§Zm H$gÊ`mgmR>r O{_Zr dmQy>Z {Xë`m OmV.`m O{_Zr C_amd dJm©H$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z KoVcoë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§Mr qH$_V _racm R>adyZ XoÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. Vr\o$S>Ê`mgmR>r gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$O© {_i{dÊ`mMr VaVyX hmoVr d Vo H$O© eoVH$è`m§Zr hßË`mhßË`mZo\o$S>md`mMo hmoVo. Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m AmH$ma_mZmà_mUo O{_Zr dmQy>Z {Xë`m Agë`m Var Xadfu VmoM O{_ZrMmVwH$S>m {_ioc hr `m _wŠV eoVH$è`m§Zm ImÌr ZìhVr. H$O©\o$S>rMo hßVo S>moB©OS> hmoVo d O{_ZrMo qH$_VnyU©nUo dgyc Pmë`m{edm` C_amd dJ© O{_Zrdarc Amncm hŠH$ gmoS>Ê`mg V`ma ZìhVm. `m n[apñWVr_wioH$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm eoVH$ar ñdV§Ì Pmcm ho Iao Agco Var eoVŠ`m§À`m n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm PmcrMZmhr. eoVrMo CËnÝZ dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo eoVH$ar à`ËZ H$aoZmV Va, C_amd dJm©cm O{_Zr H$amd`mg`mo½` _Oya {_ioZmV. `m_wio yXmg nÜXVr ZîQ> H$ê$Zhr eoVrcm dm eoVH$è`m§Zm H$moUVmM {deof\$m`Xm Pmcm Zmhr. hr gwYmaUm H$aVmZmhr C_amd dJm©Mo \$mago ZwH$gmZ hmoUma Zmhr hr H$miOrKoVcr hmoVr. H$maU Xþgè`m AcoŠPm§S>acm C_amd dJ© ZîQ> H$amd`mMm ZìhVm. _mÌ `m_wio ñdV§Ì eoVH$ardJ© a{e`mV {Z_m©U Pmcm hr JmoîQ> a{e`mMm Z¡{VH$ XOm© BVa XoemV C§M{dUmè`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _XVH$aUmar Aer R>acr. ^wXmg nÜXVr ZîQ> H$ê$Z Xþgè`m AcoŠPm§S>aZo "_wŠVrXmVm' hr nXdr {_idcr. nUa{e`mÀ`m A§VJ©V d ~mø {dH$mgmMr ñdßZo nmhUmam hm Pma eodQ>r Amnë`m nyd©Om§À`mM n§ŠVrcm OmdyZ~gcm.

(6)

gd© gwYmaUm§Mo n[aUm_ ñdV: AcoŠPm§S>acm {deofgo gwImdh R>aco ZmhrV. {_imcoë`m ñdmV§Í`mMm\$m`Xm KoD$Z {damoYr nj Pma gaH$maÀ`m AH$m ©j_Voda gS>Hy$Z Q>rH$m H$ê$ cmJco. Ë`mM~amo~aAcoŠPm§S>aMr ZrVrhr ~Xccr. gZ 1863 _Ü o nmocre OZVoZo Ho$coë`m CR>mdm_wio CXma_VdmXm~Ôc Vmogme§H$M hmoVmM. Ë`mVM gZ 1866 _Ü o EH$m gmå`dmXmZo Ë`mcm Jmoir KmcÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`m_wioVa gaH$ma{damoYr H¥$Ë`m§À`m ^rVrZo Ë`mMm CXma_VdmX Hw$R>ë`mHw$R>o {dê$Z Jocm Am{U X_U ZrVrMm ~S>JmPma gaH$maZo CMccm. naJÊ`mVrc ñWm{ZH$ g{_Ë`m XmoZ dfm©À`m AmVM VoWrc JìhZ©aÀ`m Vmã`mVXoÊ`mV Amë`m. gZ 1868 _Ü o H$a{ZYm©aUmMo A{YH$ma gr{_V H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ý`m` ImË`mVrcgwYmaUm§Mr A§_c~OmdUrhr AmIS>ë`m hmVmZrM Pmcr. amOH$s` JwÝho cîH$ar Ý`m` g onwT>o OmdoV AerVaVyX 1878 _Ü o H$aÊ`mV Amcr. H«$m§VrH$maH$ d cmoH$emhr H$ënZm§À`m àgmamcm Amim KmVcm hmoVm.B{Vhmg, yJmoc, nmpíM_mË` ^mfm, `mEodOr {ZénÐdr åhUyZ c°{Q>Z, J«rH$ J{UV Aem {df`m§À`m{ejUmda â XoÊ`mV Amcm. Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ {dkmZmMr Va OdiOdi hH$mcnÅ>rM Pmcr. amîQ´>dmX dCXma_VdmXr {dMma àd¥Îmr ZîQ> H$aÊ`mH$[aVm {Za{Zamiçm dm§{eH$ J§Q>mda XS>nemhr gwê$ Pmcr.

✺ {Z{h{cP_ Am{U XheVdmX :-

Pma AcoŠPm§S>a {ÛVr`À`mM H$mimV a{e`mV {Z{h{cP_Mm (Nihilism) qH$dm eyÝ`dmXmMm CX`Pmcm. 1860 Z§VaÀ`m a{e`mVrc H«$m§VrH$mar à«d¥ÎmrMm "{Z{h{cP_'er {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y Amho. {Z{h{cP_åhUOo qhgm amÁ`hË`m, Ako dmX (agnosticism) Agm Ang_O ê$T> Pmcocm Amho. na§Vw Iè`m AWm©ZonmhVm {Z{h{cP_ hm amOH$s` H$m`©H«$_ ZgyZ Ë`mÛmam EH$m {d{eîQ> _mZ{gH$ AdñWoMr A{^ì`Š r hmoVo.Am§Ë`{VH$ ì`ŠVrdmXr _Zmod¥Îmr, H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr gm_m{OH$ emgH$s` AJa H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ~§YZo Vr Ho$dina§naoZo MmcV Amcr åhUyZ Z _mZUo, ~wÜXrcm nQ>oc VodT>çmMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo Aer {Z{h{cñQ>m§Mr y{_H$mhmoVr. OZgm_mÝ`m§À`m _wŠVrnojm ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mda Ë`m§Mm â hmoVm d Vo CÔrîQ> gmÜ` H$aUmè`mgwYmaUm§Zm Ë`mMm nmqR>~m hmoVm.

npíM_ `wamonmVrc {dMmad§Vm§Mo gm{hË` dmMyZ a{e`mVrc H$mhr cmoH$ {Z{h{cñQ> (Nihilist) åhUOo~wÜXrdmXr ~Zco. Zd{Z{_©VrgmR>r OwZo gd© H$mhr ZîQ> Pmco nm{hOo Ago `m ~wÜXrdmÚm§Mo {dMma hmoVo åhUyZOwÝ`m na§nam, [aVr[admO, A§YlÜXm åhUOo nyU© OwZr ì`dñWm ~Xccr nm{hOo Ago åhUyZ {Z{h{cñQ> Ë`mì`dñWoda Q>rH$m H$ê$ cmJco. Ë`m§À`m øm {dMmagaUr_wio a{e`mVrc A{YH$mar ZmamO Pmco. Ë`m§MrdH«$ÑîQ>r øm ZdrZ {dMmamH$S>o dicr. åhUyZ {Z{h{cñQ>m§Zr Amnco H$m`© JwßVnUo gwê$ Ho$co. Ë`m ÑîQ>rZo_m`Ho$c ~mHy${ZZ hm a{e`mVrc OhmcdmXmMm OZH$ _mZcm OmVmo. a{e`Z gaH$ma Omo Omo à{VJm_r ~ZycmJco Vmo Vmo g_mOmVrc JQ> OmñVrV OmñV gwYmaUm§Mr _mJUr H$ê$ cmJcm. AcoŠPm§S>a hoP}Z d_m`Ho$c ~mHy${ZZ `m XmoZ coIH$m§À`m {cImUmMr N>mn CXma_VdmXr cmoH$m§da {deof nS>cr. hog}ZÀ`m{dMmagaUrMo ñdê$n H$mhrgo _dmi hmoVo Va ~mHy${ZZ hm Ohmc hmoVm. hoP}ZMo AZw m`r ~wÜXrdmXmMmAml` KoUmao hmoVo. a{e`mVrc {d{dY na§namJV g§ñWmMo ñdê$n emñÌr` H$gmoQ>rda nmaIyZ KoVco nm{hOod Oa Ë`m g§ñWm H$gmoQ>rg CVaË`mZ§VaM Ë`m§Zm g_mOmV ñWmZ Agmdo. hm {dMma AZoH$m§Zm H«$m§VrH$mar

(7)

_mJm©nojm BîQ> dmQ>V hmoVm. ~wÜXrdmXr {dMmagaUrMo ho cmoH$ {Z{h{cñQ> `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmV.H$moUË`mhr gÎmonwT>o _mZ VwH$dm`Mr Zmhr, H$moUË`mhr VËdmda Am§YionUmZo lÜXm R>odyZ Ë`mMm ñdrH$maH$am`Mm Zmhr, ho Ë`m§À`m {dMmagaUrMo gyÌ hmoVo.

AZoH$ ~wpÜXdmXr VéUm§Zr `mnyduM ZmoH$aemhrMr na§nam d nwamU_VdmXr `mZm PwJmê$Z XoÊ`mMoà`ËZ Mmc{dco hmoVo. ZmJar g_mZVm, Á`war_m\©$V Mm¡H$er, _V ñdmV§Í`, H$m`Xm d AW© `mda OZVoMo{Z §ÌU _§Í`mMr O~m~Xmar {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m VËdmda amîQ´>r` {d{Y_§S>i Aem AZoH$ gwYmaUm§Mm nwañH$ma `mVéUm§Zr Mmc{dcm hmoVm. VéU dJ© cmoH$ {ejUmgmR>r {_ioc Vr ZmoH$ar nËH$ê$Z IoS>monmS>r OmV hmoVmd eoVH$ardJm©er g§nH©$ gmYrV hmoVm. na§Vw eoVH$ar dJm©cm amOH$maUmnojm OmñV O_rZ g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mVag hmoVm. Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar dJm©cm `m VéUm§À`m cmoH${ejUmÀ`m MidirMo _hÎdM CJ_V Zgo.gmh{OH$M `m IoS>monmS>r Jocoë`m Midù`m§Zm gaH$mar A{YH$mar ghOnUo emoYyZ H$mTy> eH$V. Vwa§Jdmg,AkmVdmg hoM `m Midù`m§Mo Zer~ R>aco. {Z{h{cP_Mr AamÁ`dmXmMr H$ënZm Ë`m§Zm amñV dmQy>cmJcr. na§Vw hoP}ZÀ`m _dmi {dMma EodOr {Zame d g§VßV Pmcoco VéU ~mHy${ZZÀ`m Ohmc {dMmam§MmAml` KoD$ cmJco. AamOH$, qhgm `m§À`m AmYmao gaH$maMr gÎmm {Zîà^ H$aUo hoM Ë`m§Mo Ü o R>aco.Ë`m_wio gaH$maMo I~ao, nmocrg, A{YH$mar, _§Ìr ho Ë`m§À`m hË`mMo cú` R>aco. gZ 1873 _Ü o Xþgè`mAcoŠPm§S>ada Xþgè`m§Xm IwZr hëcm Pmcm. 1879 _Ü o Ë`mcm {H«${_`mVyZ KoD$Z oUmar AmJJmS>rCS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcm. Va gZ 1890 gmcr Ë`m§À`m amhË`m amOdmS>çmcm AmJ cmdÊ`mV Amcr. OmoOmo XheVdmX CJ« ñdê$n YmaU H$ê$ cmJcm. Vmo Vmo AcoŠPm§S>aMr XS>nemhr dmT>V Mmccr. XS>nemhrZoMidir XS>në`m OmUma ZmhrV `m OmUrdoZo _o{cH$moìh `m _§Í`mZo Pmacm CXma_VdmXmMm Aml` KoÊ`mggwM{dco d EH$ `moOZmhr V`ma H$ê$Z {Xcr. 12 _mM© 1881 `m {Xder gH$mir PmaZo `m `moOZocm_mÝ`Vm {Xcr d Ë`mM {Xder {Z{h{cñQ>m§À`m ~m°å~ hë`mV Vmo ~ir nS>cm. eVH$mZweVHo$ Jwcm_{JarÀ`me¥§IcmZr OIS>coë`m a{e`mcm OmMH$ d _mZhmZrH$maH$ ~§YZmVyZ _wŠV H$ê$Z ñdmV§Í` XoUmam Pma åhUyZXþgè`m AcoŠPm§S>acm a{e`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV _hËdmMo ñWmZ {Xco OmVo. ñQ>r\$Z J«°h_Zo {c{hcoë`mAcoŠPm§S>aÀ`m n[a_mZmV Ë`mcm "ñdmV§Í`mMm Pma qH$dm _wŠVrXmVm Pma' Ago åhQ>co Amho. Ë`mZo Ho$coë`mgwYmaUm `m_wio a{e`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV AcoŠPm§S>aMr H$maH$sX© g§ñ_aUr` R>acr Amho. Ë`m gwYmaUm_wio_mJmgcoë`m _Ü` wJrZ a{e`mMo AmYw{ZH$ amîQ´>mV n[adV©Z hmoÊ`mg àma§ Pmcm.

✺ {Vgam AcoŠPm§S>a (gZ 1881-94)

CXma_VdmXmH$S>o diÊ`mMm Amnë`m d{S>cm§Mm {dMma {Zî\$i Pmcm, hmM {dMma {Vgè`mAcoŠPm§S>aÀ`m _ZmV nŠH$m Pmcm. Ë`m_wio amÁ`mda Amë`m~amo~a Ë`mZo A{Z`{_V gÎmoMo YmoaU OmhraHo$co. _o{cH$moÝhMr `moOZm ~maJicr. Xþgè`m AcoŠPm§S>aZo gwê$ Ho$coë`m AY©dQ> gwYmaUm hr aÔR>a{dÊ`mV Amë`m. {dÚmnrR>m_mJo JwßVhoam§Mm ggo{_am cmJcm. MM©Mm à_wI d JwßV nmocrg ImË`mMmà_wI `m XmoKm§Zr XS>nemhrMo gd© àH$ma A§_cmV AmUÊ`mg Pmacm _XV Ho$cr. Y_©{ZîR> OZVo_wioY_©Jwê$ CXma_VdmXmda Q>rH$m H$aUmar àdMZo PmoSy> cmJco. Po_ñQ>mo½hO d S>çy_m `m§À`m gÎmoda AZoH$

(8)

{Z §ÌUo KmcyZ ñWm{ZH$ H$ma^ma C_amdm§À`m hmVr gmon{dÊ`mV Amcm. {Vgam AcoŠPm§S>a hm _moR>m YmS>gr

CÚmoJr d àm_m{UH$ Agcm Var AË §V g§Hw${MV ÑîQ>rH$moZmMm hmoVm. {edm` {nË`mÀ`m Pmcoë`m H«y$a

hË o_wio CXma_VdmXr, _dmi gwYmaUmdmXr qH$dm Ohmc H«$m§VrdmXr `m gdmª{déÜXVM Ë`mMo _Z IdiyZ

CR>co hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m {ZH$Q>dVu gëcmJmam§Zrhr Ë`mÀ`m à{VH«$`mdmXr YmoaUmcmM â {Xcr, Ë`m_wio

_o{cH$m dZo AmIcoë`m gwYmaUm§À`m `moOZocm à{gÜXr XoÊ`mEodOr CcQ> EH$V§Ìr, gdm©{YH$mar amOgÎmodarc

{dídmg Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Amcm. XS>nemhrMr à{VJm_r emgZ §ÌUm Zì`m Omo_mZo H$m © H$ê$ cmJcr.

n{Uam_r, hmhr Pma H«$m§VrH$maH$m§À`m hëë`mV gZ 1894 _Üò ~ir nS>cm.

ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. gZ 1856 ............. À`m wÜXmV EH$V§Ìr d à{VJm_r ZrVrÀ`m a{e`mcm CXma_VdmXr

nmpíM_mË` amîQ´>m§H$Sy>Z Zm_wîH$s nËH$amdr cmJcr.

(A) {H«${_`Z (~) nmoc§S> (H$) g¡~o[a`m (S>) Om°{O© m.

2. Pma Xþgam AcoŠPm§S>a `mZo wXmg nÜXV ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r ............... gmcr _wŠVrMm

AmXoe {Xcm.

(A) 1860 (~) 1861 (H$) 1862 (S>) 1863.

3. .............. hr a{e`mVrc Ohmc dmXmMm OZH$ _mZcm OmVmo.

(A) AcoŠPm§S>a hoP}Z (H$) _o{cH$moÝh

(~) ~mHy${ZZ (S>) nmo_moìh.

4. Pma {Vgam AcoŠPm§S>a hm ............ _Üò H«$m§VrH$maH$m§À`m hëë`mV ~ir nS>cm.

(A) 1893 (~) 1894 (H$) 1895 (S>) 1996.

~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. a{e`Z ^mfoVrc "ZamoX' hm eãX H$moUË`m AWm©Zo dmnacm OmVmo.

2. ^wXmg nÜXVr ZîQ> H$ê$Z H$moUË`m PmaZo "_wŠVrXmVm' hr nXdr {_imcr?

3. H$moUË`m XmoZ {dMmad§V coIH$m§Mr N>mn CXma_VdmXr cmoH$m§da a{e`mV nS>cr hmoVr?

4. H$moUË`m _§Í`mZo Pma Xþgam AcoŠPm§S>acm CXma_VdmXmMm Aml` KoÊ`mg gwM{dco hmoVo?

1.2.2 Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mMm H$mcI§S> (1894-1917)

18 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ a{e`mV "amo_°Zmoìh' amOKamUo amÁ` H$ma^ma H$arV hmoVo. a{e`Z g_«mQ>mcm

(9)

Pma Ago åhUVmV. a{e`mV `m amo_°Zmoìh amOKamÊ`mMr gÎmm amÁ`H«$m§Vrn ªV ApñVËdmV hmoVr. `mamOKamÊ`mZo 300 dfmªnmgyZM A{Z §{ÌVnUo d XS>nemhrZo amÁ` H$ma^ma H$ê$Z gd©gm_mÝ` OZVodaAÝ`m`, AË`mMma Ho$cm. a{e`mVrc Pmaemhr eodQ>Mr A{Z §{ÌV amOgÎmm hmoVr. B©ídaXÎm gÎmoÀ`mVËdmcm gd©M Pma {MQ>Hy$Z am{hco. VÎdV: PmaMr amOdQ> hr H|${ÐV ñdê$nmMr hmoVr. Aem `mamOKamÊ`mMm g_«mQ> {ZH$mocg {ÛVr` hm a{e`mMm AIoaMm Pma R>acm. Pma AcoŠPm§S>a V¥Vr` (B. g.1881-1894) `mMm Vmo _wcJm hmoVm. Pma AcoŠPm§S>a V¥Vr` gZ 1894 _Ü o Amnë`m XS>nemhrÀ`mYmoaUm_wio H«$m§VrH$maH$m§À`m ~m°å~ hëë`mV _macm Jocm. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm _wcJm Pma Xþgam {ZH$mocg (gZ1894) _Ü o gÎmoda Amcm.

Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam gÎmoda òVmM Ë`mZo na§namJV nÜXVrZoM XS>nemhrÀ`m d A{Z`§{ÌV _mJm©ZoamÁ`H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. H«$m§VrH$mar {dMma XS>nyZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mZo XoemV AZoH$ H$S>H${Z~ªY cmdcoV. Xþgam {ZH$mocg ñd^mdmZo gmYm, gai, ~mocÊ`mV, dmJÊ`mV _¥Xÿ d AmH$f©H$,Hw$Qw>§~m{df`r \$ma ào_, {Oìhmim Agm hmoVm. na§Vw a{e`mÀ`m VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVrV amÁ`H$Vm© åhUyZamîQ´>mcm `m JwUm§Mm H$dS>rBVH$mhr Cn`moJ ZìhVm. ~XcË`m amOH$s` n[apñWVrMo __© AmoiIÊ`mMmS>moignUm, amOH$s` XÿaÑîQ>r, AS>MUrda d g§H$Q>mda `mo½` Vr Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mMr H$ënH$Vm qH$dm_hËdmÀ`m àíZm~m~V {dZm{dc§~ {ZU© KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr Vm~S>Vmo~ H$UIanUo A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMrj_Vm ho H$mhrM {ZH$mocg _Üò ZìhVo. a{e`mVrc VËH$mcrZ ñ\$moQ>H$ n[apñWVrcm èñdrnUo Vm|S>XoÊ`mMr Hw$dV {ZH$mcog_Ü o ZìhVr. a{e`mV PnmQ>çmZo XmQy>Z oV Agcoë`m H«$m§VrÀ`m dmXimÀ`m doJmMrd eŠVrMr OmUrd qH$dm AmH$cZ H$moË`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmÀ`m d Xþ~ù`m _ZmÀ`m {ZH$mocgcm hmody eH$coZmhr. a{e`mMm g_«mQ> åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m hmVr Amcocr gdm©{YH$mar amOgÎmm Aà{hV d A~m{YVMmc{dÊ`mMr Ë`mMr {OÔ hmoVr. na§Vw Ë`mH$[aVm cmJUmao I§~ra ì`ŠVr_Ëd d amOH$s` ehmUnUm _mÌË`mÀ`mV ZìhVm. Ë`mÀ`mda Ë`mMr nËZr Pm[aZm H°$Wo[aZ {hMm _moR>m à^md hmoVm. H°$Wo[aZ hr AË §VhoHo$Imoa ñd^mdmMr AgyZ M¡Zr d {dcmgr hmoVr. {Vcm a{e`Z OZVo~Ôc A{O~mV ào_ d ghmZw yVrZìhVr. H°$W[aZ hr _yiMr O_©Z H$Ý`m VgoM d B§½c§S>À`m amUr pìhŠQ>mo[a`mÀ`m _wcJrMr _wcJr hmoVr.{ZH$mocgnojm {VMo ì`ŠVr_Ëd H$UIa hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {ZH$mocg cdH$aM {VÀ`m à^mdmImcr Jocm.{ZH$mocgnojm Vr nŠH$s à{VJm_r _Vm§Mr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio {ZH$mocgÀ`m amOdQ>rÀ`m n{hë`m H$mhr dfm©Vrcgd© J{V{damoYr ZrVrcm Pm[aZmM ~ìh§er O~m~Xma Yacr OmVo. `mMdoir a{e`mV J«oJar amgnwQ>rZZmdmÀ`m Y_©Jwê$Mo Mm§JcoM àñW hmoVo. cmoH$ Ë`mcm " «îQ> Y_©Jwê$' qH$dm "n{dÌ g¡VmZ' åhUyZAmoiIrV. `m amgnwQ>rZMm Pma d Pm[aZmda O~aXñV nJS>m hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mOdi X¡dr eŠVr Amho. AerPmaMr g_OyV hmoVr ñdV: amOnwQ>rZ à{VJm_r hmoVm. Aem àH$mao VËH$mcrZ a{e`m Pma {ZH$mocg {ÛVr`,Ë`mMr nËZr Pm[aZm H°$Wo[aZ d amgnwQ>rZ øm à{VJm_r d Owc_r _Zmod¥ÎmrÀ`m {ÌHw$Q>mÀ`m VmdS>rV gmnS>crhmoVr. ñdV: g_«mQ>M A{dMmar Agë`mZo Ë`mMo A{YH$marhr VgoM hmoVo. a{e`mVrc {damoYr {dMmagaUr{ZI§XÿZ H$mT>cr nm{hOo Ago `m A{YH$mè`mMo _V hmoVo. {ZH$mocgÀ`m H$ma{H$XuÀ`m nydm©Ym©V Ë`mÀ`mgëcmJmamn¡H$s à_wI hmoVo Vo n~oXZmoËgod d ßcohdr. `m A{YH$mè`mZr Amnë`m _OuVrc «îQ>mMmar,

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ñdmWu cmoH$m§Zm _hÎdmMr nXo {Xcr. `m A{YH$mè`m§Zr Amnë`m nXmMm Xþén`moJ H$ê$Z ñdV:À`m M¡ZrgmR>ràM§S> à_mUmV «îQ>mMma Ho$cm.

Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mÀ`m H$mimV EH$sH$S>o amÁ`H$Ë`m©Mr XS>nemhr gwê$ hmoVr Va XþgarH$S>oa{e`mMm {dH$mghr KSy>Z oV hmoVm. XoemÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmcm JVr {_iyZ H$moigm, cmoI§S>, noQ´>mocøm§Mo CËnmXZ dmTy> cJco. OhmO ~m§YUrMm H$m ©H«$_ gwê$ Pmcm. a{e`mÀ`m øm {dH$mgmcm \«$mÝgAm{W©H$ hmV^ma cmdV hmoVm. gZ 1902 _Ü o Q´>mÝgg¡~o[a`Z aoëdoMo H$m_ nyU© Pmë`mZo CÚmoJm§Mr dì`mnmamMr dmT> Pmcr. ømM H$mimV a{e`mV H«$m§VrH$mar {dMmam§Mmhr àgma hmoV hmoVm. Ë`mMm n[aUm_åhUyZ H$s H$m` g_«mQ> {ZH$mocgZo gwadmVrcm CXma YmoaUmMm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVcm. gZ 1904gmcr {ncÝhr _macm Jocm. Ë`mMdfu g_«mQ>mZo CXma_VdmXr amOnwÌ {_añH$scm J¥h_§Ìr ~Z{dco, VgoMPo_ñQ>moÝhOÀ`m à{V{ZYtMr ~¡R>H$ ~mocm{dcr. øm à{V{ZYtZr XoemV Y_© ñdmV§Í`, {dMma ñdmV§Í`BË`mXr _mJUr H$ê$Z amîQ´>r` g§{dYmZmMr VgoM H$m`Xo ~Z{dUmè`m Am{U gaH$mada {Z §ÌU R>odUmè`mH$m`Xo _§S>imMr Amdí`H$Vm à{VnmXZ Ho$cr. øm _mJÊ`m Pma Zo _mÝ` Z Ho$ë`mZo XoemVrc Ag§VmofdmT>cm d Ë`mVyZM a{e`Z H«$m§VrMm OÝ_ Pmcm.

✺ Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mMo A§VJ©V àemgZ Am{U emgH$s` YmoaUo :-

1. XS>nemhr d ê$grH$aU :-

Amncr A{Z`§{ÌV gÎmm H$m`_ {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Xþgam {ZH$mocgZo à{VJm_r XS>nemhrÀ`m dégrH$aUmÀ`m V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$cm. XS>nemhrMo eó e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm d d¥ÎmnÌo `m{déÜX {deof VËnaVoZod H$R>moanUo dmnaÊ`mV Amco. g_mOmVrc ImcÀ`m _wcm§Zr _mÜ`{_H$ emioV Omdy Z o Am{U à«mW{_H$emim ñWm{ZH$ g{_Ë`mH$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z KoD$Z MM©À`m hmVr {Xë`m Omì`mV Ago à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Amco.{díd{dÚmc`mMr ñdm`ÎmVm aÔ H$ê$Z {dÚmWu g§KQ>ZmZmhr ~§Xr KmcÊ`mV Amcr. gaH$mar hþHw$_mZwgmaAä`mgH«$_mV ~Xc H$aÊ`mV Amco. EdT>oM Zìho Va gwà{gÜX naXoer` coIH$m§Mr nwñVHo$ a{e`Z~wpÜXdmÚm§n ªV nmohMy Z oV Aerhr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. geñÌ g¡{ZH$m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mMidir d {ZXe©Zo H«y$aVoZo XS>nyZ Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcr. AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm {dÚmnrR>mVyZ hmH$cyZ cmdco JocoVa {H$ËòH$m§Mr a{e`mVyZM hH$mcnÅ>r Pmcr. H«$m§VrH$aH$ _VmÀ`m ZwgË`m g§e`mdê$Z nmocrg XoIaoI hmoD$cmJcr Va d¥ÎmnÌo d {Z`VH$m{cHo$ `mda gaH$mar {Z`§ÌUo cmXcr OmdyZ Ë`m§Mr nyU© _wñH$Q>Xm~r H$aÊ`mVAmcr.

`m à{VJm_r ZrVr~amo~aM égrH$aUmMr ZrVrhr Pma gaH$maZo {VVŠ`mM H$S>H$nUo nwT>o X_Q>cr.Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfm `m gd© ~m~VrV EoŠ` gmYÊ`mMo {Z{_Îm H$ê$Z {\$Zc§S>, nmoc§S>, ~mpëQ>H$ àm§V `m§Vrc{Za{Zamiçm dm§{eH$ JQ>mVrc amîQ´>r` ^mdZm {MaSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMm M§J gaH$maZo ~m§Ycm.

gZ 1890 Z§Va {\$Zc§S>_Üò égrH$aU ZrVrMo A{dîH$ma {Za{Zamiçm ñdê$nmV {Xgy cmJco.{\$Zc§S>_Üò CÀMemgH$s` nXmdê$Z {\${Ze cmoH$m§Zm H$mTy>Z a{e`ZmMm âUm H$aÊ`mV Amcm. H${ZîR>

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XOm©À`m ZmoH$è`mH$[aVmhr a{e`Z ^mfoMo kmZ A{Zdm © _mZco Joco. {\$Zc§S>Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm Ymã`mda ~gdyZ{VWo goH«o$Q>ar Am°\$ ñQ>oQ>Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. gZ 1900 _Üò a{e`Z ^mfm {\$Zc§S>Mr emgH$s`^mfm Kmo{fV Ho$cr. {\${Ze cîH$a {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mEodOr a{e`Z cîH$a C^maco Joco. hoa{Jar,AH$maU charZwgma AQ>H$, {dZmMm¡H$er Vwé§Jdmg `m§Mo gÌ A{Z~ªYnUo {\$Zc§S>_Ü o gwê$ Pmco.

nmoc§S>_Ü ohr ì`mnma, CÚmoJY§Xo, {ejU `m gd© joÌmV a{e`Z ^mfm gŠVrMr H$aÊ`mV Amcr.gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr O_©Z EodOr a{e`Z Zmdo {Xcr.

Y_©joÌmVhr ê$grH$aU ZrVrMo nS>gmX C_Q>co. gZmVZ a{e`Z Y_m©ì`{V[aŠV gd© Y_m©À`mAZw`m`m§da XS>nemhrMm dad§Q>m {\$a{dÊ`mV Amcm. a{e`mVrc Á`yZmhr `m égrH$aU ZrVrMm O~aXñVVS>mIm ~gcm. Á wda {Z~ªY KmcÊ`mH$[aVm EH$m nmR>monmR> EH$ H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Amco. {d{eîQ> joÌm~mhoaË`m§Zr amhÿ Z o ghOnUo XoIaoI eŠ` hmoB©c Aem ehamVyZM ahmdo Agm {Z`_ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. S>çy_m{ZdS>UyH$sH$[aVm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Ë`m§Zm ZìhVm. _mÜ`{_H$ emim d {dÚmnrR>o `mVrc Á`y§Mr g§»`m_`m©{XV R>odÊ`mV Amcr. CÀM {ejU KoD$ BpÀN>Umè`m Á y§Zm Va a{e`m~mhoaM OmdoM cmJo. O_rZ{dH$Ê`mMo d {dH$V KoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma Á y§Zm ZìhVo. {Za{Zamiçm Y§ÚmVrc Á y§Mr g§»`m _`m©{XV AgmdrAgo gaH$mar YmoaU hmoVo. cîH$amVrc CÀM nXr Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ hmoV Zgo. Á w ì`mnmè`mda O~ar ì`mOAmH$maÊ`mV Amco. Á wda AÝ`m` hmoV AgVmZmhr a{e`Z nmocrg ñdñW hmoVo. Pma gaH$maÀ`m Aem{ZVr_wio _moR>çm g§» oZo a{e`m gmoSy>Z Á y A_o[aHo$V OmdyZ ñWm{`H$ Pmco.

✺ Am¡ÚmoJrH$aUmMr gwadmV :-

à{VJm_r X§S>ZrVrMm Adc§~ Pma gaH$maH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVmZmM, eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>À`m XeH$mVa{e`mMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr _mÌ ~arM KSy>Z Amcr. `m Am¡ÚmoJrH$aUm~amo~aM {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m Zì`mH$m_Jma dJm©ZoM AIoa Pmaemhrcm AmìhmZ XoD$Z Ë`m amOdQ>rMm eodQ> KS>dyZ AmUcm. a{e`m d \«$mÝg`m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo a{e`mMo Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU ÐÿV JVrZo AmH$mamg Amco. Q´>mÝg-g¡~o[a`Z aoëdoMr {Z{_©Vra{e`Z ^m§S>dcXmam§Zr Am{U gaH$maZo Jw§V{dcoë`m aŠH$_oVyZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. gZ 1897 _Ü o gwdU©à_mUdmnamV Amë`mZ§Va \«$mÝg, ~opëO`_ Am{U {~«Q>Z øm amîQ´>m§Zr a{e`mcm ^m§S>dc nwa{dco. ImU Am{UImU CÚmoJ `m ^m§S>dcmVyZM C^maco Joco. Am¡ÚmoJrH$aUmMm àË`j n[aUm_ amOH$s` joÌmV cdH$aM{XgyZ Amcm. {nQ²>g©~J©, _mñH$mo BË`mXr ehamV H$m_Jma dJm©Mo EH$ÌrH$aU hmoV Joco. gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mmà^md dmTy> cmJcm. 20ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrcm wamonmV Am{W©H$ _§Xr Amcr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ a{e`mVhrPmcm. nŠŠ`m _mcmMo CËnmXZ KQ>co Am{U {H$ËòH$ H$maImZo ~§X nS>co. Ë`m_wio {R>H${R>H$mUr eoVH$è`m§MoAm{U H$m_Jmam§Mo CR>md Pmco. `m CR>mdm§Zm amOH$s` a§J ody Xody Z o åhUyZ emgZmZo g§ndmë`mZm Am{W©H$gmhmæ` Ho$co. AZoH$ à_wI {dH$gZerc CÚmoJ emgZmÀ`m nyU© {Z §ÌUmV hmoVo. goZm, Zm¡Xc, aoëdo _mJ©,Am§V[aH$ Oc_mJ© d gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ `m§À`m j_Voda amîQ´>mMo ^{dVì` {Z ©a Agë`mZo H$m_JmadJm©cmAm{W©H$ OrdZmV _hÎd àmßV Pmco. a{e`mMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg OcX hmoV Jocm. VWm{n, AH$m ©j_ZmoH$aemhr_wio gwÑT>, ñdV§Ì Aem Am¡Úmo{JH$ d ì`mnmar dJm©À`m _mJm©V AS>MUr oV Joë`m. a{e`mVrc

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cmoH$g§»`m gmYZ g§nÎmr Am{U §ÌmoÚmoJmcm Amdí`H$ Aer OceŠVr øm gd© JmoîQ>rMr H$_VaVmZgyZgwÜXm àemgH$s`, «îQ>mMma, Aj_Vm Am{U ñdÀN>§XVm {dH$mg H$m`m©cm hmZrH$maH$ hmoË`m.

✺ naamîQ´>r` YmoaU :-

Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMr JVr d naXoer H$O} `m_wio a{e`Z gaH$maÀ`m naamîQ´> ZrVrdahr n[aUm_ Pmcm.a{e`mcm AË`mdí`H$ Agcocr H$O} O_©ZrEodOr \«$mÝgH$Sy>Z {_iy cmJë`mZo Ë`m XmoÝhr amîQ´>mV gcmoIm{Z_m©U hmoD$Z Ë`mMr n[aUrVr gZ 1894 À`m a{e`m \«$mÝg H$amamV Pmcr. VgoM {ZH$Q>dVu gZ 1894À`m a{e`m \«$mÝg H$amamV Pmcr. VgoM {ZH$Q>dVu amîQ´>mVyZ Am{W©H$ {eaH$md H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMohr AmQ>moH$mQ>à`ËZ 1890 Z§Va a{e`mZo Ho$co. BamU_Ü o ê$gmo-n{e© Z ~±H$ CKS>Ê`mV oD$Z Ë`mÛmam VoWrc a{e`m§À`mì`mnmamcm MmcZm {_imcr. a{e`mMo OnmZ g_wÐmdarc nyd© Q>moH$ ìcm{XdñVmoH$ wamonr` a{e`merOmoS>Umè`m Q´>mÝg-g¡~o[a`Z aoëdoMo H$m_hr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m cmoh_mJm©H$[aVm cmJUmam ~hþVm§e n¡gma{e`mcm \«$mÝgH$Sy>Z H$O© ê$nmZo {_imcm hmoVm. 5000 _¡cmnojmhr OmñV cm§~rMm hm cmoh_mJ© gZ 1905_Ü o V`ma Pmcm.

a{e`mcm ñdV:Mo ~ma_mhr Iwco ~§Xa ì`mnmamgmR>r, g_wÐmdarc YmS>g H$aÊ`mgmR>r \$ma nydunmgyZhdo hmoVo. hmM hoVy Pma {ZH$mocgÀ`m H$mimV naamîQ´>r` YmaoUmMm nm`m R>acm. hm hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>rXmXm©Zoëg d ~m°ñH$ag `m gm_wÐ YwÊ`mda Vm~m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Am½Zo wamon_Ü o a{e`mZo H$madm`m Ho$ë`m.VgoM n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJamVyZ g§Mma H$aVm `mdm `m hoVyZo Am{e`mVrc a{e`mMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUcm.Ë`mMdoir _Ü` Am{e`m MrZÀ`m ^mJmVrc _m§My[a`m d H$mo{Q>`m `m ^mJm_Ü o a{e`mÀ`m gm_«mÁ`dmXrH$madm`m Mmcy am{hë`m. a{e`mcm Amnë`m _¡ÌrÀ`m OmiçmV AmoT>Ê`mMo {~ñ_mH©$Mo à`ËZ H$mhrgo g\$cPmco Var, {dgmì`m eVH$mV \«$mÝg d {~«Q>Z `m§À`m JmoQ>mV a{e`m gm_rc Pmcm.

✺ amOH$s` nj :-

Am¡ÚmoJrH$aUm_wio a{e`mVrc eham§_YyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jmam§Mm dJ© V`ma Pmcm, VgmM _Ü`_dJu`^m§S>dcXma dJ©hr V`ma Pmcm. `m XmoZ dJm©Mo g§~§Y g_mOdmXmÀ`m àgmam_wio gwadmVrnmgyZM Mm§JcoZìhVo. Zì`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`dñWoV H$m_Jmam§Zm g§KQ>Zm H$aÊ`mg ~§Xr hmoVr d gaH$ma Xa~mar AmdmOCR>{dÊ`mg Ë`m§Zm à{V{ZYrËd ZìhVo. g_mOdmXmÀ`m àgmamg hr y{_H$m AZwHy$cM hmoVr. _mŠg©dmXmMmàgma OgmOgm hmoV Jocm VgVgm H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm amOH$s` njmÀ`m Aml`mZo ñWmnZ hmoD$ cmJë`m. gZ1898 gmcr gmoe°{cñQ> S>o_moH«o${Q>H$ nj ñWmnZ Pmcm. OZVocm amOH$s` hŠH$ {_idyZ XoUo,^m§S>dcXmam§Mr hH$mcnÅ>r, H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r Vmg d OmñV doVZ, hm Ë`m§Mm à_wI H$m ©H«$_ hmoVm dg_mOdmXr àOmgÎmmH$, ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r PmaMr gm_«mÁèmhr CcWÊ`mMr V`mar hdr hmoVr. gZ1903 gmcr `m njmMo a{e`m ~mhoa A{YdoeZ âco hmoVo. njmMr g§KQ>Zm H$er Agmdr. `m àíZmdê$Z`m A{YdoeZmV XmoZ JQ> nS>co. Z§Va njmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mdê$Z `m A{YdoeZmV XmoZ JQ> nS>co. Z§VanjmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mdê$Z `m JQ>mVrc _V oX dmT>V Joco. co{ZZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr ~moëeo{dH$ JQ>mZoH«$m§VrH$mar _mJm©Mm AmJ«h Yacm, H$m_Jma amÁ` Vm~S>Vmo~ {Z_m©U ìhmdo, _Ü`_dJm©er ghH$m © H$aÊ`mMr

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Oê$a Zmhr, gwYmaUm Vm~S>Vmo~ Amë`m nm{hOoV, Ago `m JQ>mg dmQ>V hmoVo. ßcoImZmoìh `mÀ`mZoV¥ËdmImcr _oÝeopìhH$ JQ>, hiyhiy Ü o gmÜ` H$amdo, g_mO {ejUmVyZ g_mOdmXr amOdQ> {Z_m©Uìhmdr, Oê$a Va _Ü`_ dJu`m§Mo ghH$m © ¿`mdo Ago _mZUmam hmoVm.

gZ 1900 gmcr gmoe{cñQ> aoìhmoë yeZar nmQ>u hm Xþgam nj ñWmnZ Pmcm. Ë`mMo cjàm_w»`mZo O{_Zr{df`r g_ñ`m§H$S>o hmoVo d eoVH$è`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r PQ>Umam nj hmoVm. eoVH$ar dJ© _wŠVPmcocm Agcm Var dmT>cr cmoH$g§»`m, O_rZrMm AnwaonUm, C_amd dJ© d _ra `m§À`m H$madm`m§Zr dgaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§À`m X§S>ocrZo O{_ZrMr _mcH$s {_iÊ`mV òUmè`m AS>MUr dJ¡ao n[apñWVr `m njmcmZmhrer H$amd`mMr hmoVr. eoVH$è`m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r a{e`mMr amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm CIS>Ê`mMr`m njmMr BÀN>m hmoVr.

g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMm nwañH$ma H$aUmè`m JQ>mZohr a{e`m ~mhoa gZ 1903 _Ü o Amnë`m njmMoJwßV A{YdoeZ â{dco d w{Z`Z Am°\$ {c~aoeZ ho Zmd YmaU Ho$co. eham_Yrc doJdoJiçmì`dgm`m§_Yrc cmoH$ d àJV {dMmamMo C_amd `m njmV hmoVo. O{_ZrÀ`m àíZmV Ë`m§Zm ag hmoVmM, na§Vwa{e`mMo amîQ´>r` EoŠ` {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm PmaMo ApñVËd Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVo.

✺ 1905 Mr H«$m§Vr :-

a{e`mVrc A§VJ©V pñWVr ñ\$moQ>H$ ~Zcocr AgVmZm naamîQ´> AmKmS>rdahr a{e`mcm Anè Amco.a{e`mÀ`m ~mëH$Z àXoemVrc hmcMmctZm Amim ~gë`mZo Pma Zo Amnco cj A{Vnyd}H$S>o di{dco.Am{edmÀ`m nyd© {H$Zmè`mda CîU ~§Xa {_imdo ømgmR>r a{e`m à`ËZ H$arV hmoVm. Ë`mÛmao co{ZZ J«mS> dn°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJamVrc nyd}H$S>Mo CîU ~§Xa ãcm{S>AmoñQ>m°H$ hr XmoZ Q>moHo$ OmoS>cr OmD$Z ì`mnmar dcîH$ar hmcMmcr H$aUo a{e`mcm gmo rñH$a OmUma hmoVo. ømdoir wamonr` gm_«mÁ`dmX MrZ_Ü o W¡_mZKmcrV hmoVm. nU Xþ~©c MrZMo cMHo$ `wamonr` amîQ´>mH$Sy>Z VmoS>co OmV hmoVo. a{e`m hr `m ñnY}V _mJoam{hcm Zmhr. Ë`mZo S>o[a`Z d nmoQ>© Am°W©a hr ~§Xao n§Mdrg dfm©À`m H$amamZo MrZH$Sy>Z {_i{dcr. VgoMQ´>mÝg-g¡~o[a`Z aoëdo _m§My[a`mVyZ ZoÊ`mMr g§_Vr àmßV H$ê$Z KoVcr. nmoQ>© Am°W©a åhUOo a{e`mMmnyd}H$S>rc Ama_mar Vi ~Zcm. VgoM aoëdo _mJm©À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo _m§Mw[a`m d H$mo[a`mV a{e`mMm à^md dmTy>cmJcm. hr JmoîQ> OnmZÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo YmoŠ`mMr hmoVr, åhUyZM 1904 _Ü o a{e`m-OnmZ wÜX Pmco. Ë`mVa{e`mMm nam^d hmody cmJë`m_wio Ag§Vmof dmT>cm. OnmZ{déÜX cT>m VS>H$m\$S>H$s ~§X H$aUo a{e`mcmAmdí`H$ dmQ>co. Ë`mMo à_wI H$maU 1905 _Ü o a{e`mV Pmcocr H«$m§Vr. Pma {ZH$mocgÀ`m égrH$aUm§À`mYmoaUm_wio Aëng§»`m§H$ àOm gaH$macm Vrd« {damoY H$ê$ nhmV hmoVr. EH$ H|$Ðr, AH$m ©j_ dcmoH${dÝ_wI Pmaemhr{déÜXMm Ag§Vmof, _mŠg© à{UV g_mOdmXr VËdàUmcrMm àMma d à^md amOH$s`d gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mr _mJUr, H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zr gwê$ R>odcoc§ XheVdmXr gÌ, gaH$marA{YH$mè`m§À`m hëcm. `m_wio 1905 À`m H«$m§Vrcm dmVmdaU nmofH$ Pmco. gZ 1905 _Ü o g|Q>nrQ>g©~J©_Ü o hOmamo H$m_Jmam§Mm g§n KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV Amcm. amÁèmgZ {Ii{Iio Pmco. g§ndmë`m§Zr\$mXa J°nmoZ `mÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr {ZH$mocgcm Amnë`m _mJÊ`mg§~§Yr AO© Ho$cm. em§VVoZo Amcoë`m `m

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_moMm©da PmaÀ`m amOdmS>çmnmer ~o\$m_ Jmoir~ma Pmë`mZo eoH$S>mo cmoH$ _aU nmdco. `m aŠVa§{OVa{ddma Mr ~mV_r Xoeâ ngaVmM gd©Ì g§n Am{U amOH$s` {ZXe©Zo `m§Zm D$V Amcm. XoemV _mOcocmhm àM§S> gmd©{ÌH$ àjmo d ê$g-OnmZ wÜXmV Pmcocm nam^dm_wio a{e`mÀ`m gm_«mÁ`mcm YmoH$m {Z_m©UPmë`m_wio Pmacm Amnco ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r H$mhrVar H$aUo ^mJ hmoVo. Pma Xþgam {ZH$mocgZoñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ`g§ñWmÀ`m A{YH$mamV dmT>, d¡ pŠVH$ ñdmV§Í`mMr h_r, Aem OwO~r gwYmaUm XoD$ Ho$ë`m.nU `m_wio H$moUË`mM JQ>mMo g_mYmZ Pmco Zmhr. àË oH$ joÌmVrc H$m_Jma g§n H$ê$ cmJcm.O_rZXmamda hëco hmody cmJco. YmÝ`mMr XþH$mZo cwQ>cr Omdy cmJcr. `m gd© dmXimnwT>o Z_Vo KoÊ`mMo{ZH$mocgZo R>a{dco.

✺ Xþgè`m {ZH$mocgMm CXma_VdmX (1905-1907)

cmJmonmR> AZoH$ \$_m©Zo H$mTy>Z {ZH$mocgZo AZoH$ gwYmaUm Omhra Ho$ë`m. Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVoMo VËd_mÝ` H$ê$Z Á y cmoH$m§darc {Z~ªY g¡c Ho$co. eoVH$è`m§Mm Vw§~cocm eoVgmam _m\$ Ho$cm. Aëng§»`m§H$ñd^mfoVyZ {ejU KoÊ`mMr _w m {_imcr. amOH$s` JwÝhoJmam§Mo IQ>co ZmJar Ý`m`mc`mnwT>o MmcÊ`mggwadmV Pmcr. XS>nemhrMm gëcm XoUmao _§Ìr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco. amîQ´>r` {dYr_§S>i {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMoAmdídmgZ {Xco Joco. {dQ>o gmaIm CXma_VdmXr _w»`_§Ìr åhUyZ Zo_cm Jocm. `m KmofUm§Zrhr dmXi e_oZmåhUyZ OmñV ârd ñdê$nmÀ`m gwYmaUm H$aUo {ZH$mocgcm ^mJ nS>co. ^mfU ñdmV§Í`, _wÐU ñdmV§Í`,g§KQ>Zm ñdmV§Í` _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amco. amîQ´>r` {dYr_§S>imV (S>çw_m_Ü o) gd© dJm©À`m à{V{ZYrËdmgmR>ràm¡T> _VXmZmMo VËd ~ìh§er _mÝ` Pmco. S>çw_mÀ`m g§_VrIoarO H$moUVmhr H$m`Xm OZVocm ~§YZH$maH$R>aUma Zmhr, gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§À`m H$m_mda cmoH$ à{V{ZYtMr XoIaoI amhrc. ho _wÔohr {ZH$mocgÀ`mOmhraZmå`mV hmoVo. 1906 gmcr eoVgmam {Zå_m _m\$ Ho$cm, Va 1907 nmgyZ gd© eoVO{_Zr H$a_wŠVH$aÊ`mV Amë`m. {\$Zc§S>cm naV ñdV:Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm ~Z{dÊ`mg g§_Vr XoD$Z nyduMo ñdm`ÎmVoMo hŠH$~hmc H$aÊ`mV Amco.

✺ g§{dYm{ZH$ emgZmMm H$mcI§S> :-

PmaÀ`m KmofUoZwgma gZ 1906 _Üò {ZdS>UyH$ hmoD$Z n{hcr S>çy_m ApñVËdmV Amcr. Ë`mV Ho$S>oQ>ZmdmÀ`m njmcm ~hþ_V {_imco. S>çy_mZo a{e`mV gwYmaUm AmUÊ`mMr BÀN>m àH$Q> Ho$cr. Ë`mM~amo~aamOH$s` JwÝhoJmam§Zm j_m {Xcr Omdr, XoemVrc cîH$ar H$m`Xo _mJo KoVcm Omdm, _§Ìr_§S>i S>çw_mcmO~m~Xma Agmdo, Pma d Y_©g§ñWoÀ`m O{_Zr XrK© _wXVrgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm {Xë`m Omì`mV Aem _mJÊ`mhmoË`m. øm _mJÊ`m§dê$Z {deofV: _§Ìr_§S>i S>çy_mcm O~m~Xma AgÊ`mÀ`m àíZmdê$Z S>çy_mMo H$m_H$mOOdi Odi ~§X nS>co Am{U Owc¡ 1906 _Ü o Pma {ZH$mocgZo S>çy_m ~aImñV Ho$cr. øm S>çy_mZoAmnë`m Ho$di XmoZ _{hÝ`mÀ`m (_o, Owc¡ 1906) H$ma{H$XuV Mm§Jcr H$m_{Jar ~OmdyZ emgZmÀ`mH$m ©nÜXVrda Q>rH$m Ho$cr. ømZ§Va _mM© 1907 _Ü o {ÛVr` S>çy_m ApñVËdmV Amcr. ømdoir àYmZ_§ÌrnXmda ñQ>m°{cnrZMr {Z wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. øm S>çy_mZo n{hë`m S>çy_mÀ`m ~aImñVr~Ôc Ag§Vmof

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ì`ŠV Ho$ë`mZo àma§ mnmgyZ S>çy_m d _§Ìr_§S>imV _V oX CX² dco. n[aUm_r H«$m§VrH$mar {dMmam§À`màgmamMm Amamon R>odyZ S>çy_mÀ`m 16 gXñ`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m_wio S>çy_m Pmaer g§Kf©H$aÊ`mMr V`mar H$ê$ cmJcr. Ë`mMr n[aUVr AIoa OyZ 1907 _Üò S>çy_m ~aImñV hmoÊ`mV Pmcr.ZdrZ S>çy_mÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sMr KmofUm V`ma H$aVmZm PmaZo {ZdS>UyH$ H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$ê$Z A{YH$m§egXñ` O_rZXmam§H$Sy>Z {Zdm©MrV hmoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$cr. OZVoZo Ë`mcm {damoY Xe©{dcm. Aem pñWVrVZmoìh|~a 1907 _Ü o V¥Vr` S>çy_mMo A{YdoeZ gwê$ Pmco. Ë`mV O_rZXmam§Mo d à{VJm_tMo à{V{ZYrËdOmñV Agë`mZo hr S>çy_m gma»`m BÀN>oà_mUo H$m © H$aUmar hmoVr. gmh{OH$M a{e`mV nwÝhm à{VJmå`m§MmdaMî_m àñWm{nV Pmcm d gwYmaUmdmXr Midi _mJo nS>cr. nmM dfm©À`m H$m ©H$mimZ§Va 1912 _Ü o{ZdSy>Z Amcoco eodQ>Mo S>çy_mhr AgoM Pmacm AZwHy$c hmoVo d hr {ZdSy>Z Amcocr Mm¡Wr S>çy_m hrn{hë`m _hm wÕmÀ`m H$mimV ApñVËdmV hmoVr. EH§$XarV 1914 n ªV A{Z §{ÌV amOgÎmoEodOr g§gXràmÁ`nÕVr a{e`mV ê$T> H$aÊ`mMo Pma {damoYr JQ>mMo gd© à`ËZ {d\$cM R>aco.

✺ n{hë`m _hm wÕmÀ`m C§~aR>çmdarc a{e`m d A{Z §{ÌV PmaemhrMm eodQ> :-

gZ 1905 Vo 1914 `m H$mimV a{e`mMr A§VJ©V n[apñWVr ñ\$moQ>H$M hmoVr. PmaemhrÀ`m H$Q>moaXS>nemhr_wio eoH$S>mo H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm d {damoYH$m§Zm _¥Ë yX§S>mÀ`m {ejm {Xë`m OmV hmoË`m. {H$Ë oH$H«$m§VrH$maH$ a{e`m gmoSy>Z naXoemV OmD$Z am{hco hmoVo. Va XþgarH$S>o Ohmc {damoYH$m§Zrhr gaH$ma CcWyZnmS>Ê`mH$[aVm H$mañWmZo H$aÊ`mMo d ghmZw^yVreyÝ` gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§Mo IyZ H$aÊ`mMo gÌ Mmcy R>odcohmoVo. amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ C{ÔîQ>m§À`m {gÜXrH$aVm gmoec S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ njmMm H$m_Jma dJm©V A{daV dà^mdr àMma MmcyM hmoVm. H$m_Jma dJm©Vrc Ag§Vmofhr dmT>VM Jocm. g§n d amOH$s` hË`m _moR>çmà_mUmda hmody cmJë`m. gZ 1911 Va àYmZ_§Ìr ñQ>mo{c{nZhr _macm Jocm. Ë`mÀ`mZ§Va Amcoco _§Ìrhrà{VJm_r àd¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. 1914 n ªV g|Q> nrQ²>g ~J©À`m H$m_Jma dJm©V H«$m§VrÀ`m VËdkmZmMm àMma \$ma_moR>çm à_mUmV Pmcocm hmoVm. amOYmZrMo dmVmdaU H«$m§VrH$maH$ g§nmZr d añË`m-añË`mda KS>Umè`mCKS> MH$_H$s¨Zr àewãY Pmco hmoVo. _moM}, {ZXe©Zo, g^m, KmofUm `m§Zm D$V Amcm hmoVm. gZ 1914 _Ü on{hco _hm wÕ ^S>H$co ZgVo Va H«$m§VrMm S>m|~ Omo nwT>o gZ 1917 _Ü o Cgicm Vmo AJmoXa gZ 1915À`m nydm©Ym©V Cgicm AgVm. ~mëH$Z àXoemVrc gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamÀ`m AnojoZo a{e`mZo g{~© mcm nmqR>~mXoD$Z n{hë`m OmJ{VH$ `wÕmV nXmn©U Ho$co hmoVo. na§Vw gwadmVrMo H$mhr {Xdg {dO`mMo gmoS>co Vagd©Ìnam^dmcm Vm|S> XoÊ`mMr Zm_wîH$s Amcr. _wimVM wÜX IoiÊ`mMr VmH$X d gm_Ï © a{e`Z g¡Ý`mVZgë`m_wio O_©ZrH$Sy>Z a{e`mcm wÜX AmKmS>rda nam^dm_mJyZ nam^d nËH$amdo cmJco hmoVo. gd©MAmKmS>çmda a{e`mMr nrN>ohmQ> Pmcr. `mVM PmaZo ZdrZ cîH$ar âVr gwê$ H$ê$Z hOmamo eoVH$ar dH$m_Jmam§Zm cîH$amV âVrMr gŠVr Ho$cr. n[aUm_r H¥$fr CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoD$Z OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§MrQ>§MmB© {Z_m©U Pmcr. eoVH$ar d H$m_Jmam§Zm cT>mB©Mo à{ejU Zgë`m_wio hH$ZmH$ Ë`m§Mm ~ir nSy>cmJcm. n{hë`m _hm wÕmV OdiOdi 17 cj a{e`Z g¡Ý` R>ma Pmco Va 50 cj OI_r Pmco. wÜXmVH$moQ>çmdYr ê$~ëgMr Am{W©H$ hmZr Pmcr. `mM~amo~a O_©ZrH$Sy>Z wÜXmV hmoV Agcoë`m nam^dm_wio

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OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmV a{e`mMr Zm_wîH$s Pmcr. gmh{OH$M `wÜXmVrc `m Zm_wîH$scm Pma {ZH$mocgXþgè`mMr AH$m ©j_Vm d Xþ~©cVm H$maUr yV Amho, Aer ^mdZm a{e`Z OZVoV dmT>rg cmJcr. `mg§YrMm \$m`Xm KoUmam co{ZZgmaIm Hw$ec ZoVm {Z`VrZo a{e`mcm {Xcm Am{U cdH$aM co{ZZo H«$m§VrMoZoV¥Ëd ñdrH$mê$Z `moOZm~ÜX 1917 _mM©Mr H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUcr. n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa Joë`m_wio 15_mM© 1917 amoOr PmaZo gÎmm Ë`mJ Ho$cm; na§Vw H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zr Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam d Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zmg¡~o[a`mVrc Cac nd©VmÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Agcoë`m Vmo~moëH$g òWrc Vwé§JmV admZm Ho$co. a{e`mVrc hramÁ`H«$m§Vr èñdr hmodyZ VrZeo dfmªnmgyZ gÎmoda Agcoë`m amo_°Zmoìh KamÊ`mMr amOdQ> AñVmg Jocr.Pma d Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Q>§w{~`m§Zm Vwé§JmV R>odUo YmoH$mXm`H$ dmQ>ë`mZo 16 Owc¡ 1918 amoOr Ë`m§Zm Jmoiçm KmcyZR>ma _maÊ`mV Amco. Pma d Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mr hË`m Ho$ë`mZo a{e`mVrc PmaMr gÎmm g§nwîQ>mV oD$ZZdrZ àOmgÎmmH$m§Mo wJ a{e`mV gwê$ Pmco.



1. a{e`mÀ`m Q´>mÝg-g¡~o[a`Z aoëdoMo H$m_ nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r wamonmVrc ........... `m amîQ´>mZoAm{W©H$ _XV Ho$cr.

(A) \«$mÝg (~) O_©Zr (H$) B§½c§S> (S>) BQ>cr.

2. gmoe°{cñQ> S>o_moH«°${Q>H$ njmMr ñWmnZm ........... Pmcr.

(A) 1890 (~) 1895 (H$) 1898 (S>) 1900.

3. a{e`m_Ü o {ÛVr` S>çw_m ............. ApñVËdmV Amcr.

(A) 1906 (~) 1907 (H$) 1908 (S>) 1909.

4. S>o[a`Z d nmoQ>© Am°W©a hr ~§Xao n§Mdrg dfm©À`m H$amamZo a{e`mZo ........... H$Sy>Z {_i{dcr.

(A) H$mo[a`m (~) OnmZ (H$) MrZ (S>) A_o[aH$m.


1. Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mÀ`mda H$moUË`m Y_©Jwê$Mm à^md hmoVm?

2. a{e`m_Ü o n{hcr S>çy_m H$Yr ApñVËdmV Amcr?

3. Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mÀ`m d{S>cm§Mo Zmd H$m`?

4. a{e`mZo MrZH$Sy>Z n§Mdrg dfm©À`m H$amamda H$moUVr ~§Xao {_i{dcr?

1.2.3 a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXmMo (1904-05) d Ë`mMo _hÎd

B.g. 1904-05 _Ü o a{e`m d OnmZ _Yrc Pmcoco wÜX ho Pma À`m gm_«mÁ`dmXr YmoaUm_wioM

(17)

KSy>Z Amco. ho wÜX OnmZÀ`m y_rda qH$dm a{e`mÀ`m y_rda Z hmoVm, MrZÀ`m y_rda cT>coJoco. H$mo[a`mÀ`m àíZmdê$Z `m XmoÝhr XoemV ho `wÜX Pmco. H$mo[a`m ^m¡Jmo{cH$ÑîQ>çm MrZ, a{e`m dOnmZÀ`m Xaå`mZ AgyZ OnmZnmgyZ Vmo \$maM Odi Amho. H$mo[a`m hm MrZMm _m§S>{cH$ AgyZ A§VJ©V~m~VrV ñdm`ÎmVm Agcm Var nwT>o MrZÀ`m _mMy amOm§Zr H$mo[a`mda Amnco dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$co hmoVo.na§Vw OnmZZo H$mo[a`m ho MrZMo _m§S>{cH$ amîQ´> Amho, `mg H$YrM _mÝ`Vm {Xcr Zmhr. OnmZ d MrZ`m§À`mVrc amOH$s` _V oX dmT>rg OmdyZ B.g. 1894-1895 _Ü o wÜX KSy>Z Amco. `m wÜXmV OnmZMm{dO` Pmcm. 17 E{àc 1895 _Üò {e_moZmoñH$s òWo Vh hmodyZ MrZZo eaUmJVr ñdrH$macr. `mVhmZwgma MrZZo H$mo[a`mMo gmd© m¡_Ëd _mÝ` Ho$co, VgoM MrZZo OnmZcm \$m_m}gm, noñH$moS>moaogm d X{jU_m§Mw[a`mVrc.{cAmVw§J ÛrH$ën BË`mXr àXoe ÚmdoV, Ë`m{edm` MrZZo OnmZcm 20 H$moQ>r Q>m`c BVH$s`wÜXI§S>Ur XoÊ`mMo R>aco. MrZZo OnmZcm Or àM§S> aŠH$_ Úmd`mMr hmoVr, Ë`mgmR>r a{e`mH$Sy>Z àM§S>Am{W©H$ _XV KoVcr.

a{e`mZo {Xcoë`m àM§S> Am{W©H$ _XVr_wio MrZ_Üò a{e`mMm hñVjon dmT>cm. cdH$aM a{e`mZoS>o[a`Z d nmoQ>© Am°W©a hr ~§Xao H$mhr dfm©À`m H$amamZo MrZH$Sy>Z {_idcr. VgoM Q´>mÝg g¡~o{`Z aoëdo_m§Mw[a`m àm§VmVyZ ZoÊ`mMr MrZH$Sy>Z nadmZJr {_i{dcr. a{e`mcm aoëdo _mJm©À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo _m§Mw[a`m dX. H$mo[a`mV hñVjon H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imë`mZo OnmZÀ`m gm_«mÁ`dmXmcm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmcm. OnmZcm_m§Mw[a`m hm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ d gm§n{ÎmH$ ÑîQ>rZo Amdí`H$ Agë`mZo a{e`mÀ`m dmT>Ë`m hñVjonmcm amoIÊ`mgmR>rOnmZZo gZ 1902 _Ü o B§½c§S>~amo~a _¡ÌrMm Vh Ho$cm. `m Vhm_wio OnmZMm AmË_{dídmg dmT>yZ 8\o$~«wdmar 1904 amoOr OnmZZo nmoQ>© Am°W©a ~§Xamda hëcm Ho$cm Am{U a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXmcm gwadmV Pmcr.dmñV{dH$ a{e`mMo ho wamonmVrc I§S>àm` amîQ´> AgyZXoIrc a{e`mgma»`m ~cmT>ç amîQ´>mMm `m wÜXmVchmZem OnmZZo Xmê$U nam^d Ho$cm. XmoZ {Xdgm§Zr OnmZZo a{e`m{déÜX wÜX KmofUm Ho$cr. AemàH$maoXÿa nyd}V OnmZ qH$dm a{e`m `mn¡H$s H$moUË`m gÎmoMo à wËd Agmdo ho R>a{dÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`m XmoZ amîQ´>m§VwÜXmcm Vm|S> cmJco.

gH¥$VXe©Zr ho wÜX EH$ nmpíM_mË` eŠVremcr _hmH$m` amjg d EH$ nm¡dm©Ë`, AZZw dr, Xþ~im,~wQ>H$m `mVrc Agë`mMo {XgV Agco Var dñVwpñWVr _mÌ Ë`mnojm {ZamirM R>acr. cîH$ag§»`m dgmYZgm_wJ«r `m~m~V a{e`m gXñ` AgyZhr gd© eŠVr{Zer cT>Uo `m amîQ´>mcm eŠ` AgyZhr gd©eŠVr{Zer cT>Uo `m amîQ´>mcm eŠ` Pmco Zmhr. H$maU wÜXjoÌ a{e`mnmgyZ \$ma Xÿa hmoVo. Vo hOmamo _¡cm§MoA§Va H$mnyZ g¡Ý`. eñÌmñÌo, Xmê$Jmoim d BVa wÜX gm{hË` EHo$ar Q´>mÝg g¡~o[a`Z aoëdoX²dmam nyd}H$S>oaUjoÌmn ªV nmohmoM{dUo ho a{e`mcm AË §V {OH$sarMo d {dc§~mMo R>aco. 1904 À`m {hdmiçmV{cAmo m§JÀ`m wÜXmV _w»` a{e`Z \$m¡OoMm XUXUrV nam^d OnmZZo Ho$cm. 1905 `m àma§Mr nmoQ>© Am°W©aOnmZZo qOH$co.

gmJar wÜXmVhr a{e`mcm hma Imdr cmJcr. gßQ>|~a 1904 _Ü o ~mpëQ>H$ g_wÐmVyZ {ZKmcoë`m36 _moR>çm a{e`Z wÜXZm¡H$m 1905 À`m CÝhmiçmV wÜX joÌmn ªV oD$Z nmohMë`m. OnmZÀ`m g_wÐmda

(18)

{Z §ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV `m Ama_mamcm è {_imco AgVo Va OnmZ d _§À w[a`mVrc OnmZr cîH$a

`m§Mm g§nH©$ VmoS>Uo d {H$Zmè`mdarc OnmZr ehamda Vmo\$m§Mo hëco H$aUo a{e`mcm eŠ` Pmco AgVo. na§Vw

AmË_{dídmgmMm nyU© A^md Agcoë`m `m a{e`Z Ama_mamMm A°S>{_ac Q>moJmoÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcrc OnmZr

Ama_mamZo gneoc nam^d Ho$cm. ~è`mM a{e`Z wÜX Zm¡H$m§Zm Ocg_mYr {_imcr. Va Cacocr OnmÝ`m§Zr

nH$S>cr. Oo_Vo_ 6 Zm¡H$m {ZgQ>ë`m. Ë`m ~§XamVyZ AS>Hy$Z nS>ë`m Va 3 AJXrM N>moQ>çm ~moQ>r

ãcm{XdñVmoH$cm oD$Z nmohMë`m. `m gmJar nam^dm_wio wÜXmMm {ZH$mcM cmJcm. nam^dm_wio a{e`Z

goZmnVr OZac Hw$amonmQ>{H$Z Zo amOrZm_m {Xcm.

`mM gw_mamg O_©Z H¡$ga Xþgam {d{c`_ d A_o[aHo$Mm AÜ`j éPdoëQ> `m§Zr _Ü`ñWr Ho$cr.

OmñVrMo g¡Ý` d gmYZgm_wJ«r nyd}H$S>o nmR>dyZ wÜX Mmcy R>odUo a{e`mcm AJXr AeŠ` hmoVo Ago Zmhr

na§Vw OnmZ{déÜX Pmcoë`m namO`mZo a{e`mV dfm©Zwdf} Yw_gUmè`m Pma gaH$ma {damoYr Ag§VmofmMm ^S>H$m

CS>mcocm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m amîQ´>m§Zr cmdcocr _Ü`ñWrMr d wÜX~§XrMr ~mocUr a{e`mcm ñdmJVmh©M

dmQ>cr. wÜXmV Pmcocm ~ogw_ma IM© OnmZcmhr S>moB©OS> Pmcm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio OnmZhr Vhmcm AZwHy$c

hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma a{e`Z d OnmZr à{V{ZYtÀ`m oQ>r hmodyZ MMm© Pmcr, dmQ>mKmQ>r Pmë`m d Ë`mà_mUo

"nmoQ>©g _mD$W'Mm Vh Pmcm (5 gßQ>|~a 1905).

✺ "nmoQ>©g _mD$W'Mm Vh (1905)

A_o[aH$Z ào{gS>|Q> {WAmoS>moa ê$PdoëQ> Ë`mZr 31 _o amoOr _Ü`ñWr Ho$cr. A_o[aH$Z amîQ´>mÜ`jmZoA_o[aHo$V odyZ Vh H$amdm Ago C^` amîQ´>m§Zm gwM{dco. a{e`mZo dmQ>mKmQ>rgmR>r XmoZ à{V{ZYr nmR>{dcoAm{U OnmZZohr Amnco XmoZ à{V{ZYr nmR>{dco. 20 {Xdgmn ªV dmQ>mKmQ>r hmoD$Z VhmMr H$c_o R>acr VrnwT>rcà_mUo :-

1. H$mo[a`mcm OnmZMo à^md joÌ _mZÊ`mg a{e`mZo g§_Vr {Xcr.

2. gmIm{cZ ~oQ>mMm X{jU ^mJ OnmZcm {_imcm.

3. {c`mAmo-Vw§J àXoe nwÝhm OnmZcm àmßV Pmcm.

4. _m§My[a`m aoëdo_mJm©Mr X{jU emIm OnmZcm {_imcr.

5. _m§My[a`mVrc Amnmnco g¡Ý` H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mg a{e`m d OnmZ XmoÝhr amîQ´>m§Zr _mÝ`Vm {Xcr.

6. _m§My[a`mVrc aoëdo_mJm©Mm Cn`moJ cîH$ar hmcMmcrgmR>r Ho$cm OmUma Zmhr.

7. _m§My[a`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`mÑîQ>rZo MrZ Oo H$mhr H$arc Ë`mV AS>Wio Z AmUÊ`mMoa{e`m d MrZZo H$~yc Ho$co.

darc H$c_m{edm` ~oA[a¨JÀ`m g_wÐmV _mgo_marMm hŠH$hr OnmZcm {Xcm Jocm. wÜX IM©XoÊ`mMo a{e`mZo gm\$ Q>mico.

(19)

✺ a{e`m OnmZ wÜXmMo _hÎd-n[aUm_ :-

1. ho wÜX a{e`m OnmZ_Ü o Pmco Agco Var Ë`mMo n[aUm_ h`m XmoZ amîQ´>mnwaVoM _`m©{XV ZamhVm nm¡dm©Ë` Am{U nmpíM_mË` h`m§À`m amOH$maUmda nS>co. A{Vnyd© joÌmV Amncm à^mddmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m a{e`mÀ`m _hËdmH$m§jo_wio ho wÜX CX² dco. na§Vw a{e`mMm nam^d Pmë`mZoa{e`mÀ`m gm_Ï`m©Mr cŠVao doerda Q>m§Jcr Jocr. Ë`m_wio a{e`mVrc H«$m§VrH$maH$mZm ~i{_iyZ VoWrc H$m_Jmam§Zr 22 OmZodmar 1905 amoOr g|Q>-{nQ²>g© ~J© oWo EH$ {demc _moMm©MoAm`moOZ Ho$co. nmo{cgm§Zr _moMm©da Ho$coë`m Jmoir~mamV eoH$S>mo H$m_Jma R>ma Pmco. n[aUm_ra{e`mV OmJmoOmJr CR>md Pmco.

2. a{e`mÀ`m nam^dm_wio Xþgar EH$ JmoîQ> {gÜX Pmcr Am{U Vr åhUOo PmaÀ`m gÎmoMrXþ~©cVm! AmYrM a{e`mV Pma {damoYr dmVmdaU hmoVo. h`mVyZ oWo 1905 Mm à{gÜX CR>mdPmcm. Amnë`m cîH$ar gm_Ï`m©À`m Omoamda PmaZo Amnë`m {déÜXMm hm CR>md _moSy>ZH$mT>cm Var Ë`mcm XoemV H$mhr gwYmaUm H$aUo ^mJ nS>co. nwT>o h`mVyZM 1917 Mr a{e`ZH«$m§Vr hmoD$Z PmaMr gÎmm g_mßV H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

3. wÜXmVrc nam^dmZo ñdV:cm Agwa{jV g_OyZ a{e`m {_Ì emoYy cmJcm. wÜXH$mimVMa{e`mcm {_Ì ~Z{dÊ`mMo O_©Z g_«mQ> H¡$ga {dë`_ {ÛVr`Mo à`ËZ gwê$ hmoVo, Ë`mÑîQ>rZoOwc¡ 1905 _Üò {dë`_ {ÛVr` d a{e`mMm Pma {ZH$mocg {ÛVr` h`m§Mr ôQ> hmoD$Z Ë`mVAgo R>aco H$s, H$moUË`mhr wamo{n`Z eŠVrÀ`m AmH«$_UmÀ`m pñWVrV XmoKm§Zrhr nañnam§À`m_XVrcm YmdyZ Omd`mMo. wamonmVrc h`m XmoZ _moR>çm amîQ´>m§À`m g_PmoË`m_wio hm°c§S>,~opëO`_, S>oÝ_mH©$, Zm°d}, pñdS>ZgmaIr amîQ´>o Ë`m§Zm odyZ {_iVrc Aer Amem {Z_m©UPmcr. na§Vw darc Vhmcm a{e`mÀ`m naamîQ´> _§Í`mZo {damoY Xe©{dcm. \«$mÝgZohr {damoY Ho$cm.cdH$aM Ho$coë`m H¥$Ë`mMm Pmacm níMmVmn hmoD$ cmJcm. Ë`mZo O_©Zrer Pmcocm VhZmH$macm. h`m KQ>ZoZ§Va _¡Ìr Vhm~m~V a{e`m d B§½c§S>_Ü o dmQ>mKmQ>r gwê$ Pmë`mV, Ë`mVè oD$Z 1907 _Ü o a{e`m d B§½c§S>_Ü o dmQ>mKmQ>r gwê$ Pmë`mV. Ë`mV è odyZ 1907_Ü o a{e`m d B§½c§S> `m_Ü o Vh hmodyZ wamon_Ü o O_©ZrÀ`m {damoYmV B§½c§S>, \«$mÝg, a{e`mAgm Zdm epŠVemcr {_Ìg§K ApñVËdmV Amcm. wamon AemàH$mao XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mJcmJocm.

4. wÜXmZ§Va Pmcoë`m nmoQ>©g_mD$WÀ`m Vhm_wio nyd© Am{e`mV OnmZMo ñWmZ A{Ve` ~iH$Q>Pmco. H$mo[a`mV OnmZMo à wËd {Z_m©U Pmco. OnmZ gm_«mÁ` dmXr ~ZyZ A{Vnyd© joÌmV VmoEH$ eŠVr _mZcm Omdy cmJcm. Ë`mÀ`mBVH$m epŠVemcr d àJV Xoe g§nyU© Am{e`mVXþgam H$moUVmM Zgë`mZo Am{e`mMo ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mMr A{^cmfm OnmZ_Ü o CX`mg Amcr.cdH$aM OnmZZo H$mo[a`m {Ji§H¥$V Ho$cm (1910) d _m§Mw[a`mda nme AmdiÊ`mg gwadmVHo$cr.

(20)

5. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜX H$mo[a`m d _m§Mw[a`mV cT>co Joco. hm àXoe MrZMm g§a{jV AgyZhrAmnë`m Xþ~©c pñWVr_wio Ë`mcm H$mhrM H$aVm Amco Zmhr. _mÌ Ë`m_wio MrZMo S>moio CKSy>ZVmo nyU©V: OmJm Pmcm. oWyZM MrZ_Ü o amîQ´>^mdZm OmJ¥V Pmcr. Ë`mM~amo~a _m§MyemgZmcm XoemV H$mhr gwYmaUm H$amì`m cmJë`mV. _mÌ amîQ´>dmÚm§Mm Omoa dmT>V OmD$Z1911 _Ü o MrZ_YyZ _m§My amOdQ> g_mßV Pmcr d MrZ àOmgÎmmH$ ~Zcm.

6. wamonr` Xoe AOo _mZë`m OmÊ`mMm Vmo H$mi hmoVm. Aem AdñWoV OnmZgma»`m EH$mnm¡dm©Ë` amîQ´>mZo a{e`mgma»`m nmpíM_mË` eŠVrMm nam^d H$aVmM g§nyU© OJ AmíM ©M{H$VPmco. Ë`mMo nyd}À`m B{Vhmgmda XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ Pmco. OdiOdi gd©M Am{e`m npíM_oÀ`mgm_«mÁ`dmÚm§Mo ^j ~Zcm hmoVm. h`m gm_«mÁ`dmÚm§Zm nam yV H$aVm oD$ eH$Vo hm Zdm YS>m{_imcm. Ë`m_wio Am{e`mV {deofV: nyd© ^mJmV M¡VÝ` {Z_m©U Pmco. ^maV, B§S>moZo{e`md¡Jao àXoemV amîQ´>r` Am§XmocZo gwê$ hmoVrM. na§Vw a{e`m, OnmZ wÜXmZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§ZmOmoaXma MmcZm {_imcr.

7. "Am{e`mMr cmoH$m§gmR>r Am{e`m' ho KmofdmŠ`, nmíMmË`m§À`m dgmhVdmX Am{U gm_«mÁ`dmXZîQ> H$aÊ`mMo Ü o amîQ´>dmÚm§Zr OZVog_moa R>odco. OnmZMm hm namH«$_ Am{e`mÀ`m amOH$sÒmJ¥VrMm àma§ hmoVm.



1. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜX (1904-1905) .......... `m àXoemdê$Z cT>co Joco.

(A) H$mo[a`Z (~) \«$mÝg (H$) BQ>cr (S>) B§½c§S>.

2. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXmV OnmZMm A°S>{_ac ........... `mZo _hÎdnyU© y{_H$m nma nmS>cr.

(A) Hw$amonmQ>{H$Z (~) Q>moJmo (H$) {H$_²-Amo-Š w_ (S>) H$mo_wam OwVmamo.

3. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXmV ............. `m A_o[aH$Z amîQ´>mÜ`jmZo _Ü`ñWr Ho$cr.

(A) {WAmoS>moa ê$PdoëQ> (H$) qcS>Z ~r Om°ÝgZ(~) h°arQ´>_Z (S>) [aMS>© {ZŠgZ.

4. ............ À`m VhmZwgma a{e`m-OnmZ wÜX dmQ>mKmQ>r hmoD$Z wÜX g_mßVr Pmcr.

(A) gmI{cZMm Vh (H$) _m§Mw[a`mMm Vh(~) nmoQ²>©g_mD$WMm Vh (S>) {cAmAmoMm Vh.


1. a{e`mZo H$moUVr ~§Xao MrZH$Sy>Z H$mhr dfm©À`m H$amamZo {_i{dcr hmoVr?

(21)

2. 8 \o$~«wdmar 1904 amoOr OnmZZo H$moUË`m ~§Xamda hëcm H$ê$Z a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXmg gwadmVHo$cr?

3. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXm a{e`Z goZmnVr H$moU hmoVm?

4. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXmÀ`mdoir H$moUVr amOdQ> hmoVr?

1.3 gmam§e

wamon_Yrc gdm©V _moR>o a{e`m ho amîQ´> EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$,Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>çm gwYmaUoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo BVa amîQ´>m§À`m VwcZoZo _mJmgcoco hmoVo. EH$H|$ÐrAH$m ©j_ d cmoH${dÝ_wI Pmaemhr~ÔcMm Ag§Vmof, _mŠg©àUrV g_mOdmXr VËdàUmcrMm àMma dà^md amOH$s`, gmm_{OH$ d Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mr gd©M njmH$Sy>Z A{YH$m{YH$ AÅ>mhmgmZo _m§S>cr OmVAgUmar _mJUr, H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zr gwê$ R>odcoco XheVdmXmMo gÌ gaH$mar A{YH$mar `m§À`m hË`m AemAZoH$ H$maUm§_wio Zì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§ r g§nyU© a{e`Z amîQ´> T>diyZ {ZKmco hmoVo. Pmaemhr{déYXCR>mdm§Mm àjmo {Xdg|{Xdg CJ« hmoV Jocm. PmaÀ`m Am§Yiçm gaH$macm ~XcË`m H$mimMr nmD$coAmoiIVm Amcr Zmhr d hr g§Yr {ZKyZ Jocr `m_wio gwYmaUmdmXr MidirZo H«$m§VrMo ê$n YmaU Ho$co.`m H«$m§VrZo Ho$di amOgÎmm Zìho Va a{e`Z g_mOmMm Moham _mohamM ~Xccm. Xþgè`m AcoŠPm§S>aZoHo$coë`m gwYmaUm_wio _mJmgcoë`m _Ü` wJrZ a{e`mMo gwYmaUm_wio AmYw{ZH$ amîQ´>mV n[adV©Z hmoÊ`mgàma§ Pmcm. Va {Vgè`m AcoŠPm§S>aÀ`m H$mimVhr XS>nemhr Am{U à{VJm_r emgZ §ÌUm Omo_mZoH$m`©aV am{hcr. n[aUm_r XheVdmXr hë`mV Xþgam d {Vgam AcoŠPm§S>a ~ir nS>co.

Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mÀ`m H$mimV Va EH$sH$S>o XS>nemhr gwê$ hmoVr Va XþgarH$S>o a{e`mMm{dH$mghr KSy>Z òV hmoVm. `mM H$mimV a{e`mV H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmam§Mm àgma hmoV Jocm. H«$m§Vrn`ªVà{VJm_r XS>nemhrÀ`m d ê$grH$aUmÀ`m V§ÌmMm Adc§~ a{e`mV hmoV am{hcm. amîQ´>mV XmQ>coë`mAg§VmofmMm H«$m§VrÀ`m ê$nmZo ñ\$moQ> hmoÊ`mMr cjUo {XgV AgyZhr AmS>_wR>çm d AXÿaÑîQ>rÀ`m PmaÀ`mZrVrV H$mhrhr ~Xc KSy>Z Amcm Zmhr. Ë`mVM 1904-05 Pmcoë`m a{e`m-OnmZ `wÜXmV ~cmT>ça{e`mMm OnmZgma»`m EH$m N>moQ>çm nm¡dm©Ë` amîQ´>mZo nam^d H$aVmM g§nyU© OJ AmíM ©MH$sV Pmco. Ë`mMonyd}À`m B{Vhmgmda XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ Pmco. OdiOdi gd©M Am{e`m nmpíM_mË` gm_«mÁ`dmÚm§Mo ^j~Zcocm AgVmZm h`m gm_«mÁ`dmÚm§Zm nam yV H$aVm ody eH$Vo hm Zdm YS>m {_imcm. Ë`m_wio Am{e`m{deofV: nyd© ^mJmV M¡VÝ` {Z_m©U Pmco. ^maV, B§S>moZo{e`m dJ¡ao àXoemV amîQ´>r` Am§XmocZo gwê$M hmoVrM.na§Vw a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXmZ§Va Ë`m§Zm OmoaXma MmcZm {_imcr.

1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©

❅ ZamoX - a{e`Z ^mfoVrc hm eãX AcrH$S>o OZVm qH$dm amîQ´> `m ZmdmZo dmnacm OmVmo.yXmg d ñdV§Ì Agcoco eoVH$ar `m§Zm ZamoX åhUV.

(22)

❅ {Z{h{cP_ - ~wÜXrdmXr, Zd{Z{_©Vr H$aUmam, OwÝ`m ê$T>r, [admO, A§YlÜXm ~XcUmam dJ©.

❅ amo_°Zmoìh - 18 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ a{e`mV "amo_°Zmoìh' KamUo amÁ`H$ma^ma H$arV hmoVo.

a{e`Z g_«mQ>mcm "Pma' Ago åhUVmV.

❅ ê$grH$aU - Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfm `m gd© ~m~VrV EoŠ` gmYÊ`mMo {Z{_Îm H$ê$Z {\$Zc§S>,

nmoc§S>, ~mëQ>rH$ àm§VmVrc {Za{Zamiçm dm§{eH$ JQ>mVrc amîQ´>r` ^mdZm {MaSy>Z, à{VJm_r

X§S>{ZVrMm Adc§~ H$ê$Z a{e`ZH$aU H$aUo.

❅ S> w_m - a{e`mMo amîQ´>r` {dYr_§S>i.


✺ ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1 CÎmao :-

A) 1. (A) {H«${_`Z.

2. (~) 1861.

3. (~) ~mHy${ZZ.

4. (~) 1894.

~) 1. OZVm qH$dm amîQ´>.

2. Pma Xþgam AcoŠPm§S>a.

3. AcoŠPm§S>a hog}Z d _m`Ho$c ~wH$m{ZZ.

4. _o{cH$moìh.


A) 1. (A) \«$mÝg.

2. (H$) 1898.

3. (~) 1907.

4. (H$) MrZ.

~) 1. J«oJar amgnwQ>rZ.

2. 1906 gmcr.

3. Pma AcoŠPm§S>a V¥Vr`.

4. S>o[a`Z d nmoQ>©Am°W©a.

(23)


A) 1. (A) H$mo[a`Z.

2. (~) Q>moJmo.

3. (A) {WAmoS>moa ê$PdoëQ>.

4. (~) nmoQ²>©g_mD$WMm Vh.

~) 1. S>o[a`Z d nmoQ>©Am°W©a

2. nmoQ>© Am°W©a.

3. Hw$amonmQ>{H$Z.

4. PmaMr.


❅ XrKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. Pma Xþgam AcoŠPm§S>a `mÀ`m H$mimVrc a{e`mÀ`m A§VJ©V n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m?

2. "{Z{h{cP_ d XheVdmX' `mda g{dñVa _m{hVr Úm?

3. Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mÀ`m A§VJ©V YmoaUmMr MMm© H$am?

4. Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam hm a{e`Z H«$m§Vrcm {H$VnV O~m~Xma hmoVm MMm© H$am?

5. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXm~Ôc _m{hVr XoD$Z (1904-05) Ë`mMo n[aUm_ ñnîQ> H$am?

❅ Q>rnm {chm.

1. Pma Xþgam AcoŠPm§S>a.

2. yXmg nÜXVrMo CÀMmQ>Z.

3. {Z{h{cP_.

4. Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam.

5. Pma {ZH$mocg `mMo égrH$aU.

6. Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mMm g§{dYmZmË_H$ H$mcI§S>.

7. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜX (1904-05)

8. nmoQ>©²g_mD$WMm Vh (1905)

9. a{e`m-OnmZ wÜXmMo n[aUm_.

(24)

1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © nwñVHo$

1. Black, C. E. Rewriting Russian History (1962).

2. Ellison, H. J. History of Russia (1964).

3. S>m°. gw_Z d¡Ú, a{e`mMm B{Vhmg, (1860-1864), gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya 1997.

4. S>m°. nw. ~m. XodnwOmar, AmYw{ZH$ a{e`mMm B{Vhmg, lr. _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya 1995.

5. Zr. gr. Xr{jV, AmYw{ZH$ wamon (qnnimnwao àH$meZ), ZmJnya, 2007.

6. S>m°. gw_Z d¡Ú, AmYw{ZH$ OJ (1894-1914), gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya 2000.

7. Michael Kort, The Soviet Colossus; History and Aftermath (M. E. Sharpe,

2001).

❅ ❅ ❅

(25)

KQ>H$-2

a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§Vr

( The Russian Revolution )

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AZwH«$_{UH$m

2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

2.1 àñVmdZm

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 1905 Mr amÁ`H«$m§Vr

2.2.2 1917 Mr amÁ`H«$m§Vr

2.2.3 co{ZZMr y{_H$m

2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX


2.5 gmam§e


2.7 g§X © J«§W

2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm-

1. 1905 Mr H«$m§Vr H$er Pmcr ho g_Ooc

2. 1905 À`m H«$m§Vr_mJMr H$maUo d n[aUm_ `m {df`r _m{hVr {_ioc.

3. 1917 À`m ~moëeoìhrH$ H«$m§Vr {df`r _m{hVr {_ioc.

4. 1917 À`m H«$m§Vr_mJMr H$maUo, H«$m§Vr H$mimVrc KQ>Zm, H«$m§VrMo a{e`mda Am{U OmJ{VH$amOH$maUmda Zo_Ho$ H$m` n[aUm_ Pmco `mMr _m{hVr {_ioc.

5. 1917 À`m a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrVrc co{ZZMr ^y{_H$m `m{df`r _m{hVr {_ioc.

2.1 àñVmdZm

{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m OS>U-KS>Urg hmV^ma cmdUmar _hËdnyU© KQ>Zm åhUOo a{e`mV 1917 _Ü o

S>m°.gw{à`m M§ÐeoIa Imoco/gh`moJr àmÜ`mnH$/M§Ðm~mB©-em§Vmßnm e|Sw>ao H$m°coO, hþnar, Vm.hmVH$U§Jco, {O.H$moëhmnya

(26)

KSy>Z Amcocr ~moëeopìhH$ amÁ`H«$m§Vr. OJmVrc n{hcr gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr åhUyZhr `m H«$m§VrMm C„oI Ho$cmOmVmo. `m amÁ`H«$m§VrZo g§nyU© OJmcm gmå`dmXr VÎdkmZmda AmYm[aV Zì`m amÁ`ì`dñWoMm AmXe©KmcyZ {Xcm. `m H«$m§VrZo CX`mg Amcocr Zdr {dMmagaUr AmOhr OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmV _hËdmMr R>aVAmho. `m H«$m§VrMr VËdo EH${dgmì`m eVH$mVhr {Q>Hy$Z am{hcr AmhoV. OmJ{VH$ nmVirda amOH$s`~Xcm§~amo~a cmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrda `m H«$m§Vr_wio n[aUm_ Pmcm. EH$mo{Ugmì`meVH$mV H$mc© _mŠg©Zo _m§S>coco gmå`dmXr {dMma àË`jmV AmUÊ`mMo Am{U `m {dMmam§da AmYm[aVamÁ`ì`dñWoMo H$m © `m H«$m§Vr_wio Pmco. g_mOdmX éO{dÊ`mMo Am{U _mZdr OrdZmV n[adV©Z KS>{dÊ`mMoH$m`© `m H«$m§VrZo Ho$co. Pmaemhr CcWdyZ Q>mH$Umar hr H«$m§Vr AMmZH$ KS>cocr ZìhVr Ë`mnydu KS>coë`mAZoH$ JmoîQ>t_wio H«$m§{Vg `mo½` n[apñWVr V`ma hmoV Jocr. gXa KQ>H$mV Aem _hÎdmÀ`m Q>ßß`m§MmAmT>mdm KoVcocm Amho

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 1905 Mr amÁ`H«$m§Vr :-

a{e`mV {dgmì`m eVH$mMr gwédmV H«$m§VrZo Pmcr. a{e`mMr `m H$mimVrc amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$,Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr hr {damoYm^mgmZo âcocr hmoVr. EH$sH$So> OJmVrc gdm©V _moR>o amîQ´> åhUyZ a{e`mcmAm§VaamîQ´>r` OJVmV _hÎd hmoVo Va A§VJ©VÑîQ>çm _mÌ BVa yamo{n`Z amîQ´>m§À`m VwcZoZo a{e`m _mJmgcocoam{hco. wamonr` amîQ´>m§V Zdr CXma_VdmXr _yë o éOV AgVmZm a{e`mÀ`m à{VJm_r PmaemhrZo `m ~Xcm§MrXIc Z KoVm ñdV…Mr {Za§Hw$e EH$m{YH$maemhr hr H$er am~{dVm òB©c `mMr H$miOr KoVcr. XoemÀ`màJVrH$So> cj Z XoVm d¡`{º$H$ \$m`ÚmH$So> cj XoUmè`m Pmaemhr {damoYmVcm Ag§Vmof Vrd« ~ZV Jocm.a{e`mV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr CR>md Pmco. {deofV… eoVH$ar dJ© `mV AmKmS>rda hmoVm _mÌ Ë`mMo ñdê$namîQ´>ì`mnr ZìhVo. gaH$maZo `m CR>mdm§Mo X_Z Ho$co. `m àjwãY dmVmdaUmV Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1905 _Ü oPma{damoYmV ì`mnH$ H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Amcr. `m_Ü o eoVH$è`m§~amo~a H$m_Jmam§Zrhr ^mJ KoVcm. hr H«$m§VrnyU©V… èñdr Pmcr Zmhr nU 1917 À`m H«$m§VrMr ~rOo `mM H$mimV noacr Jocr. cmoH$m§À`m g§K{Q>Veº$sMm àË`` `mdoir Amcm `m_wio `m H«$m§Vrcm a{e`Z B{VhmgmV IynM _hËd àmßV Pmco. `m H«$m§VrMrH$maUo nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1) Pma {ZH$mocgMm Xþ~ionUm - {Vgè`m AcoŠPm§S>aÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va {ZH$mocg Xþgam hm 1884_Ü o PmanXr Amcm. Xþ~ù`m {ZH$mocgda Ë`mMr amUr d Vm§{ÌH$ amgnwQ>rZ `mMm Iyn à^md hmoVm. `mMrH$maH$sX©hr gd©gm_mÝ` OZVogmR>r hmcAnoîQ>m§Mr R>acr. eoVH$ar, H$m_Jmam§~amo~a {ejH$ d BVa _Ü`_dJm©daAZoH$ ~§YZo KmcÊ`mV Amcr. wamonmV AmYw{ZH$ {dMmam§Mo dmao dmhV AgVmZm a{e`mV _mÌ Pma{ZH$mocgMr à{VJm_r amOdQ> Owcw_ - O~aXñVr H$ê$ cmJcr.

2) Am{W©H$ Am[aîQ> - {ZH$mocgÀ`m amOdQ>rZo Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§H$So> nyU©V… Xþc©j Ho$co hmoVo.

(27)

1902-1903 hr df© XþîH$mimMr hmoVr. eoVrVë`m CËnmXZmV KQ> Pmcr. AÞYmÝ`mMr Vrd« Q>§MmB© {Z_m©UhmoD$Z JmoaJar~ OZVoMr Cnmg_ma hmoD$ cmJcr. `mda `mo½` Cnm` `moOZm Ho$ë`m Joë`m ZmhrV.a{e`mÀ`m nmoëVmdm, Cac, H$m°Ho$eg BË`mXr àm§VmVrc eoVH$è`m§Zr CR>md Ho$co _mÌ Vo XS>nco Joco, _yiàý VgmM am{hcm.

3) {Z{hcrP_ qH$dm amOH$s` eyÝ`dmX - PmaMr XS>nemhr dmT>V Jocr VgVgo a{e`Zg_mOmV à{V{H«$`m C_Q>V Jocr. Zdm {dMmaàdmh a{e`mV CX`mg Amcm Vmo hmoVm {Z{hcrP_ qH$dmamOH$s` eyÝ`dmXmMm ! `m {dMmamMm JQ> nyU© ì`{º$ ñdmV§Í`mMm nwañH$ma H$aUmam hmoVm, Ë`m§Zm H$moUmMrMgm_m{OH$ ~§YZo _mÝ` ZìhVr. àñWm{nV gd© AW©ì`dñWm ~XcyZ Ë`m§Zm Zdg_mO {Z_m©U H$am`Mm hmoVm.AÝ`m`r Pmaemhr CcWdyZ cmdm`Mr hmoVr, Ë`mgmR>r XheVdmXr _mJ© Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$macm. Xoeâ Ë`m§À`mH«$m§{VH$mar H$madm`m gwê$ hmoË`m. `m H$madm`m PmaZo cîH$aMm dmna H$ê$Z XS>në`m. hrM _§S>ir Z§Vag_mOdmXmH$So> dicr Am{U PmaemhrMr {damoYH$ ~Zcr .

4) a{e`m OnmZ wÕ - Am{W©H$ A[aîQ>mV OZVm AgVmZmM 1904 _Ü o a{e`m Am{U OnmZ_Ü o wÕ gwê$ Pmco. wÕH$mimV gm_mÝ` OZVodaMo H$a dmT>{dÊ`mV Amco. OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§Mo `m_wioXa dmT>co. wÕ gm{hË`m§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r H$m_Jmam§Zm OmXm doi am~{dco OmD$ cmJco. Ë`m§Mm nJma _mÌO¡go Wo hmoVm. ~cmT>ç a{e`m {M_wH$ë`m OnmZ g_moa H$_Hw$dV R>acm Am{U wÕmV a{e`mcm H$m ©j_OnmZZo ha{dco. a{e`mMm nam^d hm gd© wamo{n`Z OJVmgmR>r Y¸$mXm`H$ hmoVm. VËH$mcrZ A_o[aH$ZAÜ`j ê$PdoëQ>Zr _Ü`ñWr Ho$cr. nmoQ²g©_mD$WMm Vh hmoD$Z wÕ Wm§~{dÊ`mV Amco. nmoQ>© Am°W©a ~§Xa,{cAmoVw§J ÛrnH$ën OnmZcm Úmdo cmJco. AË §V hm{ZH$maH$ nam^dm_wio a{e`mV PmaemhrÀ`m ZmH$V}nUmÀ`m{damoYmV g§VmnmMr cmQ> Cgicr

5) \$mXa J°nmoZMo ZoV¥Ëd - g|Q> nrQ>g©~J© _Ü o Y_m}nXoeH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmao \$mXa J°nmoZ `mH$mimV a{e`mV {deofV… H$m_Jma dJm©V cmoH${à` ~Zcm hmoVm. H$m_Jmam§Mo Am{W©H$ H$ë`mU Pmco nm{hOoË`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm C^maë`m nm{hOoV _mÌ H$m_Jmam§Zr amOH$s` _mJÊ`m H$ê$ Z oV Aem {dMmam§MmVmo hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m à^mdr ì`{º$_Îdm_wio Am{U dmUr_wio H$m_Jma dJm©V cmoH${à` ~Zcm hmoVm. H$mhrH$m_Jma ZoË`m§Zm Vmo PmaMm hñVH$ Amho Aerhr e§H$m hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m^modVr AZoH$ H$m_Jma O_m PmcohmoVo. Ë`mZo ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$macm AWdm H$maImZXmam§Zm Z XþIdVmH$m_Jmam§À`m n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcm. amOH$maUmV gh^mJr Pmco nm{hOo Ago_mZUmao H$m_Jma ZoVo _mÌ Ë`mÀ`mnmgyZ XÿaM am{hco.

6) aº$a§{OV a{ddmaMr KQ>Zm - a{e`m Am{U OnmZ `m§À`m_Yrc wÕmÀ`m ~mVå`m OgOemoD$Z YS>Hy$ cmJë`m VgVgo dmVmdaU àjwãY hmoV Joco. {nQ>g©~J© oWrc Odinmg XmoZ cmI H$m_Jma

ór-nwéf EH$Ì Pmco. Amncm _mJUr AO© Ë`m§Zm Pmag_moa gmXa H$am`Mm hmoVm. `m JmoîQ>rg gwédmVrgJ°nmoZZo {damoY Ho$cm nU ~hþg§»` H$m_Jmam§À`m X~mdm_wio Ë`mMo H$mhr Mmcco Zmhr. Ë`mZo Ë`m _moMm©Mo

(28)

ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co. em§VnUo OmD$Z Pmacm _mJÊ`m§Mo {ZdoXZ gmXa H$aUo EdT>mM CÔoe hmoVm. `m_moMm©Mr gd© I~a Pmacm hmoVr. n[apñWVrMr JaO cjmV Z KoVm PmaZo {damoYmMr V`mar Ho$cr.g¡{ZH$m§À`m OmXm VwH$S>çm g|Q> {nQ>g©~J© oWo _mJ{dÊ`mV Amë`m. Vmo ñdV… amOdmS>çmVyZ Amnë`mHw$Qw>§{~`mg_doV {ZKyZ Jocm. WmoS>Š`mV Ë`mZo ncm`Z Ho$co.

22 OmZodmar 1905 amoOr gH$mir _moMm© amOdmS>çmÀ`m {XeoZo {ZKmcm. ór-nwéf, d¥Õ-chmZgd©OU `m_Ü o gh^mJr Pmco hmoVo. qdQ>a n°cogg_moa Amë`mda PmaZo {ZdoXZ ñdrH$mamdo Aer _mJUrË`m§Zr Ho$cr. Pma VoWo Zmhr åhQ>ë`mda O_md àjwãY Pmcm. O_mdmZo Kar {ZKyZ Omdo Agm hþHw$_ cîH$arA{YH$mè`m§Zr {Xcm. _mÌ O_mdmZo Vmo _mZcm Zmhr. cîH$ar A{YH$mè`m§Zr Vm~S>Vmo~ Jmoir~ma gwê$ Ho$cm.`m Jmoir~mamV eoH$S>mo OU _maco Joco Va hOmamo OI_r Pmco. amOdmS>çmg_moa aº$mMm gS>m nS>cm. hrKQ>Zm a{e`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV "aº$a§{OV a{ddma' (Bloody Sunday) åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. Pma{dê$ÕMo dmVmdaU AmUIr VmnV Joco. gd©Ì `m KQ>ZoMm {ZfoY H$aÊ`mV Amcm. gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m AS>MUrPma gmoS>doc hm {dœmg nyU©nUo g§ncm. WmoS>Š`mV cmoH$m§Mr PmaemhrdaMr {Zð>m ZîQ> Pmcr. `m KQ>ZoMm\$Q>H$m \$mXa J°nmoZcmhr ~gcm. Vmo gaH$maMm hñVH$ Amho Ago dmQy>Z Ë`mcmhr 1906 _Üò \$mgmdacQ>H$dco Joco. PmaemhrMr dmQ>Mmc A§VmÀ`m {XeoZo hmoD$ cmJcr.

✺ H«$m§{VÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmc :-

1) aº$a§{OV a{ddma Z§VaMm gmd©{ÌH$ g§n - Pmaemhr {damoYmVco dmVmdaU VßV hmoV Joco.a{e`mVrc Mma cmI H$m_Jmam§Zr _moM} H$mT>co, {ZXe©Zo Ho$cr. Ag§VmofmMm dUdm cîH$amVhr ngacm. OyZ1905 _Üò Zm¡XcmVë`m g¢{ZH$m§Zr ~§S> H$aV Zm¡Ho$da cmc P|S>m \$S>H${dcm. Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mÀ`mgwadmVrcm g§nyU© a{e`mVco aoëdo H$m_Jma g§nmda Joco. aoëdo dmhVyH$ Wm§~ë`mZo Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ì`mnmamdaPmcm. ì`mnma R>ßn Pmcm. Xoem§VJ©V AÞYmÝ` nwadR>m {dñH$irV Pmë`mZo OZVoda Cnmg_marMr doiAmcr. CÚmoJ joÌmVrc H$m_Jma, {dÚmWu, {ejH$gwÕm `m_Ü o gm_rc Pmco. g§nyU© a{e`mVrc dmVmdaU`m_wio VßV Pmco. `m gdmªMm \$Q>H$m gaH$macm ~gy cmJcm.

2) n{hë`m gmo{dEVMr ñWmnZm - H$m_Jmam§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z ìhmdo `mgmR>r H$mhr ZoË`m§ZrEH$Ì òdyZ H$m_Jmam§H$Sy>Z {ZdS>coë`m à{V{ZYtMo EH$ gmo{dEV ( H|$Ðr` g{_Vr ) ñWmnZ H$amdr AgoR>aco. Ë`mZwgma 13 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1905 amoOr {nQ>g©~J© oWo a{e`mVrc n{hco gmo{dEV ñWmnZ Pmco. `m_Ü o26 H$m_Jma à{V{ZYr hmoVo. `m gmo{dEVZo ZdrZ KQ>Zm g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr _mJUr Ho$cr. _mÌ hr_mJUr A_mÝ` Pmcr. `mZ§Va gmo{dEVZo Xoeâ Aem àH$maMr gmo{dEV ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo Am{U cmcÜdOmImcr g§K{Q>V hmoÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$co. `mcm â^ê$Z à{VgmX {_imcm. H$m_Jmam§Zrhr Ë`mMà_mUoeoVH$`mªZr AmnAmncr gmo{dEV ñWmnZ Ho$cr. Zmoìh|~a 1905 n ªV Aer 562 gmo{dEV ñWmnZPmë`m_wio PmaemhrdaMm X~md dmT>cm. H$m_JmadJm©Mrhr EH$sH$aUmÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmc gwê$ Pmcr.AemàH$mao ^mdr H«$m§VrMr ~rOo ê$Ocr Jocr.

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3) Am°ŠQ>mo~a OmhraZm_m Am{U Xþgam g§n - XoemVrc H$m_Jmam§Zr Ho$cocm g§n, Pmaemhr{dê$ÕMo CR>md, gmo{dEVMr {Z{_©Vr, {Z §ÌUm~mhoa Mmccoco g¡Ý` Aem ñ\$moQ>H$ n[apñWVrV PmaZo 30Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1905 amoOr OmhraZm_m à{gÕ H$ê$Z OZVog ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`, ^mfU ñdmV§Í`,g^m ñdmV§Í` Ë`mMà_mUo _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV oB©c, amîQ´>r` H$m`Xo_§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>ramîQ´>r` nmVirda {ZdS>UyH$ KoVcr OmB©c Ago gm§{JVco. OZVoÀ`m à{V{ZYtÀ`m g§_VrZo H$m`Xo Ho$coOmVrc Agohr gm§{JVco. `m OmhraZmå`mZ§Va {nQ>g©~J© gmo{dEVZo gwê$ Agcocm gmd©{ÌH$ g§n _mJo KoÊ`mMoR>a{dco. VËnydu amO~§Úm§À`m _wº$VoMm hþHy$_ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Pmaemhrcm ^mJ nmS>co.

4) _mñH$moda Vm~m Am{U H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Mo Anè - PmaZo Oar OmhraZm_m à{gÕ Ho$cmAgcm Var Ë`mda {dœmg ZgUmè`m§Mr g§»`m OmñV hmoVr. `m H$mimV H$mhr {R>H$mUr Zm{dH$ XcmVCR>md Pmco. Icmem§Zm AQ>H$ Ho$cr Jocr hmoVr.Ë`m Icmem§Mo IQ>co cîH$ar Ý`m`mc`m EodOr gm_mÝ`Ý`m`mc`mV Mmc{dco OmdoV `mgmR>r g§nmMr hmH$ {Xcr Jocr. _mÌ n{hë`m g§nmBVH$m CËgmh `mdoirCacm ZìhVm. n{hë`mgmaIr emgZ `§ÌUm qH$dm Am¡Úmo{JH$ `§ÌUm {dñH$irV Pmcr Zmhr. hiyhiy AZoH$H$m_Jma g§nmVyZ ~mhoa nSy> cmJco. g§nmMm Omoa Amogacm. `m JmoîQ>rMm \$m`Xm KoV gaH$maZo 26 Zmoìh|~a_Ü o {nQ>g©~J© gmo{dEV AÜ`j H«y$ñcmcod `mcm AQ>H$ Ho$cr. {nQ>g©~J© gmo{dEVÀ`m BVa gXñ`m§ZmhrAQ>H$ Pmcr. `m gmo{dEVMo ApñVËd ZîQ> Pmco. `m JmoîQ>rMm {ZfoY H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `mdoir g§nmMo ZoV¥Ëd_m°ñH$mo gmo{dEVZo Ho$co. Ë`m§Zr gmd©{ÌH$ amOH$s` g§nmMo AmdmhZ Ho$co. 7 {S>g|~a 1905 nmgyZ H$maImZo~§X hmoD$ cmJco. WmoS>Š`mV hr H«$m§VrM hmoVr. gaH$ma g¡{ZH$ ~mocmdy eH$Vo `mMm A§XmO KoVcoë`mH$m_Jmam§Zrhr geó Xco C^macr. _m°ñH$mo eha H«$m§VrH$maH$m§À`m Vmã`mV Joco. gaH$maZo _moR>o cîH$a_mJ{dco. cîH$amÀ`m _XVrZo gaH$maZo _m°ñH$moda nwÝhm Vm~m {_i{dcm. AZoH$ H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm R>ma_maÊ`mV Amco. `m CR>mdmV gmoec So>_moH«o${Q>H$ d gmoec [aìhm°ë weZar njmMr _hËdmMr y{_H$m hmoVr.gaH$ma {damoYmVcm CR>md Aèñdr Pmcm Var H$m_Jmam§À`m g§K{Q>V eº$sMm AZw d gJù`m§Zm Amcm.

✺ 1905 À`m H«$m§VrMo _hËd :-

1905 À`m H«$m§VrÀ`m Anèmg AZoH$ JmoîQ>r H$maUr yV R>aë`m. à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmMm A^md,cîH$amMo H«$m§{VH$maH$m§~amo~a AghH$m ©, PmaemhrMm à^md, H«$m§VrÀ`m VËdkmZmMm åhUmdm {VVH$m ZPmcocm àgma, `m_wio 1905 Mr H«$m§Vr Aèñdr Pmcr Agcr Var g§K{Q>V hmoÊ`mMo _hÎd H«$m§{VH$maH$m§ZmH$ico. gmo{dEVÀ`m ê$nmZo H$m_Jmam§Mo g§KQ>Z - ZoV¥Ëd CX`mg Amco. H«$m§VrMm AZw d H$m_Jmam§Zm{_imcm, Omo Z§VaÀ`m H«$m§VrgmR>r Cn wº$ R>acm. Pmacm H$_©R>nUm ~mOycm gmaV OZVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hËdmMo{ZU© ¿`mdo cmJco. cmoH$à{V{ZYrJ¥h åhUOoM S>çw_m ñWmnÊ`mMm {ZU© Ë`mcm ¿`mdm cmJcm. PmaModM©ñd Oar nyduà_mUoM H$m`_ am{hco Va a{e`Z OZVoV OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m © `mH«$m§Vr_wio Pmco. 1917 À`m H«$m§VrMr OUy hr a§JrV Vmcr_M R>acr Am{U `m_wioM a{e`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV

`m H«$m§Vrcmhr _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. eoH$S>mo df© amÁ` H$aUmè`m {Za§Hw$e PmaemhrMr `m KQ>ZoZ§Va

eodQ>mH$So> dmQ>Mmc gwé Pmcr.

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ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1

✺ `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1) 1905 _Ü o ............ hm Pma hmoVm

A) amgnyVrZ ~) {ZH$mocg H$) AcoŠPm§S>a S>) nwpîH$Z.

2) \$mXaÀ`m .......... À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr H$m_Jmam§Mm _moMm© {ZKmcm.

A) {X{~«Q>mo ~) {ZH$mocg H$) J°nmoZ S>) co{ZZ.

3) 1905 _Ü o .............. Zo ~cmT>ç a{e`mMm nam^d Ho$cm.

A) OnmZ ~) nmoc§S> H$) H$mo[a`m S>) A_o[aH$m.

4) H$m_Jmam§À`m H|$Ðr` g{_Vrcm ............ Ago åhQ>co OmV Ago.

A) _oÝemo{dH$ ~) gmo{dEV H$) àmdXm S>) S>çw_m.

5) 1905 _Ü o ............. hr n{hcr gmo{dEV ñWmnZ Pmcr.

A) _m°ñH$mo gmo{dEV ~) amoñVmod gmo{dEV

H$) AmoSo>gm gmo{dEV S>) nrQ>g©~J© gmo{dEV.

✺ 1905 À`m H«$m§VrZ§VaMm KQ>ZmH«$_ :-

Pma {ZH$mocgZo g§VßV OZVocm MwMH$maÊ`mgmR>r OmhraZm_m à{gÕ H$ê$Z amOH$s` gwYmaUmH$aÊ`mMo AmœmgZ {Xco hmoVo. àË`jmV Vmo Am{U Ë`mMo gaXma ho OZVocm amOH$s` A{YH$ma {_imconm{hOoV `m {dMmam§À`m {damoYmV hmoVo. OZVoÀ`m XS>nUmImcr Ë`mZo gwYmaUm Omhra Ho$ë`m. amîQ´>r`{d{Y_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr (S>çw_m), Ë`mM~amo~a ^mfU ñdmV§Í`, _wÐU ñdmV§Í`, g§KQ>Zm ñdmV§Í`, S>çw_mgmR>ràm¡T> _VXmZ nÕVrZo {ZdS>, gd© H$m`Xo S>çw_mÀ`m g§_VrZo _§Oya Ho$co OmVrc Aer AmœmgZo Ë`m§Zo {Xcr.1906 _Ü o eoVH$è`m§Mm AYm© eoVgmam _m\$ H$éZ 1907 nmgyZ gd© eoVO{_Zr H$a_wº$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.`m gd© JmoîQ>r_wio Pmacm Ho$cm OmUmam {damoY ~moWQ> Pmcm.

1906 _Üò n{hë`m S>çw_mMr {ZdS>UyH$ Pmcr. `m {ZdS>UwH$mda gmoec So>_m°H«o${Q>H$ Am{U gmoec[aìhm°ë weZar `m njm§Zr ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$cm Va Cd©[aV njm§n¡H$s H°$S>oQ²>g `m njmMo gdm©V OmñV gXñ`S>çw_mgmR>r {Zdm©{MV Pmco. H°$S>oQ> njmMm AmJ«h hmoVm H$s Ym{_©H$ g§ñWm, A_ra-C_amdm§H$S>À`m O{_ZrH$mTy>Z Ë`m gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§À`m Úmì`mV, EH$ O~m~Xma amÁ`nÕVr AmUmdr AWm©V ho Pmacm _mÝ`ZìhVo. Ë`mZo hr S>çw_m ~aImñV Ho$cr. Xþgè`m S>çw_mMr hrM AdñWm Pmcr. `mdoir A{YH$ OhmcgXñ` {ZdSy>Z Amco hmoVo. Pmacm S>çw_mda {Z §ÌU R>odUo AeŠ` hmoD$ cmJco. 1907 _Ü o hr S>çw_mhrË`mZo ~aImñV Ho$cr. {Vgè`m doir {ZdS>UyH$ KoVcr Jocr _mÌ VËnydu {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m {Z`_mV ~Xc Ho$coJoco. gm_mÝ`m§À`m åhUOoM eoVH$ar Am{U H$m_Jmam§À`m à{V{ZYtMr g§»`m Iyn H$_r Ho$cr Jocr.

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Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mo h¸$hr aÔ Ho$co Joco. `m_wio Pmacm Ano{jV Agcocr {Vgar S>çw_m ApñVËdmV Amcr,Á`mda Ë`mMo dM©ñd hmoVo. åhUOoM 1905 _Ü o cmoH$m§Zm gwYmaUm§gmR>r PmaZo {Xcoco AmœmgZ {ZìdiWmnm hmoË`m ho cmoH$m§À`m cjmV Amco. Pmaemhr {déÕMr ^mdZm Vrd« hmoV Jocr. {Vgè`m S>çw_mZo AmncmnmM dfm©Mm H$m ©H$mi nyU© Ho$cm. 1912 _Ü o Mm¡Ï`m S>çw_mgmR>r {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë`m. `m S>çw_mVAm°ŠQ>mo{~ñQ> `m njmMo à{V{ZYr OmñV hmoVo. hr S>çw_m n{hë`m _hm wÕmn ªV ApñVËdmV hmoVr.

`mM H$mcmdYrV wamonMr n{hë`m _hm wÕmH$So> dmQ>Mmc gwê$ hmoVr. Am°pñQ´>`mZo 28 Owc¡ 1914amoOr g{~© mda h„m Ho$cm Am{U n{hë`m _hm wÕmcm gwadmV Pmcr. a{e`mZo ñcm°d d§{e`m§À`mg§ajUmgmR>r g{~© mÀ`m ~mOyZo wÕmV àdoe Ho$cm. Am°pñQ´>`mÀ`m ~mOyZo O_©Zr wÕmV CVaco hmoVo. O_©ZrAm{U a{e`mÀ`m g§Kfm©cm gwadmV Pmcr. `m wÕmÀ`m H$mcI§S>mVM a{e`mV ~moëeopìhH$ H«$m§Vr Pmcr.

2.2.2 ~moëeopìhH$ amÁ`H«$m§Vr 1917

✺ àñVmdZm :-

Pmaemhr {déÕMr 1905 _Üò Pmcocr n{hcr H«$m§Vr èñdr R>acr Zmhr _mÌ Pmaemhrcm_wimnmgyZ hc{dÊ`mMo H$m_ `m H«$m§VrZo Ho$co hmoVo. `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV amOoemhrMm OZ_mZgm§darcà^md H$_r hmoV Jocm. XþgarH$So> H$mc© _mŠg© d BVa VËdkmÀ`m {dMmam§Mm a{e`mV àgma Pmcm.~XcË`m n[apñWVrMo ^mZ ZgUmè`m Pma {ZH$mocgÀ`m AZoH$ JmoîQ>r MwH$V Joë`m. AIoarg 1917 _ÜòH«$m§Vr hmoD$Z Pmaemhr g§nwîQ>mV Amcr, qH$~hþZm OZVoZo Vr ZîQ> Ho$cr. AWm©V hr AMmZH$ KS>cocr KQ>ZmZìhVr AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMm Vmo n[anmH$ hmoVm. `m amÁ`H«$m§VrMm n[aUm_ Ho$di a{e`mnwaVmM _`m©{XV ZìhVmVa Vmo OmJ{VH$ hmoVm. `m H«$m§Vr_mJMr H$maUo nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1) A{Z §{ÌV Am{U AH$m ©j_ Pmaemhr :-

a{e`mV gw_mao VrZeo dfm©nmgyZ amo_moZm°ìh KamUo amÁ` H$aV hmoVo. `m KamÊ`mVrc amOm§Mm C„oIPma Am{U amUrMm C„oI P[aZm Agm Ho$cm OmV Ago. g§nyU© gÎmm Amnë`m hmVmV H|${ÐV H$aVmZm `mKamÊ`mVrc PmaZr OZVoÀ`m H$ë`mUmH$So> nyU©nUo Xþc©j Ho$co. nrQ>a-X -J«oQ> `m PmaMm AndmX dJiVmBVam§Zr XS>nemhrMm dmna H$aV OZVoda AÝ`m` Ho$cm. gm_mÝ` a{e`Z OZVocm amOH$s` ì`dñWoVH$moUVoM h¸$ ZìhVo. Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgè`mÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV Va n[apñWVr A{YH$M {~KS>cr hmoVr.Xþ~©c _ZmMm Pma {ZH$mocg Am{U Ë`mMr nËZr P[aZm AcoŠPm§S´>m ho EofmoAmam_mV OrdZ OJV hmoVo.`mXmoKm§da amgnwQ>rZ ZmdmMm AË §V YyV© Am{U H$nQ>r Agcoë`m Y_©_h§Vm§Mm _moR>m à^md hmoVm.amgnwQ>rZ `mZoamOnwÌmcm AmOmamVyZ ~ao Ho$co hmoVo. `m_wio P[aZmMm Ë`mÀ`mda {dœmg ~gcm hmoVm.amgnwQ>rZÀ`m gëë`mZoPma ParZm amÁ`H$ma^mamVco AZoH$ {ZU© KoV hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m_wio AZoH$ AH$m ©j_ g§{YgmYy cmoH$m§MmXa~mamV âUm Pmcm hmoVm. OZVoÀ`m n¡emda Pma - P[aZm Am{U Ë`m§À`m g½`mgmo è`m§Mr M¡Z MmccrhmoVr. amÁ`H$ma^mamV àM§S> «îQ>mMma dmT>cm hmoVm. `mcm {damoY H$aUmè`m ~wÕrOrdr dJm©_Yrc coIH$,

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{dMmad§V, {ejH$, H$m_Jma ZoVo Am{U H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm Vwé§JmV S>m§~Ê`mV òV hmoVo qH$dm hÔnma Ho$co OmVhmoVo. CXma_VdmXr {dMma a{e`mV ngê$ ZòV `mMr XjVm Pma KoV hmoVm. `m H$mimV _wÐUñdmV§Í`mdahr ~§YZo KmcÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. Aem `m PmaÀ`m amOdQ>r{déÕ OZVoV Ag§Vmof A{YH$dmT>cm Am{U H«$m§Vrg `mo½` Ago dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmco.

2) gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm :-

`m H$mcI§S>mV ga§Om_emhr Agcoë`m a{e`mVrc g_mOmV XmoZ dJ© V`ma Pmco hmoVo. `m_Ü oA_ra-C_amdm§Mm EH$ Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` OZVm-eoVH$è`m§Mm Xþgam dJ© hmoVm. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Z§Va oWo^m§S>dcXma Am{U H$m_Jma - _Oya Ago XmoZ dJ©hr ApñVdmV Amco hmoVo. a{e`mVrc gd© CËnmXZmMrgmYZo åhUOo H$maImZo, eoVr B. n{hë`m dJm©À`m Vmã`mV hmoVr Am{U Cd©[aV eoVH$ar - H$m_Jma dJ©hm A_ra -C_amdm§À`m, ^m§S>dcXmam§À`m nXar am~V hmoVm. `m_Ü o Ë`mcm Ë`mÀ`m l_mMm `mo½` Vmo_mo~Xcm {_iV ZìhVm. {_iUmam \$m`Xm hm C_amd - ^m§S>dcXmam§À`mM KemV OmV hmoVm. eoVH$arAm{U H$m_JmadJm©Mo àM§S> à_mUmV Am{W©H$ emofU hmoV Agë`mZo Xm[aÐ² , Cnmg_mar Am{U amoJamB©_yioË`m§Mr AdñWm AË §V dmB©Q> Pmcr hmoVr. g_mOmMr {d^mJUr "Amho ao dJ©' Am{U "Zmhr ao dJ©'(have’s and have’s not) Aer Pmcr. a{e`mV gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm dmT>VM Jocr. hrM {df_VmamÁ`H«$m§Vrg H$maUr yV R>acr.

1) Amho ao dJm©H$So> gd© CËnmXZmÀ`m gmYZm§Mr _mcH$s hmoVr.

2) Zmhr ao dJm©À`m hmVmV H$mhrM ZìhVo. `m dJm©_Üò _w»`V: H$m_Jma Am{U eoVH$è`m§Mmg_mdoe hmoVm.

3) H$m_Jmam§Mr XþamdñWm :-

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va nmíMmË` amîQ´>mV ~aoM ~Xc KSy>Z Amco. a{e`mVhr CÚmoJY§Xo gwé Pmco _mÌåhUmdr BVH$s doJmZo àJVr Pmcr Zmhr. naH$s` ^m§S>dcXmam§Zr BWë`m H$maImÝ`m§_Ü o n¡gm Jw§Vdcm.cmoI§S>, H$moigm `m§Mr ImUH$m_o gwé Pmcr. `m H$maImÝ`m§_Ü o Am{U ImUr_Ü o H$m_ H$aUmè`mH$m_Jmam§Mm EH$ Zdm dJ© V`ma Pmcm. Ë`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Jocr. IoS>çmVyZ ehamV odyZ am{hcoë`m `mH$m_Jma dJm©Mr AdñWm AË §V dmB©Q> hmoVr. _OyarMo H$moUVohr {Z`_ ApñVËdmV ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zm ~mam VoAR>am Vmg AË §V H$_r _Owarda am~mdo cmJV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo Am wî` hmcAnoîQ>m§Mo ~Zco hmoVo.Amncr n[apñWVr ~Xccr nm{hOo, Amnë`mcm Ý`m` hŠH$ {_im`cm nm{hOoV Aer Vrd« ^mdZm `mH$m_Jma dJm©V dmT>V Jocr Vo g§KQ>rV Pmco. àñWm{nV ì`dñWo{déÕMm Ë`m§Mm Ag§Vmof amÁ`H«$m§VrgH$maUr yV R>acm.

4) Aëng§»`mH$ dm§{eH$mda AÝ`m` :-

{dñV¥V a{e`mV ñcm°ìh d§{e`m~amo~aM Á y, nmo{ce, wH«o${Z`Z B. d§emMo cmoH$hr amhV hmoVo. _mÌ

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Pma ñcm°ìh d§er` Am{U gZmVZr J«rH$ MM©Mm (Am°Wm}S>m°Šg) AZw m`r Agë`mZo BVa d§er`mda AÝ`m`H$am`cm gwadmV Ho$cr. a{e`Z Am°Wm}S>m°pŠgcm A{YH¥$V Y_m©Mm XOm© {Xcm Jocm. a{e`Z ^mfoMm dmnaH$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ cmXÊ`mV Amco. {deofV… Á y§Zm O{_Zr {dH$V KoÊ`mg, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmV àdoe KoÊ`mg_ZmB© H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m§À`m _mc_Îmm OßV H$aÊ`mV oD$ cmJë`m. Aëng§»`m§H$s `m§À`m Y_©, ^mfm,g§ñH¥$Vr B. àË oH$ joÌmV PmaZo O~aXñVr H$am`cm gwadmV Ho$cr. `m Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zr nwT>o PmaemhrCcWdyZ cmdÊ`mgmR>r H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm _XV Ho$cr.

5) OnmZH$Sy>Z a{e`mMm nam^d (1905) :-

Pma Xþgam {ZH$mocgZo gm_«mÁ` dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo MrZÀ`m _m§Mw[a`m àm§VmV Am{U H$mo[a`mMramOYmZr Agcoë`m goD$c _Ü o Amncm à^md {Z_m©U Ho$cm hmoVm. OnmZ `m_wio AñdñW Pmcm Am{Ua{e`mÀ`m `m hñVjonmcm WoQ> AmìhmZ XoV OnmZZo 8 \o$~«wdmar 1904 cm a{e`mÀ`m Zm¡Xcmda h„m H$aVwÕmg Vm|S> \$moS>co. `m wÕmV VwcZoZo {M_wH$ë`m Agcoë`m OnmZZo ~cmT>ç Agcoë`m a{e`mMm nam^d

Ho$cm. nam^d Pmcoë`m a{e`mMr AH$m ©j_ goZm, àemgZmVrc «îQ>mMma Am{U g¡Ý`mVrc Agcocm~o{eñVnUm, PmaMr XS>nemhr `m gd© JmoîQ>r OZVog_moa Amë`mZo Ë`m§À`m_Ü o Ag§VmofmMr cmQ> ngacr.`m gdm©Mm n[aUm_ åhUOo a{e`Z OZVoÀ`m _ZmV amÁ`H«$m§VrMr ~rOo amodcr Jocr.

6) 1905 _Ü o Pmcocr H«$m§Vr :-

a{e`m Am{U OnmZ wÕmMm {dnarV n[aUm_ g_mO OrdZmda hmoD$ cmJcm. OZVodaMo H$amMoà_mU dmT>{dco. OrdZmon`moJr dñVy§Mr Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U Pmcr. PmaZo `m gd© JmoîQ>rH$So> Xþc©j Ho$co. 22OmZodmar 1905 _Ü o \$mXa J°nmoZ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr H$m_Jmam§Zr g|Q> {nQ>g~J© oWrc amOdmS>çmda _moMm©H$mT>cm. Ë`mÀ`m§da Jmoir~ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. eoH$S>mo {Zînmn H$m_Jma _maco Joco. hr KQ>Zm KS>crË`mdoir a{ddma hmoVm. Ë`m_wio hr KQ>Zm a{e`Z B{VhmgmV aº$a§{OV a{ddma (Bloody Sunday)

åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. `m A_mZwf H¥$Ë`mZo a{e`mV gd©Ì g§VmnmMr cmQ> Cgicr, `mMo {ZfoY _moM}{ZKy cmJco. g§n hmoD$ cmJco. Ominmoi cwQ>mcyQ> hmoD$ cmJcr. H$m_Jmam§Zr ñdV:À`m g§KQ>Zm åhUOoMgmopìhEV ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§K{Q>V hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zr g§nyU© a{e`mV g§n, _moM} KS>dyZ AmUco.Pmacm geó {damoY Ho$cm. hr PmaÀ`m {damoYmVcr Aèñdr Pmcocr H«$m§VrM hmoVr. Ago CÐoH$ dma§dmahmoV am{hco. AIoarg PmaZo S>`w_mMr (a{e`Z H$m`Xo _§S>i) ~¡R>H$ ~moc{dÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co. Ë`mZwgma1906 _Ü o {ZdS>UwH$m hmoD$Z ZdrZ S>çw_m ApñVËdmV Amcr. _mÌ PmaÀ`m {damoYm_wio Vr {dg{O©VH$aÊ`mV Amcr. Xþgè`m Am{U {Vgè`m S>çw_mMr AerM AdñWm Pmcr. EHy$UM 1905 Mr H«$m§VrAèñdr Pmcr Agcr Varhr ñdV…À`m g§KQ>rV eº$sMr OmUrd a{e`Z OZVocm Pmcr. 1917 À`mH«$m§VrgmR>r hr KQ>Zm àoaH$ R>acr.

7) T>mgiVr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr :-

a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrMo _yi a{e`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ XþamdñWoV hmoVo. {dñVmamZo _moR>m Agcocm a{e`m

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Am{W©H$ {dnÞmdñWoV nmohmoMcm hmoVm. g§nyU© wamonMr AmYw{ZH$ wJmH$So> dmQ>Mmc gwé AgVmZm a{e`m_mÌ _Ü` wJrZ ga§Om_emhr wJmVM hmoVm. a{e`mVrc O{_ZtMm Vm~m ga§Om_XmamH$So> hmoVm. `m O{_ZrVam~Umè`m gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§Mr AdñWm AË §V dmB©Q> Pmcr hmoVr, XmoZ doiMo nwaogo AÞhr Ë`m§Zm {_iVZìhVo. H$m_JmadJm©Mr AdñWm AerM X`Zr` Pmcr hmoVr. Pma {ZH$mocgÀ`m wÕImoa YmoaUm_wio wÕmÀ`mIMm©Mm ~moOmhr OZVoda cmXcm OmV hmoVm. CnOr{dHo$Mo Xþgao H$moUVoM gmYZ ZgcoZo `m dJm©Mr AdñWm{~H$Q> Pmcr hmoVr. a{e`mda H«$m§Vrnyd© H$mimV {dXoer amîQ´>r` H$Om©Mr a¸$_ VrZeo H$moQ>r S>m°cg© BVH$sPmcr hmoVr. Aem gd© n[apñWVr_wio a{e`mMr Am{W©H$ XþamdñWm Pmcr hmoVr. Ë`mVM gm_mÝ` OZVodacmXcoco ~moOS> H$a, _§XJVrZo hmoUmao Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, H$_r CËnÞ Am{U OmñV IM© `m gd© JmoîQ>rZm OZVmÌñV Pmcr hmoVr, cmoH$m§Zm ~Xc nm{hOo hmoVo `m_wio H«$m§VrÀ`m {XeoZo a{e`mMr dmQ>Mmc hmoD$ cmJcr.

8) n{hë`m _hm wÕmV a{e`mMm nam^d :-

Owc¡ 1914 _Ü o wamonmV n{hco _hm wÕ gwé Pmco. a{e`mZo O_©Zr-Am°pñQ´>`mÀ`m {damoYmV Vag{~© m, B§½c§S>, \«$mÝg `m XmoñV amîQ´>m§À`m ~mOyZo wÕmV àdoe Ho$cm. _mÌ a{e`mZo wÕmgmR>rMr Amdí`H$Vr V`mar Ho$cocr ZìhVr. a{e`mVrc {d{dY ì`dgm`mVrc, CÚmoJmVrc Am{U eoVrV H$m_ H$aUmè`mgw_mao EH$ H$moQ>r Mmirg cmI Aà{e{jV VéUm§Zm gº$sZo g¡Ý`mV âVr H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. OdinmgVrg Q>¸o$ a{e`Z g¡{ZH$mH$So> eÌmóo ZìhVr. Aem `m {dnarV n[apñWVrV nyd© à{e`mV a{e`Z g¡Ý`Kwgco. Ë`m_wio \«$mÝgÀ`m {damoYmV cT>Umao H$mhr g¡Ý` O_©Zrcm `m ^mJmV AmUmdo cmJco. \«$mÝgcm`mMm \$m`Xm Pmcm. gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV a{e`Z g¡Ý`mg O_©Zr{déÕ H$mhr {dO` {_imco. 1915 Z§Va_mÌ a{e`Z g¡Ý`mMr AdñWm dmB©Q> hmoD$ cmJcr. Ë`m§Zm nwaoer wÕ gm_wJ«rhr {_ioZmer Pmcr. O_©ZrZoAZoH$ AmKmS>çm§da a{e`mMm nam^d H$aV ~amM _moR>m y mJ ñdV: À`m Vmã`mV KoVcm. `m wÕmV gw_maogXVrg cmI gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$ Am{U a{e`Z g¡Ý`mMm ~ir Jocm. H$S>H$ {hdmim, XþîH$mi Am{UOrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§Mr Q>§MmB© `m_wio a{e`Z OZVm ~oOma Pmcr hmoVr. Ë`mVM wÕmV Pmcoë`m IMm©Mm^ma H$aê$nmZo OZVoda Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcm. a{e`mMr AW©ì`dñWm nyU©nUo pIipIir Pmcr hmoVr. Aem `mgd© JmoîQ>rg Pma O~m~Xma Amho `mMr OZVocm ImÌr Pmcr. OZVoV Ag§Vmof dmT>V Jocm. BH$So> n{hco_hm wÕ gwé AgVmZmM 1917 _Ü o a{e`mV amÁ`H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Amcr.

9) a{e`Z {dMmad§Vm§Mo H$m © :-

a{e`Z g_mOmcm Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`m~Ôc OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMo Am{U d¡Mm[aH$ ~Xc KS>dyZAmUÊ`mMo H$m`© a{e`mVrc gm{hpË`H$, VËdkmZr Am{U {dMmad§VmZr Ho$co. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, c{cVgm{hË` `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZhr àJV {dMmam§Mo cmoU gm_mÝ` OZVon ªV nmohmoMë`mZo H«$m§VrgmR>rMr Amdí`H$nmœ© y_r V`ma Pmcr.

1. {cAmo Q>m°cñQ>m° (1828-1910) : `m H$mX§~arH$mamZo EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mVrc a{e`Zg_mOmÀ`m {dXmaH$ n[apñWVrMo dU©Z Amnë`m c{cV gm{hË`mV Ho$co. Anna Kareneena, (A°Zm

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H°$ao{ZZm) The Power of Darkness, Master and Man, Fruits of Enlightement, War and

Peace, The Living Corps Aem H$mX§~è`mVyZ ga§Om_emhr ì`dñWoMo, Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mo AY:nVZ B.ModU©Z Ho$co. Q>m°cñQ>m`Zo ì`{º${dH$mg, ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`mMr _mJUr Ho$cr hmoVr.

2. BdmZ VwO}{Zìh (1818-1883) : `m coIH$mZo a{e`mVrc yXmg nÔV Am{U Ë`m_wioPmcocr eoVH$`mªMr X¡Ý`mdñWm Sportsman Sketches `m coI_mcoVyZ Ho$cr. Ago ho {dXmaH$ {MÌnmhÿZ a{e`mVrc g_mO hmXacm. Rudin (a{XZ), A House of Gentle Folk, Fathers and

Children, Virgin Soil Aem H$cmH¥$VrVyZ Ë`mZo a{e`Z g_mOmÀ`m _mZ{gH$ AdñWoMm ~m¡{ÕH$ emoYKodyZ XþIm:cm dmMm \$moS>cr.

3. _°pŠP_ Jm°H$r© (1868-1936) : 1905 À`m amÁ`H«$m§VrV gh^mJr Pmcoë`m Jm°H$r©ZoH$m_Jma dJm©À`m OrdZmMo {MÌU H$mX§~è`mV H$ê$Z a{e`Z OZVoMo XþI… OJmg_moa AmUco. _mŠg©Mmgmå`dmX àË`jmV CVa{dÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m Confession Am{U Mother (AmB©) `mH$mX§~è`mVyZ Ho$co. `m_wio a{e`mV gd©M WamV ~m¡{ÕH$ OmJ¥Vr Pmcr .

4. \o$S>a {_Im`cmo{de S>moñQ>moìôñH$s (1822-1881) : `m à{V^m g§nÞ coIH$mg Ë`mÀ`mH«$m§VrH$m`m©_wio Vwé§Jdmg gmogmdm cmJcm. H«$m§VrgmR>rMo OZ_V V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m © Ë`mZo Ho$co. Idiot

Gambler, Poor Folk, Letters From The Underground, BË`mXr H$mX§~è`mVyZ H«$m§VrMr _wc^yVVËdo OZVon ªV nmohmoMdcr.

Aem a{e`Z {dMmad§VmZr Amnë`m {cImUmVyZ H«$m§VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ g_mO_Z V`ma Ho$co .a{e`Z g_mOmcm Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xcr.

10) H$mc© _mŠg©À`m VËdkmZmVyZ {_imcocr àoaUm :-

a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrMm CÒJmVm åhUyZ H$mc© _mŠg©Mm C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo. à{e`mVrc (O_©Zr) EH$mÁ y Hw$Qw>§~mV 1818 _Ü o H$mc© _mŠg©Mm OÝ_ Pmcm. `m Hw$Qw>§~mZo Z§Va p¼üZ Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm. H$mc©_mŠg©Zo ~m°Z Am{U ~{c©Z {dÚmnrR>mVyZ Amnco {ejU nyU© Ho$co.H$m`Xm Am{U VËdkmZmMo {ejUKoVë`mZ§Va _mŠg©Zo nÌH$ma åhUyZ H$m_ gwé Ho$co. `m H$mimV hoJoc `m§À`m VËdkmZmMm à^md H$mc©_mŠg©da hmoVm. Ohmc H«$m§{VH$maH$ {cImUm_wio Ë`mcm O_©Zr gmoSy>Z B§½c§S>cm Aml` ¿`mdm cmJcm.VoWrc {dMmad§V \«o$S>[aH$ E§Ooëg (Friedrich Engels) `m§À`mer Ë`mMr _¡Ìr Pmcr. H$mc© _mŠg©ZodJ©H$chmMm {gÕm§V _m§S>cm. ^m§S>dcXma Amnë`m Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` dM©ñdmÀ`mÛmao H$m_Jmam§MoemofU H$aVmo hm dJ©H$ch Wm§~dm`Mm Agoc Va H$m_Jmam§Zr g§KQ>rV hmoD$Z `m emofH$ dJm©{déÕ H«$m§VrH$amdr Ago gm§{JVco. CËnmXZmMr gmYZo ImOJr _mcH$sMr Z R>odVm Vr gaH$maÀ`m _mcH$sMr H$amdrV`m_wio emofH$ dJ© ZîQ> hmoB©c Am{U dJ©{dhrZ g_mO {Z_m©U hmoD$Z àË oH$mcm Amnë`m l_mMm _mo~Xcm{_ioc Ago Ë`mZo à{Vnm{XV Ho$co. H$m_Jmam§Mr hþHw$_emhr ho Ë`mMo ñdßZ hmoVo. 1848 _Üò \«o$S>[aH$E§Ooëg Am{U H$mc© _mŠg© `m§Zr H$å w{ZñQ>m§Mm OmhraZm_m (H$å w{ZñQ> _°{Z\°$ñQ>mo) à{gÕ Ho$cm. `mÛmao Ë`mZo

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OJmVrc gd© H$m_Jmam§Zm EH$Ì oÊ`mMo Am{U H«$m§Vr KS>{dÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$co. "OJmVrc H$m_Jmam§ZmoEH$ ìhm' ho Ë`mZo Ho$coco AmdmhZ a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§Vrcm àoaUm XoUmao R>aco. 1867 _Ü o à{gÕ Pmcocm"Xmg H°${nQ>c' hm J«§W OJâmVrc gmå`dmÚm§Mm ~m`~c R>acm. H$mc© _mŠg©Mo VËdkmZ a{e`mVcmoH${à` hmoV Joco. a{e`mV So>_moH«°${Q>H$ nmQ>u, [aìhmoë weZar nmQ>u ñWmnZ Pmë`m. gm_mÝ` dJ© `m_mÜ`_mVyZ Pmaemhr {déÕ g§K{Q>V hmoV Jocm.

✺ H«$m§Vr H$mimVrc KS>m_moS>r :-

1917 _Üò Pmcocr H«$m§VrMr gwadmV Vo ~moëeo{dH$ gaH$maMr ñWmnZm `m Xaå`mZ AZoH$_hËdmÀ`m KS>m_moS>r a{e`mV KSy>Z Amë`m. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1) noQ´>moJ«mS>Mr H«$m§Vr :-

n{hë`m _hm wÕmVrc a{e`mMm nam^d, a{e`mVrc T>mgicocr AW©ì`dñWm, a{e`mV {Z_m©UPmcocr AamOH$VoMr n[apñWVr `mcm Pmaemhr O~m~Xma Amho Aer a{e`Z OZVoMr ImÌr nQ>cr hmoVr.gd©Ì Ag§VmofmMm ^S>H$m CS>mcm hmoVm Varhr Pma `m n[apñWVrH$So> Xþc©j H$aV hmoVm. `m n[apñWVrVnoQ´>moJ«mS> _Yrc gw_mao EH$ cmI H$m_Jma 8 _mM© 1917 amoOr g§nmda Joco. Pma {damoYmV Ë`m§Zr Am§XmocZogwé Ho$cr. `mM H$mimV `wÕ AmKmS>rdarc ~mam cmI g¡{ZH$m§Zr `wÕ joÌ gmoS>co Am{U Vo hr `mAm§XmocZmV gh^mJr Pmco. Am§XmocZmZo CJ« ñdê$n YmaU Ho$co. PmaZo cîH$amÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Am§XmocZXS>nÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm, _mÌ g¡{ZH$m§Zr Jmoir~ma H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xcm d Vohr Am§XmocZH$Ë`mªZm òdyZ{_imco. ho Am§XmocZ a{e`mV gd©Ì ngaco. gaH$mar H$Moè`mda h„o Ho$co Omdy cmJco. Vwé§J \$moSy>Z AZoH$amO~§Úm§Zm _wº$ Ho$co. BH$So> eoVH$è`m§Zr O_rZXmam§À`m _mc_Îmmda h„o Ho$co. PmaZo S>çw_m ~aImñVrMm{ZU© KoVcm _mÌ S>çw_mÀ`m gXñ`m§Zr `mcm ZH$ma {Xcm. n[apñWVr nyU©nUo hmVm~mhoa Jococr Amho honmhÿZ 15 _mM© 1917 amoOr Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam `mZo amÁ`Ë`mJ Ho$cm. Ë`mZo Amncm ^mD$ S>çyH$_m`Ho$c `mÀ`mH$So> gÎmm gmon{dcr _mÌ OZVoZo Ë`mcm ZmH$maco. Pmacm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Zm AQ>H$H$ê$Z nyd© a{e`mVrc Cac nd©VmÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Agcoë`m Vwé§JmV R>odÊ`mV Amco. AemarVrZo n{hë`mQ>ß`mV H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm è {_imco.

2) h§Jm_r gaH$maMr ñWmnZm (15 _mM© Vo 21 Owc¡ 1917) :-

S>çw_mZo h§Jm_r gaH$maMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. Ë`mMo n§VàYmZnX {àÝg Om°O© Ecdm°d (Lvov)

`m§À`mH$So> XoÊ`mV Amco. `mÀ`m _§Ìr _§S>imV CƒdJu`, gaXma, ^m§S>dcXma `m§À`m à{V{ZYtMm _§ÌråhUyZ gh^mJ hmoVm. `m_wio H$mhr B{VhmgH$ma `m KQ>ZoMo dU©Z "~wÂdm© H«$m§Vr' Agohr H$aVmV. `mgaH$maZo OZVocm ^mfU, _wÐU ñdmV§Í`, g§KQ>Z ñdmV§Í` BË`mXr KQ>ZmË_H$ ñdmV§Í o ~hmc Ho$cr.Xoem~mhoa nmR>{dcoë`m H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm _m`Xoer ~mocm{dco. A_o[aH$m, B§½c§S>, \«$mÝg `m amîQ´>m§Zr `mgaH$macm _mÝ`Vm {Xcr. `mM H$mimV co{ZZ, Q´>m°Q>ñH$s, ñQ>°crZ ho hÔnmar ^moJV Agcoco ZoVo a{e`mV

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naVco. Ecdm°dMo gaH$ma \$ma H$mi {Q>Hy$ eH$co Zmhr. a{e`Z OZVm _hm wÕmVyZ _mKma KoÊ`m~m~VAmJ«hr hmoVr Va `m gaH$maZo `wÕmVrc gh^mJ VgmM Mmcy R>odcm. a{e`mV naVcoë`m H«$m§{VH$mar ZoË`m§Zrg¡{ZH$, H$m_Jma, eoVH$è`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm åhUOoM gmopìhEV ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. `m g§KQ>Zm gaH$maÀ`m _dmiYmoaUmg OmoaXma {damoY H$ê$ cmJë`m. AIoarg `m h§Jm_r gaH$maZo amOrZm_m {Xcm.

3) Ho$aoÝñH$sÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr gaH$maMr ñWmnZm (Owc¡ 1917 Vo Zmoìh|~a 1917) :-

a{e`mV PmaÀ`m gÎmm Ë`mJmZ§Va S>çw_mVrc àmJ{VH$ njmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr h§Jm_r gaH$ma ñWmnZPmco na§Vw `m gaH$maZo O{_ZrMo dmQ>n, n{hë`m wÕmVyZ _mKma `m~m~V H$moUVmM {ZU© KoVcm Zmhr.`m_wio XoemMr AW©ì`dñWm T>mgicr. `m g§YrMm \$m`Xm Ohmc ~moëeo{dH$m§Zr KoVcm. h§Jm_r gaH$maMmn§VàYmZ {àÝg Om°O© Ecdm°d gÎmm gm§ miÊ`mV Anèr R>aë`mZo `m§À`mM gaH$ma_Ü o wÕ_§Ìr åhUyZH$m_ H$aUm`m _oÝeopìhH$ JQ>mMm ZoVm Ho$aoÝñH$sH$So> gaH$maMo à_wI nX XoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mZo AmncogaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aV gwadmVrnmgyZM VS>OmoS>rMo YmoaU R>odco. ^m§S>dcXma - H$m_Jma, O_rZXma - eoVH$ar`m§À`mVrc _VôX H$_r H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$co. eoVH$ar, H$m_Jmam§Zm Ho$aoÝñH$s hm H«$m§Vr {damoYH$ dmQy>cmJcm. XoemgmR>r ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo à`ËZ Ho$co. n{hë`m _hm wÕmVyZ a{e`mcm~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mV _mÌ Ë`mcm Anè Amco. B§½c§S> Am{U \«$mÝgÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio Ho$aoÝñH$sZo wÕ gwé R>odco.gßQ>|~a 1917 _Ü o a{e`mÀ`m Vmã`mVrc [a¨Jm eha O_©ZrZo qOHy$Z KoVco. Jco{e`mhr Ë`m§À`m Vmã`mVyZJocm. a{e`Z OZVocm wÕ ZH$mo hmoVo Ë`m_wio Ho$aoÝñH$s gaH$ma{damoYmV Ag§Vmof dmTy> cmJcm. ~moëeo{dH$JQ>mMm {damoY dmT>V Amho ho nmhÿZ Ho$aoÝñH$sZo H$m°Zucm°ìh (Kornilov) `m Amnë`m gagoZmnVrg~moëeo{dH$m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe {Xcm. _mÌ H$m°Zucm°ìhZo cîH$amÀ`m _XVrZo gÎmm ñdV…À`mVmã`mV KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwé Ho$cm. gÎmm cîH$amÀ`m Vmã`mV OmUo ~moëeo{dH$ JQ>mg `mo½` dmQ>V ZìhVo.Ë`m§Zr nmqR>~m XoUmè`m H$m_Jma Am{U g¡{ZH$m§À`m _XVrZo H$m°Zucm°ìhMm _wH$m~cm Ho$cm. EHy$UMAamOH$VoMr n[apñWVr a{e`mV {Z_m©U Pmcr. Ho$aoÝñH$s gaH$ma n[apñWVr hmVmiÊ`mV Anèr R>aco.

4) ~moëeo{dH$ amÁ`H«$m§Vr (Zmoìh|~a 1917) :-

_mM© 1898 _Ü o g_mOdmXr H«$m§Vr `m g§H$ënZoZo ào[aV Pmcoco {dMmad§V EH$Ì Amco. Ë`m§Zr ""Xa{e`Z gmoec So>_moH«o${Q>H$ co~a nmQ>uMr'' ñWmnZm Ho$cr. co{ZZ `m njmMm gXñ` ~Zcm. `m njmMo_wInÌ Agcoë`m BñH«$m `m nÌH$mMo Vmo g§nmXH$nXhr gm§ miV hmoVm. H$m_Jmam§Zm H«$m§VrgmR>r ào[aV Ho$conm{hOo `m _VmÀ`m co{ZZZo, njmMo ZoV¥Ëd EH$H|$Ðr Agmdo `m~amo~aM gd© {ZU© ~hþ_Vm§Zr ¿`mdoV Am{UVo gdmªZr _mÝ` H$amdoV Ago _V _m§S>co. co{ZZÀ`m `m _Vmcm _mVm}d- Q´>m°Q>ñH$s B. Mm {damoY hmoVm.njZoV¥Ëd EH$H|$Ðr Agy Z o Ë`mMà_mUo {ZU© gdm©da ~§YZH$maH$ Agy Z oV Aer Ë`m§Mr _mJUr hmoVr.Ë`m§À`mVrc _V oX dmT>V Joco. ~hþ_V Agcocm co{ZZMm g_W©H$ JQ> ~moëeo{dH$ Am{U Aën_VmVAgcocm JQ> _oÝeo{dH$ `m ZmdmZo AmoiIcm Omdy cmJcm. ho JQ> Z§Va ñdV§Ì nj åhUyZ H$m ©aV Pmco.co{ZZcm Ë`mÀ`m H«$m§VrH$m`m©_wio a{e`mVyZ hÔnma ìhmdo cmJco hmoVo. _mÌ a{e`mVrc amÁ`H«$m§VrMr ~mV_r

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H$ië`m~amo~a Vmo a{e`mV naVcm. Ë`mZo ~moëeo{dH$ njmMr ~m§YUr Ho$cr. gd© a{e`mâ g§KQ>ZoMo Omio

ngaco. Q´>m°Q>ñH$shr Ë`mcm oD$Z {_imcm. eoVH$ar Am{U H$m_Jmam§À`m _§S>imda (gmo{dEVg) {Z §ÌU

AmUÊ`mMohr Ë`mZo à`ËZ Ho$co. "em§VVm, O{_ZrMo \o$admQ>n Am{U àË oH$mcm ^mH$ar' hr Ë`mMr

KmofUm cmoH${à` Pmcr. H$mc© _mŠg©À`m H$m_Jmam§Mo amÁ` `m g§H$ënZog àË`jmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo

à`ËZ gwé Ho$co. Ë`mgmR>r H«$m§{VH$mar _mJm©Mm Adc§~ H$aUo Ë`mcm Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVo. `m H$mimV

Ë`mcm gm_mÝ` OZVoMm {_iV Agcocm nmqR>~m dmT>V Jocm.

Ho$aoÝñH$s gaH$macm a{e`mVrc n[apñWVrda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm Amco Zmhr. {deofV… H$m°Zucm°ìhÀ`m

AmH«$_UmZ§Va n[apñWVr A{YH$M {~KS>cr. `m n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm KoV ~moëeo{dH$m§Zr 7 Zmoìh|~a 1917

`m {Xder gaH$mar H$Moè`m, nmoñQ>, Q>o{cJ«m\$, aoëdo, ~±H$m Aer emgH$s` _hËdmMr H|$Ðo ñdV…À`m

Vmã`mV KoVcr. Ho$aoÝñH$s gaH$maÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr Am{U Ë`mcm gÎmm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mg

^mJ nmS>Ê`mV Amco. AmVm gd© gÎmm ~moëeo{dH$ njmÀ`m hmVr Amcr. 8 Zmoìh|~acm co{ZZZo

AÜ`jnXmMr gyÌo Amnë`m hmVmV KoVcr. naamîQ´>_§Ìr åhUyZ Q´>m°Q²ñH$s, {ejU_§Ìr åhUyZ cwZmMañH$s,

J¥h_§Ìr åhUyZ [aH$moìh Va Aëng§»`mH$ JQ>m§Mo _§Ìr åhUyZ ñQ>°{cZ `m§Zm H$m © ma XoÊ`mV Amcm. Aem

arVrZo aº$nmV Z hmoVm ~moëeo{dH$m§À`m hmVmV gÎmm Amcr.

✺ a{e`Z gmoec So>_moH«o${Q>H$ co~a nmQ>u `m njmV XmoZ JQ> nS>co :-

1. ~moëeo{dH$ : (~hþg§»`) H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmam§Mm g_mOdmXr JQ>, Omo H«$m§{VÛmao {Za§Hw$egÎmoMm A§V H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgUmam, co{ZZ, ßcoImZmod Am{U Ë`mÀ`m AZw m`m§Zm~moëeo{dH$ åhQ>co OmD$ cmJco.

2. _oÝeoìhrH$ : (Aëng§»`) CXma_VdmX g_W©H$, hm JQ> g§d¡Ym{ZH$ emgZmMo g_W©ZH$aUmam hmoVm. _mVm}d, Q´>m°Q>ñH$s `m {dMmam§Mo hmoVo. _oÝeopìhH$m§À`m {dMmagaUrZwgmag§gXr` cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§nyU© g_mOdmXmMo Ü o àmßV Ho$co OmD$eH$Vo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm _Ü`_dJu` cmoH$m§Mo (~wÂdm© dJ©) ghH$m © Ano{jV hmoVo.

✺ ~moëeo{dH$ gaH$maMo H$m © :-

n{hë`m _hm wÕmVrc gh^mJm_wio a{e`mMr AW©ì`dñWm _moS>H$irg Amcr hmoVr. O_©Zr~amo~a1918 _Üò co{ZZZo ~«oñQ> {cQ>moìhmñH$Mm Vh H$ê$Z n{hë`m _hm`wÕmVyZ _mKma KoVcr. `m VhmZowÕI§S>Ur ~amo~aM wH«o$Z, nmoc§S> d gr_odaMo H$mhr àXoe O_©Zrcm Úmdo cmJco. {edm` XmoñV amîQ´>m§Mm

amofhr nËH$amdm cmJcm. hr _mKma A§VJ©V em§VVogmR>r Am{U àJVrgmR>r co{ZZcm Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVr.a{e`mgmR>r ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma Ho$cr Jocr. 23 OmZodmar 1918 amoOr amîQ´>mMo Zmd "a{e`Zgmoe°{cñQ> \o$S>aoQ>oS> gmopìhEQ> [anpãcH$' (R.S.F.S.R.) Ago Ho$co Joco Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV hoM Zmd"Q> w{Z`Z Am°\$ gmopìhEV gmoe°{cñQ> [anpãcH$' (U.S.S.R.) Ago Pmco. ~moëeo{dH$ gaH$maZo XoemVrc

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gd© CÚmoJY§ÚmMo amîQ´>r`rH$aU H$ê$Z gd© H$maImZo H$m_Jma gmopìhEVgÀ`m Vmã`mV {Xco. O{_ZrMo dmQ>ny{_hrZ eoVH$è`mª_Ü o H$aÊ`mV Amco. Y_© Am{U amOH$maU `mMr \$maH$V H$aVmZm MM©Mr gd© _mc_Îmm

OßV Ho$cr. eoVH$è`m§Zr gd© A{V[aº$ CËnmXZ gaH$ma O_m H$amdo Aer gº$s Ho$cr. A§VJ©V {damoYH$m§Mm~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r "MoH$m' `m {deof g{_VrMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. AZoH$ {damoYH$m§Zm `mMoH$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hÔnma H$aÊ`mV Amco qH$dm \$merMr {ejm XoÊ`mV Amcr. H«$m§Vr pñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>rco{ZZcm ho Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVo. a{e`mVrc ^m§S>dcXma, O_rZXma Am{U H$mhr cîH$ar A{YH$mè`m§Zr~moëeo{dH$ emgZ CcWdyZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co. H$mhr `wamonr` amîQ´>m§Zrhr `m cmoH$m§Zm _XV Ho$crH$maU Ë`m§Zm gmå`dmXr VËdkmZ Am{U Ë`mda AmYm[aV a{e`mMo gaH$ma ZH$mo hmoVo. _mÌ hm gd© {damoYco{ZZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mè`m§Zr _moSy>Z H$mT>cm Am{U H«$m§Vr èñdr Ho$cr.

✺ ~moëeo{dH$ amÁ`H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_ :-

a{e`mV KSy>Z Amcoë`m `m amÁ`H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_ ho Ho$di a{e`m nwaVoM _`m©{XV Z amhVm OJmÀ`mamOH$s`, Am{W©H$ Am{U d¡Mm[aH$ nmVirdahr Pmco. hr H«$m§Vr 7 Zmoìh|~a 1917 amoOr KS>cr, a{e`Z{XZX{e©H$sà_mUo hr H«$m§Vr 24, 25 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1917 amoOr Pmë`mZo "Am°ŠQ>mo~a amÁ`H«$m§Vr' `m ZmdmZohrAmoiIcr OmVo. `m H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_ nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1. PmaemhrMm A§V : H«$m§VrÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m Q>ß`mV Pmacm Amncr gÎmm gmoS>mdr cmJcr. Z§VaeodQ>Mm Pma {ZH$mocg Xþgam Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>{~`m§Zm H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Zr Jmoù`m KmcyZ R>ma Ho$co. Pmad§{e`mÀ`m AË`mMmamcm H§$Q>miyZ a{e`Z OZVoZo Pmaemhr nyU©nUo CISy>Z Q>mH$cr. gw_mao VrZeo df©{Za§Hw$enUo amÁ` H$aUmè`m amo_moZm°ìh KamÊ`mMm Pmaemhrg `m 1917 À`m `m a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZoH$m`_ñdê$nr g§ndco.

2. _hmgÎmm åhUyZ a{e`mMr dmQ>Mmc : 1917 nydu a{e`m gd©M joÌmV EH$ _mJmgcocm XoehmoVm. wamonmV Pmcoë`m àJVrMo dmao BW§n ªV nmohmoMco ZìhVo.1905 _Ü o {M_wH$ë`m OnmZZohr a{e`mMmnam^d Ho$cm hmoVm. Ë`mdoir wamonr` amOH$maUmVhr a{e`mg Vgo Xþæ`_ ñWmZ hmoVo. _mÌ H«$m§VrZ§VañdrH$macoë`m Zì`m YmoaUm§_wio a{e`mMm H$m`mnmcQ> Pmcm. a{e`mZo Iè`m AWm©Zo AmYw{ZH$ wJmV àdoeHo$cm. amOH$maU, CÚmoJ, {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ Aem gd©M joÌmV àJVr KSy>Z Amcr. `m_wioM WmoS>çmMH$mcmdYrV a{e`m ho OJmVrc AmKmS>rMo amîQ´> ~Zco. A_o[aHo$À`m ~amo~arZo _hmgÎmm åhUyZ Ë`mMm C„oIHo$cm OmD$ cmJcm.

3. dJ©{dhrZ g_mO aMZm : gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm ho H«$m§Vrnyd© H$mimVrc a{e`Z g_mOmMoEH$ d¡{eîQ>ç ~Zco hmoVo. 1917 À`m H«$m§VrZ§Va _mÌ hr {df_Vm ZîQ> Pmcr. BWo Pmaemhr~amo~aMga§Om_Xmam§Mm dJ©hr ZîQ> Pmcm. amîQ´>r`rH$aUmÀ`mÛmao BWë`m gd© O{_Zr gaH$maZo ñdV…À`m Vmã`mVKoVë`m. CÚmoJnVr Ë`mM~amo~a ^m§S>dcXmam§Mm dJ© ZîQ> H$ê$Z MM©À`m _mc_Îmmhr OßV Ho$ë`m.{deofV… dJ©{dahrV g_mOaMZogmR>r oWo _moR>çm à_mUmda à`ËZ Pmco. S>m°ŠQ>a, B§{O{Zà, g§emoYH$,

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VËdk, coIH$, H$mamJra, H$cmd§V Agm g_mdoe Agcoë`m _Ü`_dJm©g `m_wio _hËd àmßV Pmco.

H$m_JmadJm©Mr hmoUmar {nidUyH$ Wm§~cr. CËnmXZmMr gmYZo hr gaH$maÀ`m _mcH$sMr Pmcr.

àË oH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m `mo½`Voà_mUo H$m_ Am{U `mo½` Vmo _mo~Xcm {_imë`m_wio ~oH$mar Am{U Xm[aÐçmMo

à_mU H$_r Pmco.

4. a{e`mMo Am¡Úmo{JH$aU : H«$m§Vrnyd© H$mimV a{e`mV CÚmoJY§Xo gwé Pmco hmoVo _mÌ

Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMm doJ AË §V _§X hmoVm. ~moëeo{dH$ amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Va _mÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMm doJ dmT>cm.

{Z`moOZ~Õ[aË`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUVmZm co{ZZ - ñQ>°{cZ `m§Zr CÚmoJY§ÚmH$So> {deof cj

{Xco. drO, cmoI§S>, H$moigm, noQ´>mo{c`_, {g_|Q>, eómóo `m§À`m CËnmXZm~amo~M {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ`m

joÌmVhr àJVr Ho$cr. AJXr H$_r H$mcmdYrV a{e`mZo AdH$me g§emoYZmV _moR>r Pon KoVë`mZo

Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamda _mZmMo ñWmZ {_i{dco.

5. gmå`dmXr VËdkmZmMm àgma : H$mc© _mŠg©À`m gmå`dmXr VËdkmZmMm ñdrH$ma H$aV hr

H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Amcr. `mM VËdkmZm_wio a{e`mZo Am{W©H$ àJVrhr gmYcr. AZoH$ _mJmgcoë`m emo{fV

Am{U nmaV§Í`mV Agcoë`m amîQ´>m§Zm a{e`mZo ñdV…À`m ê$nmZo EH$ Zdm _mJ© XmI{dcm. `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV

a{e`mMm AmXe© g_moa R>odV AZoH$ amîQ´>m§_Ü o gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Amcr. OJâmV gmå`dmXr

VËdkmZmMm àgma hmoV Jocm. nmoc§S>, é_m{Z`m, ~ëJo[a`m, h§Joar, nyd© O_©Zr, Š w~m Aer AZoH$ amîQ´>o

gmå`dmXr ~Zcr.OmJ{VH$ nmVirda `m VÎdkm§Zmcm {d{eîQ> ñWmZ {_imco. `m VËdkmZmZo ^m§S>dcemhr

g_moa _moR>o AmìhmZ C o Ho$co.

6. e¡j{UH$ àJVr : H«$m§Vrnyd© a{e`mV gamgar E|er Q> o$ OZVm {Zaja hmoVr. amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Va

a{e`mZo {ejU {dH$mgmH$So> {deof cj {Xco.Y_©g§ñWoMm {ejUmda Agcocm nJS>m nyU©nUo ZîQ> H$aÊ`mV

Amcm. àmW{_H$ {ejU gº$sMo Ho$co Joco. àm¡T> cmoH$m§gmR>r amÌ emim gwé H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. {dkmZ

Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmda {deof â {Xcm Jocm. e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mV Amcr. Cƒ {ejU

KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm AZoH$ gmo r gdcVr CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Amë`m. `m gd© à`ËZm_wio Cƒ {ejU

KoUmè`m§Mo à_mU A{YH$ dmT>co. 1933 n ªV n§MmE|er Q>ŠHo$ a{e`Z OZVm gmja Pmcr. `mM H$mimV

gmå`dmXr gaH$maH$Sy>Z ~w{ÕdmXr dJm©da _mÌ {Z §ÌU AmUco hmoVo. {dMma Am{U coIZ ñdmV§Í`mda ~§YZo

KmVcr hmoVr EH$sH$So> nmíÀ`mË`m§À`m VmoS>rMo emók a{e`mV {Z_m©U Pmco Va XþgarH$So> H$cm,gm{hË`,

VËdkmZmÀ`m àJVrg _`m©Xm Amë`m. {ejUmVyZ gmå`dmXr VËdkmZ {dMmam§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmda àgma

hmoB©c `mH$So> a{e`mZo cj {Xco.

7. OmJ{VH$ nmVirda l{_H$m§Zm {_imcocr à{Vð>m : OJâmV l{_H$m§Mr, H$îQ>H$è`m§Mrn[apñWVr hcmIrMr hmoVr. ^m§S>dcXma dJ© Ë`m§Mr Iyn {nidUyH$ H$aV hmoVm. a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Va _mÌHo$di a{e`mÀ`mM Zìho Va OJâmVë`m l{_H$m§Zm à{Vð>m {_imcr. a{e`mVrc H$m_JmadJ©, eoVH$ar`m§Zm amÁ`H«$m§Vr åhUOo ñdV…Mm {dO` dmQy> cmJcm. a{e`mV `m l_Ordr dJm©gmR>r AZoH$ H$ë`mUH$mar

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`moOZm am~{dÊ`mV Amë`m. `m_Ü o _mo\$V d¡ÚH$s` _XV, ânJmar dm{f©H$ gwQ>çm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm

`m_wio l{_H$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ gwYmaco. `mMo AmUIrZ \${cV åhUOo BVa XoemVrc l{_H$ dJ© OmJ¥V

hmoD$Z Vmo gwYmaUm§Mr _mJUr H$ê$ cmJcm. H$mhr Xoem§Zr gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. EHy$UM a{e`Z

amÁ`H«$m§VrZo l{_H$m§Zm Ý`m` {_idyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm.

8. {ó`m§À`m n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm : H«$m§Vrnyd© a{e`mVrc {ó`m§Mr n[apñWVr AË §V dmB©Q>

hmoVr. KamÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~§{XñV Agcoë`m {ó`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r, na§nam§Mo nmcZ H$amdo cmJo.

~moëeo{dH$ gaH$ma gÎmmê$T> Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zr {ó`m§À`m CÞVrgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co. amÁ`KQ>ZoV {ó`m§Zm

nwéfm§~amo~arMo h¸$ {Xco. {ejUm~amo~aM ZmoH$ar H$aÊ`mMr _w m XoÊ`mV Amcr. H$m_ H$aUmè`m {ó`m§Zm

AZoH$ gdcVr XoÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`m§À`m _wcm§À`m g§JmonZmMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maH$Sy>Z CMccr Jocr. `m

gdm©_wio gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m {ó`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>cr.Ë`mM~amo~a S>m°ŠQ>a, V§Ìk åhUyZhr

{ó`m H$m_ H$ê$ cmJë`m. amÁ`H«$m§Vr_wioM ho ~Xc eŠ` Pmco.

9. gmå`dmXr hþHw$_emhrMm CX` : 1917 À`m amÁ`H«$m§VrZo {Za§Hw$e Pmaemhr CcWyZ cmdcr

_mÌ a{e`mV ~moëeo{dH$m§Mr hþHw$_emhr gwé Pmcr. H«$m§Vr èñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r co{ZZ `m§Zr AZoH$ {ZU©`

OZ_VmMm {dMma Z H$aVm KoVco. OZVoÀ`m _wc yV ñdmV§Í`mdahr ~§YZo KmcÊ`mV Amcr. {damoYH$m§Mm

{~_moS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r co{ZZ Am{U Ë`mZ§Va gÎmoda Amcoë`m ñQ>°{cZZo XheVrÀ`m _mJm©Mm dmna Ho$cm.

{damoY H$aUmè`m AZoH$m§Zm Vwé§JmV Q>mH$co Va H$mhrZm R>ma _maco. WmoS>Š`mV Pmaemhr ZîQ> Pmcr nU

a{e`mcm gmå`dmXr hþHw$_emhrcm gm_moao Omdo cmJco.

10. OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmV erV wÕmMr gwadmV : n{hë`m _hm wÕmn ªV OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmV

A_o[aH$m, B§½c§S> Am{U \«$mÝg `m ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>m§Mm Iyn à^md hmoVm. H«$m§VrZ§Va a{e`mZo AënmdYrV

àJVr Ho$cr Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>m§Zm Vwë`~i à{VñnYu {Z_m©U Pmcm. OJmVë`m BVa H$mhr

amîQ´>m_Ü o hr gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Amcr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmV A_o[aH$màUrV ^m§S>dcemhr

Xoem§Mm EH$ JQ> Va a{e`màUrV gmå`dmXr amîQ´>m§Mm Xþgam JQ> Ago XmoZ nañna{damoYr {dMmagaUrMo JQ>

H$m ©aV Pmco. amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ Am{U cîH$ar joÌmVhr Ë`m§À`mV ñnYm© gwé Pmcr. Xþgè`m _hm wÕmZ§Va

XmoÝhr JQ>mVrc ñnY}Zo CJ« ê$n YmaU Ho$co. Hw$aKmoS>rMo amOH$maU hmoD$ cmJco. eómó ñnYm© dmT>cr. `m

gdm©_wio OmJ{VH$ nmVirda Aem§VVoMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmco. AàË`j[aË`m gwé Pmcoco ho wÕ

"erV wÕ' åhUyZ AmoiIco Joco. g§nyU© OJmMr OUy {Vgè`m _hm wÕmH$So> dmQ>MmcM gwé Pmcr. a{e`Z

amÁ`H«$m§VrMmM hm EH$ {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVm.

OJmVë`m n{hë`m gmå`dmXr {dMmam§da AmYm[aV a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZo Pmaemhr CISy>Z cmdV

H$îQ>H$è`m§Mo amÁ` ApñVËdmV AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. CXma_VdmX, ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`, cmoH$emhr,

^m§S>dcemhr, gm_«mÁ`dmX `m gd© àñWm{nV g§H$ënZm§Zm AmìhmZ XoÊ`mMo H$m © `m gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrZo

Ho$co. H$îQ>H$è`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m A{YH$mamMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xcr nU gmå`dmXr hþHw$_emhrg OÝ_hr {Xcm.

(42)

✺ a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrMo _hËd :-

1) H$mc© _mŠg©À`m VËdkmZmda AmYm[aV hr OJmVrc n{hcr gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr hmoVr.

2) `m H«$m§Vr_wio l_Ordr dJm©cm _hËdmMo ñWmZ {_imco.

3) Y_©{da{hV, dJ©{da{hV Am{U emofUa{hV Zdr g_mOaMZm àË`jmV AmUÊ`mMo H$m © `mH«$m§VrZo Ho$co.

4) `m H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_ Ho$di a{e`mnwaVo _`m©{XV Z amhVm OmJ{VH$ nmVirdahr Pmco.



1. a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZo .............. KamÊ`mMr gÎmm CcWdyZ cmdcr

A) Q>çyS>a ~) amo_moZm°d H$) ã`wa~m°Z S>) ~moZmnmQ>©.

2. _Xa (AmB©) `m H$mX§~arMo coIZ ............... `mZo Ho$co

A) Q´>m°Q>ñH$s ~) S>moQ>moìhñH$s H$) Q>m°cñQ>m°` S>) _m°pŠP_ Jm°H$r©.

3. Xmg H°{nQ>c `m J«§WmMo coIZ ................ `m§Zr Ho$co.

A) H$mc© _mŠg© ~) am°~Q>© AmodoZ H$) Q>m°cñQ>m°` S>) g|Q> gm`_Z.

4. ............... À`m VhmZo a{e`mZo n{hë`m _hm wÕmVyZ _mKma KoVcr.

A) ìhgm© ~) ~«oñQ> {cQ>moìhmñH$

H$) Q´>m° Zm°Z S>) n°[ag.

5. _oÝeo{dH$ ZoVm .............. hm gwadmVrcm a{e`mMm AÜ`j ~Zcm.

A) ñQ>°{cZ ~) Q´>m°Q>ñH$s H$) Ho$aoÝñH$s S>) J°nmoZ.

2.2.3 co{ZZMr y{_H$m :-

19 do eVH$ gm_m{OH$ ~Xcm§Mo Am{U pñWË §VamMo eVH$ hmoVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va Pmcoë`m

Zì`m gm_m{OH$ dJmªMm CX` ho `m eVH$mMo d¡{eîQ>ç R>aco. {deofV… H$m_Jma dJm©Mm CX` Am{U `m

dJm©cm _Ü`dVu R>odV H$mc© _mŠg©Zo _m§S>coco VËdkmZ H$s Oo gmå`dmX åhUyZ à{gÕ Pmco. `m VËdkmZmZo

àM{cV amOH$s`-gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWmZm OmoaXma Y¸$m XoÊ`mMo H$m © Ho$co. H$m_Jmam§Mo amÁ`, dJ©{dhrZ

g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr ho Ë`mMo ñdßZ hmoVo. ho ñdßZ àË`jmV Amco Vo 1917 À`m a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrÀ`m

(43)

ê$nmZo. 1917 nydu PmaemhrÀ`m {damoYmV a{e`mV {d{dY {R>H$mUr CR>md Pmco. Ë`mcm è Amco Zmhr.

1917 Mr ~moëeoìhrH$ H«$m§Vr nwU©nUo èñdr R>acr. `m_Üò PmaemhrMm A§V KSy>Z Amcm. `m H«$m§VrMm

EH$ {eënH$ma åhUyZ co{ZZMo Zmd ¿`mdo cmJVo. A§VJ©V Ë`mMà_mUo ~mø eº$sMm `m H«$m§Vrcm Am{U

gmå`dmXmcm Agcocm {damoY _moSy>Z H$mT>V Ë`mZo a{e`mV gmå`dmXmMo VËdkmZ èñdrnUo éO{dco.

H$m_Jmam§Mo amÁ` àñWm{nV Ho$co.

✺ co{ZZMo nydm© wî` (B.g. 22 E{àc 1870-21 OmZodmar 1924)

coZrZMo nyU© Zmd ìcm{X_ra B{cM Cë`mZmod C\©$ co{ZZ. (Vladimir ilyich ulyanov alias

Lenin) ìhmoëJm ZXrÀ`mH$mR>r Agcoë`m qg{~ñH©$ (Simbirsk ) ZmdmÀ`m ehamV 22 E{àc 1870 _Ü o

Ë`mMm OÝ_ Pmcm. Ë`mMo Hw$Qw>§~ H«$m§VrH$mar {dMmam§Mo hmoVo. Ë`mMo dS>rc {ejU joÌmV H$m ©aV hmoVo Va

AmB©hr gw{e{jV hmoVr. {VZo co{ZZcm {chm`cm - dmMm`cm {eH${dco. d`mÀ`m Xhmì`m dfu Vmo emioV

OmD$ cmJcm. 1886 _Ü o Ë`mÀ`m d{S>cm§Mm _¥Ë y Pmcm Va 1887 _Ü o Ë`mÀ`m _moR>çm ^mdmcm Pma

{Vgam AcoŠPm§S>a `mÀ`m hËòÀ`m H$Q>mV gh^mJr Agë`mMm Amamon R>odyZ \$mer {Xco Joco. coZrZMr

_moR>r ~hrU A°Zm {hcm gwÕm Vwé§JdmgmMr {ejm Pmcr. Aem H«$m§VrH$mar dmVmdaUmV co{ZZ dmT>cm.

{dÚmWuXeoV AgVmZmM Ë`mZo ânya dmMZ Ho$co hmoVo. a{e`m `m H$mimV pñWË §VamÀ`m AdñWoV hmoVm.

g_mOmVrc AñdñWm Iyn dmT>cr hmoVr. `m KS>m_moS>tMm XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ coZtZda Pmcm. emco {ejU

nyU© Pmë`mda Vmo H$PmZ {dÚmnrR>mV Cƒ {ejUmgmR>r XmIc Pmcm. VoWrc {dÚmÏ`m©Zr coZrZÀ`m _moR>çm

^mdmcm \$mer {Xcr Jocr `m KQ>Zo{damoYmV {ZXe©Zo Ho$cr. `m_wio coZrZ Am{U BVa 45 {dÚmÏ`mªZm

{dÚmnrR>mVyZ H$mT>co Joco. BVa {dÚmnrR>mVyZhr Ë`mcm àdoe {_imcm Zmhr. Vmo AmB© ^md§S>mgh gm_am `m

{R>H$mUr dmñVì`mg Jocm. `m H$mcI§S>mV Ë`mZo Iyn dmMZ Ho$co. H$mc© _mŠg©Mo à{gÕ nwñVH$ >Xmg

H°${nQ>c `mÀ`m dmMZmV Amco. `m nwñVH$mZo Ë`mMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ ~Xccm. a{e`mV Zì`mZo CX`mg Amcoë`m

g_mOdmXr JQ>mÀ`m Vmo g§nH$m©V Amcm. coZrZÀ`m AmB©Zo à`ËZ H$ê$Z Ë`mcm g|Q> {nQ>g©~J© {dÚmnrR>mVyZ

narjm XoÊ`mMr nadmZJr {_idcr. `m H$mimV Ë`mMo {cImUhr à{gÕ Pmco. {nQ>g©~J© _Ü o Ë`mZo

H$m_Jmam§Mr EH$ g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$cr. `m H$m_Jmam§H$Sy>Z Ë`mZo g§n KS>dyZ AmUcm. `m_wio Ë`mcm VrZ

dfm©gmR>r g¡~o[a`mV hÔnma H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m H$mimVhr Ë`mMo dmMZ - coIZ gwê$ hmoVo. amOH$s`

H$maUm§Zr hÔnma Pmcoë`m Ë`mÀ`m gma»`mM H«$m§VrH$mar {dMmam§À`m ZoË`mÀ`m Vmo g§nH$m©V Amcm. Ë`mMr

nyduMr ghH$mar ZmXoÂXm H«w$nñH$m`m (Nadezhda Krupskaya) hr gwÕm Ë`mdoir g¡~o[a`mV hÔnmarMr

{ejm ^moJV hmoVr. {VÀ`mer coZrZZo {ddmh Ho$cm. `mM H$mimV Ë`mMm à{gÕ J«§W "a{e`mVrc

^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg' (Development of Capitalism in Russia) hm J«§W {chÿZ nyU© Pmcm.

hÔnmarMm H$mcI§S> g§në`mZ§Va a{e`m~mhoa OmÊ`mMr `moOZm Ë`mZo AmIcr. H$maU a{e`mV amhÿZ

Amdí`H$ Vo H$m © Ë`mcm H$aVm oUma ZìhVo.

(44)

a{e`mVrc _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§À`m cmoH$m§Zm d¡Mm[aH$ÑîQ>çm EH$Ì H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo JwßVnUo "BñH«$m'

ZmdmMo d¥VnÌ gwê$ Ho$co. {S>g|~a 1900 _Ü o Ë`mMm n{hcm A§H$ à{gÕ Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`m d¡Mm[aH$

{cImUm_wio g_mOdmXr {dMmam§À`m dVw©imV Ë`mcm _mZ {_iy cmJcm. a{e`m gmoSy>Z Vmo n{ü_ wamonmV

Jocm. Xaå`mZ a{e`mV gmoec So>_moH«o${Q>H$ nj 1898 _Ü o ñWmnZ Pmcm hmoVm. coZrZhr `m njmMm gXñ`

~Zcm. `m njmMm à^md dmT>V Jocm. {deofV: a{e`mVrc H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Mmccr hmoVr.

Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`mhr dmT>V Mmccoë`m hmoË`m. So>_moH«o${Q>H$ njmZo Amncr {dMmagaUr `m dJm©V éOdm`cm

gwadmV Ho$cr. amOH$s` A{YH$ma {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r H«$m§Vr Ago Ë`m§À`m _Zmda q~~{dco OmD$ cmJco.

`m_wio H$m_JmadJm©V njmMm à^md dmT>cm.

✺ co{ZZMr hÔnmar :-

njmMr H$m`©nÕVr H$er Agmdr `mdê$Z ZoË`mV _VôX dmT>rg cmJco. H$m_Jma H«$m§VrMr dmQ> Z

~KVm Ë`m§Zm H«$m§Vrg ào[aV H$amdo, njmMo EH$ ZoV¥Ëd Am{U {eñV Agmdr, ~hþ_VmZo {ZU© ¿`mdoV Ago

co{ZZMo _V hmoVo. Ë`mcm ßcoImoZodZo nmqR>~m {Xcm hmoVm _mÌ _mVm}d - Q´>m°Q>ñH$s B. ZoË`m§À`m `m

{dMmaYmaog {damoY hmoVm. YmoaUm~m~V gXñ`m§Zm ñdmV§Í` Agmdo , EImXm {ZU© gXñ`m§Zm _mÝ` Zgoc Va

Vmo Ë`m§À`mda ~§YZH$maH$ Agy Z o Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. ho _V oX Vrd« hmoV Joco. _mVm}d {dMmagaUrMm

JQ> _oÝeo{dH$ Va co{ZZMm JQ> ~moëeo{dH$ åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmD$ cmJcm. njmVcr hr \w$Q> dmT>VM Jocr.

nwT>o 1917 À`m H«$m§VrZ§Va ~moëeo{dH$ JQ>mZo a{e`mMr gd© gÎmm Vmã`mV KodyZ H$m_Jmam§Mr hþHw$_emhr

àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo _mŠg©Mo ñdßZ nyU© Ho$co. 1905 À`m H«$m§VrZ§Va co{ZZcm nwÝhm EH$Xm a{e`m ~mhoa

Omdo cmJco. Ë`mMm ~amM H$mi ~mhoaM§ ì`VrV Pmcm. 1917 À`m H«$m§VrÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m Q>ß`mVhr Vmo

pñdËPcªS> _Ü o hmoVm. VoWyZ Ë`mMo {cImU Am{U AZw m`m§Zm ào[aV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © gwê$ hmoVo. n{hë`m

_hm wÕmV a{e`mZo gh^mJr ìhmdo `m JmoîQ>rcm Ë`mMm {damoY hmoVm. ho wÕ ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>m§_Yrc

AgyZ H$m_Jmam§À`m {hVmer Ë`m§Zm H$mhr XoUo - KoUo Zmhr, V|ìhm H$moUË`mhr amîQ´>mVrc g_mOdmXr njmZo

`m wÕmcm nmR>t~m Xody Z o Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo. `m _wÚmdê$Z gmoec So>_moH«${Q>H$ njmVrc BVa

gXñ`m§~amo~a Ë`mMo _V oX Pmco. a{e`Z H$m_Jmam_Ü o wÕ {damoYr àMma Ë`mZo Ho$cm. ^m§S>dcemhr

{dê$ÕMo Ë`mMo {dMma O_©Zrcm _hËdmMo dmQ>V hmoVo. `m_wio a{e`mV naVÊ`mgmR>r O_©ZrZo Ë`mcm _XV

Ho$cr.

co{ZZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m BVa ghH$mè`mMo Pmaemhr CcWdÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ hmoVo. BH$So> n{hë`m

_hm`wÕmV àdoe Ho$coë`m a{e`mMr n[apñWVr A{YH$m{YH$ {~H$Q> ~ZV Jocr. H«$m§VrÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmc

gwê$ Pmcr. 1917 _Ü o amo_moZm°d KamÊ`mÀ`m gÎmoMr AIoa hmoD$Z a{e`mVrc amOgÎmm ZîQ> Pmcr. Om°O©

Ecdm°dÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcrc gaH$ma ñWmnZ Pmco na§Vw Vo nyU©V: Anèr R>aco. `mZ§Va gÎmoda Amcoë`m

Ho$aoÝñH$sÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcrc gaH$macm Xoemg_moaMo àý gmoS>{dVm Amco ZmhrV.

(45)

✺ Ho$aoÝñH$s gaH$maMo Anè Am{U coZtZMo _m`Xoer AmJ_Z :-

_dmidmXr ZoVm Ho$aoÝñH$sÀ`m gaH$macm wÕ n[apñWVr hmVmiÊ`mV Anè Amco. {deofV…a{e`mcm wÕmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Uo O_co Zmhr. `m gaH$ma {dê$ÕMm Ag§Vmof dmT>V Jocm. goZmnVrH$mo{Z©cmodZo Ho$aoÝñH$s gaH$ma {déÕ ~§S> H$aV amOYmZrda AmH«$_U Ho$co. Xþ~io Ho$aoÝñH$s gaH$ma CcWdyZcmdyZ nwÝhm amOgÎmm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdßZ Vmo ~KV hmoVm. eodQ>r ~moëeodrH$m§À`m _XVrZo Ho$aoÝñH$scmho AmH«$_U Wmondmdo cmJco. Ho$aoÝñH$sÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo hr Zm_wîH$s hmoVr. `m KQ>ZoZ§Va ~moëeodrH$ nj a{e`Zg_mOmV AË §V cmoH${à` Pmcm. Ë`m§À`mda g_mOmMm {dœmg dmT>cm. n[aUm_r 1917 _Ü o Amcoë`mnoÌmoJ«mX gmopìh`VÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV ~moëeodrH$m§Zm ~hþ_V {_imco.

Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1917 _Ü o co{ZZ Am{U Ë`mMm ghH$mar Q´>m°Q>ñH$s a{e`mV naVco. noQ´>moJ«mS> oWrcH«$m§{VH$mar geó Xc Ë`m§Zr Vmã`mV KoVco. AZoH$ gaH$mar JmoîQ>rda Ë`mMà_mUo g¡Ý`mdahr Ë`mZo {Z`§ÌU{_i{dco. gaH$mar H$Moè`m Ë`m§Zr Vmã`mV ¿`m`cm gwadmV Ho$cr. 7 Zmoìh|~acm gÎmm hmVmV KoVë`mMoco{ZZZo Omhra Ho$co. Ho$aoÝñH$sZo naXoemV ncm`Z Ho$co. nmR>monmR> _mñH$mo d BVa ^mJmdahr ~moëeodrH$m§MmH$ãOm Pmcm. 1918 _Üò co{ZZZo S>çy_m H$m`_Mr {dg{O©V Ho$cr.

✺ amîQ´>à_wI åhUyZ coZrZMo H$m © :-

gÎmoV Amë`m~amo~a co{ZZZo a{e`mcm wÕmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r hmcMmcr gwê$ Ho$ë`m. 3 _mM©1918 _Ü o ~«oñQ>-{cQ>moìhñH$ `m {R>H$mUr O_©Zr Am{U a{e`m `m§À`mV Vh Pmcm. `m Vhm_wio a{e`mcmAmncm ~amM y mJ J_dmdm cmJcm. a{e`mZo `m JmoîQ>rMm {ZfoY Ho$cm. _mÌ H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrVco{ZZcm wÕ ZH$mo hmoVo. " wHo$coë`m§Zm AÞ, y{_hrZm§Zm O_rZ, gdmªgmR>r em§VVm' ho co{ZZZo gwadmVrcmMOmhra Ho$co hmoVo. `mcm a{e`Z OZVm nmR>t~m XoV hmoVr. n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV \$magm aº$nmV Z hmoVm co{ZZZoHo$aoÝñH$sH$Sy>Z gÎmm ñdV:À`m Vmã`mV KoVcr hmoVr. _mÌ hr gÎmm {Q>H${dUo hr VmaodaMr H$gaV hmoVr.AZoH$ g_ñ`m co{ZZg_moa hmoË`m. `m H«$m§Vrcm A§VJ©V VgoM naH$s` {damoYH$ Iyn hmoVo. `m gd©{damoYH$m§Zm Vm|S> XoV co{ZZZo H«$m§Vr èñdr Ho$cr. _mÌ `mgmR>r Ë`mcm Iyn aº$nmV KS>dyZ AmUmdmcmJcm. 1918 _Ü o ~moëeo{dH$ njmMo Zm_m§Va H$å w{ZñQ> nj Ago H$aÊ`mV Amco. a{e`mVrc BVaamOH$s` nj ~aImñV Ho$co Joco. emgZ à_wI Am{U H$å w{ZñQ> njmMm à_wI åhUyZ gd© gÎmm co{ZZÀ`mhmVmV EH$dQ>cr. amOYmZr noQ´>moJ«mS>da Oc_mJm©Zo AmH«$_UmMr eŠ`Vm hmoVr `m_wio amOYmZrMo {R>H$mU_m°ñH$mocm ñWcm§V[aV H$aÊ`mV Amco.

✺ co{ZZÀ`m H$maH$sXuVrc _hËdmÀ`m KQ>Zm :-

1. {damoYH$m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV :-

co{ZZÀ`m gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vrcm A§VJ©V {damoYH$m§~amo~aM ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>ohr {damoY H$aV hmoVr.Ë`m§Zr a{e`mVrc à{VH«$m§VrdmÚm§Zm {MWdm`cm gwadmV Ho$cr. {deofV: PmaÀ`m H$mimVrc goZmnVr H$s

(46)

Oo AmVm gÎmonmgyZ Xÿa Pmco hmoVo Ë`m§Zr CR>md Ho$co. Ë`m§Zm Pmaemhr nwÝhm AmUm`Mr hmoVr. hm JQ>à{VH«$m§VrdmXr åhUOoM gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vrcm {damoY H$aUmam JQ> åhUyZ AmoiIcm Jocm. co{ZZcm R>ma_maÊ`mMohr à`ËZ Pmco. `m à{VH«$m§VrdmÚm§Zm {~«Q>Z, O_©Zr, PoH$moñcmoìhm{H$`m `m amîQ´>m§Mr \y$g hmoVr.PoH$ g¡Ý` a{e`mV Kwgco. nyd© a{e`mV Cac nd©VmÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Pma Am{U Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm H¡$XoVR>odco hmoVo Ë`m {XeoZo Vo OmD$ cmJco. Pmacm gmoS>dyZ Ë`m§Zm nwÝhm gÎmoda AmUÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm à`ËZ hmoVm.ho nmhÿZ a{e`Z g¡Ý`m§Zr 16 Owc¡ 1918 amoOr Pma d Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm Jmoù`m KmcyZ R>ma Ho$coË`mM~amo~a PoH$ g¡Ý`mg naVdÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm è Amco. `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV co{ZZMr YmoaUo A{YH$m{YH$H$S>H$ hmoV Jocr. àM{cV gaH$maÀ`m {damoYmV Midi H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmè`m§Zm XoeÐmohr R>adyZË`m§Zm Xohm§VmMr {ejm XoÊ`mV oB©c Ago Omhra H$aÊ`mV Amco. ~moëeo{dH$ H«$m§VrÀ`mdoir Pmcm ZmhrBVH$m aº$nmV hr H«$m§Vr {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Pmcm. naH$s`m§er cT>V AgVmZm cmImo a{e`Z g¡{ZH$ _macoJoco. `m H«$m§VrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrc KQ>Zm§_wio hr H«$m§Vr aº$a§{OV H«$m§Vr (Bloody Revolution) åhUyZAmoiIcr Jocr. co{ZZcm H$m_Jmam§Mr hþHw$_emhr àñWm{nV H$am`Mr hmoVr åhUyZM Ë`mZo Am{U Ë`mÀ`mAZw m`m§Zr I§~ranUo `m g§H$Q>m§Mm gm_Zm Ho$cm.

2. Q´>m°Q>ñH$sMr y{_H$m :-

co{ZZÀ`m gaH$macm ñdH$s`m§À`m {damoYmMm gm_Zm H$amdm cmJV hmoVm. EH$m AWu hr a{e`mVrc`mXdrM hmoVr. hr _moSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mV Q´>m°Q>ñH$sMr ^y{_H$m _hËdmMr R>acr. à^mdr ì`{º$_ËdmÀ`m Q´>m°Q>ñH$sZoCÎm_ dº¥$Ëd Am{U `moOZm~Õ dmQ>Mmc `m Omoamda Ë`mZo cmc goZm C^r Ho$cr. PmaH$mcrZ cîH$argoZm§ZtZm Amnë`m ~mOycm di{dÊ`mV Vmo èñdr Pmcm. g¡{ZH$m§À`m _Zmda H«$m§VrMo _hËd Ë`mZoq~~{dco. Ago nmM cmI à{e{jV {Zð>mdmZ g¡{ZH$ à{VH«$m§VrdmÚm§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m Ydc goZo{déÕcT>co. Ë`mMà_mUo naH$s` g¡Ý`mÀ`m dmQ>Mmcrg Ë`m§Zr à{V~§Y KmVcm. naH$s`m§Zr à{VH«$m§VrdmÚm§À`mg¡Ý`mg _XV Ho$cr nU Z§Va hiyhiy Vo hr _mKmar {\$aco. 1921 n`ªV Ë`m§À`m Vmã`mVrc a{e`m ñdV§ÌhmoD$ cmJcm. cmc goZog a{e`mVrc H$m_Jma - eoVH$è`m§Mmhr nmqR>~m {_imcm.

3. CÚmoJm§Mo amîQ´>r`rH$aU :-

ImUr, Voc{dhrar, aoëdo B. _hËdmMo CÚmoJ gaH$maÀ`m Vmã`mV KoÊ`mV Amco. gaH$mar CÚmoJì`dgm`mgmR>r `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. AÞYmÝ` Am{U BVa JaOm§À`m dñVy§Mo dmQ>nhr gaH$maZoñdVÀ`m Vmã`mV KodyZ {Z`§{ÌV dmQ>nmMr nÕV gwê$ Ho$cr. Am`mV - {Z`m©Vhr gaH$maZo Vmã`mV KoVcr.dmagm h¸$ ZîQ> H$ê$Z l_mg _hËd XoUmam H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

4. eoVO{_ZrMo amîQ´>r`rH$aU :-

gÎmoV Amë`m~amo~a co{ZZZo eoVO{_Zr {df`H$ AZoH$ H$m`Xo nmg Ho$co. O_rZ amîQ´>mÀ`m _mcH$sMramhrc ho Omhra Ho$co. O_rZ Ho$di H$gÊ`mMm A{YH$ma eoVH$è`mcm amhrc Ë`mcm Vr {dH«$s H$aVm òUma

(47)

Zmhr qH$dm H$O©VmaU åhUyZ dmnaVm oUma Zmhr. AWdm ^mSo>nÅ>rZo Xþgè`mcm XoVm oUma Zmhr Agogm§{JVco Joë`mZo eoVH$ar dJm©V Ag_mYmZmMo dmVmdaU V`ma Pmco. YmÝ` ì`dhmamMr _ºo$Xmar nÕVñdrH$maÊ`mV òD$Z ^md{Z`§ÌU Am{U YmÝ` {dVaUmgmR>r _Ü`dVu g{_Vr {Z`wº$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.H$moUmcm {H$Vr O_rZ H$gÊ`mgmR>r Úm`Mr ho ñWm{ZH$ gmopìhEVg R>adUma hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Zr JaOonwaVoYmÝ` R>odyZ Cd©[aV gaH$maH$So> Úmdo Ago ~§YZ KmcÊ`mV Amco. `m ~Xë`mV eoVH$è`m§Zm O_rZ _hgycÚmdm cmJUma ZìhVm. gd© OZVocm OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§Mm nwadR>m gaH$ma_m\©$V H$aÊ`mV oUma hmoVm.

5. Zdo Am{W©H$ YmoaU (NEP - New Economic Policy) :-

co{ZZZo àM{cV AW©ì`dñWoV AZoH$ ~Xc H$aV CËnmXZmMr gmYZo gaH$maÀ`m Vmã`mV KoVcr._mÌ `m JmoîQ>rMm {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr AmUIrZM Kgacr. O{_ZrMr _mcH$sZgë`m_wio Am{U CËnm{XV YmÝ`mMm _moR>m {hñgm gaH$macm Úmdm cmJV Agë`m_wio eoVr H$gUmè`meoVH$ar dJm©V ZmamOr ngacr. eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo Ë`m§Zr ~§X Ho$co. Ë`m_wio 1913 À`m YmÝ`CËnmXZmÀ`m VwcZoV 1920 gmcr Ho$di XmoZ n§M_m§e BVHo$M CËnmXZ Pmco. XþîH$mim_wio Cnmg_ma,amoJamB© dmT>cr. YmÝ` Am`mV H$amdo cmJco. eoVH$è`m§Mm g§Vmn CR>mdmÀ`mê$nmZo ~mhoa nSy> cmJcm. CÚmoJjoÌmVhr AerM n[apñWVr hmoVr. H$maImZo ñd~imda Mmc{dÊ`mMm AZw d ZgUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm `mo½`àH$mao H$maImZo Mmc{dUo AeŠ` ~Zco. CËnmXZmMm doJ Am{U XOm© Kgacm. Vo ~o{eñV dV©Z H$ê$cmJco. AÞYmÝ`mMr Vrd« Q>§MmB©, doVZ {_iÊ`mMr A{Z{üVVm `m_wio g§n hmoD$ cmJco. CËnmXZmV IynKQ> Pmcr.

Aer hr gd© n[apñWVr nmhÿZ gmå`dmXmMm H$Å>a nwañH$Vm© Agcoë`m co{ZZZo AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m~m~VrV _mKma KoV Zdo Am{W©H$ YmoaU (NEP) ñdrH$maco. `m_Ü o gmå`dmX Am{U ^m§S>dcemhrVrc_Ü`_ _mJ© ñdrH$macm hmoVm. `m_Üò eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar gº$sMr YmÝ` dgycr aÔ Ho$cr Am{UË`mEodOr O_rZ _hgyc gwê$ Ho$cm. eoVH$è`mcm Ë`mMo CËnmXZ ~mOmamV {dH$Ê`mMr, Z\$m KoÊ`mMrnadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr. ImOJr nmVirda OZmdao nmiÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr. AdOS> CÚmoJgaH$maÀ`m Vmã`mV Va chmZ CÚmoJ ImOJr nmVirda Mmc{dÊ`mg nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr. ^m§S>dcemhrà_mUoH$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mà_mUo doVZ {Xco OmUma hmoVo. cKwCÚmoOH$m§Zm CËnmXZ ~mOmanoR>oV {dH$Ê`mMr nadmZJr{_imcr. _wº$ ~mOmanÕV ñdrH$macr. ~±H$m_m\©$V ^m§S>dc H$Om©D$ XoÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr .~±H$m§Mo A{YH$ma dmT>dco. `mZ§Va CËnmXZmV cjUr` dmT> Pmcr. cmJdS>rImcr O_rZrMo joÌ dmT>co.Iwë`m ~mOmamV Amdí`H$ dñVw {_iy cmJë`m_wio OZVoVcm Ag§Vmof H$_r hmoD$ cmJcm, co{ZZ gaH$macmAgcocm YmoH$m H$_r Pmcm. ^m§S>dcemhr VËdm§er H$amdr cmJcocr hr VmËnwaVr VS>OmoS> AgyZ ^{dî`mV

nwÝhm nwU©nUo gmå`dmXr gÎmm àñWm{nV hmoB©c Aer co{ZZMr ImÌr hmoVr.

6. ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr :-

1917 À`m amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Va gmopìhEV _hmg oZo nyduMr KQ>Zm aÔ Ho$cr. 10 Owc¡ 1918 amoOr

(48)

Zdr amÁ`KQ>Zm A§_cmV AmUcr Jocr. a{e`mV `mZwgma a{e`Z gmoe°{cñQ> \o$S>aoQ>oS> gmopìhEV

[anpãcH$ (RSFSR) ApñVËdmV Amco. gmopìhEV JUamÁ`mMr H$m`©H$mar gÎmm H|$Ðr` g{_VrÀ`m

Vmã`mV {Xcr Jocr. gÎmm pñWa Pmë`mda Xþgar amÁ`KQ>Zm 6 Owc¡ 1923 amoOr A§_cmV AmUcr Jocr.

Ë`mZwgma gd© JUamÁò EH${ÌV H$ê$Z `w{Z`Z Am°\$ gmoe°{cñQ> gmopìhEV [anpãcH$ (USSR) Mr ñWmnZm

H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m_Ü o H$å w{ZñQ> njmMo dM©ñd gd© nmVirda amhrc `mMr H$miOr KoÊ`mV Amcr

hmoVr.

a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrMm {eënH$ma åhUyZ coZrZMo Zmd KoVco OmVo. H$Å>a _mŠg©dmXr, Xoeào_r, gwk

ì`dhmar, VËdk co{ZZZo Ë`mMo gd© Am wî`M XoemgmR>r dmhÿZ KoVco. _wcJm_r {dMmam§À`m coZrZZo Ho$coco

J«§W{cImU _hËdnyU© hmoVo. "B§{narA{cP_', "X cmñQ> ñQ>oO Am°\$ H°${nQ>°crP_', "ñQ>oQ> A±S> [aìhm°ë weZ'

hr Ë`mMr nwñVHo$ H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm àoaUm XoUmar R>acr. Ë`mMo {dMma co{ZZdmX åhUyZ à{gÕ Pmco.

H$m_Jmam§Mr hþHw$_emhr ApñVËdmV `mdr `mgmR>r Ë`mZo à`ËZ Ho$co. H«$m§VrZ§Va a{e`mV OUy co{ZZMr

hþHy$_emhrM àñWm{nV Pmcr hmoVr. _mÌ `m_mJMr {dMmaYmam doJir hmoVr. H$m_Jmam§Mo amÁ` Ë`mcm

àñWm{nV H$am`Mo hmoVo Ë`mgmR>r Á`m Á`m JmoîQ>r H$amì`m cmJë`m Ë`m Ë`mZo Ho$ë`m. Vmo Oar n¸$m

gmå`dmXr Agcm Var `mo½` doir _mKma KoÊ`mMm ehmUnUm Ë`mZo XmI{dcm. Zdo Am{W©H$ YmoaU ho Ë`mMo

_w»` CXmhaU gm§JVm òB©c. H«$m§Vr {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Ho$cocr XS>nemhr, Pmcocm aº$nmV, MoH$mMr

{Z{_©Vr `m_wio Ë`mÀ`mda Q>rH$mhr Iyn Pmcr. Ë`mMdoir gm_mÝ` OZVoH$Sy>Z Ë`mcm ào_hr {_imco. Ë`mMo

H$m © Zì`m B{Vhmgmcm KS>{dUmao R>aco. H$mc© _mŠg©Mo H$m_Jmam§À`m hþHw$_emhrMo ñdßZ co{ZZZo àË`jmV

AmUco.



1. ^m§S>dcemhr {damoYmV ......... `m amîQ´>mZo co{ZZcm _XV Ho$cr .

A) MrZ ~) O_©Zr H$) {~«Q>Z S>) \«$mÝg.

2. ~moëeopìhH$m§Mr goZm ............... `m ZmdmZo AmoiIcr OmV Ago.

A) h[aVgoZm ~) cmc goZm H$) {ndir goZm S>) ìhmB©Q> Am_u.

3. ................. `mMo gaH$ma CcWdyZ co{ZZZo ñdV: H$So> gÎmm KoVcr.

A) Om°O© Ecdm°d ~) Pma {ZH$mocg H$) Ho$aoÝñH$s S>) Q´>m°Q>ñH$s.

4. co{ZZÀ`m H$mimV Xþgar amÁ`KQ>Zm ............ `m {Xder A§_cmV Amcr.

A) 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1918 ~) 6 Owc¡ 1923

H$) 20 Owc¡ 1922 S>) 15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1920.

(49)

5. A§VJ©V {damoYH$m§Zm g§n{dÊ`mgmR>r ........... hr g§KQ>Zm co{ZZZo {Z_m©U Ho$cr.

A) MoH$m ~) JoñQ>nmo H$) gmo{dEV S>) [anpãcH$.

2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

1. Pma, ParZm - amo_moZm°ìh KamÊ`mVrc amOm§g Pma Am{U amUrg ParZm Ago åhQ>co OmV

hmoVo.

2. S> w_m - 1906 _Üò a{e`mV {ÛJ¥hr H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo _§S>i ñWmnZ Pmco. Ë`mVrc

cmoH${Zdm©{MV H${ZîQ>J¥hmcm S> w_m (g§gX) Ago åhQ>co OmV Ago.

3. yXmg - H«$m§Vrnyd© H$mimVrc a{e`mVrc eoVrV H$m_ H$aUmam dJ©, yXmgm§Odi ñdV:Mr

eoVr ZìhVr, C_amdm§À`m eoVrda `m§Zm am~mdo cmJo.

4. gmopìhEV - H$m_Jmam§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ Pmcocr H$m_Jma à{V{ZYtMr H|$Ðr`

g{_Vr

5. H$mc© _mŠg© - OJà{gÕ AW©emók Am{U H$m_Jma amÁ`mMm n{hcm nwañH$Vm©, H$mc© _mŠg©

`mZo ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWoMo {dûcofU H$ê$Z Xmg H°{nQ>c `m J«§WmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr.

6. gmå`dmX (Communism) - g_mOmVrc g§nÎmr gdmªÀ`m _mcH$sMr Agmdr, g§K{Q>V

l_m§Ûmao {Z{_©V CËnmXZ Am{U {VMo {dVaU àË oH$mÀ`m JaOoà_mUo ìhmdo, g_mOmÀ`m eº$s¨Mm

{dH$mg ìhmdm d A§{V_V… d¡{œH$ ñVamda dJ©{dhrZ g_mO ñWmnZ ìhmdm, H$s OoWo _Zwî`

Amnë`m gd© àH$maÀ`m j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$amd`mg _wº$ Agoc Ago gm§JUmar {dMmaàUmcr

hmo .

7. cmc goZm (Red Guards) - à{VH«$m§VrdmÚm§Mm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Q´>m°Q>ñH$sZo C^m Ho$cocr

goZm . `m_Ü o gm_mÝ` eoVH$ar , H$m_Jma gh^mJr Pmco hmoVo . gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m

P|S>çmMm a§J cmc Agë`mZo `m goZog cmc goZm Ago Zmd {Xco Joco.

8. MoH$m - `wÕH$mcrZ n[apñWVrV co{ZZZo ñWmnZ Ho$cocr JwßVhoa g§KQ>Zm.

9. ~wÂdm© H«$m§Vr - _mM© 1917 _Ü o Om°O© Ecdm°dMo gaH$ma gÎmoda Amco. Ë`mÀ`m _§{Ì_§S>imV

gaXma, ^m§S>dcXma, Y{ZH$ ì`mnmar dJm©Mo à{V{ZYr hmoVo. Ho$di Ho$aoÝñH$s hmM gmoem{cñQ>

[aìhmë weZar njmMm ZoVm `m_Ü o hmoVm. åhUyZ `m gÎmm~XcmMo dU©Z H$mhr B{VhmgH$ma

~wÂdm© H«$m§Vr Ago H$aVmV. åhUOoM amOgÎmm OmD$Z gÎmmgyÌo hr g_mOmVrc lr_§V _Ü`_

dJm©À`m hmVr Amcr. H$mc© _mŠg©À`m _Vo, "N>moQ>o H$maImZXma, XþH$mZXma, H$mamJra, eoVH$ar

(50)

dJ© ho gJio ~wÂdm© dJm©Vrc hmoV. ~wÂdm© ho H«$m§VrH$mar ZgVmV. qH$~hÿZm Vo à{VJm_r

AgVmV. BWë`m cmoH$m§M Vo ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV, H$m_Jma _mÌ `m ~wÂdmªnojm doJim Amho. Vmo

Iam H«$m§VrH$mar Amho. _mÌ ~wÂdm© dJ© Vgm Zmhr.

10. amgnwQ>rZ : J«oJar E\$s_mopìhM (1870 Vo 1916) _yiMm g¡~o[a`mMm {Zdmgr hmoVm.

~mocr^mfoV Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmMm AW© ì`m{^Mmar Agm hmoVmo. ñdV:cm Y_m}nXoeH$ åhUyZ KoUmam

amgnwQ>rZ Pma-P[aZmÀ`m EHw$cË`m EH$ AmOmar _wcmcm X¡dr eŠVrÀ`m Omoamda ~ao H$aÊ`mÀ`m

~hmÊ`mZo amOdmS>çmV Amcm. Pma-P[aZmda Ë`mMm {dcjU à^md nS>cm. Vo XmoKo Ë`mÀ`m

gëë`mZo dV©Z H$ê$ cmJco. _hÎdmMo {ZU© gwÜXm Ë`mcm {dMmê$Z KoVco OmV AgV. Ë`mcm

Xa~mamVyZ hmH$cdUo H$moUmcmhr O_co Zmhr. Xa~mamVrc H$mhr _§S>irZr Ë`mcm 30 {S>g|~a

1956 _Ü o R>ma Ho$co.


✺ ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1 Mr CÎmao :-

1) {ZH$mocg.

2) J°nmoZ.

3) OnmZ.

4) gmo{dEV.

5) {nQ>g©~J© gmo{dEV.


1) amo_moZm°d.

2) _m°pŠP_ Jm°H$r©.

3) H$mc© _mŠg©.

4) ~«oñQ> {cQ>moìhmñH$.

5) Ho$aoÝñH$s.


1) O_©Zr.

(51)

2) cmc goZm.

3) Ho$aoÝñH$s.

4) 6 Owc¡ 1923.

5) MoH$m.

2.5 gmam§e

a{e`mda gw_mao VrZeo df© amo_moZm°ìh KamÊ`mMr gÎmm hmoVr. Pma ho X¡dr {gÕmVm§Mo Am{U A§{Z §{ÌV

amOgÎmoMo g_W©H$ hmoVo. ñdV:À`m A_`m©X A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$aV Ë`m§Zr gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoda AÝ`m`

Ho$cm. a{e`mV {dgmì`m eVH$mMr gwadmV `mM Pmaemhr {déÕÀ`m H«$m§VrZo Pmcr.1905 _Ü o Pmcocr

H«$m§Vr Aèñdr Pmcr Var AÝ`m`m{déÕ EH${ÌV hmoÊ`mMo _hËd a{e`Z OZVocm H$ico. `m H«$m§VrZo

Pmacm OZVogmR>r {ZU© KoUo ^mJ nS>co. gmo{dEVMr ñWmnZm hr `m H$mimVcr _hËdmMr KQ>Zm hmoVr.

H$m_JmadJ© `m_wio g§K{Q>V hmoV Jocm. `m g§K{Q>V e{º$g_moa Pmacm _mKma ¿`mdr cmJcr. `m_wio 1917

À`m amÁ`H«$m§VrMr hr OUy a§JrV Vmcr_M R>acr.

H$mc© _mŠg©À`m gmå`dmXr VËdkmZmda AmYm[aV 1917 Mr a{e`mV Pmcocr amÁ`H«$m§Vr hr Ho$di

a{e`mVë`mM Zìho Va OJmVë`m àñWm{nV ì`dñWm§Zm Am{U {dMmam§Zm AmìhmZ XoUmar R>acr. dfm©Zwdf©

PmaemhrMm AÝ`m` ghZ H$aUmè`m a{e`Z g_mOmg H«$m§VrgmR>r CÚwº$ H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© co{ZZ Am{U

Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`mZr Ho$co. amOoemhr CcWD$Z cmdV H$m_Jmam§Mo amÁ` AmUUmao Am{U gmå`dmX àñWm{nV

H$aUmao a{e`m ho OJmVrc n{hcoM amîQ´> R>aco. `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV a{e`mMm Moham _mohamM ~Xccm.

A_o[aHo$À`m VmoS>rMo a{e`m ho amîQ´> V`ma Pmco. CXma_VdmXr YmoaU, ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`, cmoH$emhr, g§gXr`

amÁ`nÕVr, Ë`mM~amo~a m§S>dcemhr AW©ì`dñWocm Am{U m AW©ì`dñWoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m g_mOì`dñWocmhr

AmìhmZ XoÊ`mMo H$m © a{e`Z gmå`dmXmZo Ho$co. ^m§S>dcemhr {déÕ gmå`dmX Agm g§Kf© OJmÀ`m

amOH$maUmV `m H«$m§VrZ§Va gwé Pmcm. OmJ{VH$ n[aUm_m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVcm Va BVa H$moUË`mhr H«$m§Vrnojm

`m H«$m§Vrcm _hËdnyU© ñWmZ àmßV Pmco Amho.

1917 À`m ~moëeo{dH$ amÁ`H«$m§VrMm {eënH$ma åhUyZ co{ZZMm C„oI H$amdm cmJVmo. AË §V

à{VHy$c n[apñWVrV Ë`mZo AmIcoë`m `moOZm, H«$m§Vr àË`jmV òÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Vr pñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Ë`mMo à`ËZ `m_wio H«$m§Vr èñdr hmoD$ eH$cr. ñdV:Mo nyU© Am wî`M Ë`mZo `m H«$m§VrgmR>r dmhÿZ KoVco.

gd©gm_mÝ` a{e`Z OZVoMo Ë`mcm â^ê$Z ào_ {_imco. Ë`mÀ`m àoaH$ ZoV¥Ëdm_wioM H$m_Jmam§Mr OJmVrc

n{hcr gÎmm a{e`mV ñWmnZ Pmcr. Ë`mZo KoVcoë`m {d{dY {ZU© m_wio a{e`mMr _hmgÎmm hmoÊ`mH$So>

dmQ>Mmc gwê$ Pmcr. ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>m§À`m Vmã`mV AgUmè`m AZoH$ amîQ´>m§Zm ñdmV§Í` cT>çmgmR>r àoaUm

XoÊ`mMo H$m`© a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZo Ho$co.

(52)


2.6.1 XrKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. a{e`mVrc 1905 _Yrc H«$m§VrÀ`m _hËdmÀ`m Q>ß`m§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m .

2. 1917 À`m a{e`mVrc ~moëeodrH$ H«$m§Vrg H$maUr^yV R>acoë`m n[apñWVrMo dU©Z H$am.

3. 1917 À`m a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_ {chm

4. 1917 À`m ~moëeodrH$ H«$m§VrVrc co{ZZÀ`m ^y{_Ho$Mo _yë`m§H$Z H$am.

2.6.2 {Q>nm {chm.

1. aŠVa§{OV a{ddma.

2. co{ZZ.

2. a{e`mVrc h§Jm_r gaH$ma.

3. ~moëeodrH$ H«$m§Vr.

4. a{e`m Am{U n{hco _hm wÕ.

2.7 g§X^© J«§W

1. d¡Ú gw_Z, a{e`mMm B{Vhmg (B. g. 1860 Vo 1964), _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W {Z{_©Vr_§S>i, Ame` àH$meZ ZmJnya, 1980.

2. Ho$. gmJa, AmYw{ZH$ OJmMm B{Vhmg, Ho$ gmJa npãcHo$eZ, nwUo, 1995.

3. Jm`H$dmS>, H$X_, WmoamV, AmYw{ZH$ OJmMm B{Vhmg, (1890 Vo 1920) _§Joe àH$meZ,ZmJnya.

4. H$X_ `. Zm., AmYw{ZH$ OJ- ^mJ 2, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, 2010.

5. Omoer nr. Or., {dgmì`m eVH$mMm B{Vhmg, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya .

6. _amR>r {dœH$moe, S>m°. {dO`m dmS> (g§nm.) _hmamîQ´> amÁ` _amR>r {dœH$moe {Z{_©Vr _§S>i,_w§~B©.

7. {eaJmdH$a eamdVr, AmYw{ZH$ wamon (B. g. 1789 Vo 1960) _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W{Z{_©Vr _§S>i, lr {dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo, 1988.

8. Ho$eÅ>rdma Ho$._w., Adm©MrZ wamon (B.g.1789 Vo 1945) nS>Jrcdma àH$meZ, ZmJnwa,1971.

9. JJ} g. _m. (g§nm.) ^maVr` g_mO {dkmZ H$moe-2, _ohVm npãcqeJ hmD$g, H$moëhmnya,2017.

❅ ❅ ❅

(53)

KQ>H$-3

~moëeo{dH$ gÎmoMo gwÑT>rH$aU

( Bolshevik Consolidation of Power : 1917-1922 )--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AZwH«$_{UH$m

3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 {dMmaYmam

3.2.2 gmopìh`V emgZmMr YmoaUo (1918-21)

3.2.3 wÕH$mcrZ gmå`dmX Am{U Zd Am{W©H$ YmoaU

3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©


3.5 gmam§e


3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm -

✺ ~moëeo{dH$ njmÀ`m {dMmagaUrMr AmoiI hmoB©c.

✺ gZ 1918 Vo 1921 `m H$mimVrc gmopìh`V emgZmÀ`m YmoaUm§Mr _m{hVr {_ioc.

✺ gmopìh`V emgZmÀ`m wÕH$m{cZgmå`dmXmMr _m{hVr {_ioc.

✺ co{ZZÀ`m Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMo kmZ hmoB©c.

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

_mJrc KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU a{e`mVrc Am°ŠQ>mo~a H«$m§Vr Am{U Ë`mVrc co{ZZMr y{_H$m Aä`mgcr.àñVwV KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU Am°ŠQ>mo~a H«$m§VrZ§Va gÎmoda Amcoë`m ~moëeo{dH$ njmÀ`m {dMmagaUrMm, gZ1918 Vo 1921 `m H$mimVrc gmopìh`V emgZmMo YmoaU, wÕH$mcrZgmå`dmX Am{U Zdo Am{W©H$ YmoaU

(54)

`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. \o$~«wdmar Am{U Am°ŠQ>mo~a H«$m§VrÀ`m Xaå`mZ Pmcocr KS>m_moS>t_wio

a{e`m_Yrc emgZ ì`dñWm nyU©V… H$moc_S>cr hmoVr. co{ZZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcrc a{e`Z gmå`dmÚm§À`m

~moëeo{dH$ JQ>mZo a{e`mMr gÎmm hmVr KoD$Z Ë`mV Am_ycmJ« ~Xc H$aV 1921-22 n ªV a{e`m_Ü o ñW¡ ©

AmUco. gZ 1918-1921 _Yrc `m KS>m_moS>tZr geº$ gmopìh`V g§KmMr nm`mâUr Ho$cr, Á`mZo g§nyU©

{dgmì`m eVH$mV EH$ _hmgÎmm åhUyZ Amncm à^md JmOdcm.

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 {dMmaYmam

Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1917 À`m H«$m§Vr_Ü o co{ZZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr a{e`mMr gÎmm H$m~rO H$aUmè`m JQ>mcm

~moëeo{dH$ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. ~moëeo{dH$ JQ> hm a{e`Z gmoem{cñQ> So>_moH«°${Q>H$ dH©$g© nmQ>uMm EH$

JQ> hmoVm. ~moëeo{dH$ eãXmMm AW© ~hþ_VmMo Agm hmoVmo. Am°ŠQ>mo~a H«$m§VrZ§Va ~moëeo{dH$ JQ> hm

gmå`dmXr nj åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmD$ cmJcm.

gZ 1903 _Yrc a{e`Z gmoem{cñQ> So>_moH«°${Q>H$ dH©$g© nmQ>uÀ`m Xþgè`m A{YdoeZmV co{ZZÀ`m

AZw m`rZr njmMo gXñ`Ëd \$º$ nyU©doi H«$m§{VH$maH$m§ZmM Úmdo Aer _mJUr cmdyZ Yacr Am{U njmÀ`m

H|$Ðr` g{_Vr_Ü o ~hþ_V {_idV njmÀ`m BñH$am `m d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m g§nmXH$ _§S>imda ñWmZ {_idco.

`mdoir Ë`m§Zr ñdV: cm ~moëeo{dH$ åhUOo ~hþ_V AgUmao Am{U Amnë`m {damoYH$m§Zm _oÝeo{dH$ åhUOo

Aën_V AgUmao åhUÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. gZ 1905 À`m H«$m§VrV XmoÝhr JQ>m§Zr EH${ÌVnUo ^mJ KoVcm

Am{U Ë`m§À`mV XmoZ doim _V oX {_Q>dÊ`mMo à`ËZ Pmco. XmoÝhr JQ>m§V g_PmoË`mMo à`ËZ hmoD$Z XoIrc

Ë`m§MmVrc _V oX Am{U Xþamdm dmT>VM Jocm.

~moëeo{dH$ {dMmagaUr H$mc© _mŠg©À`m {dMmagaUrda AmYmacocr hmoVr. ~moëeo{dH$ {dMmagaUr

A{VH|${ÐV, {eñV~Õ Am{U nyU©doi njmMm AmJ«h YaV Ago. n{hë`m S>çw_m gmR>r 1906 _Ü o Pmcoë`m

{ZdS>UwH$m§da Ë`m§Zr ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$cm hmoVm. ~moëeo{dH$m§Zr gaH$ma gmo~V Am{U Xþgè`m amOH$s` njm§gmo~V

ghH$m © H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xcm. ~moëeo{dH$ njmÀ`m IMm©gmR>r XamoSo> KmcÊ`mg XoIrc J¡a _mZV

ZìhVo. _oÝeo{dH$ Am{U BVa gm_m{OH$ cmoH$emhrdmÚm§Zm ~moëeo{dH$m§Mr n¡go C o H$aÊ`mMr hr nÕV

_mÝ` ZìhVr.

gZ 1912 _Ü o co{ZZZo Amnë`m WmoS>çm gmWrXmam§Zm KoD$Z EH$ doJir ~moëeo{dH$ g§KQ>Zm

~Zdcr. Amnë`m JQ>mcm EH${ÌV R>odÊ`mMm co{ZZMm à`ËZ hmoVm. _mÌ co{ZZÀ`m amOZ¡{VH$ S>mdnoMm§er

Am{U {dMmaYmaoer Agh_V AgUmao Am{U nmoWr{Zð> _mŠg©dmXr AgUmao H$mhr ~moëeo{dH$ Ë`mÀ`mnmgyZ

Xþamdco. VarXoIrc ~moëeo{dH$m§Mr cmoH${à`Vm ehar H$m_Jmam§À`m Am{U g¡{ZH$m§À`m _Ü o dmT>V Jocr.

\o$~«wdmar 1917 À`m H«$m§VrZ§Va co{ZZÀ`m a{e`mVrc nwZamJ_ZmZ§Va ~moëeo{dH$m§Mr cmoH${à`Vm àM§S>

(55)

dmT>cr. co{ZZZo a{e`mV naV Amë`mZ§Va em§VVoMr Am{U H$m_Jmam§À`m g{_Ë`m qH$dm gmopìh`V `m§Zr

gÎmm hmVr ¿`mdr Aer _mJUr Ho$cr. Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mV noQ´>moJ«mS> Am{U _m°ñH$mo oWrc gmopìh`V _Ü o

~moëeo{dH$m§Mo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Pmco hmoVo. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1917 À`m H«$m§VrZ§Va h§Jm_r gaH$ma CcWdyZ

Q>mH$ë`mZ§Va gmopìh`VZr gÎmoda Am{U àemgZmda {Z §ÌU {_idco.

Am°ŠQ>mo~a H«$m§VrZ§Va ~moëeo{dH$m§Zr S>mì`m g_mOdmXr H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm dJiyZ BVa H«$m§{VH$mar

njm§Zm Am{U JQ>m§Zm gÎmoV gh^mJr H$éZ KoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xcm. ~moëeo{dH$m§Zr gÎmm H$m~rO Ho$ë`mZ§Va

Amnë`m à{VñnÜ`mªZm Zm_mohaU H$ê$Z a{e`mda Amnë`m njmMo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$co. _mM© 1918 _Ü o

Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m njmMo Zm_H$aU a{e`Z H$å w{ZñQ> nmQ>u (~moëeo{dH$) Ago Ho$co. nwT>o 1925 _Ü o Vo Zmd

~XcyZ "Am°c y{Z`Z H$å w{ZñQ> nmQ>u' (~moëeo{dH$) Ago Zmd YmaU Ho$co. eodQ>r Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1952 amoOr

H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>u Am°\$ gmopìh`V `y{Z`Z Ago Zmd YmaU Ho$co.

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1

(A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) ~moëeo{dH$ `m eãXmMm AW© H$m`?

2) ~moëeo{dH$ {dMmagaUr H$moUmÀ`m {dMmam§da AmYmacocr hmoVr?

3) Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mV H$moUË`m gmopìh`V _Ü o ~moëeo{dH$m§Mo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Pmco hmoVo?

4) gZ 1903 _Yrc a{e`Z gmoem{cñQ> So>_moH«°${Q>H$ dH©$g© nmQ>uÀ`m Xþgè`m A{YdoeZmV

co{ZZÀ`m AZw m`m§Zr H$moUVr _mJUr cmdyZ Yacr?

5) co{ZZZo a{e`mV naV Amë`mZ§Va H$moUË`m _mJÊ`m Ho$ë`m?

(~) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

1) ~moëeo{dH$ JQ> hm .............. Mm EH$ JQ> hmoVm.

2) ~moëeo{dH$ Amnë`m {damoYH$m§Zm ............. åhUOo Aën_V AgUmao åhUV AgV.

3) ................. {dMmagaUr A{VH|${ÐV, {eñV~Õ Am{U nyU©doi njmMm AmJ«h YaV Ago.

4) \o$~«wdmar 1917 À`m H«$m§VrZ§Va ................ À`m a{e`mVrc nwZamJ_ZmZ§Va ~moëeo{dH$m§Mr

cmoH${à`Vm àM§S> dmT>cr.

5) Am°ŠQ>mo~a H«$m§VrZ§Va ~moëeo{dH$m§Zr ................ H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zm dJiyZ BVa H«$m§{VH$mar

njm§Zm Am{U JQ>m§Zm gÎmoV gh^mJr H$éZ KoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xcm.

(56)

3.2.2 gmopìh`V emgZmMr YmoaUo (1918-21)

gZ 1917 À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a H«$m§VrZ§Va a{e`mMr gÎmm ~moëeo{dH$ njmÀ`m Vmã`mV Amcr. gZ

1918 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma gmopìh`V g§KmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. gZ 1918 À`m KQ>ZoZo a{e`mVrc

l{_H$m§Zm a{e`mMm gÎmmYmar dJ© åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$co Am{U gd©hmamMr hþHw$_emhr àñWm{nV Pmë`mMr

KmofUm Ho$cr. a{e`mVrc gmopìh`V g§K ho OJmVrc n{hco amÁ`KQ>ZmË_H$ g_mOdmXr emgZ åhUyZ

AmoiIco OmVo.

H«$m§VrZ§Va gmopìh`V g§Kmg_moa AZoH$ g_ñ`m Cä`m am{hë`m hmoË`m. `m g_ñ`m§_wio gmopìh`V g§KmV

Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` AñW¡ © {Z_m©U Pmco hmoVo. gZ 1918- 1921 Xaå`mZ gmopìh`V emgZmZo

co{ZZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr Amnë`m g_moarc AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Mm {d{dY YmoaUo am~dyZ èñdrnUo Ho$cm. `m

YmoaUm§_wio gmopìh`V g§Kmcm pñWaVm Am{U ÑT>Vm àmßV Pmcr.

co{ZZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr ~moëeo{dH$ njmZo, Omo nwT>o OmD$Z gmå`dmXr nj åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmD$

cmJcm, noQ´>moJ«mS> Vo _m°ñH$mo Agm WmoS>çm àXoemMm Vm~m {_idcm hmoVm. a{e`mgma»`m AmdmT>ì`

XoemVrc \$º$ EdT>mM àXoe Ë`m§À`m {Z §ÌUmV hmoVm. H$å w{ZñQ> {damoYr Am{U Pma g_W©H$m§Mr EH$OyQ>

hmoD$Z gmopìh`V emgZm{déÕ `mXdr wÕ gwé Ho$co. gmopìh`V g§KmÀ`m cmc g¡Ý` {damoYmV cT>Umè`m

Pma g_W©H$mZm ídoV g¡Ý` (White Army) qH$dm Ydc goZm åhUyZ AmoiIco OmD$ cmJco. `m ídoV

g¡Ý`mcm Odi Odi AmR> ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>m§Mr agX {_iV hmoVr. `mXdr wÕ gwé Pmco Ë`mdoir XoIrc

a{e`m hm n{hë`m _hm wÕmV AOyZ XoIrc gm_rc hmoVm. gmopìh`V emgZmZo gd© àW_ _hm wÕmVyZ ~mhoa

nS>Ê`mMm {ZU©` KoVcm.

n{hë`m _hm wÕmVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r gmopìh`V g§KmZo _mM© 1918 _Ü o O_©Zr Am{U Ë`mÀ`m {_Ì

amîQ´>m§er ~ocmê$g oWrc ~«oñVcrVmodñH$ oWo em§VVm H$ama Ho$cm, Á`mcm ~«oñVcrVmodñH$Mm H$ama åhUyZ

AmoiIco OmVo. `m H$amam_wio a{e`mMm _moR>m yàXoe O_©Zrcm {_iUma Agcm Var gmopìh`V g§Kmcm

_hm wÕmVyZ _mKma KoUo eŠ` Pmco.

_hm wÕmÀ`m AmKmS>rda em§VVm àñWm{nV Pmë`mZ§Va gmopìh`V emgZmZo Amnco nyU© cj A§VJ©V

`mXdr `wÕmda H|${ÐV Ho$co. {cAmoZ Q´>moQ²ñH$sÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr cmc g¡Ý`mZo EH$ EH$ H$ê$Z {d{dY JQ>mV

{d^mJcoë`m œoV g¡Ý`mMm g§nyU© nam^d H$ê$Z `mXdr wÕ g§nwîQ>mV AmUco. `m wÕmXaå`mZ cmc g¡Ý`mcm

OZVoMm _moR>çm à_mUmV nmR>t~m {_imcm.

`mXdr wÕ Mmcy AgVmZm nmoc§S>Zo a{e`mMm H$mhr àXoe Amnë`m dM©ñdmImcr AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$cm. gmopìh`V g§KmZo AmH«$_H$ YmoaU ñdrH$mê$Z nmoc§S>Mo AmH«$_U naVdyZ cmdV nmoc§S>Mrdmgm©dn ªV

(57)

YS>H$ {Xcr. nmoc§S> Am{U gmopìh`V g§K `m§À`mV em§VVm H$ama hmoD$Z ~ocmê$g Am{U `wH«o$Z `m XmoZ

àXoem§Mr XmoÝhr amîQ´>mV {d^mJUr Pmcr.

H«$m§Vr Am{U `mXdr wÕmZ§Va {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>m§da gmopìh`V emgZmZo àW_

AË`mJ«hr gmå`dmXMo YmoaU ñdrH$mê$Z _mV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. _mÌ, Ë`mV Ë`m§Zm Anè Amco.

nwT>o co{ZZZo _m§S>coë`m Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUMr A§_c~OmdUr H$ê$Z gmopìh`V g§KmZo Am{W©H$ ñW¡ ©

àmßV Ho$co.



1) gZ 1918 À`m KQ>ZoZo H$moUmMr hþHw$_emhr àñWm{nV Pmë`mMr KmofUm Ho$cr?

2) gmopìh`V g§KmZo ~«oñVcrVmodñH$ oWo em§VVm H$ama H$emgmR>r Ho$cm?

3) H$moUmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr cmc g¡Ý`mZo œoV g¡Ý`mMm g§nyU© nam^d H$ê$Z `mXdr wÕ g§nwîQ>mV

AmUco?

4) `mXdr wÕ Mmcy AgVmZm a{e`mMm àXoe Amnë`m dM©ñdmImcr AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$moUË`m

amîQ´>mZo Ho$cm?

5) gmopìh`V g§K Am{U nmoc§S>`m§À`mV H$moUË`m XmoZ àXoem§Mr {d^mJUr Pmcr?


1) gZ 1918 À`m KQ>ZoZo a{e`mVrc ................ a{e`mMm gÎmmYmar dJ© åhUyZ Kmo{fV

Ho$co.

2) a{e`mVrc .............. ho OJmVrc n{hcm amÁ`KQ>ZmË_H$ g_mOdmXr emgZ åhUyZ

AmoiIco OmVo.

3) gmopìh`V g§KmÀ`m cmc g¡Ý`{damoYmV cT>Umè`m Pma g_W©H$mZm .............. åhUyZ

AmoiIco OmD$ cmJco.

4) œoV g¡Ý`mcm Odi Odi AmR> ................. amîQ´>m§Mr agX {_iV hmoVr.

5) `mXdr wÕmXaå`mZ ................... cm _moR>çm à_mUmV OZVoMm nmR>t~m {_imcm.

(58)

3.2.3 wÕH$mcrZ gmå`dmX Am{U Zd Am{W©H$ YmoaU

Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1917 À`m H«$m§VrZ§Va `mXdr wÕ Am{U naH$s` amîQ´>m§À`m cîH$ar hñVjonm§À`m Am{U

_moS>H$irg Amcoë`m ì`dñWoÀ`m n¥ð> y_rda Zì`mZo gÎmm H$m~rO Ho$coë`m gmopìh`V emgZmcm J§ ra

Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>m§Zm gm_moao Omdo cmJco. n{hco _hm wÕ Am{U A§VJ©V AamOH$Vm `m_wio amîQ´>mMr

AW©ì`dñWm nyU© H$moc_S>cr hmoVr. ~ogw_ma _hmJmB©, H$mim~mOma,gÅ>o~mOr gd©Ì dmT>cr hmoVr. CÚmoJY§Xo

Am{U CËnmXZ W§S>mdco hmoVo. XiUdiU {dñH$irV Pmco hmoVo.H$ÀÀ`m _mcmMo gmR>o g§nwîQ>mV Amco hmoVo.

XaamoOÀ`m J§ ra g§H$Q>m§Zm Vm|S> XoUmè`m OZgm_mÝ`m§Mm AmËå`{dœmg _moS>H$irg oD$Z Ë`m§Mr Z¡{VH$

nmVir Kgacr hmoVr. AÞYÝ`mÀ`m Vrd« Q>§MmB©_wio Cnmg_marMo g§H$Q> gmopìh`V g§Kmg_moa C o R>mH$co

hmoVo. Aem n[apñWVrVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r gmopìh`V emgZmZo àW_V: wÕH$mcrZ gmå`dmXmMo YmoaU

Am{U Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV co{ZZÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio Zdo Am{W©H$ YmoaU am~dco Am{U gmopìh`V g§Kmcm Am{W©H$

g§H$Q>mVyZ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z ñW¡ © àmßV H$ê$Z {Xco.

3.2.3.1 wÕH$mcrZ gmå`dmX

gmopìh`V emgZmg_moa Cä`m am{hcoë`m Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mMo Jm§ r © cjmV KoD$Z ñW¡ © Am{U

CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r gaH$ma d ^m§S>dcXma `m§À`m_Ü o H$mhr H$mi ghH$m © àñWm{nV H$amdo Ago

E{àc 1918 _Ü o co{ZZZo gwM{dco hmoVo. nU, Vgo Ho$ë`mg g_mOdmX Am{U H«$m§VrMr C{ÔîQ>o YmoŠ`mV

oVrc Ago dmQy>Z gmå`dmXr njmZo (Vmon ªV ~moëeo{dH$ njmMo gmå`dmXr nj Ago Zm_H$aU Pmco

hmoVo.) co{ZZMr gyMZm \o$Q>miyZ cmdcr. eodQ>r, gZ 1918 _Üò VËH$mcrZ Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mcm Vm|S>

XoÊ`mH$[aVm gmo{d`V gaH$maZo AË`mJ«hr g_mOdmXMo YmoaU A§{JH$maco. `m YmoaUmZwgma gd© CÚmoJY§ÚmMo

amîQ´>r`H$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco. W§S>mdcoco CËnmXZ dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r amîQ´>mVrc gd© l_eº$scm CËnmXZ

H$m`m©gmR>r Ow§nÊ`mV Amco. Cnmg_marMo g§H$Q> Q>miÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§H$S>rc AÞYmÝ` gº$sZo Vmã`mV

KoÊ`mV oD$ cmJco. AË`mJ«hr g_mOdmX åhUyZ AmoiIco OmUmao ho YmoaU gmopìh`V g§KmZo `mXdr

wÕmÀ`m H$mimV am~dco.

28 OyZ 1918 À`m H$m`ÚmZo ~hþg§»` _moR>çm CÚmoJY§ÚmMo amîQ´>r`H$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m

H$m`ÚmZwgma gd© _hÎdmMo H$maImZo, {JaÊ`m, ImUr BË`mXr gmo{d`V gaH$maMr _mc_Îmm Agë`mMo Kmo{fV

H$aÊ`mV Amco. gdm}ƒ amîQ´>r` AW©ì`dñWm g{_VrÛmam (Supreme Council of National Economy)

`m CÚmoJm§da {Z §ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV Amco. H$maImÝ`mÀ`m H$ma^mamV H$m_Jmam§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z

KoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mMdoir gd© àH$maMo g§n ~oH$m`Xoera R>adÊ`mV Amco. gd© emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zm

Amnmnë`m joÌmV H$m_mcm dmhÿZ ¿`mdo Ago AmdmhZ H$aÊ`mV Amco. emgH$s` A{YH$mar AZwnpñWV

am{hco AWdm Ë`m§Zr H$m_mV Hw$MamB© Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Zm H$S>H$ H$madmB©Mm ~S>Jm XmIdÊ`mV Amcm. amîQ´>r`

(59)

CËnmXZ d {dVaU `m§À`mVg_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMo H$m © gdm}ƒ amîQ´>r` AW©ì`dñWm g{_VrH$So> gmon{dÊ`mV

Amco.

AÞYmÝ` d H¥$frImË`mH$So> AÞYmÝ` qH$dm OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§À`m {dVaUmMo H$m_ gmondÊ`mV

Amco. AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m Vrd« VwQ>dS>çm_wio gaH$maÛmam {Z §{ÌV YmÝ`dmQ>n nÜXVr gwé H$aÊ`mV Amcr. {deof

emar[aH$ H$îQ>mMr H$m_o H$aUmao, H$_r emar[aH$ l_mMr H$m_o H$aUmao, ~w{ÕdmXr d emar[aH$ H$îQ> Z

H$aUmao Aem Mma JQ>mV Cn^moŠ`m§Mr dJ©dmar H$aÊ`mV Amcr Am{U Ë`mà_mUmV XaamoO YmÝ` dmQ>n Ho$co

Omdy cmJco. H$m_ Z H$aUmè`m§Zm gdm©V H$_r YmÝ` XoÊ`mV oD$ cmJco.

gmopìh`V emgZmÀ`m 8 Zmoh|~a 1917 amoOrÀ`m hþHw$_mZwgma O{_ZrÀ`m ImOJr _mc_ÎmoMm h¸$ aÔ

H$aÊ`mV Amcm. gd© O_rZ, yJ^m©Vrc gd© g§nÎmr, O§Jco, nmUr ho gd© amîQ´>r` g§nÎmr åhUyZ Kmo{fV

H$aÊ`mV Amco. eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mVrc _mUgm§Mr g§»`m, Ë`m§Mr l_eº$s, JaO Am{U ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVr

cjmV KodyZ eoVH$è`m§V O{_ZrMo dmQ>n H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Zr Ë`m O{_ZrVyZ âKmog CËnmXZ

H$mT>mdo Am{U EH$ df© Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m âU nmofUmgmR>r Am{U ~r-{~`mUmcm cmJoc BVHo$M YmÝ` ñdV:

Odi R>odmdo. `m ì`{V[aº$ Amnë`mOdi am{hcoco gd© A{V[aº$ YmÝ` eoVH$è`m§Zr Am¡Úm¡{JH$ joÌmV H$m_

H$aUmè`m ehadmgr`m§gmR>r gaH$maÀ`m ñdmYrZ H$amdo. `m YmÝ`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV emgZmÛmao J«m_rU

OZVocm H$maImÝ`mVrc OrdZmdí`H$ n¸$m _mcnwadcm OmB©c Aer `moOZm hmoVr.

gmopìh`V emgZm nwT>rc AmìhmZo Am{U g§H$Q>o `m§Mo ^mZ eoVH$è`m§Zm òUo eŠ` ZìhVo. eVH$mZweVHo$

Xþ:I Am{U Xm[aÐmZo {nS>coë`m eoVH$è`mcm O_rZ {_imcr hmoVr. eoVmda am~Umè`m eoVH$è`m§Zm O_rZ

{_imcr nm{hOo hr ~moëeo{dH$m§Mr ZrVr eoVH$è`m§À`m n[aM`mMr hmoVr Am{U Ë`mgmR>rM Ë`m§Zr njmcm

nmqR>~m {Xcm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$So> Agcocr O_rZ d Ë`mVyZ H$îQ>mZo {ZKmcoco nrH$ `mda Ho$di

Ë`m§MmM h¸$ Amho EdT>oM Ë`m§Zm g_OV hmoVo. ehamVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ W§S>mdë`m_wio YmÝ`mÀ`m

n¸$m _mc nwa{dUo gaH$macmhr eŠ` hmoV ZìhVo. ~ogw_ma _hmJmB©_wio é~cMr Iyn KgaU Pmcr

hmoVr Am{U Ë`m H$mJXr McZmcm H$mhrhr qH$_V Cacr ZìhVr. ehar OZVocm AÞYmÝ` nwadÊ`mgmR>r

gaH$ma eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z O~arZo YmÝ`dgwcr H$ê$ cmJco. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr Ago {XgVmM

gaH$maZo geó ñd §godH$mÀ`m VwH$S>çm J«m_rU {d^mJmV nmR>dÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar dJm©V

Ag§Vmof dmTy> cmJcm. eoVH$ar YmÝ`mMo gmR>o H$ê$Z Vo cndyZ R>ody cmJco na§Vw Vohr gaH$maÀ`m ZOaoVyZ

gwQ>V Zmhr Ago {XgVmM, ñdV…À`m JaOonwaVo CËnmXZ H$ê$ cmJco. _mÌ Ë`m_wio a{e`mMo H¥$fr CËnmXZ

EH$X_ KQ>co.

`m gd© n[apñWVrMo n[aUm_ gaH$maÀ`m Am{U amîQ´>mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo KmVH$ R>aco. eham§Mr Cnmg_ma

hmody cmJcr, YmÝ`mMm H$mim~mOma _moR>çm à_mUmV gwé Pmcm. ehamVrc ~mOma Amog nS>co. KamVrc

(60)

nwñVHo$, H$nSo> d AÝ` dñVy KoD$Z Ë`m _mo~Xë`mV YmÝ` {_idÊ`mÀ`m AmeoZo ehadmgr cmoH$m§Mm AmoK

IoS>çm§H$So> diy cmJcm. hm ~oH$m`Xoera YmÝ` ì`mnma ~§X H$aÊ`mH$[aVm cmc g¡{ZH$ Ë`m§Zm AS>dy cmJco.

amîQ´>mMr Cnmg_ma hmody cmJcr. Aem g§H$Q>_` n[apñWVrV 1920-21 _Ü o ^`mdh XþîH$mi nS>cm Am{U

eoVH$arM XþîH$mimÀ`m ^modè`mV gmnS>co d _XVrH$[aVm gaH$macm AmdmhZ H$ê$ cmJco. `mXaå`mZ

a{e`mV Amcoë`m _co[a`m Am{U H$m°cam gmWrZo n[apñWVr AmUIr {MKicr. a{e`mVrc Ë`m ^`mZH$

XþîH$mimV d amoJamB©V gw_mao 5 Xecj _mUgo _¥Ë w_wIr nS>cr.

a{e`mcm Ë`m g§H$Q>H$mir naXoemVyZ AÞYmÝ`mMr _XV {_iUo {ZH$S>rMo Pmco. nmümË` amîQ´>m§H$Sy>Z

_XV _mJUo åhUOo H«$m§Vrcm YmoH$m {Z_m©U H$aUo Aer gmopìh`V ZoË`m§Zm dmQ>V Ago. nmümË` amîQ´>o

_XVrÀ`m ZmdmImcr Amnco hoVy gmÜ` H$aVrc Aer Ë`m§Zm e§H$m dmQ>o. _mÌ, AÞYmÝ`mgmR>r _XV KoUo

AË §V Amdí`H$ ~Zco AÝ`Wm cjmdYr cmoH$m§Mm _¥Ë y hmoÊ`mMm g§ d hmoVm. dmT>Ë`m Ag§Vmofm_wio

gmopìh`V emgZmcm XoIrc YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmcm hmoVm. eodQ>r 20 Am°JñQ> 1921 amoOr A_o[aH$Z [acr\$

A°S>{_{ZñQ´>oeZer H$ama hmoD$Z gßQ>|~a_Üò A_o[aHo$Mr _XV a{e`mV òD$ cmJcr. aoS> H«$m°g `m g§ñWoH$Sy>Z

XoIrc WmoS>r\$ma _XV {_imcr. XþîH$miJ«ñV OZVon¡H$s gw_mao 1/5 cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m _XVrMm \$m`Xm {_iy

eH$cm.

_hm wÕ d `mXdr wÕm_wio S>~KmB©cm Amcocr AW©ì`dñWm, wÕmV ~o{MamI Pmcocm àXoe,

gº$sÀ`m YmÝ`dgwcr_wio ngacocr ZmamOr, XþîH$mi Am{U Ë`m_wio Pmcoë`m hmcAnoîQ>m BË`mXt_wio

eoVH$ar dJm©V, ehar H$m_Jmam§V d gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§V Vrd« Ag§Vmof ngacm. `mXdr wÕmÀ`m H$mimV

PmaMr-O_rZXma-^m§S>dcXmam§Mr gÎmm nwÝhm oB©c `m ^rVr_wio BVH$m Ag§Vmof AgyZ XoIrc gmopìh`V

emgZm{déÕ OZVoZo CR>md Ho$cm Zmhr. _mÌ, `mXdr wÕ g§nVmM `m Ag§VmofmMm ^S>H$m CS>mcm.

{R>H${R>H$mUr gmopìh`V emgZm{déÕ CR>md hmoD$ cmJco. YmÝ`dgwcr nWH$m§da eoVH$è`m§Mo h„o hmoD$

cmJco. A{Z §{ÌV YmÝ` dgwcr H$aÊ`mEodOr H¥$fr CËnmXZmda R>am{dH$ H$a AmH$maÊ`mV `mdm Aer

_mJUr eoVH$ar gaH$maH$So> H$ê$ cmJco. ehamVhr H$m_Jma CÚmoJY§ÚmÀ`m amîQ´>r`rH$maUmÀ`m ZrVr \$magm

\$m`Xm Pmcm Zmhr. H$maU {VWohr CËnmXZ d¥Õr Z hmoVm CcQ> CÚmoJY§Xo d XiUdiU R>ßn Pmco hmoVo.

Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§Mr Cnmg_ma hmoD$ cmJcr. H$m_Jmam§À`m Ag§Vmofm_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV dma§dma

H$m_Jmam§Mo g§n hmoD$ cmJco. noQ´>moJ«mS> oWrc H$m_Jmam§À`m g§nmcm ghmZw yVr åhUyZ H«$moÝñVmV `m Zm{dH$

Vimdarc Icmem§Zr CR>md Ho$cm.

`mXdr wÕmV {dO`r Pmcoë`m gmopìh`V emgZmZo {d{dY {R>H$mUr Pmcoco eoVH$è`m§Mo, H$m_Jmam§Mo

Am{U Zm{dH$m§Mo CR>md eógm_Ï`m©À`m Omoamda XS>nyZ Q>mH$co. OZVoMo CR>md eómÀ`m Omoamda \$º$ H$mhr

H$miM XS>nyZ Q>mH$Vm oVmV `mMr OmUrd co{ZZcm hmoVr. gmopìh`V emgZmÀ`m ñW¡ m©gmR>r Am{U

ApñVËdmgmR>r H$mhr H$mimgmR>r g¡Õm§{VH$ {Zð>m ~mOycm R>oD$Z Cnm` `moOZm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Agë`mMo

(61)

co{ZZÀ`m cjmV Amco. a{e`m_Yrc Aem àH$maÀ`m n[apñWVrda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r co{ZZZo Zdo-Am{W©H$

YmoaUmMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr.

3.2.3.1 Zdo Am{W©H$ YmoaU

gmopìh`V emgZm{dê$ÕÀ`m Ag§VmofmMo _yi H$maU ZîQ> H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo 15 _mM© 1921 _Ü o

H$å w{ZñQ> njmÀ`m Xhmì`m n[afXoV co{ZZZo Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm H$m ©H«$_ _m§S>cm Am{U Ë`mcm _§Owar

{_idcr. co{ZZMr Zdr Am{W©H$ Zr{V åhUOo g_mOdmXr Am{U ImOJr AW©ì`dñWm `m§V KS>dyZ

AmUcocr VS>OmoS> hmoVr. eoVH$ar, H$m_Jma d _Ü`_dJu` `m§À`mg§~§Yr gmopìh`V emgZmZo AmIcoë`m

YmoaUmV Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV ~Xc hmoUma hmoVo. Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio

^m§S>dcemhr AW©ì`dñWonwT>o eaUmJVr nËH$aë`m à_mUo hmoB©c Ago dmQy>Z nmoWr{Zð> Ohmc S>mì`m gXñ`m§Zr

Ë`mcm {damoY H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. _mÌ, co{ZZZo Amnë`m à^mdr _m§S>UrZo Ë`m§Zm dmñVddmXmMo ^mZ

XoD$Z Ë`m§Mm {damoY _moSy>Z H$mT>cm. a{e`mVrc VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVr {dMmamV KoVm H$mhr H$mimH$[aVm

gr{_V ^m§S>dcemhr AW©ì`dñWm _mÝ` H$aÊ`m{edm` JË`§Va Zgë`mMo co{ZZZo njmÀ`m Xhmì`m

n[afXoÀ`m cjmV AmUyZ {Xco. Zdo Am{W©H$ YmoaU åhUOo H«$m§Vrer Ðmoh ZgyZ g§H«$_UmMr AdñWm

Agë`mMr _m§S>Ur co{ZZZo Ho$cr.

co{ZZÀ`m Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZwgma g§nyU© YmÝ` dgwcrMr nÕV aÔ~mVc H$aÊ`mV oD$Z Ë`mEodOr

gaH$maZo eoVH$è`m§da R>am{dH$ H$a ~g{dcm. hm H$a eoVH$è`mZo gaH$macm amoI n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV AWdm

YmÝ`mÀ`m ñdénmV Úm`Mm hmoVm. hm H$a MwH$Vm H$ê$Z am{hcoco CËnmXZ ho eoVH$ar Iwë`m ~mOmamV {dHy$

eH$Vmo Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. O{_ZrMr _mcH$s hr gaH$maMr am{hcr Am{U O_rZ \$º$

H$gÊ`mH$[aVm eoVH$è`m§Zm XoÊ`mV Amcr.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV XoIrc Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§_wio ~aoM ~Xc KSy>Z Amco. gmå`dmXr

VËdmZwgma _moR>o Am{U Amdí`H$ CÚmoJ ho gaH$maÀ`m _mcH$sImcr R>odÊ`mV Amco. `m CÚmoJm§Mo EHy$U

CÚmoJY§ÚmVrc à_mU 8.5 Q> o$ BVHo$ hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo EHy$U H$m_Jmam§n¡H$s 80 Q> o$ H$m_Jma ho `mM

_moR>çm CÚmoJY§ÚmV H$m_ H$aV hmoVo. `m _moR>çm CÚmoJY§Úm§À`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r {dœñV g§K Zo_Ê`mV

Á`mV gaH$ma{Z wº$ AZwemgH$ _§S>i Am{U à~§YH$ H$m_ nmhVrc, Aer ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. drg

qH$dm Ë`mnojm H$_r H$m_Jma Agcoë`m N>moQ>çm CÚmoJm§Mo amîQ´>r`H$aU aÔ H$aÊ`mV oD$Z Vo ImOJr[aË`m

qH$dm ghH$marg§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ MmcdÊ`mMr _moH$irH$ XoÊ`mV Amcr. CÚmoJm§Zm cmJUmam H$ƒm _mc

hm Iwë`m ~mOmamVyZ {dH$V ¿`mdm Am{U H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m_mZwgma doVZ XoÊ`mV `mdo Ago {Z{üV

H$aÊ`mV Amco.

Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc IaoXr {dH«$s_wio McZmMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgy cmJcr. H¥$fr, CÚmoJ d ì`mnma

(62)

`m§À`m {dH$mgmH$[aVm Zmoìh|~a 1921 _Üò ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ CKS>Ê`mV Amcr. OwZo McZ aÔ H$ê$Z ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$cm

McZ H$mT>Ê`mMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amco. AënH$mcrZ Am{U XrK©H$mcrZ ^m§S>dc nwadÊ`mMo A{YH$ma

XoIrc `m ~±Ho$cm {_imco. `m ~±Ho$À`m e§ aÀ`mda emIm df© amV CKS>ë`m Joë`m.

Iwë`m ~mOmanoR>m gwé Pmë`mZo d Cn^moº²$`m§Zr Ë`m ~mOmamVyZ _mc {dH$V ¿`md`mMm Agë`mZo

gaH$mar {dVaU nÕVr ~§X H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ghH$mar g§ñWmZm _moR>çm à_mUmV àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mV Amë`m_wio

cjmdYr eoVH$ar H¥$fr ghH$mar g§ñWm§_Ü o gm_rc Pmco. ghH$mar g§ñWm§_wio ImOJr ì`mnmamda d Ë`m_wio

hmoUmè`m ^mddmT>rda {Z §ÌU amhÿZ Cn^moº²$`m§Zm g§ajU {_ioc Aer Anojm hmoVr.

A§VJ©V ì`mnma Iwcm Ho$cm Agcm Var naXoer ì`mnma _mÌ gaH$maZo ñdV:À`m Vmã`mV R>odcm.

`m ~m~VMr H$moUVrhr VS>OmoS> co{ZZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mè`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVr. gmopìh`V g§KmÀ`m

Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmgmR>r naamîQ´> ì`mnma hr gaH$mar _ºo$Xmar AgUo JaOoMo hmoVo. a{e`mVrc CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm

g§ajU XoÊ`mH$[aVm Am`mVrda gaH$maZo H$a cmdco Var ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>o Ë`m§À`m {Z`m©Vrcm Img

gdcVr XoD$Z a{e`Z Am`mV H$am§Mo AS>Wio Amocm§S>Vrc. ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>m§Mm _mc a{e`mV _moR>çm

à_mUmV Amë`mg a{e`mVrc CÚmoJY§Xo ~wS>Vrc Am{U gmopìh`V g§KmMo AW©{Z`moOZ {~KSo>c Aer

eŠ`Vm hmoVr. naamîQ´> ì`mnma gaH$maÀ`m hmVr am{hë`mg gmopìh`V g§KmÀ`m AW©H$maUmcm Y¸$m Z

cmJVm Am{W©H$ nwZa©MZoMo H$m © èñdrnUo H$aVm oB©c Am{U naamîQ´> g§~§YmV ì`mnmamMm EH$ eó åhUyZ

dmna H$aVm oB©c Ago co{ZZcm dmQ>V hmoVo.

H$_rV H$_r H$mimV OmñVrVOmñV CËnmXZ d¥Õr H$ê$Z Xoemcm Am{W©H$ ñW¡ © d gwÑT>Vm àXmZ

H$aUo ho Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMo _hÎdmMo d {ZH$S>rMo C{ÔîQ> hmoVo. ^m§S>dcemhr nÕVr{edm` Vo gmÜ`

H$aUo AeŠ` hmoVo. Ë`m_wio H$mhr H$mimH$[aVm co{ZZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ghH$mè`m§Zr ^m§S>dcemhrer VS>OmoS>

Ho$cr.

gmopìh`V g§Kmg_moa C o R>mH$coco VËH$mcrZ Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>, Ë`m_wio CX² dcocm Ag§Vmof, amOH$s`

ApñWaVm `mda Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmÛmao _mV H$aÊ`mMo co{ZZMo C{ÔîQ> 1926-27 `m dfm©n ªV _moR>çm

à_mUmV gmÜ` Pmco hmoVo. H¥$fr Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV àM§S> dmT> Am{U àJVr Pmë`mMo {XgyZ Amco.

_Ü §Var KQ> hmoD$Z {Zåå`mda Amcoco H¥$fr CËnmXZmV _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> hmoD$Z Ë`mZo nyduMr nmVircm

XoIrc Amocm§S>cr. Jwam-T>moam§À`m g§» oV XoIrc àM§S> dmT> Pmcr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ ho ghm Vo gmV

nQ>rZo dmT>co.

co{ZZÀ`m Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio gmopìh`V g§KmMr Am{W©H$ àJVr Va gmYcr JocrM, nU

Ë`mM~amo~a OZVoVrc Ag§Vmof H$_r hmoD$Z gmopìh`V emgZmcm {Z_m©U Pmcocm YmoH$m Zmhrgm Pmcm.

Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio gmopìh`V g§Kmcm Am{W©H$-amOH$s` ñW¡ © Am{U gwÑT>Vm àmßV Pmcr.

(63)



1) gZ 1918 _Üò VËH$mcrZ Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mcm Vm|S> XoÊ`mH$[aVm gmo{d`V gaH$maZo H$moUVo

YmoaU A§{JH$maco?

2) gdm}ƒ amîQ´>r` AW©ì`dñWm g{_VrH$So> H$moUVo H$m © gmon{dÊ`mV Amco?

3) Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmcm H$moUr {damoY H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm?

4) Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc IaoXr {dH«$s_wio H$emMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgy cmJcr?

5) Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio gmopìh`V g§Kmcm H$m` àmßV Pmco?


1) AË`mJ«hr g_mOdmXmÀ`m YmoaUmZwgma gd© CÚmoJY§ÚmMo ................... H$aÊ`mV Amco.

2) .................... oWrc H$m_Jmam§À`m g§nmcm ghmZw yVr åhUyZ H«$moÝñVmV `m Zm{dH$

Vimdarc Icmem§Zr CR>md Ho$cm.

3) co{ZZÀ`m ................... Zwgma g§nyU© YmÝ`dgwcrMr nÕV aÔ~mVc H$aÊ`mV oD$Z

Ë`mEodOr gaH$maZo eoVH$è`m§da R>am{dH$ H$a ~g{dcm.

4) H¥$fr, CÚmoJ d ì`mnma `m§À`m {dH$mgmH$[aVm Zmoìh|~a 1921 _Ü o ......................

CKS>Ê`mV Amcr.

5) gmopìh`V g§KmÀ`m Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmgmR>r ................... hr gaH$mar _ºo$Xmar AgUo

JaOoMo hmoVo.


✺ gmopìh`V : H$m_Jmam§Mr g{_Vr.

✺ ~moëeo{dH$ : ~hþ_VmVrc JQ>.

✺ _oÝeo{dH $: Aën_VmVrc JQ>.

✺ gd©hmam : CËnmXZ gmYZmda _mcH$s ZgUmam dJ©.

(64)


✺ ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ-1 Mr CÎmao

A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1) ~hþ_V AgUmao.

2) H$mc© _mŠg©À`m.

3) noQ´>moJ«mS> Am{U _m°ñH$mo.

4) njmMo gXñ`Ëd \$º$ nyU©doi H«$m§{VH$maH$m§ZmM Úmdo.

5) VmVS>rÀ`m em§VVoMr Am{U H$m_Jmam§À`m g{_Ë`m qH$dm gmopìh`V `m§Zr gÎmm hmVr ¿`mdr.

~) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.

1) a{e`Z gmoem{cñQ> So>_moH«°${Q>H$ dH©$g© nmQ>u.

2) _oÝeo{dH$.

3) ~moëeo{dH$.

4) co{ZZ.

5) S>mì`m g_mOdmXr.



1) gd©hmamMr.

2) _hm wÕmVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r.

3) {cAmoZ Q´>moQ²ñH$sÀ`m.

4) nmoc§S>Zo.

5) ~ocmê$g Am{U wH«o$Z.


1) l{_H$m§Zm.

2) gmopìh`V g§K.

3) ídoV g¡Ý`/Ydc goZm.

4) ^m§S>dcemhr.

5) cmc g¡Ý`.

(65)



1) AË`mJ«hr g_mOdmXMo.

2) amîQ´>r` CËnmXZ d {dVaU `m§À`mV g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMo.

3) nmoWr{Zð> Ohmc S>mì`m gXñ`m§Zr.

4) McZmMr.

5) Am{W©H$-amOH$s` ñW¡ © Am{U gwÑT>Vm.


1) amîQ´>r`H$aU.

2) noQ´>moJ«mS>.

3) Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm.

4) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$.

5) naamîQ´> ì`mnma.

3.5 gmam§e

Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1917 À`m H«$m§Vr_Ü o co{ZZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcrc ~moëeo{dH$ JQ>mZo a{e`mÀ`m gÎmodaH$ãOm H$ê$Z gd©hmamÀ`m gÎmoMo KmofUm Ho$cr. a{e`Z gmoem{cñQ> So>_moH«°${Q>H$ dH©$g© nmQ>u_Yrc d¡Mm[aH$Am{U S>mdnoMmË_H$ _V oXmVyZ ~moëeo{dH$ JQ> {Z_m©U Pmcm. `m JQ>mZo co{ZZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr a{e`mMrgÎmm {_idyZ OJmVrc n{hco KQ>ZmË_H$ g_mOdmXr amîQ´> ñWmnZ Ho$co. H«$m§VrZ§Va CX² dcoco `mXdr wÕ,_hm wÕmV AS>H$cocm a{e`m, `m Xaå`mZ H$moc_S>cocr a{e`Z AW©ì`dñWm, Ë`m_wio {Z_m©U PmcocmeoVH$è`m§Mm Ag§Vmof Am{U CR>md `mVyZ gmopìh`V g§KmZo è Anè nMdV _mJ© H$mT>cm. gZ 1918-21 _Yrc gmopìh`V emgZmÀ`m YmoaUm_wio gmopìh`V g§Kmcm Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` AmKmS>çm§da ñW¡ ©àmßV hmoD$Z gmopìh`V g§KmMr gÎmm ÑT> Pmcr. gmopìh`V emgZmÀ`m YmoaUm_Yrc AË`mJ«hr gmå`dmXmÀ`mYmoaUm_wio XoeâmV àM§S> Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmcm. `m Ag§Vmofmda Am{U {~H$Q> Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrda _mVH$aÊ`mgmR>r co{ZZZo Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr. Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio gmopìh`V AW©ì`dñWocmñW¡ © àmßV hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mr gÎmm ÑT> Pmcr.


(A) Imcrc àým§Mr CÎmao {chm. (XrKm}Îmar àý)

1) ~moëeo{dH$ njmÀ`m {dMmagaUrMm Am{U {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

(66)

2) gZ 1918-21 Xaå`mZÀ`m gmopìh`V emgZmÀ`m YmoaUmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$am.

3) AË`mJ«hr gmå`dmXmMo _yë`_mnZ H$am.

4) Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZo gmopìh`V g§Kmcm {Xcoco `moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$am.

5) Am°ŠQ>mo~a H«$m§VrZ§VaÀ`m a{e`mVrc Am{W©H$ KS>m_moS>tMr _m{hVr Úm.

(~) {Q>nm {chm. (cKwÎmar àý)

1) ~moëeo{dH$ njmVrc co{ZZMr y{_H$m.

2) gmopìh`V emgZmMo _hm wÕm~m~VMo YmoaU.

3) AË`mJ«hr gmå`dmXm{damoYmV eoVH$ar Ag§Vmof.

4) AË`mJ«hr gmå`dmXmMo Anè.

5) Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMo è.

3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1. Michael Kort, The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath,M.E. Sharpe,

2001.

2. Edward Hallett Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution : 1917-1923, W.W. Norton,

1985.

3. gw_Z d¡Ú, a{e`mMm B{Vhmg (1860-1964), _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W {Z{_©Vr _§S>i, Ame`àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 1980.

4. gw_Z d¡Ú, AmYw{ZH$ OJ (1871-1945), _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W {Z{_©Vr _§S>i, ZmJnya,1988.

5. nr. Or. Omoer, {dgmì`m eVH$mMm B{Vhmg, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 2003.

6. `. Zm. H$X_, AmYw{ZH$ OJ, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, 2010.

7. JmoqdX VidcH$a, gmopìh`V gm_«mÁ`mMm CX` Am{U AñV : I§S> 1 d 2, _m¡O àH$meZ,1998.

❅ ❅ ❅

(67)

S>m°.daoH$a EZ.E. (B{Vhmg à_wI, AmXe© _hm[dÚmc`, {dQ>m, gm§Jcr)

KQ>H$-4

ñQ>°{bZ Am{U gmopìhEV a{e`mMm OmJ{VH$ _hmgÎmm åhUyZ CX`( Stalin and Emergence of USSR as World Power )

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AZwH«$_{UH$m

4.0 C{ÔîQ>o

4.1 àmñV{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 gm_m{OH$ ~Xb d amOH$s` ~Xb

4.2.2 n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm

4.2.3 Xþgao _hm wÜX d Z§Va


4.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao

4.5 gmam§e


4.7 g§X © J«§W

4.0 C{ÔîQ>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg -

1. Omogo\$ ñQ>°{bZ `mMo H$m © g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b

2. a{e`mV KSy>Z Ambobo gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` OrdZmVrb ~Xbm§Mr _m{hVr hmoB©b

3. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mr Cn wº$Vm bjmV oB©b.

4. {ÛVr` _hm wÜXmVrb a{e`mMr napñWVr~Ôb _m{hVr gm§JVm oB©b

5. {ÛVr` _hm wÜXmZ§Va a{e`mZo nwZd©gZmgmR>r AmIcoë`m `moOZm§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V d 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§ r gmopìhEV a{e`mV dmS²_`, H$bm,

(68)

{dkmZ `m joÌmV C„oIZr` àJVr KSy>Z Ambr. na§Vw àW_ _hm wÜX, a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§Vr d Ë`mZ§VaMo`mXdr wÜX `m_wio Ë`m àJVrbm Mm§JbmM hmXam ~gbm hmoVm.

`mVyZhr a{e`Z bmoH$m§Mo {MdQ> ì`{º$_Ëd d gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§ñWm§Zm _XV, àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mMo Zì`mgaH$maMo YmoaU `m_wio bdH$aM n[apñWVr ~XbV Jobr. XoemVrb {ejU, {dkmZ d H$bmjoÌo,à`moJemim, nXmW© g§J«hmb` B. H$m`_ {Q>Hy$Z Ë`m§À`m {dH$mgmH$So> bj nwadUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.

amîQ´>mMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmVir C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ ñW¡ © d gwpñWVr Amdí`H$ hmoVr. Ë`mgmR>rHo$di Am{W©H$ ñW¡ © `mda OmñV â XoUo ho `mo½` Zmhr ho a{e`Z ZoË`m§Zm _m{hV hmoVo. åhUyZM a{e`ZamÁ`H«$m§Vr èñdr Pmë`mZ§Va amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ joÌmV n[adV©Z Ogo KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mMnÜXVrZo gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ joÌmVhr H$mhr ~Xb Am{U n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo.

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 gm_m{OH$ ~Xb

1. Y_©

gmå`dmXr VÎdkmZmà_mUo Y_© åhUOo ~wÜXr d gmamgma {dMmaeº$s ZîQ> H$aUmar A\w$ Amho.'

åhUOoM "Y_© åhUOo A\y$Mr Jmoir' hmo Aer gmå`dmÚm§Mr nŠH$s YmaUm hmoVr. a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Va

`mXdr wÜX gwê$ AgVmZm ~moëe{dH$m§Mr amOdQ> CbWdyZ Q>mH$Ê`m_mJo à{VH«$m§VrdmÚmZr Mmb{dboë`m

à`ËZmV MM©hr AmKmS>rda hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gmå`dmÚm§Mm MM©da amof hmoVm. `mM~amo~a gmå`dmÚm§Zm Ago

dmQ>V hmoVo H$s MM© gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m Y_© ^moionUmMm d A§YlÜXoMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z Ë`mMr {nidUyH$

H$aVo. Ë`m_wio MM©Mo gd© A{YH$ma d à^md Zmhrgm Ho$bm nmhrOo. gZ 1916 _Ü o gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb

amo_Z d H°$W{bH$ MM©Mr g§»`m 1500 EdT>r hmoVr. OmZodmar 23, 1918 amoOr EH$ dQ>hþHy$_ H$mTy>Z

a{e`Z emgZmZo emgZ d MM© `mÀ`mV \$maH$V Ho$br. MM©Mr gd© _mb_Îmm Oá H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. MM©Mo

e¡j{UH$ A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m§Mm _VXmZmMm hŠH$ H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mV Ambm. ImOJr OrdZmV

Y_© ñdrH$maÊ`mg d nmiÊ`mV nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr. gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVyZ Y_m©Mr nyU©nUo hH$mbnÅ>r

H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gZ 1925 _Üò bT>mD$ {ZarœadmXr g§K Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Y_© moionUm,

A§YlÜXm, _ÚnmZ `m{déÜX `m g§KmZo Omo_mZo àMma Mmb{dbm. gZ 1925 nmgyZ àmW©Zm nwñVH$mÀ`m

àH$meZmda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr. gZ 1929 À`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZwgma Y_©àgma ~oH$m`Xoera R>a{dÊ`mV

Ambm.

`m gd© Cnm``moOZm§Mm n[aUm_ gZ 1930 Z§VaÀ`m VéU {nT>rV {ZarœadmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ dmT>dyZ

MM©{Zð> bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r Pmbr. gZ 1936 Z§Va wamon_Ü o {hQ>baMm à^md dmT>Ê`mg gwédmV

Pmbr, Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMo gmdQ> Odi {Xgy bmJVmM g_mOmVrb A§VñW H$bh d Ag§Vmof Zmhrgm hmoD$Z

(69)

amîQ´>r` EH$VmÑT> ìhmdr `mMr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. `mgmR>r ñQ>°{bZZo MM© darb {Z~ªY WmoSo> {e{Wb

Ho$bo hmoVo.

OmZodmar 1939 _Ü o "àË`j H$madmB©' d Y_©{damoYr àMma ~§X H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mMm Mm§Jbm

n[aUm_ Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmV ZmPr h„² mÀ`m H$mimV {XgyZ Ambm. a{e`Z na§namdmXr qH$dm gZmVZr

MM©à_wI gOu`g `m§Zr EH$ nÌH$ H$mTy>Z gd© MM© AZw m`m§Zr d bmoH$m§Zr _mV¥ y_rÀ`m g§ajUmH$arVm

a{e`Z gaH$mabm gd©Vmonar _XV H$amdr Ago AmdmhZ Ho$bo. ñQ>°{bZZo gßQ>|~a 1943 _Ü o {~enm§À`m

g§_obZmbm d MM© à_wImÀ`m {ZdS>rbm nadmZJr {Xbr. EH$ amîQ´>r` g§ñWm åhUyZ a{e`Z gZmVZr,

na§namdmXr MM©bm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr.

2. {ejU

gZ 1917 gmbr ~moëeo{dH$m§À`m hmVr gÎmm Ambr Voìhm gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb 72 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$

{Zaja hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm {b{hVm dmMVm oV ZìhVo. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m _mJmgboë`m ^mJmV {ZajaVoMo

à_mU 99 Q>ŠHo$ EdT>o hmoVo. `mMo H$maU åhUOo àW_ _hm wÜX, a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§Vr d `mXdr wÜX `m

H$mimVrb AamOH$Vo_wio gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m e¡j{UH$ ~mOy§da {dXmaH$ n[aUm_ Pmbm hmoVm. `m H$mimV

hOmamo emim§À`m B_maVtMr _moS>VmoS> Pmbr hmoVr. wÜXmV 20 Vo 30 df} d`mMo gmja VéU _moR>çm g§» oZo

_mabo Jobo hmoVo. `mXdr wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV ~moëeo{dH$m§À`m amofmbm {^dyZ gw_mao 10 bj Cƒ d _Ü`_

dJu`m§Zr a{e`m gmoSy>Z nbm`Z Ho$bo hmoVo. hmM gmopìhEV a{e`mMm àm_w»`mZo {e{jV dJ© hmoVm. darb

H$maUm§_wio e¡j{UH$ joÌmVhr a{e`Z ZoË`m§nwT>o H$R>rU g_ñ`mhmoVr. nwT>Mo nÝZmg df} Var gmopìhEV

a{e`mÀ`m {ejU nÜXVrV ñW¡ © d Omo_ {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr Agm {ZarjH$m§Mm A§XmO hmoVm. hr

{ZajaVm Zmhrer hmoD$Z {ejUmMm AË`ën H$mimV àgma ìhmdm ho bo{ZZMo _hÎdmMo C{ÔîQ> hmoVo; H$maU

Ë`mda g_mOdmXmMo è Adb§~yZ hmoVo.

gmå`dmXr gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m e¡j{UH$ nÜXVrV XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço àm_w»`mZo ZOaoV âVmV.Vr

åhUOo, gmå`dmXr VÎdàUmbrMr {eH$dU d àgma Am{U {ejUmÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ ~mOybm XoÊ`mV Ambobo

àmYmÝ`. Ë`m_wioM àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMr hOmamo H|$Ðo gmopìhEV a{e`mV gwé H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

`m H$mimV a{e`mV 50,000 emim hmoË`m. àm¡T>m§gmR>r g§Ü`mH$miMo dJ© Mmby H$aÊ`mV Ambo. àmW{_H$

d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU gº$sMo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. gZ 1926 _Ü o gmjaVoMo à_mU 51 Q>ŠŠ`m§n ªV Jobo. gZ

1934 n ªV gmd©{ÌH$ àmW{_H$ {ejUmMo Ü o JmR>Ê`mg gaH$mabm e§ a Q>ŠHo$ è {_imbo. gZ 1914

_Ü o gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m gw_mao 104,610 àmW{_H$ emim§_Ü o 7 bmI 23 hOma 600 {dÚmWu {ejU

KoV hmoVo. Va gZ 1936 _Ü o XmoZ H$moQ>r nojm A{YH$ {dÚmWu g§»`m Agboë`m EHy$U 7 bmI 64 hOma

81 àmW{_H$ emim gmopìhEV a{e`mV hmoË`m. gZ 1936 `m H$mimV 10 hOma àmW{_H$ emim CKS>ë`m

Joë`m. Ë`mVrb {dÚmWu g§»`m 2.5 H$moQ>rda Jobr hmoVr. `mMm n[aUm_ Agm Pmbm H$s 1940 n ªV 90

Q>ŠHo$ gmopìhEV a{e`m gmja Pmbm hmoVm.

(70)

gaH$maZo _mÜ`{_H$, Cƒ Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmda {deof â {Xbm.gZ 1917 _Ü o gmopìhEV a{e`mV71 {dÚmnrR> d Vm§{ÌH$ {dÚmb o hmoVr. Á`mV 8500 {dÚmWu {ejU KoV hmoVo. gZ 1940 _Ü o hrg§»`m 450 EdT>r Pmbr Á`mVyZ 3 bmI 71 hOma {dÚmWu {ejU KoV hmoVo. g§nyU© amîQ´>mV eoH$S>mo{dÚmb o CKSy>Z Vr {demb Am¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ënm§Zm g§b¾ H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. gZ 1940 _Ü o gd© Cƒ{ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr amhÊ`mMr gmo` gaH$maH$Sy>Z {dZm_yë` H$aÊ`mV Ambr. EdT>oM Zìho Va~è`mM joÌmV {eî`d¥Îmr d doVZd¥Îmr XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

gZ 1940 _Ü o EHy$U 75 {Zamù`m ^mfoVyZ {ejU {Xbo OmV hmoVo. `mn¡H$s ~è`mM ^mfm§ZmH«$m§Vrnyd© H$mimV ñdV§Ì {bnr ZìhVr. _mÌ amîQ´>r` EoŠ` gmYÊ`mH$arVm ^m{fH$ EoŠ` Amdí`H$ Agë`mZoàmXo{eH$ ^mfm§~amo~aM a{e`Z ^mfm gº$sMr H$aÊ`mH$So> emgZmMm H$b hmoVm.

{ejUmÀ`m àgmamMm d àJVrMm n[aUm_ gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m _Zmo y{_Ho$da hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$ hmoVo.H«$m§Vrnyd©H$mimV H$ënZmhr Ho$br ZìhVr BVŠ`m _moR>çm à_mUmda gaH$maZo CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xboë`m Vm§{ÌH$d Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m gmo rMm \$m`Xm Vê$Z {nT>rZo H$ê$Z KoVbm. WmoS>çmM H$mimV §ÌàYmZ d CÚmoJàYmZg_mOdmXr amîQ´>mbm Amdí`H$ Agbobo hOmamo d¡km{ZH$, V§Ìk, S>m°ŠQ>a, ñWmnË`{demaX gmopìhEV a{e`mVV`ma Pmbo hmoVo. gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb ZdrZ {nT>r g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUr Imobda éObr d Vo g_mOdmXramîQ´>mMo CÎm_ ZmJ[aH$ ~Zmdo ho gmopìhEV amOdQ>rÀ`m ñW¡ © d è `m H$arVm Amdí`H$ hmoVo.

3. pñÌ`m§Mo ñWmZ Am{U Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ

amîQ´>r` OrdZmV {ó`m§Zm nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo ñWmZ {_imë`m{edm` g_mOdmX d bmoH$emhr éOUoeŠ` Zmhr Ago H$mb© _mŠg©Mo _V hmoVo. bo{ZZ hm _mŠg©dmXmMm H$Å>a nwañH$Vm© Agë`mZo gmopìhEVa{e`mÀ`m gÎmoMr gd© gyÌo hmVr KoVmM {ó`m§Mo ñdmV§Í`, ór-nwéf g_mZVm d {ó`m§À`m pñWVrV gwYmaUm`mH$So> bj {Xbo. eVH$mZweVH$m§À`m ê$T>r-na§nam§_wio a{e`Z órbm Jwbm_mMr AdñWm àmßV Pmbr hmoVr.a{e`mVrb EHy$U bmoH$g§» on¡H$s {ó`m§Mr bmoH$g§»`m {Zå_r hmoVr. Aem àH$mao XoemVrb {Zå_r OZVmJwbm_{JarZo, OISy>Z Agob Ë`m amîQ´>mbm Iè`m AWm©Zo ñdmV§Í`mMr ½dmhr XoVm oUma Zmhr Ago bo{ZZMo_V hmoVo. KaH$m_mVyZ {ó`m§Mr _wº$Vm H$ê$Z amîQ´> CÜXmamÀ`m H$m`m©g nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo órbm ñWmZ{_imbo nm{hOo `mgmR>r bo{ZZ AmJ«hr hmoVm. `m {dMmagaUrbm _yV© ê$n XoÊ`mgmR>r 1917 Z§Va gmopìhEVgaH$maZo nmdbo CMbm`bm gwédmV Ho$br.

gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ joÌmV {ó`m§Zm nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZogdm©{YH$ma {Xco. _VXmZmMm, C_oXdma åhUyZ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>Ê`mMm, j_VoZwgma H$moUË`mhr nXmda {Z wº$hmoÊ`mMm {ó`m§Mm hŠH$ _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambm. {ejUmMr Xmao {ó`m§gmR>r Iwbr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. a{e`ZgaH$maZo CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xboë`m `m g§Yr_wio a{e`Z {ó`m§Zr nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo ñWmZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo.

gZ 1940 _Üò gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m gw{à_ gmo{dEV _Üò 189 _{hbm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {ZdSy>ZAmë`m. Ë`mM~amo~a _hÎdmÀ`m g{_Ë`m, `m§À`m AÜ`j, Ý`m`mYre, S>m°ŠQ>a, V§Ìk, naamîQ´> dH$sb åhUyZ

(71)

Ë`m gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m amîQ´>r` OrdZmV H$m ©aV Pmë`m. EH$mM XOm©À`m nXmda ór-nwéfm§Zm g_mZ doVZ

_mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. emar[aH$ _ohZVrMr d YmoŠ`mMr H$m_o dJiVm AÝ` gd© joÌo pñÌ`m§gmR>r Iwbr

H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ gZ 1940 _Ü o gmopìhEV a{e`mV EHy$U 1 bmI 52 hOma

S>m°ŠQ>a hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s AYu g§»`m {ó`m§Mr hmoVr. 10 hOma nojm A{YH$ {ó`m B§{O{Zà d V§Ìk åhUyZ

H$m ©aV hmoË`m. H$maImÝ`mVrb ór H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m 35 Q>ŠHo$, {dkmZ joÌmV 30 Q>ŠHo$, Cƒ

{ejUmÀ`m joÌmV 35% {ó`m§Mr g§»`m hmoVr. `mXdr wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV d Z§Va Xþga² m _hm wÜXmÀ`m

H$mimV a{e`Z {ó`m§Zr gd© àH$maMr H$m_o O~m~XmarZo d j_VoZo nma nmS>br. pñÌ`m§Zm gdcVr XoÊ`mV

Amë`m.

a{e`Z {ó`m§Zm _wbmÀ`m OÝ_mnydu d Z§Va nyU© nJmar aOm XoÊ`mMr Am{U VËg§~§Yr IMm©Mr

VaVyXhr emgZmÛmam H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. _moR>çm Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm

emgZmH$Sy>Z OmñVrMr _XV XoÊ`mV oV hmoVr. gmVì`m, AmR>ì`m d Zdì`m _wbmÀ`m OÝ_mZ§Va àË oH$

doir nmM dfm©n ªV Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm OmñVrMo XmoZ hOma é~ëg XoÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Xhmì`m

AnË`mÀ`m OÝ_mZ§Va n{hë`m dfu nmM hOma é~ëg Va Z§VaÀ`m Mma dfm©V EHy$U ~mam hOma é~ëg

Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm {Xbo OmV hmoVo. Xhmnojm OmñV _wb§ Agboë`m _mVobm gÝ_mZXe©H$ nXì`m XodyZ gÝ_m{ZV

H$aÊ`mV òD$ bmJbo. àËòH$ H$maImÝ`mV d àËòH$ gm_y{hH$ eoVr JQ>mMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ åhUyZ

EH$ {eey g§JmonZ J¥h Mmbdbo OmV. `m {eew g§JmonZJ¥hmV _wbm§Mr emóewÜX nÜXVrZo H$miOr KoVbr

OmV hmoVr.bhmZ _wbm§Zm nmOÊ`mH$arVm _mVobm Xa VrZ Vmgm§Zr AYm© Vmg gwÅ>r {Xbr OmV hmoVr.

H«$m§VrZ§Va àma§ rÀ`m H$mimV Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWo~Ôb \$maer AmñWm a{e`Z gaH$maÀ`m {ZVrYmoaUmV

{XgyZ oV ZìhVr. na§Vw gm_m{OH$ ñW¡ © d H$ë`mU `m ÑîQ>rZo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWoMo _hÎd

bdH$aM a{e`Z nwT>mè`m§Zr OmUdbo. Ë`mZwgma àH¥$Vr g§~§{YV H$maUo dJiVm J ©nmV ~oH$m`Xoera Kmo{fV

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gZ 1918 À`m KQ>ZoZwgma KQ>ñ\$moQ>mMm H$m`Xm AJXrM {e{Wb hmoVm. _wbo Zgë`mg

qH$dm nVr-nËZr `mn¡H$s H$moUrhr ghOrdZmMr ñdV…Mr A{ZÀN>m ì`º$ Ho$ë`mg KQ>ñ\$moQ> {_iy eH$V

Ago. na§Vw Ë`m_wio _wbm§À`m g§JmonZm~m~V CØdUmè`m g_ñ`m d AÝ` A{ZîQ> n[aUm_ bjmV KoD$Z gZ

1936 À`m KQ>ZoV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV Ambm. KQ>ñ\$moQ>mMm H$m`Xm H$S>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mMm

n[aUm_ 1940 n ªV gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb KQ>ñ\$moQ>mÀ`m à_mUmV KQ> Pmcr.

4. Amamo½`

gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb `mXdr wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV d¡ÚH$s` joÌmda {dnarV n[aUm_ Pmcm. `mZ§Va

OZVobm d¡ÚH$s` godm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Pma H$mimVrb gmopìhEV a{e`mV

Po_ñVaÛmam bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambobr d Ë`m H$mimV g§nyU© wamonmV CËH¥$îQ> åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm nmdbobr

d¡ÚH$s` nÜXVr a{e`Zm§Zr Vmã`mV KoVbr. àËòH$ ehamV, J«m_rU ^mJmV, H$maImÝ`mV, CÚmoJ H|$ÐmV,

Amamo½` H|$Ðo gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gZ 1940 n ªV AZoH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$ÐmV 7000 Amamo½` H|$Ð ñWmnZ

(72)

Pmbr hmoVr. H«$m§Vrnyd©H$mimV 1913 _Ü o gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m eha {d^mJmV EHy$U 90 hOma é½Um§ZmXdmImÝ`mV CnMmamW© âVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr gmo hmoVr. hrM g§»`m 1937 _Ü o ehar {d^mJmV nmMnQ>rZo Va J«m_rU ^mJmV VrZ nQ>rZo dmT>br. {ó`m d bhmZ _wbm§À`m Amamo½` godoH$So> Va gaH$maZo {deofbj nwa{dbo. bo{ZZMo Ago _V hmoVo H$s amîQ´>mV gdm}ËH¥$îQ> Oo Agob Vo àW_ _wbm§Zm {_imbo nm{hOo.

g§gJ©OÝ` amoJm§Zm Amim KmbyZ Ë`m§Mo {Z_y©bZ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Img {\$aË`m à`moJemim gwê$Ho$ë`m. _mZdmbm oS>gmdUmè`m gd© g§gJ©OÝ` amoJm§Mo {Z_y©bZ hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmcr. gZ 1914 _YrbgmopìhEV a{e`mVrb à{e{jV S>m°ŠQ>am§Mr g§»`m 30 hOma hmoVr. gZ 1940 _Ü o 1 bmI 20 hOmamdaJobr. `mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s gmopìhEV amOdQ>rVrb d¡ÚH$s` godm nÜXVrÀ`m èmbm Vo S>m°ŠQ>aAmYma yV R>abo.

5. {dkmZ

{dkmZmÀ`m àJVrbm gmopìhEV gaH$maZo {deof àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. ~w{ÜXdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmV dmT> hmodyZA§YlÜXm Xÿa hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b Agm gmopìhEV ZoË`m§Mm {dœmg hmoVm. gmopìhEV amOdQ>rÀ`m n{hë`mH$mhr dfm©V BVa joÌmà_mUo {dkmZmdahr amOH$s` {Z §ÌUmMm n[aUm_ {XgV hmoVm. na§Vw H«$m§VrZ§Va{dkmZmda H$moUVohr amOH$s` d g¡ÜXm§{VH$ {Z~ªY Z KmbVm {dkmZmÀ`m àJVrbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mV Ambo.H«$m§Vrnyd© H$mimV ñWmnZ Pmbobo {dkmZmMr {dÚmnrR> d AH$mX_r Am°\$ gm`Ýg `mgma»`m g§ñWm§À`mOnUwH$sH$So> d {dH$mgmH$So> gaH$maZo {deof bj {Xbo. Am°b w{Z`Z AH$mX_r Am°\$ gm`ÝgÀ`m_mJ©Xe©ZmImbr AZoH$ {dkmZ d g§emoYZ g§ñWm wH«o$Z,ìhmB©Q> a{e`m, Om°{O© m Aem àXoemV àñWm{nVH$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. gZ 1935 n ªV AdOS> CÚmoJmÀ`m _§Ìmb`mÛmam gw_mao e§ a {dkmZ g§ñWmñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. `m g§ñWo_wio gw_mao 10 hOma V§Ìk, ñWmnË`{demaX d à`moJemim ghmæ`H$,12000 d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYH$ g§emoYZ H$m`m©V Jw§Vbo hmoVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$, d¡km{ZH$, d¡ÚH$s` d bîH$aràJVrbm nmofH$ R>abo. B{Vhmg, nwamVËd, àmÀ`{dÚm Aä`mgH$ Aem AZwËnmXH$ {df`mÀ`m AÜ`mnZmbmgaH$mar àmoËgmhZ {_imbo.

6. dmS²_` d H$bm joÌ

a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§Vr d gmå`dmXmÀ`m VËdkmZmMm à^md àma§ rÀ`mH$mimV a{e`mÀ`m dmS²_` dH$bm `m joÌmdahr {XgyZ Ambm. {bAmo Q>m°ëñQ>m° , VwJ}Zod, XmoñVmoìhñH$s `mgma»`m H«$m§VrÀ`m nyduZmdmOboë`m VÎdkm§Mr, gm{hpË`H$m§Mr na§nam åhUOo a{e`Z gm{hË`mMm Jm¡ad hmoVm. na§Vw gZ 1918 Z§Vagmå`dmXr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ZdrZ _yë`m§À`m OnUwH$sH$arVm dmS²_`, ZmQ>ç H$bm, g§JrV, {MÌH$bm `m§MmCn`moJ ìhmdm Aer ZrVr a{e`Z gaH$maMr hmoVr. {ZajaVm, amoJamB©, à{VH«$m§Vr BË`mXtÀ`m {Z_y©bZmH$arVmàMmamMo gmYZ åhUyZ gm{hË` d H$bm `m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmD$ bmJbm. `mMm n[aUm_ gm{hË`mÀ`mjoÌmVrb H$bmË_H$Vm, H$ënH$Vm, gm¢X © `mda Pmbm Ë`m_wio `m nwT>rb H$mhr dfm©V {Z{_©V Pmbobogm{hË` H$mhrgo aQ>mi d {Zag Pmbobr {XgyZ oVo.

(73)

gmå`dmXmÀ`m àgmamH$arVm Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr Ago EH$_od joÌ åhUOo gmopìhEV a{e`mMo

gwà{gÜX ~°bo Z¥Ë` hmo . `mXdr wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV ~°bo Z¥Ë` H$bm{demaXm§Zm gmoSy>Z gdmªZm bîH$a

âVrÀ`m H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. gmopìhEV a{e`mMo Img JwU d¡{eîQ>ç Agboë`m `m ~°bo

Z¥Ë`mMr a{e`Z gaH$maZo OnUyH$ Ho$br. Z¥Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmbm CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. EdT>oM Zìho Va

a{e`Z gaH$maÀ`m {Za{Zamù`m d§e JQ>mÀ`m H$bmJwUm§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mÀ`m ZrVr_wio a{e`Z ~°bo

A{YH$M g_¥ÜX d gm¢X ©embr ~Zbo. H«$m§VrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV ~°bo Z¥Ë` àH$mam ~amo~aM wH«o${Z`Z,

Om°{O© Z, VmOrH$Z, _moëXm{d`Z d ìhmB©Q> a{e`Z oWrb bmoH$Z¥Ë o à{gÜXrg Ambr.

a{e`Z bmoH$Z¥Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>o åhUOo `mMm {demb d gwg‚m a§J_§M d Ë`m H$m ©H«$_mV ^mJ

KoUma² m H$bmH$mam§Mr \$ma _moR>r g§»`m ho hmo . gm_y{hH$ JrV d Z¥Ë` gm_m{OH$ d ^mdZmË_H$ EH$Q>çmbm

{Z{üV nmofH$ R>aUmao Amho.

4.2.2 amOH$s` ~Xb :-

a{e`mV gmopìhEV gaH$maMr ñWmnZm Pmbr ho H$m_Jmam§Mo d eoVH$è`m§Mo amÁ` hmoVo, nU ì`º$sÀ`m

ñdê$nmV Ë`m {R>H$mUr Or hþHy$_emhr emgZ àUmbr {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr {VMo ñdê$n ñQ>°{bZÀ`m H$mimV

AJXr {dbjU hmoVo. `m H$mimV H$å`w{ZñQ> njm ì`{V[aº$ H$moUVmhr Xþgam amOH$s` nj ZìhVm. AÝ`

H$moUË`mhr g§KQ>Zm ZìhË`m. njmMm à_wI ñQ>°{bZ, g¡Ý` nmobrg àMma §ÌUm d njmMo gXñ`Ëd ho gd©

Ë`m§À`m hmVr H|${ÐV Pmbo hmoVo. gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb gd}gdm© åhUOo ñQ>°{bZ, "ñQ>°{bZ åhUOo emgZ

Am{U Vmo R>adrb VoM A§{V_.' Ago VËH$mbrZ gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb emgZ àUmbrMo ñdê$n hmoVo.

nm{ü_mË` amîQ>m§Mo {dMma gmopìhEV gaH$ma~m~V gwédmVrnmgyZM A{dœmg, Ûof, YmñVr Aem.àH$maMo

hmoVo. gmopìhEV gaH$ma_wio ^m§S>dbemhr amîQ´>m§Zm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho, Aer ImÌr nm{ü_mË` amîQ´>m§Mr

hmoVr. na§Vw a{e`mÀ`m gmopìhEV gaH$maÀ`m _ZmV gmopìhEV a{e`mbm `mXdr `wÜXmÀ`m H$mimVrb naH$s`

hñVjon d `m hñVjonm_wio gmopìhEV a{e`mbm gmogmdr bmJbobr Anma hmZr d hmb-AnoîQ>m `m_wio

a{e`Z ZoË`m§À`m _ZmV nm{ü_mË` amîQ´>m§V ~Ôb A{dœmg éObm hmoVm. `m ÛofmMm d A{dœmgmMm n[aUm_

amOH$s` n[apñWVrda Pmbm `mVyZM a{e`Z gaH$maZo Amnbo nwT>rb {ZU© \$ma H$R>moanUo A_bmV AmUbo.

1. gmopìhEV g§KamÁ`mMr KmofUm (RSFSR- Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic)

10 Owb¡ 1918 amoOrMr amÁ`KQ>Zm `mXdr wÜXmÀ`m Yw_üH«$sV KmB©KmB©Zo _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambr

hmoVr. gZ 1918 À`m KQ>ZoZwgma "a{e`Z gmoem{bñQ> \o$S>aoQ>oS> gmopìhEV [anpãbH$' (RSFSR) àñWm{nV

Pmbo. `mV wH«o$Z d ~m`bmoa{e`m (Owb¡ 1918 n ªV) Ë`mZ§Va KSy>Z Amboë`m H$amam§Zr {ZYm©[aV Pmbo

hmoVo; Va EñQ>mo{Z`m, bmQ>{d`m d {bWwAm{Z`m hr ñdV§Ì amîQ´> Vr KQ>Zm _mÝ` Pmë`mZ§Va CX`mg Ambr

hmoVr. Ë`m_wio `mXdr wÜXmÀ`m g_márZ§Va Caboë`m JUamÁ`mMo g§K ñdê$n d amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U hmoUo

Amdí`H$ hmoVo.

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2. `w{Z`Z Am°\$ gmoe{bñQ> gmopìhEV [anpãbH$ (USSR) Mr {Z{_©Vr

gmopìhEV a{e`mVrc gd©M JUamÁ` 6 Owb¡ 1923 amoOr EH${ÌV H$ê$Z "`w{Z`Z Am°\$ gmoe{bñQ>[anpãbH$' (USSR) Mr Z{dZ KQ>Zm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m {dñV¥V g§KamÁ`mV 17 ñdm`Îm JUamÁÀm{U Aëng§»`m§H$ ampîQ´>H$ JQ>m§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVm. `m g§KamÁ`mV- wH«o$Z, ìhmB©Q> a{e`m, Q´>mÝgH$m°co{e`m,Om°{O© m, A{_©{Z`m d AP~}PmZ`m B. JUamÁ`mMm g_mdoe hmoVm.

`m g§KmV EH$ dfm©Z§Va _Ü` Am{e`mVrc CO~o{H$ñVmZ, VwH©$_o{Z`m, VOm{H$ñWmZ, H$Pm{H$ñWmZd {H${J©{P`m hr amîQ´>o g_m{dîR> Pmcr. na§Vw Q´>mÝg H$m°Ho${eAg _Yrc Om°{O© m, A_}{Z`m, APa~¡OZ hrJUamÁ` doJir H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hr gd© 11 JUamO {_iyZ "`w{Z`Z Am°\$ gmoe{bñQ> gmopìhEV[anpãbH$'Mr ñWmnZm Pmcr.

3. g§gX

"Am°b w{Z`Z H$m±J«og Am°\$ gmopìhEV' hr gmopìhEV g§KmMr gdm}À` gmd© m¡_ g§ñWm hmoVr. `mg§ñWoMr gXñ` g§»`m gw_mao 2000 BVH$s hmoVr. ho gd© gXñ` Amnë`mVyZ "Am°b w{Z`Z EpŠPŠ w{Q>ìhH${_Q>r' H$[aVm à{V{ZYr {ZdS>V AgV. "`w{Z`Z gmopìhEV' d "gmopìhEV Am°\$ ZoeZm{bQ>r' Aer Ë`mg§ñWoMr XmoZ g^mJ¥ho hmoVr.

gXñ` g§»`m

" w{Z`Z gmopìhEV' `m g^mJ¥hmV {Zamù`m KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo, Ë`m§À`m bmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV{ZdS>Ê`mV Ambobo EHy$U 450 gXñ` AgV. "gmopìhEV Am°\$ Z°eZ±{bQ>rO' _Ü o àË oH$ ñdm`Îm gmopìhEVJUamÁ`mMo d àËòH$ ghdVu JUamÁ`mMo nmM à{V{ZYr, ñdm`Îm àXoem§Mm àËòH$s EH$ à{V{ZYr AgoEHy$U 136 gXñ` AgV.

à{V{Z{YËd

H$m_Jma dJm©Mr hþHy$_emhr `m VËdmda _VXmZmMm hŠH$ àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. EHy$UbmoH$g§» oÀ`m 15 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$g§»`m Agboë`m H$m_Jma dJm©bm n§Mdrg hOma bmoH$g§» o_mJo EH$à{V{ZYr Va EHy$U _VXmam§À`m g§» oÀ`m 70 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$g§»`m Agboë`m eoVH$ar dJm©bm _mÌ 125000bmoH$g§» obm EH$ à{V{ZYr XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.

_VXmZ

PmaH$mbrZ A{YH$mar dJm©bm d _Ü`_dJu`m§Zm _VXmZmMm hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambobm ZìhVm. _VXmZJwßV _VXmZ nÜXVrZo ZìhVo Va hmV C§MmdyZ Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. `m_wio {damoY H$aUo H$R>rU hmoV.

g^m

"Am°b `w{Z`Z EpŠPŠ`w{Q>ìh H${_Q>rÀ`m' g^m dfm©VyZ VrZ doim hmoV. _Ü`§VarÀ`m H$mimV

(75)

_hÎdmMr d ImÌrMo H$m`Xo H$aUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>ë`mg Img g^m ~mob{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma "ào{gS>r`_'bmAgo. H$moUË`mhr {dYo H$mbm H$m`ÚmMo ñdê$n XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m _§OwarZ§Va oV Ago.

ào{g{S>`_

"ào{g{S>`_'`mV XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVyZ {ZdS>boë`m 27 gXñ`m§Mm g_mdoe Ago. EpŠPŠ w{Q>ìh H${_Q>rMo

A{YdoeZ Mmby AgVmZm gdm}ƒ A{YH$ma ào{gS>r`_H$So> AgV. H|$Ðr` _§{Ì_§S>imV ( w{Z`Z gmodmoUmoH$mo_m})

10 _§Ìr AgV. nyduÀ`m MoH$mMr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mMo `wZm`Q>oS> {S>nmQ>©_|Q> Am°\$ nm°{b{Q>H$b A±S>

E°S>{_{ZñQ´>oeZ (OGPU) Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m {S>nmQ>©_|Q>À`m H$m_H$mOmda "A°Q>Zu OZab'Mo

{Z §ÌU Ago.

4. gmå`dmXr njm_wio gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m amOH$s` OrdZmVrb ~Xb

a{e`mVrb gmopìhEV nj hm gd© emgH$s` d amOH$s` `§ÌUoMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ hmoVm.gmopìhEV a{e`mV

H$m`XoeranUo _mÝ`Vmàmá gmå`dmXr nj Agm EH$M nj hmoVm. gmopìhEV gaH$maÀ`m YmoaUmbm {Xem

XoÊ`mMo d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ gmå`dmXr nj H$aV Ago. nj {ZU© m§Zm H$m`ÚmMo ñdén gaH$maÛmam

{Xbo OmV hmoVo. njmer {ZJ{S>V VéUm§Mr _hÎdnyU© g§KQ>Zm åhUOo "H$m°_gmo_mob' hmo . gmå`dmXr

VËdàUmbrbm d njmbm EH${Zð> AgUmao {eñV~ÜX H$m ©H$V} V`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m g§KQ>ZoH$So>

hmoVr. Vo gXñ` njmbm d nj VËdkmZmbm gd©ñdr dmhÿZ KoVbobo {H«$`merb, àm_m{UH$, g¥OZerb d

CËgmhr H$m ©H$V} AgmdoV Aer Anojm Ho$cr OmV.

Xhm Vo gmoim df} d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§À`m g§KQ>Zm§Zm "nm`mo{Zà' åhQ>ë`m OmV. `m nm`mo{Zà

g§KQ>ZoVrb 16 Vo 23 d`moJQ>mVrb VéU H$m ©H$Ë`mªZm "H$å w{ZñQ> wW' `m g§KQ>ZoV àdoe {_iV.

gmå`dmXr VÎdkmZmMr {eH$dUyH$ {_imboë`m AZoH$ gXñ`m§n¡H$s \$maM WmoS>çm VéUm§Zm "H$å w{ZñQ> wW'

`mV gXñ` åhUyZ àdoe {_iV Ago. njmV {ZîH«$s`, Aàm_m{UH$ qH$dm nj _VmÀ`m{déÜX OmUmè`m

gXñ`m§Mm âUm hmoD$ Z o, Aem§À`m dmJUwH$s_wio njmMr {eñV, EoŠ` d à{Vð>m `mda A{ZîQ> n[aUm_

hmoD$ Z o, `mgmR>r Amdí`H$VoZwgma njewÜXr H$aÊ`mV oV Ago. Aer njewÜXr àW_ 1921 _Ü o Ho$br

Jobr. Ë`mV gmV bmI nj gXñ`m§n¡H$s EH$ bmI E|er hOma gXñ`m§Mr njmVyZ hH$mbnÅ>r H$aÊ`mV

Ambr hmoVr.

"Am°b w{Z`Z H$m±J«og Am°\$ X H$å w{ZñQ> nmQ>u' hr gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m loUr~ÜX g§KQ>ZoMr gdm}ƒ

g§KQ>H$ g§ñWm hmo`. `mV 70 gXñ`m§À`m H|$Ðr` g{_Vr gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$arV hmoVr. njH$m`©

Mmb{dÊ`mH$[aVm H|$Ðr` g{_Vr VrZ KQ>H$ g§ñWm§À`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVo. EH$ KQ>H$ g§ñWm åhUOo

"g{Mdmb`', Ë`mMm à_wI hm njmMm ga{MQ>Urg Ago. Ë`mMo H$m_ gXñ`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo,

nXm{YH$mè`m§Mr {Z wº$s, ~S>V\$r©, ~Xbr BË`mXr A{YH$ma ga{MQ>Urgmg AgV. Xþgar g§KQ>Zm åhUOo

"nm°{bQ>ã wamo'. g§K amÁ`mÀ`m {ZVr {ZYm©aUmMo d gd© _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r g§~§{YV {ZU© KoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma

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`mg hmoVo. Ë`m_wio "nm°crQ> ã yamo' g§ñWm amîQ´>mVrb gdm©{YH$ eº$sembr g§ñWm hmoVr. nm°{bQ>ã wamoÀ`m

gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> AË §V H$miOrnyd©H$ d MmoI§XinUo Ho$br OmV Ago. Ë`m g§ñWoMo gXñ` AgUo hm _moR>m

~hþ_mZ g_Obm OmV hmoVm. {Vgar KQ>H$ g§ñWm åhUOo "Am°J©Zm`PoeZ ã wamo' `m KQ>H$ g§ñWoV EHy$U Xhm

gXñ` amhV hmoVo. AZoH$Xm H$mhr nj ZoVo Ë`m VrZhr KQ>H$ g§ñWm§Mo gXñ` AgV. na§Vw nj g§KQ>Zm,

njmMr {eñV, ZrVr, H$m`©nÜXVr `m gd© ÑîQ>tZr ga{MQ>UrgmMo nX AË`§V à^mdr _mZë`m OmV.

5. 1935-1937 `m H$mimVrb njewÜXr

gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb gZ 1935-1937 `m H$mimVrb gmopìhEV gaH$maZo Ho$bobr njewÜXr hr Ë`mXeH$mVrb _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm§n¡H$s EH$ _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo. `m njewÜXr _mo{h_oMr H$maUo VËH$mbrZAm§VaamîQ´>r` n[apñWVr d Ë`m_wio gmopìhEV a{e`mbm oS>gmdUmao g§H$Q>o `m gd© JmoîQ>tMm g§~§Y njewÜXrKQ>Zoer hmoVm.

"nj ewÜXr'Mr nmœ© y_r

gm_wXm{`H$ eoVr, Ë`mZ§VaMm XþîH$mi Am{U AemV bmImo bmoH$m§Mm Jobobm ~ir `m_wio H$å w{ZñQ>

njmV {Za{Zamù`m à{V{H«$`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Ë`mn¡H$s ñQ>°{bZ, _mbmoQ>m±d BË`mXrZm a{e`mV bîH$ar {eñV

AmUÊ`mMr KmB© hmoVr. {R>H$-{R>H$mUr eÌy AgyZ Ë`m§Zm naH$s`m§Mr _XV hmoV Agë`mMm àMma Ë`m§Zr

Mmb{dbm hmoVm. Aem eÌy§Zm XoemVyZ hÔnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AË §V {ZK¥©U Cnm` Ho$bo nm{hOoV hr Ë`m§Mr

^y{_H$m hmoVr. `mgmR>r ñQ>°{bZbm Ë`mÀ`m nXmdê$Z nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mMr hmH$ [a CVrZ `mZo {Xbr. `m_wioM

ñQ>°{bZZo Amncm gaH$mar H$samdÀ`m _XVrZo [aCVrZ `mbm njmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>bo. `mdê$Z njmV

ewÜXrH$aUmMr Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mMo H|$Ðr` g{_VrZo _mÝ` Ho$bo. gZ 1933-1934 `m XmoZ dfm©V 11

bj 40 hOma gXñ` njmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo.

gZ 1921 _Üò bo{ZZÀ`m h`mVrVM Zì`m Am{W©H$ ZrVrÀ`m (NEP) àýmdê$Z CØdboë`m

_V oXm_wio gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m EH$ñV§ r EoŠ`mbm VS>m OmUma H$s H$m`? AerM n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr

hmoVr. hr n[apñWVr hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r gmå`dmXr njmZo \w$Q>ra qH$dm {damoYr JQ> d njmÀ`m {ZU© m{déÜX

àMma H$aUmè`m§Zm ~oH$m`Xoera R>adbo. njmV amhÿZ Q´>m±Q>mñH$s, H$mo_moZod, {PZmo{dd `m§À`m H$madm`m `m

njmMm {damoYr Amho Ago njmÀ`m {ZXe©ZmV Amë`mZo nwT>rb {damoYm§Zm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>rhr njewÜXr

H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

gZ 1928 Z§Va Ho$di A_yV© {gÜXm§Vm EodOr emgZmÀ`m ì`dhm[aH$ ~mOy da â {Xbm Jobm

nm{hOo Agm EH$ Zdm JQ> gmå`dmXr njmVM CX`mg Ambm hmoVm. `m JQ>mMm à_wI ñQ>°{bZMm {_Ì d

nm°{bQ>ã wamoMo gXñ` Eg. {H$amod hmoVm. gmopìhEV KQ>ZoV {XgUmam dJ© oX Zmhrgm H$ê$Z gmopìhEVMr

amÁ`KQ>Zm A{YH$ cmoH$emhr ñdê$nmMr H$amdr Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo.

bmoH$emhr ñdê$nmÀ`m `m Zì`m {dMma àdmhmbm gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m amOH$s` dVw©imVrb XmoZ

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JQ>mMm {damoY hmoVm. Ë`mVrb EH$ JQ> åhUOo Q´>m±Q>mñH$s d Ë`mMo AZw m`r Agbobm S>mì`m§Mm hmo . `m

JQ>mÀ`m _Vo {H$amodZo à{Vnm{XV Ho$boë`m gwYmaUm åhUOo H$m_Jma hþHy$_emhr AmXem©Mm nam^d Amho.

Xþgam JQ> [aH$modÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb COì`m§Mm hmoVm. Ë`m§Mm Amamon åhUOo gmopìhEV amîQ´>OrdZmV gm_mÝ`

n[apñWVr nwÝhm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {H$amodmÀ`m bmoH$emhr gwYmaUm AJXr VmoH$S>çm ñdê$nmÀ`m

Amho Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.

gZ 1934 n ªV darb XmoÝhr JQ>m§Mm gaH$mar ZrVrbm Agbobm {damoY àË`j H¥$VrV CVam`bm

gwédmV Pmbobr hmoVr. H$maU AZoH$ H$maImÝ`mV `§Ìgm_wJ«rMr _moS>VmoS> d AZoH$ KmVH$s H¥$Ë` d

CËnmXZmbm Iri KmbyZ gaH$mar `moOZm hmUyZ nmS>Ê`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo. `mMm g§~§Y naH$s`

hoa{Jarer OmoS>bm OmV Agbm Var `m nmR>r_mJo XoemVrbM {damoYH$m§Mm hmV Agmdm Agm XmQ> g§e`

hmoVm. `mgmR>r {damoYH$m§Zr H$Q> a{Mbm hmoVm. `mZwgma,

1) ñQ>°{bZMr amOdQ> CbWyZ nmS>Uo,

2) n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m A§VJ©V Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU d "H$bImoO' nÜXVr hmUyZ nmS>Uo,

3) J«m_rU joÌmV eoVH$è`m§Zm ImOJr _mb_ÎmoMm A{YH$ma XoUo,

4) Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU d ì`mnmar joÌmV H$mhr à_mUmV ^m§S>dbemhr àñWm{nV H$aUo,

H$Q> nyU© Pmë`mda -

1) ñQ>°{bZÀ`m nmS>mdmZ§Va ZdrZ gaH$mabm O_©Zr d OnmZ `m amîQ´>m§Zr nmqR>~m Úmdm,

2) `m _mo~Xë`mV gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb ZdrZ gaH$ma wH«o$ZMm Vm~m O_©Zr d nyd}H$S>rb g_wÐ{H$ZmanÅ>r d gmIbrZ ~oQ>m§Mm Vm~m OmnmZH$So> XoB©b, Aer ~mobUr {damoYH$m§Zr OnmZ dO_©Zrer Ho$br hmoVr.

`m fL> §ÌmMr gwédmV gZ 1934 _Ü o "H$å w{ZñQ> wW' g§KQ>ZoMm gXñ` Agbobm brZmo{dX

{ZH$moËgod `mZo1{S>g|~a 1934 amoOr {H$amodMr hË`m Ho$br. `mnyduhr AZoH$ gmå`dmXr ZoË`m§Mm _¥Ë y

g§e`mñnX pñWVrV KSy>Z Ambm hmoVm. {H$amodÀ`m hË oer AÝ` H$moUmMm hr g§~§Y Zmhr Ago Á yar g_moa

{bZmo{dX `mZo gm§{JVbo Agbo Var darb gd© hË`m§_mJo {damoYH$m§Mm `moOZm~ÜX H$Q> Agë`mMo Mm¡H$er

A§Vr ñnîQ> Pmbo. ñQ>°{bZ d gmå`dmXr nj `m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$boë`m ZrVr {déÜX gmå`dmXr njmVrb S>mdo

d COdo JQ> EH$Ì Ambo d Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {damoYmV naH$s` gÎmm§er åhUOoM O_©Zr d OnmZ `m§À`mer

hmV{_idUr Ho$br hmoVr Ago AmamontÀ`m O~m~mVyZ ñnîQ> Pmbo hmoVo.

`m Amamonm§Mr Mm¡H$er gw_mao XmoZ df} Mmbbr. Am°JñQ> 1936 _Ü o {PZmo{dd, H$mo_oZod d H$Q>mMo

AmUIr 11 ZoVo `m§Mo IQ>bo gwàr_ H$moQ>m©À`m bîH$ar H$moQ>m©nwT>o R>odÊ`mV Ambo. `m {damoYH$m§Zr {H$amod

{edm` ñQ>°{bZÀ`m hË oMm H$Q> aMbm hmoVm ho CKS> Pmbo hmoVo.

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OJmVrc gd© d¥ÎmnÌmV `m IQ>ë`mÀ`m Mm¡H$erMo d¥Îm Vn{ebmgh àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.

darb fS> §ÌmV gd© Amamonr Xmofr Agë`mMm {ZU© Ý`m`mYrem§Zr {Xbm. {PZmo{dd, H$mo_oZodgh AZoH$m§Zm

XoeÐmohmÀ`m AmamonmImbr _¥Ë wX§S>mÀ`m {ejm R>moR>mdÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. `mM~amo~a naH$s` gÎmm§er

hmV{_idUr H$ê$Z bîH$ar d _hËdmÀ`m JwßV ~mVå`m naH$s`m§Zm nwa{dÊ`mÀ`m Amamonmdê$Z _me©b

VwImMdñH$s d bmb bîH$amVrb gmV A{YH$mè`m§Zm H$R>moa {ejm {Xë`m Joë`m.

`m njewÜXr _Ü o nwT>o OmD$ 103 OZab d 81 E°S>{_ab `m§Zm _¥Ë yX§S> XoÊ`mV Ambm.

gmå`dmXmbm {damoY H$aUm`m©30 bmI bmoH$m§Zm g¡~o[a`mVrb JwbmJ àm§VmV O~aXñVr amhÊ`mgmR>r

nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mVrb gmSo>gmV cmI bmoH$m§Zm _maÊ`mV Ambo. njmÀ`m Cƒ A{YH$mar` _Ü`dVu

g{_VrV gZ 1934 _Ü o g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m71 hmoVr. gZ 1939 _Ü o Vr 26 am{hbr. Ë`mn¡H$s

njm{déÜX H$madm`m Ho$ë`mÀ`m Amamonm§Imbr ZD$ gXñ`m§Zm CKS> \$mgr d ~mam gXñ`m§Zm njmVyZ ~mhoa

H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo, Va 24 gXñ` Hw$R>oVar hadbo åhUyZ gm§JÊ`mV Ambo. hOmamo bmoH$m§Mr Pmbobr Ya nH$S>,

hÔnmar Am{U {ejm `mda A_o[aHo$V Q>rHo$Mr PmoS> CR>br hmoVr. {damoYH$m§Mr Ý`m`mb`rZ Mm¡H$er hm

ñQ>°{bZbm hmoV Agbobm {damoY {MaSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zo C o Ho$bobo EH$ WmoVm§S> Amho, Ago ^mî` AZoH$

naXoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr, A_o[aHo$Vrb g_mOdmÚm§Zr, Q´>m±Q>mñH$s d Ë`m§À`m AZw m`rZr Ho$bo. `m XS>nemhrMm

{damoY Ho$bm. {damoYH$m§n¡H$s Hw$Ur à_wI ì`º$s nH$S>br Jobr H$s Ë`m ì`º$sMo AmáñdH$s`, {_Ì d Ë`mMo

ghH$mar `m gdmªda gaH$mar X_Z ZrVr Mmbdbr OmV.

AemàH$mao gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb AZoH$ amOH$s` KamUr Zmhrer Ho$br Jobr. hOmamo bmoH$m§Zm Ho$di

g§e`mdê$Z nH$S>bo Jobo. Ë`m§Zm hÔnmarÀ`m H$mamdmgmMr {ejm gwZmdÊ`mV Amë`m. njewÜXr H$mimVrb

H$R>moa X_U ZrVrMm d Ë`mV {ZanamY bmoH$m§Mm ~ir Jocm. {damoYH$m§Mo {ZXm©bZ H$ê$Z gd© gÎmm {Zd}YnUo

ñdV…À`m hmVr H|${ÐV H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr ñQ>°{bZMr H«y$a _hËdH$m§jm njewÜXrbm H$maUr^yV R>abr.

njewÜXr H$mimVrb _hËdnyU© KQ>Zm

1. gZ 1933 d 34 `m XmoZ dfm©V 11 bj 40,000 gXñ`m§Zm njmÀ`m ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mV

Ambo, Ë`mVrb AZoH$m§Zm H$mamdmgmV Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambo.

2. EH$ OwZm ~moëeopìhH$ ZoVm pñ_Zm}ìh `mZohr gZ 1933 À`m OmZodmar _{hÝ`mV ñQ>°{bZbm

A{YH$ma nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr nwT>mè`m§er d H$m ©H$Ë`mªMr g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bm

hmoVm. ho CKS> Pmë`mZo pñ_Zm}ìhbm \$mer Úmdr Aer _mJUr ñQ>°{bZZo Ho$br.

3. H|$Ðr` g{_VrV _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Agbobo 139 g^mgX {ZdS>bo Jobo. Ë`mVrb nwT>rb

nmM dfmªÀ`m AmV Ë`mVrb 90 OU hË`m H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV ~mH$sÀ`m

g^mgXm§n¡H$s AmUIr 18 OUm§Mm eodQ> AgmM Pmbm nm°{bQ>ã wamoÀ`m g^mgXm§n¡H$s 50

Q>ŠHo$ g^mgXm§Mr Mma dfm©V hË`m H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

(79)

4. "`mJmoS>m' (NKVD) `m A{Ve` {ZKw©UnUo dmJUmè`m ZoË`mg Jwá nmo{bg à_wI åhUyZ

Zo_Ê`mV oD$Z njmÀ`m ewÜXrH$aU g{_VrMmhr à_wI H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

5. {H$amdMm IyZ 1 {S>g|~a 1934 amoOr boUr J«mD$§S>À`m gmob_r`m H$å w{ZñQ> njmÀ`m _w»`

H$m`m©b`mÀ`m B_maVr ~mhoa Xþnmar gmSo>MmaÀ`m gw_mamg Pmbm.

6. ñQ>°{bZZo {H$amodÀ`m IwZmMo YmJoXmoao CH$byZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r AQ>H$gÌ gwê$ Ho$bo. Xoeâ

AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm AQ>H$ H$ê$Z Vwé§JmV KmbÊ`mV Ambo. Am{U bJoM R>ma _maÊ`mV Ambo.

ñQ>°{bZJ«mS> _Yrb bîH$ar {dÚmb`mVrb 37 OUm§Zm \$mer XoÊ`mV Ambr. _m°ñH$moV hm

AmH$S>m 33 hmoVm. {H$Ed _o o `m H$Å>a ñQ>°{bZdmXr Ý`m`mYremg CbarI oWo nmR>{dÊ`mV

Ambo. Ë`mZo wH«o$Z_Yrb 28 OUm§Zm Jmoù`m KmbÊ`mÀ`m {ejm {Xë`m. `mVrb AZoH$ OU

boIH$ hmoVo. `m§À`mda gmopìhEV gaH$ma {déÜX naXoemV OmD$Z H$Q> Ho$ë`mMm Amamon hmoVm.

7. {ZH$mobodMr nyd© nËZr {H$amodMr _¡ÌrU Agë`mMm Ho$di g§e` hmoVm Var {Vbmhr CbarIZo

_¥Ë`wX§S>mMr {ejm {Xbr hmoVr.

8. {H$amodÀ`m IwZmZ§Va H|$Ðr` g{_VrV\}$ EH$ n[anÌH$ njmÀ`m gd© emIm§Zm nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo.

Ë`mV njmV gaH$ma {damoYr bmoH$ AgyZ Ë`m§Zm hmH$byZ bmdÊ`mMm Am{U Ë`m§À`m {ZfoY

H$aUm`m© g^m KoÊ`mMm AmXoe `m n[anÌH$mV XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.

9. {H$amodÀ`m IwZmZ§Va ñQ>°{bZZo njmÀ`m ewÜXrH$aUmMr _mohr_ dmT>{dbr. Aem _mo{h_oMr

Ë`mbm gm_wXm`rH$sH$aUmnmgyZ gd` hmoVr. Ë`m_wio {H$amodmÀ`m IwZmÀ`mhr AJmoXa gZ

1933 gmbÀ`m nydm©Ym©V 7 bj 38,000 Am{U CÎmamYm©V 6 bj 87 hOma bmoH$m§Zm

{Za{Zamù`m {ejm {Xcr Jocr.

10. ewÜXrH$aUmÀ`m gÌmVyZ bîH$ahr gwQy> eH$bo Zmhr. gZ 1935 _Ü o nmM OUm§Zm _me©b

H$aÊ`mV Ambo nU VrZ dfm©À`m AmV Ë`mVrb VrZ A{YH$mè`m§Zm OZVoMo eÌy åhUyZ R>ma

H$aÊ`mV Ambo. n{hë`m d Xþgè`m dJm©À`m gmoim goZmnVr n¡H$s 15 OU ~ir nS>bo. goZm

{d^mJmÀ`m EHy$U 70 à_wI A{YH$mè`m§n¡H$s 60, 199 {S>pìhOZb H$_m§S>a n¡H$s 136,

397 {~«Jo{S>à n¡H$s 231, Zm¡XbmÀ`m ~moQ>rMo 4 à_wI, 6 Zm¡Xb à_wI, 15 Cnà_wIn¡H$s

9, 25 H$moAa H${_gma, 97 {S>pìhOZb H${_gma, 36 {~«Jo{S>à H$_rgma `m§Zm _maÊ`mVAmbo. AZoH$m§Zm Vwé§JmV S>m§~Ê`mV Ambo.

6. gZ 1936 Mr ñQ>°{bZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm

ñQ>°{bZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm {H$amod`mZo à{Vnm{XV Ho$boë`m gwYmaUm§da AmYm[aV hmoVr. emgH$s` damOH$s` §ÌUoda AàË`jnUo {Z §ÌU Agmdo `m ÑîQ>rZo 6 \o$~«wdmar 1936 amoOr gmopìhEV a{e`mMm

(80)

n§VàYmZ _mobmoQ>mod `mZo gmopìhEV a{e`mgmR>r ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>ZoMm _gwXm V`ma hmoV Agë`m~ÔbMr KmofUmHo$br. `mgmR>r KQ>Zm XþéñVrMo ñdê$n {Z{üV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ñQ>°{bZÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ KQ>Zmg{_VrMr {Z`wº$s H|$Ðr` H$m`©H$mar _§S>imZo Ho$br. KQ>ZoV Amdí`H$VoZwgma ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr AZw_Vr "Am°ba{e`Z Am°\$ gmopìhEV' `m§À`mH$So> \o$~«wdmar 1936 amoOr {Xbr. gZ 25 Zmoìh|~a 1936 amoOr hr KQ>Zmg§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

KQ>ZoMm _gwXm H$gm Agmdm `mda MMm© d gyMZm H$aÊ`mH$[aVm nj gXñ`, H$maImÝ`mVrb

H$m_Jma d gm_y{hH$ eoVrMo gXñ` `m§À`mnwT>o KQ>ZoMm _gwXm R>odÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Amboë`m

gyMZm {dMmamV KoVë`mZ§Va `m _gwÚmV Amdí`H$ Vmo ~Xb H$ê$Z {S>g|~a 1936 _Ü o amÁ`KQ>ZoMm _gwXm

A{YH¥$VnUo _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m`ÚmV Imbrb _hËdmMo ~Xb

KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV Ambo Vo Ago -

1) g_mZ hŠH$ d g_mZ à{V{Z{YËd

gmå`dmXr gaH$maZo gmopìhEV a{e`mV H$m_Jmam§Mr bmoH$emhr ñWm{nV ìhmdr åhUyZ 1918 d

1924 À`m amÁ`KQ>Zm§_Ü o gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb nyduMo amÁ`gÎmmdmXr, gm_§V, MM©er g§~§YrV bmoH§$,

^m§S>dbXma d _Ü`_dJu`m§Zm _VXmZmMm hŠH$ ZmH$mabm hmoVm. eoVH$è`m§À`m VwbZoV Aëng§»`m§H$

Agboë`m H$m_Jma dJm©bm _mÌ gdm©{YH$ à{V{Z{YËd {Xbo Jobo hmoVo. na§Vw n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm

H$mimV KSy>Z Amboë`m H¥$fr gm_mOrH$sH$aUm§_wio "Hw$bmH$'d _Ü`_dJu`m§Mo g_mOmVyZ CƒmQ>Z Pmbo.

`mVyZ gmopìhEV a{e`mV Zdm dJ© {da{hV g_mO {Z_m©U Pmë`mMr gmopìhEV ZoË`m§Mr ImÌr nQ>br hmoVr.

Ë`m_wioM nyduÀ`m KQ>Zm H$m`ÚmV dJ© oXmda AmYm[aV Agbobr _VXmZmÀ`m nmÌVoMr VaVyX aÔ H$ê$Z

amîQ´>mVrc g§nyU© OZVobm g_mZ hŠH$ d g_mZ à{V{Z{YËd XoÊ`mg amÁ`KQ>ZoZo _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.

2) gdm}ƒ H$m`Xo_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr

gZ 1936 À`m ñQ>°{bZÀ`m KQ>ZoZwgma nyduMo "Am°b `w{Z`Z H$m±J«og Am°\$ gmopìhEV' aÔ Ho$co d

ZmJ[aH$m§Zr {ZdSy>Z {Xboë`m à{V{ZYtMo "gwàr_ gmopìhEV'- gdm}ƒ H$m`Xo_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV

Ambr. `m H$m`Xo_§S>imMr "gmopìhEV Am°\$ X `w{Z`Z' d Xþgao "gmopìhEV Am°\$ Z°eZ°{bQ>r' Aer XmoZ

g^mJ¥h hmoVr.

3) à{V{Z{YËd

gZ 1924 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV Or cmoH$g§»ò_mJrc à{V{ZYrËd hmoVo, Vo aÔ H$ê$Z gZ 1936 À`m

KQ>ZoV Xa VrZ bj ZmJ[aH$m§_mJo EH$ à{V{ZYr Ago J«m_rU d ehar {d^mJm§Zm gmaIoM à{V{Z{YËd

XoÊ`mV Ambo. {ZdS>UyH$ Jwá _VXmZ nÜXVrZo H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. d` 18 df} nyU© H$aUmè`mór-nwéfmbm _VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm.

(81)

4) gwàr_ Am°\$ gmopìhEV

gwàr_ gmopìhEVMo à{V{ZYr Mma dfm©H$arVm {ZdS>bo OmV.gwàr_ gmopìhEVÀ`m g^m dfm©VyZ XmoZ

doim Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m OmV. {deof H$maUmH$arVm gwàr_ gmopìhEVMo {deof A{YdoeZ ~mob{dÊ`mMm

A{YH$ma ào{g{S>`_bm Ago, H$moUË`mhr {dYo mH$mbm H$m`ÚmMo ñdê$n XoÊ`mH$[aVm gwàr_ gmopìhEVÀ`m

XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m ~hþg§» oMr _§Owar Amdí`H$ Ago. gwàr_ gmopìhEVMo A{YdoeZ gwê$ AgVmZm gd© gÎmm

ào{g{S>`_À`m hmVr amhV. gwàr_ gmopìhEVÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVrb gXñ`m§À`m g§`wº$ ~¡R>H$sV ào{g{S>`_

d _§{Ì_§S>imMr {ZdS> H$aV. ào{g{S>`_ ho gmopìhEV g§KmMo gm_w{hH$nUo AÜ`j amhV Ago åhUVm oB©b.

Vo gwàr_ gmopìhEVbm O~m~Xma Ago. H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma gdm}À` H$m ©H$mar d emgH$s` A{YH$mar

"H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ {_{ZñQ>a' `m§À`m hmVr hmoVo. KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$[aVm gwàr_ gmopìhEVÀ`m XmoZ V¥Vr`m§e

~hþ_VmMr _§Owar Amdí`H$ Ago.

5) gmopìhEV Am°\$ Z°eZ°{bQ>r

XoemVrc {Za{Zamiçm àXoemVrc ZmJarH$ `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$arV àËòH$ g§KamÁ`mMo25 g^mgX, ñdm`Îm JUamÁ`mMo 11 g^mgX, ñdm`Îm àXoemMo 5 g^mgX d amîQ´>rH$ joÌmMm 1 AgohmoVo. 23 dfm©darb H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sbm C_oXdma åhUyZ {ZdS>UwH$sbm C o amhÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm.

6) ñQ>°{bZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço

1) gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g_mZVoMm A{YH$ma {Xcm Jocm.

2) {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambm. (amOH$s` hŠH$ ~hmb)

3) _wÐU, g§ mfU ñdmV§Í`mMr h_r XoÊ`mV Ambr.

4) àË oH$ ì`º$sbm _mbH$s hŠH$mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm.

5) ñdV…À`m l_mda CËnÝZ àmá H$aÊ`mMr KQ>ZoZwgma nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr.

6) {ejUmMr g_mZ g§Yr, nmÌVoZwgma ZmoH$arMm hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambm.

7) H$m_mÀ`m XOm©Zwgma doVZ XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

❏ ñQ>°{bZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMo Xmof

1) nmümÎ` bmoH$emhrÀ`m H$ënZm§À`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~gUmar bmoH$emhr ZìhVr.

2) {ZdS>UyH$ bT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Agbm Var gmå`dmXr nj hm EH$_od nja{e`mV ApñVËdmV hmoVm.

(82)

7. amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _hÎdnyU© ~Xb

1. "Am°b a{e`Z H$m±J«og Am°\$ gmopìhEV' `m g§ñWoMo {dgO©Z H$ê$Z Ë`mEodOr gmopìhEV a{e`mMo

gdm}ƒ H$m`Xo_§S>i åhUyZ "gwàr_ gmopìhEVMr' {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

2. H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ `w{Z`Z d H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ Z°eZb Ago {ÛJ«hr H$m`Xo_§S>i V`ma H$aÊ`mV

Ambo.

3. {dYo H$mbm H$m`ÚmMo ñdê$n XoÊ`mH$[aVm XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMr g§_Vr Amdí`H$ Ago. `mV

àË oH$ w{Z`Z JUamÁ`mMo 25, ñdm`Îm JUamÁ`mMo 11, ñdm`Îm àm§VmMo 5, àmXo{eH$

joÌmMm EH$ Ago à{V{ZYr H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ Z°eZ{bQ>r_Ü o AgV. amîQ´>r` Aëng§»`m§H$

JQ>mMm {hVg§~§YmMo g§ajU ìhmdo hm `m nÜXVrMm _yi hoVy hmoVm.

4. H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ w{Z`ZÀ`m à{V{Z{YËdmÀ`m à_mUmV d _VXmZmÀ`m nÜXVrV _hËdmMo ~Xb

H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

5. 18 df} d`mdarb gd© ór-nwéfm§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm. nyduÀ`m KQ>ZoZwgma

Á`m§Mm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$maÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zmhr _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma ~hmb

H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

6. C_oXdma åhUyZ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo.

7. Y_©, n§W qH$dm Am{W©H$ XOm© `m H$maUmH$arVm H$moUVmhr oX^md Z R>odVm KQ>ZoZwgma gdmªZm

g_mZ A{YH$mamMr h_r XoÊ`mV Ambr.

8. ZmJ[aH$m§Mo Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì` Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Amco.

9. _wÐU, ^mfU d g^m ñdmV§Í` EdT>oM Zìho Va KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m g§KamÁ`mVyZ \w$Qy>Z {ZKÊ`mMm

A{YH$ma VËdV… _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

10. _mÌ ho ñdmV§Í` nm{ü_mÎ` bmoH$emhr amîQ>mà_mUo A{Z~ªY ZìhVo. `m A{YH$mamMr A§_b~OmdUr

H$arV AgVmZm gaH$mar amofmMm {dMma ~mOybm R>odUo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm eŠ` hmoV Zgo.

11. g_mOdmXr VËdkmZmZwgma CËnmXZmÀ`m gd© gmYZm§da amîQ´>m§Mr _mbH$s Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV

Ambr. `m KQ>ZoZo ImOJr CÚmoJY§Xo d ImOJr eoVr `m~m~V H$mhr gdbVr XoÊ`mV

Amboë`m.

12. eoVH$è`m§Zm ñdH$îQ>mZo O_rZ H$gÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm Agbm Var `m pñWVrn ªV

eoVH$è`m§Zm gm_w{hH$ eoVrMo \$m`Xo nQ>bo Agë`mZo d Ë`mH$[aVm Amdí`H$ Vr _Zmod¥Îmr V`ma

Pmbobr Agë`mZo `m gdbVrMm A{ZîQ> n[aUm_ hmoUma Zmhr `mMr gmopìhEV gaH$mabm

ImÌr hmoVr.

(83)

13. ZmJ[aH$m§Mo amhVo Ka d Ë`mVrb gm{hË` Aem ImOJr _mb_ÎmoÀ`m gwa{jVVoMr d VËg§~§Yrdmagm hŠH$mMr h_r XoÊ`mV Ambr.

14. KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Zm g_VoMo d ñdm`ÎmVoMo AmœmgZ {Xbo Jobo. _mÌ naamîQ´>g§~§Y, g§ajU, MbZì`dñWm, XiU-diU, Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnma, {Z`moOZ BË`mXr AZoH$ _hÎdmMr ImVr dVËg§~§YrMo gd© A{YH$ma H|$Ð gaH$maH$So> hmoVo.

* ñd §-AÜ``Z àý ^mJ - 1

1. a{e`mVrb ~mopëœH$ amOdQ> CbWdyZ Q>mH$Ê`m_mJo .............. AmKmS>rda hmoVo.

A) MM© ~) _oÝe{dH$ H$) Hw$bmH$ S>) gdImoO.

2. a{e`mV àmXo{eH$ ^mfm§~amo~a .............. `m ^mfoMr gº$s H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

A) \|$M ~) O_©Z H$) B§J«Or S>) a{e`Z.

3. `mXdr wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV .............. `m Z¥Ë` àH$mamVrb H$bmH$mam§Zm dJiyZ gdm©ZmbîH$a âVr gº$sMr hmoVr.

A) nmobmo Z¥Ë` ~) ~±bo Z¥Ë` H$) {S>ñH$mo Z¥Ë` S>) a{e`Z Z¥Ë`.

4. 'USSR' Mr Zdr amÁ`KQ>Zm .............. `m dfu V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr .

A) 5 OyZ 1941 ~) 6 OyZ 1941 H$) 6 Owb¡ 1941 S>) 7 Owb¡ 1941.

5. ..................... `m njmbm gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb emgH$s` §ÌoZoMm H$Um _mZë`m Jobo.

A) ~mopëüH$ nj ~) _|em{dH$ nj H$) àVrH«$m§VrdmXr S>) amîQ´>r` nj.

B) n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm

❏ àñVmdZm :-

H«$m§Vrnyd© a{e`m hm wamonmVrb gdm©V _mJmgbobm H¥${fàYmZ Xoe hmoVm. n{hë`m _hm wÜXm_wio

oWrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ d H¥$fr ì`dñWoda VmU nSy>Z AW©ì`dñWm nyU©nUo S>~KmB©g Ambr hmoVr. {ZY©Z,

A{e{jV OZVobm Cnmg_mar d amoJamB©Zo J«mgbo hmoVo. yamonr` amîQ´>m§V CnbãY Agboë`m gwIgmo tMr

_mJ_yghr {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§ r a{e`Z OZVoÀ`m OrdZmV AmT>iyZ oV ZìhVm. Aem XoemMo ê$nm§Va

CÚmoJàYmZ, àJV d g§nÝZ amîQ´>mV AënmdYrV H$aUo gmono ZìhVo. {deofV: ZdrZ AW©ì`dñWm H¥$fr joÌmV

ñWra H$aUo AË`§V {MH$mQ>rMo d H$îQ>mMo H$m`© hmoVo. ñQ>°{bZÀ`m EH$V§Ìr, H$R>moa d gd©H$f amOdQ>rV Vo

nyU© Pmbo. H$_Hw$dV d AàJV a{e`mMo CÚmoJàYmZ d gm_Ï ©embr Aem AmYw{ZH$ amîQ´>mV n[adV©Z

Pmbo. A§VaamîQ´>r` joÌmV a{e`mbm n{hë`m XÁ`m©Mo ñWmZ àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV ~hþVm§e lo {Z`moOZ~ÜX

n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm d Ë`mÀ`m èmbm Úmdo bmJob.

(84)

❏ a{e`mV {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWm bmJy H$aÊ`mMr H$maUo :-

a{e`m `m XoemV {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWm bmJy H$aÊ`mMr H$maUo Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oB©b.

1. Z{dZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZwgma ñdrH$macocm _mJ© AZoH$ ~moëeopìhH$ ZoË`m§Zm `mo½` dmQ>V ZìhVm.

`mVyZ a{e`mMr H$mob_S>bobr AW©ì`dñWm gmdabr hmoVr. Ë`m~amo~a gmopìhEV gaH$maÀ`m

ApñVËdmbm {Z_m©U Pmboë`m YmoH$m H$_r Pmbm Agbm Var øm ì`dñWo_wio XoemVrb CËnmXZ

{d{eîQ> _`m©XonbrH$So> dmT>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm {XgV ZìhVr. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm_wio ehar bmoH$g§» oV

dmT> hmoUma, Ë`m_wio AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m H$aUo d {Z`m©Vr H$[aVm OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ

dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. `mgmR>r H¥$fr CËnmXZ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>{dUo `m{edm` Xþgam n`m©

ZìhVm.

2. ZdrZ Am{W©H$ ZrVrMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ H¥$fr joÌmV gXZ eoVH$è`m§Mm d eha {d^mJmV

N>moQ>çm ì`mnmè`m§Mm CX` Pmbm. `m JQ>m§Zm a{e`mÀ`m g_mOOrdZmV nm` amody {Xbo Va Z§Va

Aem§Mo CƒmQ>Z H$aUo H$R>rU hmoB©b, H$maU Ë`mVyZ gwÑT> g_mOdmXr AW©ì`dñWoMr {Z{_©Vr

H$aVm òUma Zmhr. `mgmR>rM ZdrZ Am{W©H$ ZrVr aÔ H$ê$Z {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWobm àma§^

H$aUo g_mOdmXr ZoË`m§Zm Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVo.

3. g§ajUmË_H$ wÜXmH$[aVm a{e`mbm gwg‚m H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWoMr JaO hmoVr.

H$maU a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Va à{V-H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Zr gmopìhEV gaH$ma{déÜX hmV {_idUr

Ho$br hmoVr. naH$s` amîQ´>m§Zr a{e`mÀ`m gaH$mabm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mgmR>r Mmbdbobr Mmb-

T>H$b, AghH$ma, bîH$ar hñVjon, "bmoH$mZm}' gma»`m H$amamVyZ àVrV hmoUmar Ë`m§Mr

Ûof_ybH$ y{_H$m. Aem AZoH$ àg§JmVyZ ^m§S>dbemhr nm{ü_mË` amîQ´>o a{e`m gma»`m

g_mOdmXr amîQ´>mbm pñWa hmoD$ XoUma ZìhVr. Oa `m ^m§S>dbemhr amîQ´>mbm a{e`mÀ`m

g_mOdmXr amîQ´>m{déÜX g§Yr gmnS>br Va Vo EH$Ì òD$Z a{e`mda bîH$ar H$madmB© H$aUmaM

ho CKS> hmoVo. `m_wio g§ajUmË_H$ wÜXmH$[aVm AË`ën H$mimV a{e`mbm eómó g§nÝZ

~Z{dUo, _moR>çm à_mUmda eóm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo, H¥$fr CËnmXZmV ñd §nyU©Vm, amîQ´>m§Mo

PnmQ>çmZo Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.

Q´>m°Q>ñH$sMr Am§VaamîQ´>r` H«$m§VrMr H$ënZm ~mOybm R>odyZ "EH$m amîQ´>mV g_mOdmX' `m YmoaUmda{eŠH$m_moV©~ H$aUmè`m 15 ì`m nj n[afXoZo {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWobm _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. d n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$`moOZoMm H$m ©H«$_ ñdrH¥$V Ho$bm.

{Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWoMr H$ënZm Ver ZdrZ ZìhVr. n{hbo _hm`wÜX d Ë`mZ§VaMo `mXdr `wÜX`m_wio H$moUVrhr AW©ì`dñWm gmdê$Z gdmªJrU àJVr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mH$[aVm `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m ©

amîQ´>r` {Z`moOZ _§S>imH$So> (Gosplan) gmondÊ`mV Ambo. Aem àH$maMm àW_ à`ËZ gZ 1920

(85)

_Ü oH$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. a{e`mV {dÚwVrH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r bo{ZZÀ`m AmXoemZwgma `moOZm AmIÊ`mVAmbr hmoVr. na§Vw 1921 _Ü o a{e`mV g§H$Q>H$mbrZ n[apñWVr_wio Vr `moOZm ~maJibr.

H«$m§Vrnyd© H$mimVrb à{gÜX B§{O{Zà J«rZodËgH$s `m§À`m 1919 _Üò à{gÜX Pmboë`m "a{e`ZCÚmoJY§Úm§Mo wÜXmoÎma ^{dî`' `m J«§WmV _m§S>Ê`mV Amboë`m gyMZm n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZobmAmYma yV R>aë`m. J«rZodËgH$sZo Imbrb gwMZm Ho$ë`m hmoË`m.

1. a{e`mVrb Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ gm_wJ«r d H$ƒm_mb `mÀ`m CnbãYVoZwgma Ë`m joÌmV H$maImZoC^maÊ`mV `mdo.

2. Cab d n{ü_ g¡~o[a`m `m joÌmÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmda â Úmdm.

`mMm \$m`Xm Imbrb à_mUo hmoUma hmoVm.-

1. XiUdiUmda hmoUmam Anì`` dmMUma hmoVm.

2. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌo naH$s` AmH«$_UmnmgyZ Xÿa d gwa{jV amhUma hmoVr.

1. n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm (1928 -1932)

gZ 1928 À`m gwédmVrbm amîQ´>r` {Z`moOZ _§S>imZo (Gosplan) n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm gmXaHo$br. 1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1928 amoOr n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZobm _yV© ñdê$n XoÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©bm àma§ Pmbm.amîQ´>r` {Z`moOZ _§S>imVrb AW©VÁkm§Zr hr `moOZm V`ma Ho$br hmoVr. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr C{ÔîQ>oImbrbà_mUo hmoVr.-

❀ C{ÔîQ>o :-

1. ^m§S>dcemhrMo g_wi CÀMmQ>Z.

2. CÚmoJY§Xo d CËnmXZmÀ`m gmYZm§Mo amîQ´>r`H$aU.

3. H¥$fràYmZ AW©ì`dñWoEodOr epŠVemcr Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmda amîQ´>mÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMr C^maUr.

4. CÚmoJY§Xo, XiUdiU, H¥$fr {dH$mg d g§ajUmË_H$ wÜXmH$[aVm eógm_wJ«r BË`mXrÀ`m{Z{_©VrH$[aVm AdOS> CÚmoJ Y§Úmda â XoUo,

5. {dÚwV-amgm`{ZH$-YmVy g§emoYZ CÚmoJg§K {Z_m©U H$aUo,

6. ImgJr H¥$fr nÜXVrEodOr gm_y{hH$ eoVr nÜXVr A_bmV AmUyZ H¥$fr CËnmXZmV doJmZo dmT>H$aUo,

7. amîQ´>mVrb {ZajaVm, ~oH$mar BË`mXrMo CƒmQ>Z H$ê$Z emim, _Oyam§H$[aVm {gZo_mJ¥ho, XdmImZogwê$ H$aUo.

8. Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmV A_o[aHo$cm _mJo Q>mH$Uo.

(86)

❀ n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr H$m ©dmhr

n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm amîQ´>r` {Z`moOZ _§S>imVrb AW©Vkm§Zr {dMmanyd©H$ XoemgmR>r V`ma Ho$brhmoVr. Vr O~aXñVrZo OZVoda bmXbobr ZìhVr. `m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo~Ôb OZVobm _m{hVr {_imdr`mgmR>r gaH$maZo _moR>çm H$maImÝ`mVyZ _Owam§À`m g^m Am`mo{OV H$ê$Z n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo~Ôb Ë`m§Zm_m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r d KmbyZ {Xboë`m C{ÔîQ>m§da d nÜXVrda MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am_§{ÌV Ho$bo hmoVo. Aemg^m emimVyZ, H«$sS>m H|$ÐmVyZ d AÝ` g§ñWm_YyZ Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. Ë`mV _mÝ` Pmboë`mgwYmaUm d gyMZm _m°ñH$mo gaH$maH$So> nmR>dÊ`mV Amë`m. `m `moOZoV gh^mJr Pmboë`m§Mr ^mdZm d Vrèñdr H$aÊ`mMrgmR>rMr {OÔ OZVoV {Z_m©U Pmbr. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m èñdrVoH$[aVm a{e`ZgaH$maZo OZVobm _moR>çm H$m¡eë`mZo d n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m ~m¡{ÜXH$ d ^mdZmË_H$ AmìhmZ Ho$bo. ^mfUo,d¥ÎmnÌo, {gZo_m, ao{S>Amo Aem _mÜ`_mÛmao OZVoV CËgmh, {OÔ d AmË_{dœmg _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>{dÊ`mVAmbm. ZdrZ amîQ´>mÀ`m {Z{_©VrH$[aVm a{e`Z OZVoZo `m `moOZoMo ñdmJV Ho$bo. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`mèmH$[aVm H$amdMo H$m~mS>H$îQ> åhUOoM ñdV…À`m H$ë`mUmH$arVm Amho hr OmUrd OZVo_Üò {Z_m©UPmbr.

❀ {ZYr

gaH$mar CÚmoJmVyZ òUmam Z\$m, {dH«$sH$a d AÝ` H$amVyZ C^mabobm n¡gm d gaH$maZo OZVoH$Sy>ZC^mabobo H$O© `mVyZ {ZYr O_m Pmbm. nm{ü_mË` amîQ´>m§Zr {ZY©Z a{e`mbm `m H$m_mV gwVam_ gwÜXmAm{W©H$ _XV Ho$br Zmhr. a{e`mÀ`m H$O©\o$S>r~m~V nm{ü_mË` amîQ´>m§Zm A{O~mV {dœmg ZìhVm.Ë`mM~amo~a gmå`dmXr a{e`mbm AW©ghmæ` XoD$Z ^m§S>dbemhr nm{ü_mË` amîQ´>o a{e`mÀ`m àJVrbmhmV^ma bmdy BÀN>rV ZìhVr.

n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoVH$[aVm 5100 H$moQ>r é~ëg a{e`mZo IM© Ho$bo.

n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm {gÜXrg ZoÊ`mH$[aVm Amdí`H$ Agbobo V§Ìk d §Ìemók nm{ü_mË` amîQ´>mVyZ~mobdmdo bmJbo. a{e`mZo `m nm{ü_mË` V§Ìkm§Zm âJƒ, nJma {Xbm hmoVm. hm nJma _mÌ a{e`Zé~ëg_Ü o XoÊ`mV oB©. Ë`m_wio hm nJma a{e`mVM IM© H$amdm bmJV. amîQ´>r` g§nÎmr ~mhoa OmD$ Z o`mgmR>r a{e`Z gaH$maZo Aem àH$mao H$miOr KoVbr hmoVr.

❀ CÚmoJmMr {d^mJUr

a{e`mVrb àË oH$ CÚmoJm§Zm ñdV§ÌnUo CËnmXZmMo bú` R>adyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mà_mUo Ë`mCÚmoJmMr {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.-

1) _yb yV CÚmoJ - H$moigm, bmoI§S>-nmobmX, I{ZO Vob `m CÚmoJY§ÚmÀ`m CËnmXZmV VrZnQ>rZo dmT> H$aUo,

2) Cn^mo½` dñVy - YmÝ` B. XþnQ>rZo dmT> H$aUo,

(87)

gaH$maZo CÚmoJY§Úm§À`m gd© joÌmV (H$maImÝ`mV) VrZnmir nÜXVrZo {XdgmMo Mmodrg Vmg H$m_gwê$ R>odbo. CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>rH$m_Jmam§Zm àmoËgmhZ {_imdo åhUyZ bm^m§e, H$m`m©Zwgma doVZ `m JmoîQ>rgwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m. H$moUË`mhr H$maUmH$[aVm H$m_ ~§X R>odUo hm JwÝhm g_OÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mH$[aVm{ejm R>moR>mdÊ`mV Amë`m.

❀ a{e`mMr ñd §nyU©Vm

n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm èñdr ìhmdr `mH$[aVm bmJUmar gd© gmYZ gm_wJ«r EH$ a~a dJiVm a{e`mVCnbãY hmoVr. a{e`m hm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrZo n[anyU© hmoVm.

a) OJmÀ`m EHy$U I{ZO VobmÀ`m kmV gmR>çmn¡H$s 1/3 gmR>m a{e`mV CnbãY hmoVm,

b) 21 Q>ŠHo$ bmoI§S> gmR>m CnbãY hmoVm,

c) 48 Q>ŠHo$ O§Jb g§nÎmr CnbãY hmoVr,

d) _°JZrO, {ego, Vm§~o, qPH$ BË`mXr I{ZOo ânya à_mUmV hmoVr,

e) gmoÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmV OJmV a{e`mMm Xþgam Z§~a hmoVm,

❀ n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoVrb àma§{^H$ AS>Wio

1. H$ad¥ÜXr

nmümÎ` amîQ´>mH$Sy>Z n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZogmR>r H$moUVrhr Am{W©H$ _XV Z {_imë`m_wio a{e`ZgaH$maZo n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZogmR>r {ZYr C^maÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV OZVoda H$amÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$~moOm Q>mH$bm.

2. Cn^mo½` dñVy§Mm VwQ>dS>m

naXoemVyZ §Ìgm_J«r d AÝ` H$mhr Amdí`H$ dñVy§Mr Am`mV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm _moR>çm à_mUmdaH$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr d AÝZYmÝ`mMr {Z`m©V H$aUo ^mJ nS>ë`mZo a{e`mV Cn^mo½` dñVy§Mm VwQ>dS>m {Z_m©UPmbm.

3. OZVoÀ`m hmbAnoîQ>m

Zì`m CÚmoJ H|$ÐmV H$m_Jmam§H$[aVm Kao d AÝ` Amdí`H$ gw{dYm§Mm A^md Am{U `moOZm nyU©H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$amdo bmJUmao Anma H$îQ> `m gd© H$maUm§_wio OZVobm `m `moOZmH$mimV {dbjU hmb-AnoîQ>m gmogmì`m bmJë`m.

4. {Z`mo{OV C{ÔîQ> JmR>VmZm Ìmg Pmbm

{Z`moOZ _§S>imZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m C{ÔîQ>m§BVHo$ CËnmXZ H$mhr CÚmJmV Pmbo Zmhr, Va H$mhr

(88)

joÌmV CËnmXZ R>adyZ {Xboë`m C{ÔîQ>mBVHo$ Pmbo AgVo Var _mbmMm XOm© _mÌ BVH$m {ZH¥$îQ> hmoVm

H$s Vmo CËnm{XV _mb gaH$mabm Ë`mÁ` R>adUo ^mJ nS>bo. nŠŠ`m _mbmMo CËnmXZ _yë` AdmñVd

hmoVo.

5. A`mo½` g§MmbZ

H$g~r, AZw dr H$m_Jma, V§ÌkmÀ`m C{Udo_wio H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr ZmgYyg d A`mo½` g§MmbZ `mhr

JmoîQ>r H$mhr CÚmoJmV {XgyZ Amë`m. H«$m§VrZ§Va wÜXnyd© H$mimV XoemVrb ~aoMeo à{e{jV V§Ìk Xoe gmoSy>Z

{ZKyZ Jobo hmoVo. `mMm \$Q>H$m n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZobm ~gbm.

❀ H¥$fr H«$m§Vr

n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoZwgma gZ 1932 n ªV a{e`mV \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm {dH$mg

KSy>Z Ambm. Ë`mM~amo~a H¥$fr joÌmVhr H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr. eVH$mZweVHo$ J«m_rU OrdZmV Imobn ªV

ê$Oboë`m nÜXVr d gd`r _moSy>Z Ë`m OmJr ZdrZ H$m`©nÜXVr d Zì`m H$ënZm XoÊ`mMo H$m`© Am¡Úmo{JH$

{dñVmamnojm {OH$arMo hmoVo.

Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZwgma a{e`mV eoVH$ar eoVr H$aV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gm_y{hH$ eoVrÀ`m

`moOZocm eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z {damoY hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm hmoVr. eoVH$è`m§da gº$s Z H$aVm H«$_mH«$_mZo Ë`m§Mr _Zo

didyZ Vmo H$m ©H«$_ am~{dÊ`mV `mdm Ago _V H$mhr Vkm§Mo hmoVo. Ë`m g§~§{YV H$mhr {dMma {d{Z_` d

à`moJhr H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. eoVrMo gm_y{hH$H$aU èñdr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mar g§ñWm§nmgyZ, Va

gm_w{hH$ eoVrjoÌ (H$bImoO nÜXVr) n ªV doJdoJù`m gyMZm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m.

eoVH$è`m§Zm gm_whr{H$H$aUmMo \$m`Xo nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. Oo gYZ eoVH$ar Amho Aem§da dmT>Ë`m

à_mUmV H$a bmXÿZ Ë`m§Zm H¥$fr gm_whr{H$H$aUmgmR>r àd¥Îm H$amdo Aer H$ënZm hmoVr. na§Vw gYZ eoVH$ar,

Hw$bmH$ dJm©Zo d Ë`mÀ`m {MWmdUrZo gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§Zr gaH$mar H$m ©H«$_mbm ghH$m © H$aÊ`mEodOr

BVH$m àIa {damoY Ho$bm H$s H¥$fr gm_y{hH$H$aUmH$[aVm gaH$mabm H$madmB© H$aÊ`m{edm` Xþgam n`m©`

ZìhVm. H$m°b{ZZ Q>m°_gH$s, [aH$mod, ~wIm[aZ Aem gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m COì`m JQ>mÀ`m à_wI ZoË`mMm

gm_y{hH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mbm gº$ {damoY hmoVm.

ñQ>°{bZZo Hw$bmH$m§Mm {damoY _moSy>Z H$mTy>Z àg§Jr Ë`mH$arVm CKS> bT>m XoÊ`mMr V`mar R>odyZ, H¥$fr

CËnmXZmMr gmYZo Ë`m§À`m hmVmVyZ H$mTy>Z KoD$Z gm_y{hH$sH$aU KS>dyZ AmUbo.

❀ H¥$fr gm_y{hH$sH$aU

n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m A§VJ©V H¥$fr joÌmV XmoZ nÜXVr H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m Ë`m_Üò

gm_y{hH$ àjoÌ "H$bImoO' d gaH$mar àjoÌ "gdImoO' ho hmo .

(89)

a{e`mVrb eoVH$ar ñdV…À`m BÀN>oZo gm_y{hH$sH$aUmV gh^mJr hmoV Zmhr Ago {XgVmM6, OmZodmar, 1930 amoOr H¥$fr gm_y{hH$sH$aUmMm H$m ©H«$_ A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMm {ZU© KoÊ`mV Ambm.Ë`m {XeoZo H$madmB©bm Vm~S>Vmo~ gwédmV Pmbr Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb H$m ©H«$_ am~dÊ`mV Ambm-

1. H¥$fr gm_yhrH$sH$aUmgmR>r 25000 gmopìhEV njmMo d H$m_Jma njmMo H$m ©H$V} nmR>{dÊ`mVAmco.

2. gZ 1928 - 29 `m dfm©V 24 bj hoŠQ>a O{_ZrMr 55 gaH$mar àjoÌo ApñVËdmV hmoVr.gm_yhrH$sH$aU H$m ©H«$_mZwgma 1931 À`m àma§ mn ªV 50 bj hoŠQ>a O{_ZrMr EHy$U 120gaH$mar àjoÌo "gdImoO' ApñVËdmV `m`Mr hmoVr. Va gm_y{hH$ àjoÌmÀ`m "H$bImoO'Mm{dñVma Ë`m nojmhr A{YH$ ìhm`Mm hmoVm. 1928 -29 _Ü o 30000 gm_y{hH$ àjoÌmImbr40 bj hoŠQ>a O_rZ hmoVr.

3. gZ 1931 À`m àma§ mn ªV "H$bImoO'Mr g§»`m 1 bmIn ªV Omdr d Ë`m A§VJ©V EHy$U1 H$moQ>r 60 bmI hoŠQ>a O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr `mdr Aer `moOZm hmoVr. Zì`m `moOZoZwgma{Z_m©U Pmboë`m H$mhr gm_w{hH$ àjoÌmV 4 Vo 5 hOma eoVH$è`m§À`m O{_Zr EH$Ì H$aÊ`mVAmë`m.

4. eoVH$è`m§Mr OmñVrMr O_rZ ^mSo>nÅ>rZo KoÊ`mMm qH$dm eoVmda _Oya H$m_mda bmdÊ`mMmA{YH$ma aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

5. gm_y{hH$ YmoaUmbm {damoY H$aUmè`m "Hw$bH$mÀ`m' O{_Zr Oá H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm JmdmVyZ hmH$byZbmdÊ`mV `mdo, na§Vw Oo eoVH$ar gm_y{hH$ eoVH$ar `moOZoV gm_rb hmoVrb Ë`m§Zm ñdV§ÌnUoeoVr H$aUmè`m§Zm CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Umar H¥$fr §Ìo, gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo, CnH$aUo d AÝ`gdbVr XoÊ`mV oV hmoË`m.

H¥$fr gm_yhrH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m

gm_y{hH$ eoVr joÌ "H$bImoO' d gaH$mar àjoÌ "gdImoO' Aem XmoZ _mJmªZr H¥$fr gm_whrH$sH$aUmMrà{H«$`m Mmby hmoVr. eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~o EH${ÌV oD$Z gm_y{hH$ àjoÌ V`ma hmoV Ago. Va "gdImoO'åhUOoàË`j gaH$maÛmam MmbdÊ`mV oV Agbobo àjoÌ hmo .

1. gm_y{hH$ eoVr joÌ "H$bImoO'- H$mnyg, ~rQ>, Cg Aer R>am{dH$ {nHo$ H$mT>Ê`mMo

R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.

2. "gdImoO' joÌmV - gwYm[aV ~r-{~`mUo d H¥$fr nÜXVr gwYm[aV Jwam§Mr n¡Xmg, O{_ZrMm

H$g dmT>dÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVr `m§Mo à`moJ joÌ åhUyZ gdImoOMm Cn`moJ ìhmdm Aer H$ënZm

hmoVr.

(90)

ehar {d^mJmV Á`mà_mUo H$maImZo àË`jnUo gaH$maÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImbr gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`mÛmamMmbdbo OmVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo gaH$mar ZmoH$arVrb _mUgmH$Sy>Z {demb "gdImoO' àjoÌmMo H$m_H$mOMmb{dÊ`mMr H$ënZm hmoVr.åhUyZM `m joÌm§Zm H¥$fr {d^mJmVrb H$maImZo gwÜXm åhQ>ë`m OmV hmoVo.

H¥$fr gm_whrH$sH$aUmbm {damoY-

1. a{e`Z gaH$maÀ`m H¥$fr gm_whrH$sH$aÊ`mÀ`m ZrVrbm eoVH$è`m§Zr BVH$m g{H«$` d H$S>dm{damoY Ho$bm H$s a{e`mÀ`m J«m_rU joÌmV `mXdr wÜXmMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr."H$bImoO' eoVH$s joÌmV eoVH$ar hm Ë`mMr ñdV…À`m Vmã`mVrb O{_Z g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mMrAZoH$ eoVH$è`m§Mr V`mar ZìhVr.

2. ImOJr eoVrÀ`m _mJm©V gaH$maZo {H$Vrhr AS>MUr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m Am{U gm_y{hH$ eoVrVgm_rb hmoUmè`m§Zm {H$Vrhr gdbVr {Xë`m Varhr _moR>o eoVH$ar Amnë`m eoVmMo ApñVËd{Q>H$dyZ YaÊ`mH$[aVm YS>nS>V hmoVo. Ë`mH$[aVm qhgH$ _mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§MrV`mar hmoVr.

3. eoVH$è`m§Zr Amnbr JUZm "Hw$bH$mÀ`m' dJm©V hmoD$ Zò `mgmR>r gaH$maMm {ZfoY åhUyZhoVynwañna CËnmXZmV H$nmV, _mb_ÎmoMr {dëhodmQ>, Mm§Jë`m àVrMr Jwao-T>moao _mê$Z Q>mH$brd _aVwH$S>r Jwao {Od§V R>odbr.

4. gaH$maMm gm_w{hH$ eoVrMm H$m ©H«$_ eŠ` VodT>çm _mJm©Zo hmUyZ nmS>Uo hm CÔoe eoVH$è`m§MmhmoVm. `m H¥$fr gm_whrH$sH$aUmV gm_rb hmoUmè`m eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnmXZmbm AmJr bmdUo,eoVH$è`mMo IyZ H$aUo, AemàH$mao eoVH$è`m§Zr {damoY Xe©{dbm.

eoVH$è`m§À`m {damoYmda gaH$maMr Cnm``moOZm

1. gaH$maZo Hw$bH$mMr O_rZ d _mb_Îmm Oá Ho$br..

2. {damoY H$aUmè`m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m _mb_Îmodê$Z d eoVrdê$Z hmH$byZ bmdÊ`mV Ambo.

3. IyZ, Ominmoi H$aUmè`m§Zm _¥Ë wX§S>mÀ`m {ejm gwZmdÊ`mV Amë`m.

4. hOmamo {damoYH$m§Mr Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`mg_doV admZJr CÎmaoVrb àXoemV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VoWoAem§Zm O§Jc H$Q>mB©, H$mbdo ~ZdUo, aoëdo_mJ© ~m§YUr Aem H$m_mg bmdÊ`mV Ambo.

eoVrÀ`m gm_y{hH$sH$aUmMm \o$a{dMma

Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamda O_©ZrÀ`m amOH$maUmV {hQ>baMm CX`mMr bjUo ñnîQ> {XgV hmoVr. a{e`mVeoVrÀ`m gm_yhrH$sH$aUmMr _mohr_ OmoamV gwê$ hmoVr. {hQ>baÀ`m CX`mÀ`m YmoŠ`mMo Jm§ r © ñQ>°{bZMm§JbmM AmoiIyZ hmoVm. a{e`mÀ`m J«m_rU joÌmV eoVrÀ`m gm_yhrH$sH$aUm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobm Vrd«Ag§Vmof `m_wio ñQ>°{bZ AñdñW hmoD$ bmJbm hmoVm.

(91)

a{e`mVrc AZoH$ gm_mÝ` d gYZ eoVH$è`m§Mr _wbo a{e`mÀ`m bmb bîH$amV ZmoH$arbm hmoVr.eoVr gm_y{h{H$H$aUm_wio eoVH$è`m§Mm Ag§Vmof AgmM ^Q>H$V am{hbm d Ë`mM doir Oa naH$s` AmH«$_UPmbo Va _mV¥ y_rÀ`m g§ajUmW© bmb goZoZo V`ma Agmdo. `m ñQ>°{bZÀ`m AmìhmZmbm Ag§VwîQ> eoVH$è`m§Mr_wb§ {H$Vr à{VgmX XoVrb `m~Ôb ñQ>°{bZbm gme§H$Vm dmQ>V hmoVr. Ë`m_wioM gZ 1930 Z§Va eoVrÀ`mgm_yhrH$sH$aUmÀ`m ZrVrMm \o$a{dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ dmQy> bmJbo. `m_wioM ñQ>°{bZZo gº$sÀ`mgm_yhrH$sH$aUmV WmoS>r {e{WbVm AmUbr.

gm_y{hH$ àjoÌmV gm_rb hmoÊ`mg eoVH$è`m§Zm ào[aV H$am, gº$s H$ê$ ZH$m Ago ñQ>°{bZZo AmXoeH$mT>bo (ñQ>°{bZ H$moS>). H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gaH$mar àjoÌmnojm gm_y{hH$ àjoÌo _hÎdmMr hmoVr.CËnmXZmÀ`mÑîQ>rZohr gdImoO Anojo BVHo$ èñdr R>abo Zmhr. gZ 1936-37 _Ü o ~aoM gaH$mar àjoÌoaÔ H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Vr O_rZ gdbVrÀ`m AQ>rda gm_y{hH$ àjoÌmH$So> XoÊ`mV Ambo.

gZ 1932 À`m AIoan ªV gm_y{hH$ H¥$fr `moOZoÀ`m àýmdê$Z gaH$ma d eoVH$ar `mV CX² dbobm{damoY g§nbm. Ë`mZ§Va ~hþg§»`H$ eoVH$è`m§Zr gm_y{hH$ àjoÌ `moOZm ñdrH¥$V Ho$br. na§Vw nyU©nUo èñdrPmbr Ago åhUVm oUma Zmhr. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm H$mimV amîQ´>mÀ`m H¥$fr joÌmV gm_yhrH$sH$aUmMmnm`m {Z{üVnUo KmVbm Jobm.

I. n{hcr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm/nyU© Pmcocr CÔrîQ>o -

gZ 31 {S>g|~a, 1932 amoOr n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr nmM df© g§nÊ`mÀ`m AmR> _{hZo nyduM`moOZm nyU© Pmë`mMr KmofUm gaH$maZo Ho$br. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV R>a{dbobr C{ÔîQ>o OdinmgnyU© Pmbr hmoVr. H$mhr joÌmV WmoS>çm à_mUmV V\$mdV am{hbr Agbr Var `moOZm H$ënZonbrH$So>èñdr R>abr.

1. 1933 _Ü o _°p½ZQ>moJmoañH$ {demb nmobmX H$maImZm C^maÊ`mV oD$Z nmobmX CËnmXZmbmàma§ Pmbm. Cab d n{ü_ g¡~o[a`mVrb ñd §nyU© R>aUmè`m CÚmoJY§ÚmMm nm`m `m H$maImÝ`mZoKmVbm Jobm.

2. H$ma§JXm d Hw$PZoñV oWo \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmda H$moigm ImZ H$m_mbm àma§ Pmbm.

3. ImH$m}d d ñQ>°{bZJ«mS> oWo _moR>-_moR>o Q´>°ŠQ>g©, JmoH$r©, amoñËd, Mobr`m{dÝg, ñVbrÝgH$ oWoH¥$fr joÌmbm bmJUmar AmdeH$ gm_J«r, _m°ñH$mo oWo ~m°b~oA[a¨J d a~a H$maImZo gwê$ Pmbo.

4. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m H$mimVbm gdm©V _hÎdnyU© d nyU©Ëdmg Jobobm d a{e`Z OZVobmA{^_mZmñnX dmQ>Umam EH$ _moR>m àH$ën åhUOo gZ 1932 _Ü o {Zna ZXrdarb àM§S> YaUhmo . ho YaU 2500 \y$Q> bm§~, 170 \y$Q> C§M hmoVo. `mda 9 bj Aídeº$sMo Ob {dÚwVCËnmXH$ H|$ÐmÀ`m C^maÊ`mMo H$m © Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1932 _Ü o nyU© Pmbo. `m YaUmÀ`m~m§YH$m_mÀ`m XoIaoIrMr O~m~Xmar A_o[aH$Z B§{O{ZAa Hy$na `m§MoH$So> hmoVr.

(92)

5. a{e`mVrb ~oH$marMo CƒmQ>Z Pmbo.

6. CÎma H$mobo{eAa_Yrb J«moÝOr nmgyZ H$mù`m g_wÐmdarb VwAmßgon ªV H$aÊ`mV AmbobmI{ZO Vob nmB©ncmB©Z _mJ© V`ma Pmbm.

7. gZ 1930 _Ü o 1100 _¡b bm§~rMm VwH©$ñWmZ - g¡~o[a`m aoëdo _mJ© V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

J. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço

1. H¥$fr d Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmMm ^ŠH$_ nm`m n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoZo KmbyZ {Xbm.

2. H¥${f àYmZ AW©ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z CÚmoJàYmZ AW©ì`dñWoH$So> amîQ´>mMr dmQ>Mmb gwé Pmbr.

3. ì`mnma d CÚmoJ joÌmVyZ ^m§S>dbXmamMo nyU©nUo {Z_y©bZ Pmbo.

4. a{e`mVrb ~oH$mar Zmhrer Pmbr.

5. amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ (1926-27 Mr _yë` nmVir) Mma dfm©V 27 XeH$moQ>r é~ëg nmgyZ 45H$moQ>r é~ëg Pmbo.

6. CÚmoJY§ÚmV Jw§Vbobo ^m§S>db XmoZ XeH$moQ>r é~ëgnmgyZ 9 H$moQ>r é~ëg Pmbo.

K. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMo gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_

1. `m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoZo H$moQ>çmdYr gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m AkmZmVyZ, {ZpîH«$`VoVyZ,{ZamemdmXmVyZ ~mhoa H$mTy>Z Ë`m§À`mV àoaH$ eº$s {Z_m©U Ho$br.

2. bmoH$m§_Ü o AgUmè`m gwá H$m ©j_VoMr d JwUdÎmoMr OmUrd Pmbr.

3. gaH$maÀ`m `m à`ËZm_wio amîQ´>mÀ`m CÁdb ^{dVì`mMm nm`m KmVbm Jobm.

2. Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm (1933-1937)

Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm 1 OmZodmar 1933 amoOr Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.`m `moOZogmR>r 1400H$moQ>r é~ëg {ZYr C^maÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMo CÔoe Imbrbà_mUo R>a{dÊ`mVAmbo hmoVo -

A. CÔoe

1. a{e`mVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ 43 XeH$moQ>r é~ëg dê$Z 93 XeH$moQ>r é~ëg n ªVdmT>{dUo,

2. Zì`mZo C^maÊ`mV Amboë`m CÚmoJY§ÚmMo ÑT>rH$aU H$aUo,

3. CÚmoJm§À`m XiUdiUmMm ^ma gmogÊ`mMr j_Vm AgUmao aoëdo_mJ© ~m§YUo,

4. gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ Cn`moJmÀ`m dñVy {Z{_©Vrda {deof â XoUo,

(93)

5. ehar H$m_Jmam§À`m g§» oV dmT> Pmë`mZo Ë`m§À`mH$[aVm Kao, CÚmZo, H«$sS>m§JUo, ZmQ>çJ¥h,{gZo_mJ¥h Aem B_maVr ~m§YUo,

B. Am§VaamîQ´>r` n[apñWVrMm à^md

gZ 1933 _Ü o Xþgè`m `moOZoMr gwédmV hmoV AgVmZm Am§VaamîQ´>r` n[apñWVr_wio n§Mdm{f©H$`moOZoV _moR>çm à_mUmV ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. O_©ZrV {hQ>baMm CX` åhUOo a{e`mgmR>r ^mdr gyMZm§MrZm§Xr hmoVr. {hQ>baMr dH«$ÑîQ>r a{e`mda hmoVr. Ë`m_wio a{e`Z gaH$maZo `m nyd© gyMZoMm gmamgma {dMmaH$ê$Z Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV ~Xb Ho$bm. Ë`mZwgma Xþgè`m `moOZmH$mimV eómó {Z{_©Vr d bîH$argm_Ï ©d¥ÜXr `mH$So> {deof bj {Xbo. `m{edm` ZdrZ CÚmoJY§Xo eÌyÀ`m {H$_mZ hëë`mÀ`m Q>ßß`mnmgyZXÿa AgmdoV Ago R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.

C. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb àJVrMr dmQ>Mmb

1. Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Hw$bmMr (Combine) {Z{_©Vr

X{jU wH«o$Z_YyZ hmoUmè`m H$moigm d bmoI§S> `m§À`m nwadR>çmda Am§VaamîQ´>r` n[apñWVrV d wÜX

H$mimV {dg§~yZ amhUo YmoŠ`mMo hmoB©b åhUyZ a{e`Z Vkm§Zr `m `moOZm H$mimV Hw$PZoËg d g¡~o[a`m oWo

CnbãY Agboë`m H$moigm Am{U Cab {d^mJmV Agbobr I{ZO Ðì o `m§Mm bmoI§S>-nmobmX CËnmXZmMm

EH$ g§Hw$b V`ma Ho$bm. X{jU wH«o$ZÀ`m XmoZoËg joÌmÀ`m ImbmoImb Hw$PZoËgMo joÌ H$moigm CËnmXZmV

g_¥ÜX Pmbo. H$moigm g§emoYZmMr _mohr_ èñdr R>ê$Z Cab nmobmXH|$Ðm Odi H$OmH$ñWmZ, H$ma§JXm oWo

oWo H$moiemMo g_¥ÜX gmR>o gmnS>bo.

2. §Ìgm_wJ«r H$maImÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT>

Hw$PZoËg joÌmV YmVwemoYZmMo H$maImZo C^maÊ`mV Ambo. AemM àH$mao Q´>°ŠQ>a, _moQ>mar, aoëdo B§{OZ,

Q>~m}OZaoQ>a d AÝ` §Ìgm_J«r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$maImZo-_mñH$mo, ImH$m}d, ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>, JmoH$r©, C\$m,

ñdX©bmod Aem ehamVyZ gwê$ Pmbo.

3. Am{Q©>H$ àXoemV dgmhVtMo {Z_m©U

Am{Q©>H$ àXoemV CnbãY Agboë`m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ-gm_wJ«rMm a{e`mVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmH$[aVm

Cn`moJ ìhmdm åhUyZ `m H$mimV `moOZm AmIÊ`mV Ambr. `mgmR>r CÎmaobm _moR>çm dgmhVr {Z_m©U

H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. _m_©ÝñŠgnmgyZ gw_mao 800 _¡bmda Agbobr noMmoam H$moigm joÌmVrb dH¥$Îmm oWrb

dgmhV Am{Q©>H$ dVw©imÀ`m 70 _¡b CÎmaobm hmoVr. `m {R>H$mUr OmUmè`m bmoH$m§gmR>r Kao d BVa gmo r

gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ~m§YH$m_ g_yh oWo nmR>dÊ`mV Ambm. `mgmR>r amOH$s` qH$dm AÝ`

H$maUmZo hÔnma H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m§Zm oWo H$m_mg Ow§nÊ`mV Ambo.

(94)

4. bm§~ nëë`mÀ`m aoëdo _mJm©Mr {Z{_©Vr

1. _m°ñH$mo oWrb gwà{gÜX w mar _mJ© ~m§YÊ`mV Ambm.

2. a{e`mMr nyd©-n{ü_ Q>moHo$ OmoS>Umam Q´>mÝg - g¡~o[a`Z aoëdo _mJm©bm g_m§Va EH$ Zdm bmoh_mJ©nyU© Ho$bm Jobm.

3. VwH©$ñWmZhÿZ X{jUoH$So> H$moigm KoD$Z OmUmè`m 700 _¡b bm§~rÀ`m aoëdo _mJm©À`m H$m_mbmgwédmV Pmbr.

D. H¥$fr joÌmVrb àJVr

gZ 1933 n ªV gm_y{hH$ eoVr "H$bImoO' AmVm a{e`mV pñWamdbr hmoVr. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$`moOZoZo H¥$fr joÌmV {Z_m©U Pmbobr g§H$Q>_` n[apñWVr AmVm Amogabr hmoVr. n{hë`m `moOZoV H$aÊ`mVAmboë`m à`ËZm§Mo \$i Xþgè`m `moOZm H$mimV emgZmÀ`m d OZVoÀ`m nXamV nSy> bmJbo hmoVo.

1. ñQ>°{bZ H$moS>

ñQ>°{bZZo a{e`mVrb eoVH$è`m§Zm gm_y{hH$ eoVrV gm_rb H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`_ {e{WbHo$bo. `mMr gwédmV ñQ>°{bZZo gZ 1935 _Ü o Ho$br. `mg "ñQ>°{bZ H$moS>' åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmVo.`mZwgma-

1. gm_y{hH$ eoVrgmR>r R>a{dÊ`mV Ambobo H¥$fr joÌ KQ>Vm H$m_m Z o, CbQ> OmñVrMr O_rZbmJdS>rImbr AmUmdr,

2. O{_ZrMr _mbH$s gaH$maH$So> Agbr Var Ë`m O{_ZrMm Vm~m Zoh_rgmR>r "H$bImoOH$So>'amhUma,

3. H$bImoOÀ`m Vmã`m_wio gm_y{hH$ l_eº$sMm \$m`Xm H$bImoObmM {_iUma,

4. 1/4 Vo 1 hoŠQ>a O_rZ H$bImoO _Yrb eoVH$è`m§Zm ImOJr O_rZ {_idyZ XoÊ`mV oB©b,

5. ImOJr O{_Zrda _Oya Z bmdVm ñdH$îQ>mZo ñd-BpÀN>V {nH$ H$mT>mdo d Vo Iwë`m ~mOmamV{dH$Ê`mg nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr,.

6. eoVH$è`m§Zm ñdV:gmR>r EH$-XmoZ Jm`, R>am{dH$ g§»òZo Sw>ŠH$ao, _|T>çm, H$m|~S>çm BË`mXrnmbZ H$aÊ`mMr AZw_Vr XoÊ`mV Ambr.

2. ñQ>°{bZH$moS> Mm n[aUm_

1. JwamT>moam§À`m g§» oV dmT> : gZ 1913 _Üò a{e`mV Sw>H$am§Mr g§»`m 2 H$moQ>r hmoVr. gZ

1938 _Ü o 3 H$moQ>r n ªV Jobr. _|T>çm d ~moH$S>m§À`m g§» oVhr AerM d¥ÜXr Pmbr. KmoS>çm§À`m g§» oV

d¥ÜXr Pmbr Zgbr Var KQ>hr Pmbr Zmhr.

(95)

2. H¥$fr CËnmXZmV dmT> : Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm H$mimV amîQ´>mMo EHy$U H¥$fr CËnmXZ dfm©bmgamgar 3.4 H$moQ>r _o{Q´>H$ Q>Z hmoVo. Va 1940 _Üò Vo 12 H$moQ>r _o{Q´>H$ Q>Zmn`ªV Jobo. 1932 _ÜòH$mngmMo 1.2 Xebj Q>Z CËnmXZ, 1938 _Ü o 2.6 Xebj Q>Z, Va ewJa ~rQ> 6.5 Xebj Q>Zm§dê$Z,16.6 Xebj Q>Z Pmbo. AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmV Mm§Jbr gwYmaUm Pmë`mZo nŠŠ`m _mbmMr {Z §{ÌV{dVaU nÜXVr, YmÝ` {dVaU nÜXVr aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio gaH$mar XþH$mZmVyZ a{e`Z ZmJ[aH$m§Zmhdo VodT>o YmÝ` {_iy bmJbo. eoVrMo nyU©nUo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Pmë`mZo eoVrV am~Umao hmV ehar {d^mJmVH$m_ H$aÊ`mg _moH$io Pmbo. gm_w{hH$ eoVr nÜXVr ^ŠH$_nUo éObr.

E. Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMo è

`m `moOZoÀ`m n{hë`m XmoZ dfm©À`m H$mimV `moOZogmR>r R>adrbobo C{ÔîQ> nyU© hmoVmZm {Xgy bmJbohmoVo.

1) AdOS> CËnmXZ H$maImZm, Q´>°ŠQ>a H$maImZm BË`mXr _moR>çm H$maImÊ`mÀ`m C^maUrMo H$m ©nyU© hmoD$Z Ë`m H$maImÝ`mVyZ CËnmXZmbm gwédmV Pmbr hmoVr.

2) gZ 1933À`m VwbZoV 1934 _Ü o aoëdo XiUdiU d _mbmMr Zo-AmU `mV Xhm Q>ŠHo$d¥ÜXr Pmbr hmoVr. XmoZoËg H$moigm joÌmbm OmoS>Umam aoëdo_mJ©, VwH©$ñVmZMr _hÎdmMr.CÚmoJH|$ÐCab joÌmbm OmoS>Umam VwH©$ñWmZ g¡~o[a`m aoëdo_mJ© n{hë`m XmoZ dfm©VM V`ma Pmbm.

3) œoV g_wÐ H$mbì`m§Zo ~mpëQ>H$ g_wÐmbm OmoS>Umar `moOZm gZ 1933 `m dfuM nyU© PmbrhmoVr. XmoZ dfmªZr 80 _¡b bm§~rÀ`m _m°ñH$mo-dmoëJm H$mbì`mMo H$m_ nyU© Pmbo. `m_wio_mñH$mo `m ~§XamMm Cn`moJ gwê$ Pmbm. hm Ob_mJ© àdmgr d _mb `m§À`m dmhVwH$sÀ`mÑîQ>rZo \$m`Xoera R>abm.

3. {Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm (1938-1941)

{Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm gZ 1938 _Ü o Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZogmR>r 19200 é~ëg{ZYr C^maÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. `mdoioMr Am§VaamîQ´>r` n[apñWVr A{YH$m{YH$ qMVmOZH$ hmoV MmbbrhmoVr. Ë`m_wio g§ajUmÀ`m àýmda àm_w»`mZo bj H|${ÐV H$aUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg `moOZm O_©Z gr_onmgyZXÿa CabÀ`m nyd}bm C^r H$aUo, EdT>oM Zìho Va n{ü_ a{e`mVrb _moR>_moR>o H$maImZo g¡~o[a`Z joÌmV KoD$ZOmUo AË`mdí`H$ hmoVo.

{Vgè`m `moOZmH$mimV a{e`mVrb H$maImZo Cab nbrH$So> C^maÊ`mV Ambo. a{e`mÀ`m gr_oVI{ZO Vob d AÝ` I{ZOm§Mo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dkmZ d l_eº$s `mH$So> di{dÊ`mV Ambr. `mMmn[aUm_ n{ü_ joÌmV Zì`mZo ñWmnZ Pmboë`m Vob {d{harVyZ I{ZO VobmMo CËnmXZ hmoD$ bmJbo. gdm©Vg_¥ÜX I{ZO Vob joÌ BamUÀ`m gr_obJV ~mXþ_, VwH©$ñWmZÀ`m gr_obJV Agë`mZo `m joÌmda

wÜXH$mimV AmH«$_Uo hmoUo ho CKS>M hmoVo.

(96)

a{e`Z gaH$maZo Amnbo bj AdOS> CÚmoJm§H$So> didbo. wamonmV eómó {Z{_©VrMr ñnYm© dmT>brhmoVr. wÜXgÑe n[apñWVr_wio àË oH$ amîQ´>mbm wÜXmÀ`m V`margmR>r d emómgmR>r A{YH$ {ZYr IM©H$amdm bmJV hmoVm. `m_wio bîH$ar {ejUmbm `m `moOZoV A{YH$ àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. Xoeâ bîH$arà{ejU H|$Ðo CKS>Ê`mV Ambr. `m{edm` bîH$ar âVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r 21 df© d`mo_`m©Xo EodOr 18 df}H$aÊ`mV Ambr. bîH$amMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. gZ1941 n`ªV a{e`m _Zwî`~i, ZoV¥Ëd, bîH$argm{hË` Am{U BVa gm{hË`m_wio naH$s` AmH«$_Um{déÜX ñdV…Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mg g‚m Pmbm hmoVm.

bîH$ar à{ejUmÀ`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ g¡{ZH$m§Zm 63 H|$ÐmVyZ Va dm`wXbmVrb bmoH$m§Zm EHy$U 32H|$ÐmVyZ à{ejU {Xbo OmV hmoVo. gZ1927 Vo 1941 `m H$mimV gw_mao EH$ H$moQ>r Xhm bj bmoH$m§Zm{eñV~ÜX bîH$ar à{ejU XoÊ`mV Ambo.

gZ 1928 Vo 1941 n ªV a{e`mÀ`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mr \$blwVr

1. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Zr gmopìhEV g§KmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm _O~yV nm`m KmVbm.

2. a{e`mMo amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>co d Cn^mo½` dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmV â_gmR> dmT>Pmcr.

3. gZ 1940 n ªV Pmboë`m `m àJVr_wio a{e`m OJmVrb Xþgè`m H«$_m§H$mMo Am¡Úmo{JH$ amîQ´>JUco OmD$ bmJbo.

4. aoëdo B§{OZ d S>~o, _mbdmhVyH$, _moQ>mar, Q´>°ŠQ>g©, eoVrMr `m§{ÌH$ CnH$aUo `mV a{e`mZowamonr` amîQ´>m§da _mV Ho$br hmoVr.

5. EH$Q>çm a{e`mMo gd© wamonr` amîQ´>m§À`m EHy$U I{ZO Vob CËnmXZ OmñV hmoVo.

6. O_©Zr dJiVm \$mñ\o$Q>, Vm§~o, bmoI§S> `m§À`m CËnmXZmV d nmobmX CËnmXZmV a{e`mMm n{hbmH«$_m§H$ bmJV hmoVm.

7. H¥${fàYmZ AW©ì`dñWoEdOr CÚmoJàYmZ AW©ì`dñWm ÑT>_yb H$aÊ`mMo H$m © \$ma _moR>çmà_mUmV gmÜ` Pmbo hmoVo.

8. eoVH$ar d H$m_Jma `m§À`m OrdZmVrb V\$mdV OdiOdi Zmhrer Pmbr.

4. Mm¡Wr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm 1946-1951 (Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwZa©MZm)

Xþgè`m _hm`wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV Pmbobr hmZr ^ê$Z H$mTy>Z nwT>rb àJVrMm _mJ© AmH«$_ZmH$[aVmAmdí`H$ Am{W©H$ H$m ©H«$_ hmVr KoUo JaOoMo hmoVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwZa©MZm _hÎdmMr hmoVr. wÜXH$mimVa{e`mMr H$ënZmVrV hmZr Pmbr hmoVr. Vr gd© hmZr AënH$mimV ^ê$Z H$mT>mdr bmJUma hmoVr. `mgmR>rAm°JñQ> 1945 _Ü o amîQ´>r` {Z`moOZ _§S>imZo (Gosplan) Mm¡Ï`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr ê$naofm AmIÊ`mgàma§ Ho$bm.

(97)

A. CÔoe

1. amîQ´>mMo cîH$ar d Am¡Úmo{JH$ gm_Ï © dmT>{dUo.

2. Cn^mo½` dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmnojm AdOS> CÚmoJmda {deof â XoUo.

3. XiUdiUmÀ`m gmYZm§À`m d¥ÜXrda {deof â XoUo.

4. ZîQ> Pmboë`m CÚmoJm§Mr naV C^maUr H$aUo,

5. OJmVrb _hmgÎmm åhUyZ a{e`mbm _hÎdmMr O~m~Xmar ~OmdVm `mdr,

EHy$U 326.5 XeH$moQ>r é~ëg `m `moOZoV IM© H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Mma df© VrZ _{hÝ`mV`moOZm nyU©Ëdmg Ambr.

B. `moOZMo è

1. CÚmoJ :-

1. ghm hOma OwÝ`m-Zì`m _moR>çm H$maImÝ`mVyZ CËnmXZmbm gwédmV Pmbr.

2. H$ƒo bmoI§S> nmobmX d {dÚwVeº$s `mMo CËnmXZ XþnQ>rnojmhr A{YH$ dmT>bo.

3. H$moigm CËnmXZmV ârd dmT> Pmbr.

2. H¥$fr joÌ :-

Xþgè`m _hm wÜXm_wio a{e`mÀ`m H¥${fjoÌmda O~aXñV AmKmV Pmbm hmoVm. a{e`mÀ`m H¥$frjoÌmÀ`m 1/3 àXoe wÜX y_rZo ì`mnë`mZo `m joÌmVrb B_maVr, JwaoT>moao §Ìgm_J«rMr ~ogw_ma hmZr Pmbr.a{e`mMo 1945 n ªV H¥$fr CËnmXZ EHy$U CËnmXZmÀ`m 60 Q>ŠHo$ Cabo hmoVo. gm_y{hH$ H¥$fr joÌ _mJo nS>bohmoVo. `m gd© Xmofm§Mo {Z_y©bZ hmoD$Z H¥$fr CËnmXZmV d¥ÜXr ìhmdr `m ÑîQ>rZo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

1. gZ 1946 _Ü o nm°{bQ>ã wamoMo gXñ` d _§Ìr _§S>imMo CnmÜ`j AmÝÐo od `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbrgm_y{hH$ àjoÌmH$arVm Zdr g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m g{_VrMo H$m © -

(A) Amier, Mmoa, namonOrdr, «îQ>mMmar bmoH$m§gmR>r {ejoMr VaVyX H$aUo,

(~) gm_y{hH$ àjoÌmVrb gaH$mar _mb_ÎmoMr ZmgYyg H$aUmè`m§Zm {ejm H$aUo,

(H$) gd© gm_y{hH$ àjoÌmda XoIaoI R>odUo, CËnmXZ d¥ÜXrH$arVm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo ho hmoVo.

2. gZ 1947 _Ü o gm_y{hH$ àjoÌ `m§Mr g§»`m 2 bj 22000 hmoVr. Vr 1950 n ªV 2 bj54000 Pmbr.

3. gm_y{hH$ àjoÌmVrb YmÝ` O_m H$aÊ`mH$aVm AmVm "B§noH$Q>moaoQ> Am°\$ hmd}ñQ> BëS>' `m Zì`memgH$s` g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

(98)

4. gZ 1950 n ªV H¥$fr CËnmXZmV Ano{jV d¥{ÜX Z Pmë`mZo H«w$eodÀ`m gëë`mdê$Z bhmZ-bhmZ àjoÌmMo EH$ÌrH$aU H$aÊ`mV òD$Z _moR>_moR>r àjoÌ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr. na§Vw `mVAno{jV à_mUmV è ody eH$bo Zmhr.

gZ 1940 Vo 1952 `m H$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmV 2.3 nQ>rZo d H¥$fr CËnmXZmV 10 nQ>rZodmT> Pmbr. CÚmoJ CËnmXZ d¥ÜXrÀ`m bmoH$g§»`m d¥ÜXrÀ`m à_mUmV H¥$fr CËnmXZ d¥ÜXr Ag_mYmZH$maH$Agë`m_wio `moOZm Aèñdr Pmbr. Agm Ahdmb gßQ>|~a 1953 _Ü o H¥$fr njmÀ`m H|$Ðr` g{_VrbmgmXa Ho$bm Jobm.

* ñd §-AÜ``Z àý ^mJ - 2

1. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV a{e`mZo .................... é~ëg IMu Ho$bo.

A) 5400 H$moQ>r ~) 5300 H$moQ>r H$) 5200 H$moQ>r S>) 5100 H$moQ>r.

2. gdImoO d H$bImoO .............. `m§À`mer g§~§{YV Amho..

A) CÚmoJ ~) eoVr H$) wÜX S>) bîH$a.

3. 1935 a{e`mVrb eoVH$è`m§Zm gm_w{hH$ eoVrV g_m{dîQ> H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r .................

H$moS> bmdÊ`mV Ambm.

A) ñQ>°{bZ ~) bo{ZZ H$) _mñH$mo S>) a{e`Z.

4. VwH©$ñWmZ g¡~o[a`m `mZm OmoS>Umam aoëdo _mJ© ............. `m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV V`ma Pmbm.

A) n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm ~) Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm

H$) {Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm S>) MdWr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm.

5. eómó g‚mVoH$So> ...................... `m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV â XoÊ`mV Ambm..

A) n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm ~) Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm

H$) {Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm S>) MdWr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm.

C. Xþgao _hm wÜX d gmopìhEV a{e`mMm CX`

❀ àñVmdZm

gZ 1938-39 `m dfm©V wamo{n`Z amîQ´>mV Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMo T>J XmQy> bmJbo hmoVo. Xþgè`m_hm`wÜXmMr Q>m§JVr Vbdma hr å`w{ZH$ H$amamZo nyd}H$S>rb amîQ´>m§H$So> diob Aer `wamonr` amîQ´>m§Mr g_OyVhmoVr, na§Vw nmob§S>À`m {dO`mZ§Va {hQ>ba wamonH$So> dibm. gZ 1939 À`m Am°JñQ> _Ü o gmopìhEV a{e`md O_©Zr `m XmoZ XoemV AZmH«$_UmMm H$ama hmoD$Z gmopìhEV a{e`mZo Amnë`mda hmoUmè`m g§ mì`hëë`mbm WmondyZ YaÊ`mV è {_idbo. `m H$mimV gmopìhEV a{e`mZo wÜXmbm gm_moao OmÊ`mgmR>r V`mar

(99)

gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr. AZmH«$_UmÀ`m H$amam_wio n{ü_ wamonr` amîQ´> d gmopìhEV a{e`m `m§À`mV A{YH$MH$Qw>Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr.

gmopìhEV a{e`mZo O_©Zrer Ho$bobm AZmH«$_UmMm H$ama åhUOo eÌwËdmÀ`m nm`mda {Z_m©U Pmbobr_¡Ìr hmoVr. hr XmoÝhr amîQ´>o nañnam§À`m hmbMmbrda ~marH$ ZOa R>odyZ hmoVr. Amnë`mda EH$ {XdgO_©ZrMm ZmPr h„m hmoB©b, `mMr OmUrd gmopìhEV ZoË`m§Zm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio wÜXmbm Vm|S> bmJVmM gmopìhEVa{e`mZo Amnë`m bîH$ar gÁOVobm d gr_odarb VQ>~§Xrbm ~iH$Q>r XoÊ`mg àma§ Ho$bm. a{e`mZo O_©ZrMmhþHy$_ehm {hQ>baMo n{ü_oH$S>rb wÜXV§Ì Aä`mgyZ Ë`m wÜXV§Ìm{déÜX Cnm``moOZm§Mm {dMma H$am`bmgwédmV Ho$br.

1. gmopìhEV a{e`mMr pñWVr

gZ 1939 _Ü o Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmbm gwédmV Pmbr. Ë`mdoir gmopìhEV a{e`mMr n{ü_ gr_mg§ajUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo H$_Hw$dV hmoVr. n{hë`m _hm wÜXmZ§Va XmoñVamîQ´>m§À`m A§{V_ {ZU© mZwgma hr gr_m{ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. _m°ñH$mo `m ehamgmaIoM _hÎdnyU© Agbobo ñQ>°{bZJ«mS> ho eha a{e`m-{\$Zb§S> d a{e`m gr_onmgyZ Oo_Vo_ 20 _¡bmda hmoVo. {\$Zb§S> wamonr` amîQ´>m§À`m à^mdmImbr Agë`mZonm{ü_mË` amîQ´> {\$Zb§S>Mm a{e`mda h„m H$aÊ`mH$arVm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr YmñVr gmopìhEV a{e`mbmhmoVr. `m{edm` EñQ>mo{Z`m, bmQ>{d`m, {bWwAm{Z`m `m amîQ´>mÛmam ~mpëQ>H$ g_wÐ {H$Zmè`mdê$Z gmopìhEVa{e`mda h„m H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoVo.

gZ 1919 À`m "arJÀ`m' H$amamZo œoV gmopìhEV a{e`m d `wH«o$Z `m§À`m n{ü_oMm àXoe nmob§S>Zo~iH$mdbm hmoVm. Va 1919 _Ü o gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m Xþ~©bVoMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z é_m{Z`mZo ~ogAao~r`m hmàXoe Amnë`m dM©ñdmImbr AmUbm hmoVm. EHy$UM {\$Zb§S>À`m AmImVmnmgyZ Vo X{jUon ªV gmopìhEVa{e`m{déÜX AZoH$ amîQ´> C^r hmoVr. Ë`m_wioM wamonmV Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMo T>J OgOgoXmQy> bmJbo VgVgogmopìhEV a{e`mZo g§ajUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ~mpëQ>H$ g_wÐmdarb bîH$ar pñWVr _O~yV H$aUo gmopìhEV a{e`mbmAmdí`H$ dmQy> bmJbo.

2. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m gr_m§Mo _O~wVrH$aU

A) gmopìhEV a{e`mMo nmob§S>da AmH«$_U

ZmPr AmH«$_Umg nmob§S> Vm|S> XoB©b ho eŠ` ZìhVo. ZmPr AmH«$_UmnwT>o nmob§S>Mm à{VH$maAënmdYrVM _mdibm. na§Vw gZ 1920-1921 gmbr nmob§S>Zo O~arZo gmopìhEV a{e`mMm H$mhr àXoe{Ji§H¥$V Ho$bm hmoVm. `m àXoemV bjmdYr œoV a{e`Z d wH«o${Z`Z bmoH$m§Mr dñVr hmoVr. Ë`m_wiogmopìhEV a{e`mbm Amnë`m a{e`Z ~m§Ydm§gmR>r ñdñW ~gyZ MmbUo eŠ` ZìhVo. a{e`mZo 17 \o$~«wdmar1939 amoOr Amnë`m XÿVm_m\©$V nmo{be gaH$mabm {Zdm©UrMm I{bVm nmR>{dbm. nmob§S>_Ü o Agboë`m œoVa{e`Z, wH«o${Z`Z d ~m`bmo a{e`Z ~m§Ydm§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r gmopìhEV a{e`mMr bmb goZm nyd}H$Sy>Z

(100)

nmob§S>_Ü o {eaë`m. gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb nmob§S>_Yrb bmb g¡Ý` d O_©Zr ZmPr goZm `m§À`mV g§Kf© hmoD$Z o Ago {hQ>babm dmQ>V Agë`mZo {hQ>ba d ñQ>°{bZ `m§À`mV "gr_m _¡Ìr H$ama'29 gßQ>|~a 1939 amoOrH$aÊ`mV Ambm. gZ 1920 _Ü o B§½b§S>Zo gwM{dbobr "H$P©Z aofm' gr_maofm åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$br hmoVr.gmopìhEV a{e`mH$So> `m H$amamZo 39% nmobre bmoH$g§»`m hmoVr. Va 56 Q>ŠHo$ `wH«o${Z`Z, ~m`bmo a{e`ZAgbobm àXoe a{e`mg {_imbm. Cabobo 5 Q>ŠHo$ Á y, {bWwAm{Z`Z d O_©Z hmoVo. ho àXoe gmopìhEVa{e`mÀ`m wH«o$Z d œoV a{e`Z KQ>H$ amÁ`mV g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

~) EñQ>mo{Z`m, bmQ>{d`m, {bWwAm{Z`m B. g§~§Yr gmopìhEV a{e`mMo YmoaU

gßQ>|~a 1939 AIoa gmopìhEV a{e`mZo ~mpëQ>H$ joÌmÀ`m g§~§Yr Amnë`m H$madmB©bm àma§ Ho$bm.

a{e`m gaH$maZo EñQ>mo{Z`m, bmQ>{d`m, {bWwAm{Z`m`m ~mpëQ>H$ amîQ´>m§Zm _mñH$mo oWo nañna g§~YmMo ñdê$n

{Z{üV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am_§{ÌV Ho$bo. `mMm {damoY dmgm© oWo R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gboë`m ZmPr O_©ZrZo Ho$bm Zmhr.

hm gmopìhEV a{e`mMm EH$ {dO`M hmoVm. Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m ^S>Š`mV Amnë`m gma»`m N>moQ>çm amîQ´>m§Mo

ApñVËd {Q>H$Uma Zmhr, åhUyZ 28 gßQ>|~a, 5 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 9 d 10 Am°ŠQ>m|~a amoOr AZwH«$_o EñQ>mo{Z`m,

bmQ>{d`m, {bWwAm{Z`m `m§Zr gmopìhEV a{e`mgmo~V nañna _XVrMo H$ama Ho$bo. `m H$amam_wio ~mpëQ>H$

joÌmda gmopìhEV a{e`mMo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Pmbo. n{ü_oH$So> \«$mÝgMm nam^d Pmë`mda Am°JñQ> 1940

_Ü o EñQ>mo{Z`m, bmQ>{d`m, {bWwAm{Z`m hr amîQ´>o gmopìhEV a{e`mMr KQ>H$ amÁ` åhUyZ g_m{dîQ> Pmbr.

H$) ~ogAao{~`m d ~«yH$mo{dZm

gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m X{jU {Xeobm Agbobm ~ogAao{~`m hm àm§V gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m X{jUgr_oÀ`m gwa{jVVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMm hmoVm. gZ 1917 _Ü o hm àm§V gmopìhEV a{e`m_Yrb wÜXOÝ`n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z é_m{Z`m `mZo hñVJV hmoVm. ~ogAao{~`mMm àXoe a{e`Z dM©ñdmImbr Agbmnm{hOo Aer AmJ«hr y{_H$m bo{ZZ d Z§Va ñQ>°{bZMr hmoVr. \«$mÝgÀ`m nmS>mdmZ§Va O_©ZrÀ`m AmH«$_UmMmYmoH$m gmopìhEV a{e`mbm dmQy> bmJë`mZo gmopìhEV a{e`mZo é_m{Z`mÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr Agboë`m~ogAao{~`m~m~V {Zdm©UrMm I{bVm nmR>dbm. Ë`mM~amo~a ~hþg§» oZo wH«o${Z`Z bmoH$dñVr Agboë`m CÎma~«yH$mo{dZm àXoemMr _mJUr Ho$br. é_m{Z`mZo gmopìhEV a{e`m{déÜX O_©ZrMm nmqR>~m {_iÊ`mgmR>rMo gd©à`ËZ gwé Ho$bo Vo \$gë`mda eodQ>r é_mZr`mZo Z_Vo KoVbo. 28 OyZ, 1940 amoOr gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m\$m¡Om§Zr ~ogAao{~`m d ~«yH$modrZmÀ`m àXoemV g¡Ý` H$madmB© H$ê$Z hm àXoe Amnë`m XoemV g§{_brVHo$bm.

S>) a{e`m {\$Zb§S> wÜX

gmopìhEV a{e`mZo n{ü_ gr_oMr S>mJSw>Or Ho$ë`mZ§Va a{e`mMr ZOa {\$Zb§S>H$So> dibr. a{e`mnmgyZ {\$Zb§S>Mr gr_m Ad¿`m 20 _¡bmda hmoVr. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m AmH«$_UmMm A§XmO AmoiIyZ{\$Zb§S>Zo gwÜXm `m gr_oda ^ŠH$_ VQ>~§Xr C^mabr hmoVr. nm{ü_mË` amîQ´>m§À`m _w»`V… O_©ZrÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo

(101)

{\$Zb§S> ho amîQ´> a{e`mV KwgÊ`mMo àdoeÛma hmoVo. EH$Xm {\$Zb§S> O_©ZrÀ`m Vmã`mV Ambo Va ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>_mJ© _mñH$mo n ªV nmohmoMUo H$R>rU ZìhVo. hm YmoH$m gmopìhEV a{e`mbm gwÜXm OmUdV hmoVm.

darb n[apñWVr nmhVm gmopìhEV a{e`mZo {\$Zb§S> g_moa Am°ŠQ>mo~a1939 nmgyZ Amnë`m _mJÊ`m_m§S>ë`m -

1) hm§Jmo AmImVr àXoe gmopìhEV a{e`mbm 30 dfm©À`m ^mSo>VÎdmda Úmdm,

2) {d~m°J© g_moaMr Mma ~oQ>o d H$maobr`Z`m àXoemMm ^mJ Úmdm,

`m àXoemÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV gmopìhEV a{e`mMm {\$Zb§S>bm darb àXoemÀ`m XþßnQ>rnojmhr A{YH$joÌ\$i Agbobm boH$ bJmoXm d _Ü`_ H$maobr`mÀ`m CÎmaoH$S>rb àXoe XoB©b. Ago Pmë`mg O_©Zhëë`m§{déÜX gmopìhEV a{e`mMr CÎma gr_odarb g§ajUmË_H$ pñWVr _O~yV hmoUma hmoVr.

a{e`mMr darb ~mobUr {\$Zb§S>Zo CYiyZ bmdbr. gmopìhEV a{e`mZo `m pñWVrMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z30 Zmoìh|~a 1939 amoOr a{e`Z \$m¡Om {\$Zb§S>_Üò Kwgm{dë`m. {\$Zb§S> gaH$maZo 3 {S>g|~a amoOramîQ´>g§KmH$So> _XVrH$[aVm Ymd KoVbr. gZ 14 {S>g|~a 1939 amoOr amîQ´>g§KmZo gmopìhEV a{e`mMramîQ´>g§KmVyZ hH$mbnÅ>r Ho$br `mMm a{e`mcm \$m`XmM Pmcm.

gmopìhEV a{e`m{déÜXMm Ûof åhUyZ XmoñV amîQ´>m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmV {\$Zb§S>bm eómó, g¡{ZH$m§Mrârd _XV Ho$br. O_©ZrZo àË`j _XV Ho$br ZgVr Var `m `wÜXmV a{e`mMm nam^d ìhmdm qH$dm {\$Zb§S>àýmdê$Z gmopìhEV a{e`m d {~«Q>oZ `m§À`mV wÜX ^S>H$mdo Ago O_©Zrbm dmQ>V hmoVo. `m wÜXmV {\${ZebmoH$m§Zr gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m AmH«$_UmMm H$S>dm à{VH$ma Ho$bm. na§Vw ~bmT>ç gmopìhEV a{e`m{déÜXAmnbm BbmO MmbV Zmhr `mMr OmUrd {\$Zb§S>bm Pmbr. {\$Zb§S>Zo bJoM VhmMr ~mobUr gwê$ Ho$br.d 12 _mM© 1940 amoOr a{e`m-{\$Zb§S> `mÀ`mV Vh KSy>Z Ambm. `m VhmZwgma-

1. {\$Zb§S>Zo {d~moJ©Mm àXoe, boH$-bJmoXMm n{ü_ d CÎma {H$Zm`m©Mm àXoe gmopìhEV a{e`mbm{Xbm.

2. hm§Jmo ~oQ>mMm àXoe 30 dfmªÀ`m ^mSo>nÅ>rda gmopìhEV a{e`mbm XoÊ`mV Ambm.

3. gmopìhEV a{e`mZo dm{f©H$ 30 hOma S>m°bg©Mr aŠH$_ {\$Zb§S>bm XoÊ`mMo R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.

`m VhmVyZ gmopìhEV a{e`mbm noËgoZmo m àXoemVyZ ñdrS>Z d Zmd}H$So> OmUmam _mJ© Iwbm Pmbm.

3. O_©Zr-gmopìhEV a{e`m eÌwËdmbm gwédmV

nañna{damoYr g¡Õm§{VH$ y{_H$m ho a{e`m-O_©Zr eÌwËdmMo H$maU hmoVo. 11 OyZ, 1940 amoOrBQ>brÀ`m _wgmo{bZrZo \«$mÝgda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. 22 OyZ, 1940 amoOr \«$mÝgMm goZmnVr _me©b noVm±ZoO_©ZrÀ`m {hQ>ba g_moa eaUmJVr nËH$abr. `m KQ>Zm§_wio wamonMo amOH$s` {MÌ ~Xbm`bm gwédmV Pmbr.27 gßQ>|~a, 1940 amoOr O_©Zr-BQ>br-OnmZ `m Aj amîQ´>m§À`m nañna _XVrMm Xhm dfm©gmR>rMm H$ama

(102)

Pmbm. `m H$amam_wio XmoñV amîQ´>m§Zm g§ mì` ñdê$nmMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm ho ñdm^m{dH$M hmoVo. `mVyZM\«$mÝgÀ`m nmS>mdmZ§Va {hQ>ba gmopìhEV a{e`mH$So> dibm. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m Xþ~©bVoMm H$mimVa{e`mÀ`m n{ü_oH$S>rb àXoe AZoH$ Xoem§Zr ~iH$mdbo hmoVo. AmVm a{e`m gm_Ï ©g§nÝZ amîQ´> Pmbo hmoVo.gmopìhEV a{e`mZo n{ü_oH$S>rb J_mdbobo gd© àXoe Amnë`m A{YH$ma joÌmV OmoS>bo hmoVo. `m H$maUm_wio{hQ>ba AË §V AñdñW hmoVm. ~iH$Q> gmopìhEV a{e`m O_©Zrcm ZH$mo hmoVm.

BQ>brÀ`m J«rgdarb hëë`mV, Ë`mbm oV Agboë`m AnèmZo {hQ>ba g_moa ~mëH$Z àXoemg§~§YrMmàý {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. {hQ>ba Oa _wgmo{bZrÀ`m _XVrbm Jobm Va J«rgH$S>rb _mJ© Iwbm hmoUo AJË`mMohmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r {hQ>ba h§Joar d é_m{Z`mH$So> dibm. é_m{Z`mH$Sy>Z gmopìhEV a{e`mZo CÎma ~¥H$mo{dZm hmàXoe `mnyduM {_idbm hmoVm Vo {hQ>babm AmdS>bo ZìhVo. åhUyZM {hQ>baZo gmopìhEV a{e`mì`má àXoedJiVm Cabobm é_m{Z`mÀ`m àXoemda Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1940 amoOr Amnbm A{YH$ma àñWm{nV Ho$bm. `m_wio{hQ>baMm gmopìhEV a{e`mda AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© _moH$im Pmbm. gZ 1941 n ªV H$mù`m g_wÐmdagmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m amoImZo O_©Z \$m¡Om d Vmo\$m amoIyZ R>odÊ`mV Amë`m `m gd© nmœ© y_rda d {hQ>baÀ`mhmbMmbrda ñQ>°{bZMo ~marH$ bj hmoVo. Ë`mZo 6 _o 1941 amoOr gmopìhEV a{e`mMo n§VàYmZ nXñdV…H$So> KoVbo.

4. gmopìhEV a{e`m OnmZ H$ama (13 E{àb, 1941)

O_©Zr-BQ>br-OnmZ `m Aj amîQ´>m§À`m g§ wº$ AmH«$_Umbm EH$mM doir Vm|S> XoUo a{e`mbm eŠ`ZìhVo. O_©Zr Va gmopìhEV a{e`mbm Amnë`m à^mdmImbr AmUÊ`mÀ`mM BamÚmZo gmopìhEV a{e`mH$So>amoI H$ê$Z ~gbm hmoVm. `mdoir n°{g{\$H$ _hmgmJamÀ`m dM©ñd ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m BÀN>o_wio OnmZ-A_o[aH$m g§Kfm©Mr ñnîQ>Vm {XgV hmoVr. `m_wio OnmZMr n{ü_ AmKmS>r em§V ahmdr Ago OnmZbmhr dmQ>VhmoVo. `mVyZM 13 E{àb 1941 amoOr OnmZ d gmopìhEV a{e`m `m Xoem§V H$ama KSy>Z Ambm. `m H$amamVImbrb VaVwXrMm g_mdoe hmoVm.

1) gmopìhEV a{e`m-OnmZ g§~§Y _¡ÌrMo d em§VVoMo Agmdo,

2) nañnam§À`m àmXo{eH$ A~mYrËdmMm gÝ_mZ amIbm Omdm,

3) XmoÝhrn¡H$s H$moUVohr amîQ´> {Vgè`m amîQ´>gmo~V wÜXmV Jw§Vbo Va `m g§nyU© H$mimV {_ÌamîQ´>m§ZrVQ>ñWVm ~miJmdr,

4) CÎma gmIbrZ ~oQ>mVrb OnmZÀ`m gd© gdbVr ghm _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV aÔ ìhmì`mV,

5) gd© I{ZO VobmÀ`m {d{har CnH$aUo d gm{hË`gh wÜXmZ§Va OnmZZo gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`mñdmYrZ H$amdo,

6) gmopìhEV a{e`mZo _mo~Xbm åhUyZ OnmZbm Xadfu 50,000 Q>Z I{ZO Voc d nmM Xebjé~ëgMr aŠH$_ Úmdr.

(103)

`m H$amamda 31 _o 1941 amoOr gmopìhEV a{e`m d OnmZ V\}$ {eŠH$m_moV©~ Pmbo. hm H$ama åhUOoa{e`Z amOZrVrMm EH$ {dO` _mZbm Jobm. `m H$amamZo gmopìhEV a{e`m d OnmZ `m amîQ´>m§Zr Amnmnë`mEH$ AmKmS>çm em§V H$ê$Z Xþgè`m AmKmS>çm§da bjH|${ÐV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _wº$ Pmbo.

5. O_©ZrMo gmopìhEV a{e`mda AmH«$_U (Am°naoeZ ~ma~°amogm)

Am°naoeZ ~ma~°amogm ho Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmV O_©ZrZo gmo{d oV g§Kmda Ho$boë`m AmH«$_U-_mo{h_oMogm§Ho${VH$ Zmd hmoVo. gwadmVrcm {hQ>baZo \«$mÝgcm ha{dco. AmVm {~«Q>Zbm Z_dUo ghO eŠ` Amho Ago{hQ>babm dmQ>V hmoVo. na§Vw hr Ë`mMr Anojm èñdr hmody eH$br Zmhr. {~«Q>Z ghOmghOr Amnë`m hmVroUma Zmhr ho nmhÿZ O_©ZrZo Amnbr _mohr_ gmopìhEV a{e`mH$So> didbr. na§Vw `mM H$mimV gmopìhEV

a{e`mZo {hQ>baÀ`m AmH«$_UmMm A§XmO KoD$Z Amnbo gm_Ï © dmT>{dUo gwê$M R>odbo hmoVo.

{hQ>baZo {~«Q>Zgmo~V VS>OmoS>rMo YmoaU gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 10 _o 1940amoOr Amnbm Img XÿVéS>m°ë\$ hog `mg {~«Q>Zbm nmR>dbo. `mV Ë`mZo {~«Q>Z g_moa EH$ àñVmd R>odbm `m_Ü o,

1) O_©ZrZo wamonmV qOH$bobo àXoe O_©ZrH$So> Agy Úmdo,

2) nyd© wamonmV O_©Zrbm AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mMr _moH$irH$ Úmdr.

3) O_©Zr {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mVrb àXoem§Zm YŠH$m bmdUma Zmhr. `m VaVyXr hmoË`m.

O_©ZrMm `m àñVmdmda {H$VnV {dœmg R>odmdm `m~Ôb B§½b§S>bm YmñVr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e bmoH$_VgwÜXm `m àñVmdmÀ`m {damoYr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {~«Q>ZMr A{Z{üVVm bjmV KoD$Z {hQ>ba gmopìhEV a{e`mH$So>dibm. wamonda à wËd àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmopìhEV a{e`mbm ZoñVZm~yV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago{hQ>baMo _V hmoVo. {\$Zb§S>-a{e`m `wÜXm_wio gmopìhEV a{e`mMr bîH$ar `§ÌUm {ZH¥$îQ> XOm©Mr Amho dVr O_©ZrÀ`m Cƒ, AmYw{ZH$ bîH$amg_moa {Q>H$md Yê$ eH$Uma Zmhr Aer {hQ>baMr g_OyV hmoVr. `mVyZa{e`mMr ì`dñWm H$mob_Sy>Z gmopìhEV a{e`mMo {dKQ>Z KSy>Z oB©b Aer Ë`mg ImÌr hmoVr.

22 OyZ 1941 amoOr O_©ZrZo gmopìhEV a{e`mda AmH$pñ_H$ h„m Ho$bm. `m hëë`mgmR>r gmopìhEVa{e`mÀ`m gr_oda Agboë`m h§Joar, ñbmoìhm{H$`m, é_m{Z`m, {\$Zb§S>, BQ>cr `m amîQ´>mgmo~V O_©ZrMobîH$ar _XVrMo H$ama Pmbobo Agë`mZo `mM ~amo~a Zì`mZoM qOH$boë`m \«$mÝgMr hr gmYZgm_wJ«r,bîH$ar gm_Ï © gmopìhEV a{e`m{déÜX O_©ZrZo wÜXmV dmnaco.

1. gmopìhEV a{e`m {~«Q>Z (gm_§Oñ`) H$ama

{~«Q>ZÀ`m AI§S> gm_«mÁ`mMo g§ajU Oa ìhm`Mo Agob Va gmopìhEV a{e`m {déÜXÀ`m wÜXmVO_©ZrMm nam^d hmoUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo ho {~«Q>Zbm H$iyZ hmoVo. åhUyZM gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m gmå`dmXmbm{~«Q>ZMm H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Agbm Var ñdV…À`m amîQ´>mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r gmopìhEV a{e`mbm O_©Zr {déÜXB§½b§S> gdm}Vnar _XV H$arb Aer KmofUm 22 Owb¡ 1941 amoOr AmH$medmUrdê$Z {~«Q>ZMo n§VàYmZ

(104)

{dñQ>Z M{M©b `m§Zr Ho$br. {~«Q>Z nmR>monmR> ^m§S>dbemhr A_o[aHo$Zohr gmå`dmXr gmopìhEV a{e`mbm 24

OyZ 1941 amoOr _XVrMo dMZ XoÊ`mMr KmofUm Ho$br. b§S>Z d _mñH$mo `m§À`mV 12 Owb¡ 1941 amoOr

O_©Zr{déÜX nañna _XVrMm àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMm H$ama Pmbm. A_o[aHo$Mm h§Jm_r g{Md gåZa doëg `mZo

2 Am°JñQ> 1941 amoOr O_©Zr{déÜX gmopìhEV a{e`mbm A_o[aH$m gd© àH$maMr _XV XoB©b Ago a{e`Z

d{H$bmbm H$i{dbo. `mM nmœ© y_rda A_o[aHo$Mo amîQ´>mÜ`j \«±$ZŠbrZ éPdoëQ>Mm Img XÿV h°ar hm°n{H$Ýg`mZo

wÜXn[apñWVrV gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m JaOm OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_ b§S>Zbm OmdyZ {VWyZ _m°ñH$mobm oQ>

{Xbr.

A_o[aHo$Zo a{e`mcm 30 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1941 amoOr "b|S>brO' åhUOo CYma CgZdma `moOZo A§VJ©V EH$

AãO S>m°baMr bîH$ar gm{hË`mMr _XV nmR>dbr.

2. gmopìhEV a{e`m-O_©Zr wÜXmg gwédmV

ZmPr O_©ZrMo AmH«$_U 21 d 22 Owb¡ 1941 amoOr hmoUma Aer ~mV_r a{e`Z hoam§H$Sy>Z gmopìhEVa{e`mbm 15 OyZbmM {_imbr hmoVr. na§Vw gmopìhEV a{e`m gaH$maMr ZmPr AmH«$_Umbm Vm|S> XoÊ`mMrV`mar Ë`mdoir Pmbobr ZìhVr. O_©ZrÀ`m {hQ>baZo Amnë`m gd© àH$maÀ`m AÜ`mdV bîH$ar eómóm§gha{e`mda VrZ {Xem§Zr AmH«$_U Ho$bo.

1. X{jU {XeoH$Sy>Z-gmopìhEV a{e`mda AmH«$_U Ho$boë`m O_©Z g¡Ý`mMm amoI H$mù`m g_wÐmÀ`m{XeoZo hmoVm.

2. CÎma {XeoH$Sy>Z-ZmPr O_©Zr g¡Ý` ~mpëQ>H$ g_wÐ àXoemVyZ ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>À`m {XeoZo Ambo.

3. _Ü` {d^mJmVrb-ZmPr g¡Ý` OZab dm±Z ~m°H$À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr gai _mñH$moÀ`m amoImZo{ZKmbo.

3. ZmPr bîH$amMm CÔoe

1) gmopìhEV a{e`mMr _w»` H¥$frjoÌ (gdImoO) d à_wI Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ðo `m§Zm doT>m XoD$Z bmbbîH$amg nyU©nUo Zm_moha_ H$aUo,

2) AmH}$ObnmgyZ AmómImZn ªV O_©Z {Z §ÌU aofm àñWm{nV H$ê$Z {hdmù`mÀ`m AmVgmopìhEV a{e`m ~amo~aÀ`m wÜXmMr èñdr AIoa H$aUo,

4. wÜXmMr dmQ>Mmb

gwédmVrbm gmopìhEV a{e`mdarb O_©ZrÀ`m AmH«$_UmMr dmQ>Mmb àM§S> doJmZo Pmbr. na§Vw hrn[apñWVr \$ma H$mi gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m à{VCÎmamg_moa {Q>H$md Yê$ eH$br Zmhr. O_©ZrÀ`m {hQ>baMowamon_Yrb amîQ´>m§da èñdr R>abobo wÜXV§Ì gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m y_rda n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aUma Zmhr `mMr

OmUrd gmopìhEV a{e`m AmKmS>rda Agboë`m ZmPr à_wIm§Zm Pmbr. a{e`mMr wÜX{ZVr {ZYm©[aV

(105)

H$aÊ`mMo H$m © a{e`Z bîH$amMm gagoZmnVr _me©b Omogo\$ ñQ>°{bZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr gdm}ƒ g§ajUg{_VrH$So> gmondÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mZo O_©Zr {déÜX Imbrb à_mUo wìh aMZm Ho$br.-

5. gmopìhEV a{e`mMr ì yhaMZm :-

ZmPr AmH«$_UmMm n{hbm Omo_ a{e`Z y_rda em§V hmoD$ Úmdm, eÌybm H$mhr A§VamV AmV oD$Úmdo, eÌyÀ`m XiUdiU nwadR>çmMm _mJ© bm§~y Úmdm, a{e`Z bîH$amÀ`m bhmZ-bhmZ VwH$S>çm§ZrJ{Z_rH$mdm `wÜXZrVrZo eÌyMr A{YH$m{YH$ hmZr H$amdr, `m gd© JmoîQ>r H$aVmZm a{e`Z bîH$amZoàVrh„² mgmR>r {gÜX ìhmdo. Aem `moOZm AmIÊ`mV Amë`m. `mIoarO Xþgam n`m© Ë`m§À`mH$S>o ZìhVm.

`m JmoîQ>r gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r a{e`mcm eÌyMm à{VH$ma H$aVmZm _mKma KoÊ`mÀ`m ZrVr_wiogmopìhEV a{e`mbm Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm AË §V _hÎdmMo Agbobo n{ü_oH$S>rb àXoe gmoSy>Z XoUo ^mJ nS>bo,d¡km{ZH$, Hw$eb H$m_Jma, §Ìo, `m§{ÌH$ CnH$aUo, `m gmo~V Ë`m joÌmVrb gd© H$maImZo Imbr H$aÊ`mVAmbo, Ë`m àXoemVrb bjmdYr ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Xÿa g¡~o[a`mV hb{dÊ`mV Ambo. `m {R>H$mUr H$maImZo nwÝhmC^maÊ`mV oD$Z wÜX H$m`m©V Amdí`H$ AgUmao CËnmXZmbm gwédmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

gmopìhEV a{e`mZo `m joÌmVyZ _mKma KoVmZm `m joÌmVrb aoëdo, añVo, nyb, H$ƒm _mbmMo dnmÊ`mMo gmR>o `m gd© JmoîQ>r eÌyÀ`m hmVr gmnS>Uma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoVcr.

6. _mñH$moMm bT>m

gZ1941 À`m eodQ>r _Ü` {d^mJmV _hÎdnyU© wÜX Pmbo. VoWo eÌy amîQ´>m§Mo bj _mñH$mo ehamdahmoVo. gmopìhEV a{e`mMr amOYmZr d XoemMo EH$ _moR>o Am¡Úmo{JH$ d XiUdiUmMo H|$Ð åhUyZ _mñH$mo ehaà{gÜX hmoVo. _mñH$mo ehamg doT>m XoÊ`mgmR>r O_©Z bîH$a XmoZ {Xem§Zr Ambo hmoVo. O_©Z g¡Ý`mZo 2Am°ŠQ>m|~a amoOr _mñH$mo {déÜX hë`mg àma§ Ho$bm. {hQ>babm Agm {dœmg hmoVm H$s WmoS>çmM {XdgmV_mñH$mo eha ZmPr \$m¡Om§À`m dM©ñdmImbr Agob. O_©Z g¡Ý` AmVm H«o$_{bZ `m ehamnmgyZ Ho$di nmM_¡b Xÿa hmoVo. ñQ>°{bZZo _mñH$mo nyU©nUo O_©Zr \$m¡OoÀ`m doS>çmV gmnS>bobo Amho Aer KmofUm 19Am°ŠQ>mo~abm Ho$br. _mñH$mobm nS>boë`m doT>çm_wio _m°ñH$mo oWrb gaH$ma Š w{~eod oWo hbdÊ`mV Ambo.na§Vw gdm}ƒ g{_VrMm à_wI åhUyZ ñQ>°{bZ H«o$_{bZ oWoM am{hbm. `m {R>H$mUr AmVm _mñH$mobmdmM{dÊ`mgmR>r gmopìhEV bîH$amMm {ZYm©a, em¡ © d Ë`m§Zr {Xbobm {ZH$amMm bT>m, Ho$di `m_wioMa{e`mMo ajU Pmbo. EdT>oM Zìho Va ZmPr g¡Ý`mbm gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m bîH$ar gm_Ï`m©Mm n{hbm àË``_m°ñH$mo g§Kfm©VM Ambm.

`mXdr wÜXmÀ`m doioVrb âdemMo d OwÝ`m nÜXVrÀ`m wÜXV§ÌmV {ZîUm§V Agbobo goZmnVr~moamo{ebd, ~wYmoZr,{V_moeoÝH$mo ho {VKohr O_©ZrÀ`m AmH«$_Um{déÜX Anèr R>aV hmoVo. ñQ>°{bZZo`m§À`mEodOr goZmnVr åhUyZ VéU goZmZm`H$m§Mr {Z wº$s Ho$br. _mñH$moÀ`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar Om°OrPwH$mod `mÀ`mda XoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mÀ`m _XVrgmR>r OnmZÀ`m AmKmS>rda Agbobo nyd}H$S>rb VmÁ`m X_mMog¡Ý` XoÊ`mV Ambo d gd© {gÜXVm Pmë`mda 7 {S>g|~a amoOr PwH$modZo O_©Zrdarb à{Vhëë`mg àma§ Ho$bm.

(106)

a{e`Z goZoZo `m AmH«$_UmgmR>r Q>r-34 `m aUJmS>çmMm àW_M _mam O_©Z Vmo\$m§da gwê$ Ho$bm.`mMdoir hmV nm`m§Zm ~{Ya H$aUmam a{e`Z {hdmim a{e`Z bîH$amg daXmZ d O_©Zm§gmR>r emn R>abm.O_©Z bîH$amg {hdmù`mV Amdí`H$ Agbobr Ja_ H$nSo> d ~yQ> nwadÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm {hQ>babmdmQ>br Zmhr. Ë`m_wio O_©Z g¡{ZH$m§À`m XþX©eobm nmamdma Cabm ZìhVm.

Aem n[apñWVrV a{e`Z bîH$amZo MT>{dbobm à{Vh„m nyU©nUo èñdr R>abm. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m_aUàm` {hdmù`mV d a{e`Z g¡{ZH$m§À`m àVrh„² mV 1/4 O_©Z g¡{ZH$ _¥Ë w_wIr nS>bo. ŠbrZ dH$m{cZrZ hr ehao 16 {S>g|~a 1941 n`ªV a{e`Z bîH$amZo naV qOHy$Z KoVbo. _Ü` AmKmS>rdarb O_©Zg¡Ý` 50 Vo 200 _¡b _mJo KoÊ`mV aoQ>Ê`mV a{e`Z g¡Ý`mbm è Ambo d Aem nÜXVrZo a{e`Z bîH$amZo_mñH$mo ehamg dmM{dbo.

7. O_©ZrMr gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb AmJoHy$M

{S>g|~a 1941 _Ü o _m°ñH$mo eha gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m Vmã`mV Ambo Agbo Var ZmPr g§H$Q>mMre¥§Ibm AOyZhr gmopìhEV a{e`mda gwê$ hmoVr. ZmPr g¡{ZH$m§Zr gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm_hÎdmMm d g_¥ÜX Agm àJV àXoe Amnë`m A{YnË`mImbr AmUbm hmoVm. `mdoir {hQ>baMo bjgmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m H$m±Ho$eg `m I{ZO VobmZo g_¥ÜX Agboë`m àXoemda H|${ÐV Pmbo hmoVo. O_©Zm§À`màIa AmH«$_Um_wio gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m y_rnmgyZ OdiOdi g§nH©$ VwQ>boë`m H«$s{_`mÀ`m àXoemVa{e`mbm O_©ZrMm à{VH$ma H$aUo H$R>rU hmoVo.

godmñVmonmobÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r a{e`Z \$m¡Om§Mm àIa à{VH$ma 250 {Xdgm§nmgyZ àmUnUmZo MmbbmhmoVm. na§Vw 3 Owb¡ 1942amoOr godmñVmonmob O_©ZrÀ`m hmVr gmnS>bo. `m {dO`mZ§Va bJoM O_©Z goZoZoCÎma H$m±Ho$eg àm§Vmda h„m Ho$bm d 9 Am°JñQ> 1942 amoOr I{ZO VobmgmR>r à{gÜX Agbobo _m`H$monO_©Zm§Zr H$m~rO Ho$bo. `m {dO`m_wio ZmPr \$m¡Om H°pñn`Z g_wÐmÀ`m e§ a _¡bmda oD$Z nmohmoMë`mhmoË`m.

8. ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>Mm bT>m Am{U {dO`

ZmPr O_©Zr d gmopìhEV a{e`m `m XmoÝhr amîQ´>m§Mo ^{dVì` R>a{dUmam {ZUm© H$ d KZKmoa bT>måhUOo ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>Mm g§Kf© hmo . ñQ>°{bZJ«mS> ho eha dmoëJm ZXrda dgbobo Amho. O_©Z bîH$amÀ`mghmì`m VwH$S>rMm goZmnVr {\$ëS> _me©b \o${S´>H$ nmobg `mZo 14 gßQ>|~a 1942 nmgyZ AmH«$_Umg gwédmVHo$br. XaamoO O_©Z bîH$a XmoZ hOma nojm OmñV ~m°å~\o$H$s {d_mZm§Zr Ë`m ehamda ~m°å~\o$H$ H$aV hmoVr.`m ehamMo ê$nm§VaU XJS> _mVrÀ`m {T>Jmè`mV Pmbo hmoVo. gßQ>|~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m AIoan ªV ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>Mm_moR>m ^mJ O_©Zm§À`m hmVr Ambm hmoVm.

a{e`Z bîH$a d ñQ>°{bZJ«mS> oWrb OZVm Amnë`m ehamgmR>r d _mV¥ y_rgmR>r àmUnUmZo bT>VhmoVr. _{eZJÝg, ~§XþH$m, I§Ora, MmHy$ Aem {_iob Ë`m eóm§Zr a{e`Z g¡{ZH$ d OZVm AIoaÀ`mœmgmn ªV O_©Zm§er bT>m XoV hmoVr.

(107)

a{e`Z g¡Ý`mZo O_©Zm§Mo XiUdiUmMo gd© _mJ© ~§X Ho$bo. AÝZYmÝ` d BVa gmYZ gm_wJ«rMmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r O_©Z Ho$di {d_mZm§da Adb§~yZ hmoVo. na§Vw gmopìhEV {d_mZ oXr Vmo\$m§_wio O_©Zm§Mr{d_mZo amoO nmS>br OmV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio O_©Z g¡{ZH$m§Zm hdmB©_mJm©Zo gwÜXm nwadR>m hmoD$ eH$V ZìhVm.O_©Z g¡Ý`mZo AZoH$ doim a{e`Z bîH$amZo KmVbobm doT>m \$moS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm na§Vw Ë`mV Ë`m§Zm èAmbo Zmhr.

OmZodmar 1943 n ªV {\$ëS> _me©b nm°bgÀ`m ghmì`m O_©Z g¡{ZH$ VwH$S>rMr AdñWm AË §V{~H$Q> d X`Zr` Pmbr hmoVr. {hQ>ba _mKma KoÊ`mg V`ma ZìhVm. eodQ>r 31 OmZodmar 1943 amoOr{\$ëS>_me©b nm°bgZo a{e`Z \$m¡Oog_moa eaUmJVr nËH$abr. O_©ZrMo ghmdo bîH$a a{e`mMo wÜXH¡$Xr ~ZbohmoVo. `m_Ü o goZmnVtMmhr g_mdoe hmoVm. `m ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>À`m bT>çmV gmopìhEV a{e`mbm O_©ZrH$Sy>Z 24O_©Z OZab, 2500 bîH$ar A{YH$mar, EHy$U gmSo>VrZ bj O_©Z bîH$amn¡H$s eodQ>r Cabobo, {Od§Vam{hbo XrS> bj OI_r bîH$ar g¡{ZH$, 67 hOma Vmo\$m, 1442 bhmZ Vmo\$m, 1550 aUJmSo>, 90,000~§XþH$m, 61102 Q´>Šg, 750 {d_mZo BË`mXr wÜX gm{hË` {_imbo.

9. ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>À`m {dO`mMm n[aUm_

1. ZmPr bîH$amÀ`m AqOŠ`ËdmMm S>mobmam H$mogibm,

2. gmopìhEV a{e`m gmo~VM g§nyU© wamonbm AmË_{dœmg dmTy> cmJcm. a{e`Z g¡{ZH$m§À`mem¡ m©Mm, Anma ghZeº$sMm d amîQ´>{Zð>oMm nyU©nUo àË`` `m bT>çmV Ambm,

3. a{e`Z bîH$am~amo~a OZVoMohr Zr{VY¡ © C§Mmdbo,

4. bîH$amMo `mnwT>rb AmKmS>rdarb O_©Z bîH$amdarb AmH«$_Uo A{YH$ àIa Pmbo, a{e`Z\$m¡Om§Zr \o$~«wdmar AIoarg-1942 À`m _mo{h_mV O_©ZrZo ì`mnbobm g§nyU© àXoe Amnë`mVmã`mV KoVbm. gZ 1942 -1943 À`m bîH$ar _mohr__wio d VoWrb {dO`m_wio EHy$U185000 Mm¡ag _¡bmMm a{e`Z àXoe eÌyÀ`m Vmã`mVyZ _wº$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 3 bj 40hOma O_©Z g¡{ZH$ wÜXH¡$Xr ~Zbo. 8 bj 50 hOma O_©Z g¡{ZH$ _mabo Jobo. gmopìhEVg§KmMr hmZr `mnojmhr ^ §H$a hmoVr. A{YH¥$V AhdmbmZwgma Odinmg 42 bj a{e`Z_mabo Jobo hmoVo.

10. Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMm CÎmamY© d gmopìhEV a{e`m

1) {\$Zb§S> :-

gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m wÜX g_márÀ`m _mo{h_m§Mr gwédmV gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m {\$Zb§S> darbAmH«$_UmZo gZ 1944 À`m CÎmamYm©V Pmbr. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m AmH«$_Umg_moa {\$Zb§S>Mm {Q>H$mdYaUo eŠ` ZìhVo. eodQ>r Aj amîQ´>m§er g§~§Y VmoSy>Z {\$Zb§S>Zo 19 gßQ>|~a 1944 amoOr gmopìhEV

a{e`mgmo~VÀ`m wÜX~§Xr H$amamda gøm Ho$ë`m. `m H$amamV gmopìhEV a{e`mbm {\$Zb§S>H$Sy>Z {ZHo$bÀ`m

(108)

ImUr, noñVo_moMm àXoe {_imbm. Ë`mEodOr {\$Zb§S>bm gmopìhEV a{e`mH$Sy>Z 1940 _Ü o gmopìhEV

a{e`mZo H$m~rO Ho$bobm hmÝJmo àXoe d nÝZmg dfm©H$[aVm nmoaŠŠb CX ~§XamMm àXoe {\$Zb§S>bm {Xbm.

2) é_m{Z`m :-

é_m{Z`mMm amOm _m`H$bZo wÜXH$mimV Aj amîQ´>m§er _¡Ìr Ho$br hmoVr. na§Vw gmopìhEV a{e`mMrdmT>Vr eº$s nmhÿZ 23 Am°JñQ> 1994 amoOr gmopìhEV a{e`m{damoYr wÜX ~§X H$ê$Z é_m{Z`mMowÜXH$mimVrb {_ÌamîQ´> O_©Zr d h§Joar `m§À`m{déÜX wÜX KmofUm Ho$br. é_m{Z`m-a{e`m `m§À`mV

12 gßQ>|~a 1944 amoOr AZmH«$_UmMm H$ama Pmbm. Ë`mV 28 OyZ 1940 amoOr àñWm{nV Pmboë`mC^` amîQ´>m§Vrb gr_maofoda {eŠH$m_moV©~ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mM~amo~a AmR> dfm©À`m H$mimV 300 XebjS>m°baMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© é_m{Z`mZo a{e`mbm Úmdr Ago {Z{üV Pmbo.

3) ~ëJo[a`m :-

é_m{Z`mZ§Va a{e`Z \$m¡Om ~ëJo[a`mH$So> dië`m. Am°ŠQ>m|~aÀ`m eodQ>r ~ëJo[a`mZo gwÜXm O_©Zm§MrgmW gmoSy>Z g§ wº$ amîQ´> g§KmÀ`m njmV gm_rb Pmbo.

4) ~obJ«oS> :-

a{e`Z bîH$amZo 20 Am°ŠQ>mo~a amoOr ~obJ«oS> H$m~rO Ho$bo d `wñbmoìhm{H$`mVyZ ZmPtMr hH$mbnÅ>rHo$br.

5) h§Joar :-

OmZodmar 1945 _Üò h§Joar gaH$maZo gmopìhEV a{e`m{déÜX `wÜX~§Xr H$ê$Z O_©Zr{déÜX `wÜXKmofUm Ho$br.

AemàH$mao 1945 À`m gwédmVrbm {\$Zb§S>, é_m{Z`m, ~ëJo[a`m, h§Joar, `wñbmoìhm{H$`m hr nyd©wamonMr gd©amîQ´> ZmPtÀ`m {Z §ÌUmVyZ _wº$ Pmbr.

11. `mëQ>m n[afX/H«$s{_`m n[afX (4 Vo 11 \o$~«wdmar 1945)

gZ 1945 À`m àma§ r Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMm {ZH$mb H$gm bmJUma `m{df`r bmoH$m§_Ü o nwgQ>erH$ënZm hmoVr. Ë`mM ÑîQ>rZo O_©ZrÀ`m AIoaÀ`m _mo{h_m, Ë`m amîQ´>mMo ^{dVì`, wÜXg_mßVrZ§VaMoghH$m © d em§VVm `m~Ôb {Z{üV `moOZm AmIÊ`mgmR>r \o$~«wdmar 1945 _Ü o A_o[aHo$Mo amîQ´>mÜ`j\«±$H${bZ éPdoëQ>, gmopìhEV a{e`mMo amîQ´>à_wI Omogo\$ ñQ>°{bZ d B§½b§S>Mo n§VàYmZ {dñQ>Z M{M©b `m VrZamîQ´> à_wIm§Mr ~¡R>H$ O_©ZrÀ`m AmH«$_Um§Zr CÜX²dñV Pmboë`m `mëQ>m `m ehamV ({H«${_`mOdi) 4 Vo11 \o$~«wdmar 1945amoOr Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

`m VrZ amîQ´>à_wIm§~amo~aM Ë`m§Mo naamîQ´>_§Ìr, ñQ>oQ>r{Z`g, _mbmoVmod d ES>Z hmoVo. ŠbH©$-Ho$a, h°ar

(109)

hmopßH§$g,Ooåg {~Z}g, A°~aoc h±[a_Z Ago ZmdmObobo ZoVo d Ë`m amîQ´>mMo bîH$ar ImË`mMo A{YH$mar Ago`mëQ>m ehamV hOa hmoVo. wÜXH$mimVrb gd© n[afXm§_Ü o hr n[afX gdm©V _hÎdmMr d dmXJ«ñV R>abr.

`m n[afXoV Imcrc {ZU© KoÊ`mV Ambo.

1. O_©ZrZo {~ZeV© eaUmJVr nËH$amdr,

2. O_©ZrMo gmopìhEV a{e`m, B§½b§S> d A_o[aH$m `m VrZ amîQ´>mV àmXo{eH$ {d^mOZ ìhmdo,

3. \«$mÝgbm O_©ZrÀ`m àXoemV {hñgm Úm`Mm H$s Zmhr `m~Ôb `m ZoË`mV EH$_V ZìhVo,

4. XmoñV amîQ´>m§À`m Pmboë`m hmZrMr ânmB© O_©ZrZo H$amdr.

5. gdm©V OmñV hmZr gmopìhEV a{e`mMr Pmbr, åhUOo ânmB©Mr {Zå_r aŠH$_ a{e`mbm{_imdr Aer _mJUr gmopìhEV a{e`mZo Ho$br. a{e`mÀ`m `m _mJUrg M{M©bMm {damoYhmoVm. na§Vw eodQ>r _mJUr {dMmamV KoÊ`mV Ambr.

6. nmob§S>Mm gr_màý {deofV: {OH$arMm R>abm, H$maU H$P©Z aofm hr a{e`m nmob§S> `mVrbgr_m aofm R>amdr Ago a{e`mMo åhUUo hmoVo. nmob§S>Mm Omo àXoe gmopìhEV a{e`mH$So> oB©bË`mMr ânmB© O_©ZrMm H$mhr àXoe nmob§S>bm XoÊ`mV `mdm. `m y{_Ho$bm M{M©bMm {damoYhmoVm. na§Vw Vmo {Zî\$i R>abm. ñQ>°{bZÀ`m Cnamoº$ gwMZobm _mÝ`Vm XoUo ê$OdoëQ>,M{M©bbm^mJ nS>bo.

øm _hÎdnyU© _wÔm gmo~VM-

1. O_©ZrÀ`m ZmPr à^mdmnmgyZ _wº$ Pmboë`m nyd© wamonr` amîQ´>m§Zm Ë`mMo amOH$s` d Am{W©H$àý bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r XmoñV amîQ´>m§Zr _XV H$amdr,

2. OnmZ {déÜXÀ`m bT>mB©V gmopìhEV a{e`mMo ghH$m © {_i{dUo,

3. OJmVrb em§VVogmR>r g§ wº$ amîQ´> g§KQ>Zm C^maUo.

❀ `mëQ>m n[afXoMo d¡{eîQ>ço :-

1. wÜXmZ§Va {Z_m©U Pmbobr amOH$s` n[apñWVr {dMmamV KoD$Z nm{ü_mË` {ZarjH$m§Zr dZoË`m§Zr `m n[afXoda àIa Q>rH$m Ho$br.

2. `mëQ>m n[afXoÀ`m {ZU© mV gmopìhEV a{e`mMm daMî_m ñnîQ>nUo à{Vq~{~V Pmbm hmoVm.

3. `mëQ>m n[afXoÀ`m {ZU©` hm Z Ho$di VrZ amîQ´> à_wIm§À`m ^mdZm§Mm n[anmH$ ZìhVm Va `mV~hþg§»`m§H$ OZVoMr _Vo à{Vq~{~V Pmbr hmoVr.

4. bmoH$emhrMo àVrH$ åhUyZ XmoñV amîQ´>mVrb ~hþg§»` OZVoZo `m n[afXoÀ`m {ZU© mMo ñdmJVHo$bo.

(110)

12. O_©ZrMr eaUmJVr :-

gmopìhEV a{e`m, \«$mÝg, B§½b§S>, A_o[aHo$À`m O_©Zr{déÜXÀ`m AIoaÀ`m _mo{h_m§Zm OmZodmar 1945

nmgyZ gwédmV Pmbr. gmopìhEV a{e`mZo 17 OmZodmar 1945 amoOr dm°gm© eha H$m~rO Ho$bo. nmob§S>_YyZ

ZmPr g¡Ý`mMr nyU©nUo _mKma Pmbr hmoVr. n{ü_oH$Sy>Z XmoñV amîQ´>m§À`m \$m¡Om O_©ZrÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb

H$arV hmoË`m.

XmoñV amîQ´>m§À`m g§ wº$ \$m¡Om 27 E{àb 1945 amoOr Eë~ ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmè`mda EH$Ì Amë`m. `m

H$madmhr_wio g§nyU© nyd© O_©Zr gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m à^mdmImbr Ambm. Va n{ü_ O_©Zr AÝ` XmoñV

amîQ´>m§À`m à^mdmImcr Amcm.

a{e`Z \$m¡Om§Zr ~{b©Z g^modVmcr Amnbm cîH$ar nme Amdibm. `m_wio ~{b©Z_Yrb O_©ZrMr

bîH$ar H$m|S>r Pmbr. `mdoir _me©b PwH$modmÀ`m Vmo\$m ~{b©Z da AmJ AmoH$V hmoË`m. _¥Ë y qH$dm

eaUmJVr `m{edm` AÝ` n`m© O_©Zrg_moa Cabm ZìhVm.

1 _o amoOr O_©ZrÀ`m MmÝgbaÀ`m H$m`m©b`mV {hQ>ba Zo AmË_hË`m Ho$br hmoVr. 1 _o 1945 amoOr

O_©Z J«±S> E°S>{_Z Šbmb© S>mo{ZËg`mZo {hQ>baÀ`m _¥Ë yMr KmofUm Z^modmUrdê$Z Ho$br. gZ 2 _o 1945

amoOr nhmQ>o ~{b©Z oWrb 1 cmI 30 hOma O_©Z g¡{ZH$m§Zr gmopìhEV a{e`m g_moa eaUmJVr nËH$abr.

g§nyU© ~{b©Z AmVm gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m Am{YnË`mImbr hmoVo. O_©ZrÀ`m MmÝgba H$m`m©b`mda gmopìhEV

a{e`mMm P|S>m _mZmZo \$S>Hy$ bmJbm hmoVm. 5 _o 1945 amoOr \$sëS>_me©b _m°ÊQ>Jmo_oar `m§À`mer Šbmb©

S>mo{ZËgZo eaUmJVrMr ~mobUo Ho$bo. 8 _o amoOr a{e`Z goZmnVr _me©b PwH$mod, A_o[aH$Z OZab ñnmQ²P,

{~«Q>re dm wXb à_wI ga AmW©a Q>oS>a `m§À`m CnpñWVrV ~{b©Z oWo eaUmJVrÀ`m H$amamda O_©ZrZo

ñdmjè`m Ho$ë`mZ§Va O_©Zr {déÜXMm bT>m g§nwîQ>mV Ambm.

13. nm±Q²gS±>_ n[afX (17 Owb¡ 1945)

O_©ZrÀ`m nwT>rb ^{dVì`mMr ê$naofm {Z{üV H$aÊ`mgmR>r 17 Owb¡ 1945 amoOr ~{b©Z ZOrH$

Agboë`m nm±Q²gS±>_ oWo {~«Q>Z, gmopìhEV a{e`m d A_o[aH$m `m§À`m à{V{ZYtMr ~¡R>H$ Am`mo{OV

H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m ~¡R>H$sg `mëQ>m n[afX oWrb CnpñWV Agboë`m amîQ´>à_wImn¡H$s \$º$ ñQ>°{bZ

CnpñWV hmoVm. Owb¡ _{hÝ`mV B§½b§S>_Ü o Pmboë`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m§V B§½b§S>Mm VËH$mbrZ n§VàYmZ

{dñQ>Z M{M©b `m§Mm njmMm nam^d Pmë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m EodOr B§½b§S>Mm Zdm àYmZ_§Ìr Šbo_|Q> A°Q>br Va

A_o[aHo$Mo amîQ´>mÜ`j éPdoëQ>À`m {ZYZmZ§Va amîQ´>mÜ`j ~Zbobm hoZar Q®>_Z `m n[afXobm CnpñWV hmoVo.

O_©Zr_wio OmJ{VH$ em§VVobm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ `m amîQ´>à_wIm§Zr H$mhr _hÎdnyU© {ZU© KoVbo.

Vo Imbrb à_mUo :-

1. O_©ZrVrb ZmPrdmXmMmMo, bîH$admXmMo d wÜX Cn`moJr CÚmoJY§ÚmMo CƒmQ>Z ìhmdo,

(111)

2. O_©Zrbm bmoH$emhr VËdm§Mr {eH$dU {Xbr Omdr,

3. `m _hm wÜXmV gdm©V OmñV hmZr gmopìhEV a{e`mMr Pmë`mZo O_©ZrH$Sy>Z gmopìhEV a{e`mgwÜX ânmB© åhUyZ ~mH$s amîQ´>m§nojm _moR>m dmQ>m Úmdm,

4. gmopìhEV a{e`mMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© åhUyZ a{e`m ì`mßV O_©Z àXoemVyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ §Ìgm_wJ«rd AÝ` gm{hË` (em§VVmH$mbrZ JaOm§Zm Amdí`H$ Vr gmYZgm_wJ«r gmoSy>Z) wÜX ânmB©åhUyZ ¿`mdo.

5. {\$Zb§S>, ~ëJo[a`m, h§Joar, ê$_m{Z`m d nyd© Am°pñQ´>`m `m àXoemVrb O_©Z _mb_ÎmodagmopìhEV a{e`mMm A{YH$ma Agmdm,

6. `mëQ>m n[afXoVrb {ZU© mda `m n[afXoV {eŠH$m_moV©~ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

14. OnmZMr eaUmJVr-Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMm eodQ>

O_©ZrZo eaUmJVr nËH$abr Var OnmZ AOyZhr XmoñV amîQ´>m{déÜX AmJoHy$M H$arV hmoVo. Omon ªV

OnmZ eaU oV Zmhr Vmon ªV Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMm eodQ> hmoUo eŠ` ZìhVo.

`mëQ>m n[afXoV R>aë`mà_mUo O_©ZrÀ`m eaUmJVrZ§Va 90 {XdgmÀ`m Z§Va 8 Am°JñQ> amoOr gmopìhEVa{e`m-OnmZ {déÜX wÜXmV CVabo. gmopìhEV a{e`m _m§Mw[a`mV VrZ {Xem§Zr a{e`mMr bmb goZm OnmZ{déÜX AmJoHy$M H$ê$ bmJbr. `mMdoir a{e`Z Zm¡Xb d bîH$a `m§Zr g§`wº$[aË`m OnmZÀ`m X{jUgmI{cV ~§Xamda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m wÜX àdoemZ§Va Mma-nmM {XdgmVM OnmZÀ`mbîH$ar gm_Ï`m©Mm H$Um _mZë`m Joboë`m _m§Mw[a`mVrb OnmZMo Šdm§Qy>_ bîH$a Zm_moha_ Pmbo. eodQ>rgmopìhEV a{e`m g_moa OnmZr bîH$amg eaU oU§ ^mJ nS>bo.

`m doion ªV OnmZda A_o[aHo$Zo 6 Am°JñQ> 1945 amoOr {hamo{e_m d 9 Am°JñQ> 1945 amoOrZmJmgmH$sda AUw~m±~ Q>mH$bm. eodQ>r AUw~m±~À`m ^ §H$a g§hmaeº$sZo hmXê$Z OmD$Z OnmZZo 14 Am°JñQ>1945 amoOr {~ZeV© eaUmJVr _mÝ` Ho$br. A_o[aHo$À`m "{_gyar' `m wÜXZm¡Ho$da OnmZÀ`m eaUmJVrH$amamda ñdmjè`m Pmë`m. `mdoir gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m dVrZo boâQ>Z§Q> OZab Hw$Pm_m XoaodoÝH$mo `m§Zrñdmjar Ho$br. AemàH$mao Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMm eodQ> Pmbm.

15. wÜXmoÎma gmopìhEV a{e`m-g_ñ`m d Cnm``moOZm

1) _Zwî`hmZr :-

Xþgè`m OmJ{VH$ `wÜXmV gdm©V OmñV hmZr gmopìhEV a{e`mMr Pmbr hmoVr. `wÜXH$mimV gmopìhEVa{e`mMm 8 bj Mm¡ag _¡bmMm àXoe O_©Zm§Zr ~o{MamI Ho$bm hmoVm. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m à^mdmImbrb1710 ehao, 70 hOma Jmdo, 35000 H$maImZo, 60 bj B_maVr d 40 hOma XdmImZo ZîQ> Pmbo hmoVo.EHy$U 2 H$moQ>r bmoH$ àmUmbm _wH$bo hmoVo. Ë`mVrb gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb bîH$amVrb Vrg bmI g¡{ZH$

(112)

hmoVo. AS>rM H$moQ>r a{e`Z bmoH$ ~oKa Pmbo hmoVo. EH$Q>çm ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>À`m bT>çmVrb _Zwî` hmZr hr EdT>r

hmoVr H$s g§nyU© Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV H$m_r Amboë`m A_o[aH$Zm§Znojm OmñV hmoVr.

2) Am{W©H$ hmZr :-

Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmMm gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m _Zwî`hmZr ~amo~aM Am{W©H$ hmZr gwÜXm _moR>çm à_mUmV

Pmbr hmoVr. gmopìhEV a{e`mMo O_©Zr d OnmZ {déÜXÀ`m wÜXmV 485 H$moQ>r é~ëg IMu nS>bo hmoVo.

hr aŠH$_ gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m ghm dfm©À`m EHy$U amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmnojm OmñV hmoVr. Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m

Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmda _mÌ AË §V {dnarV n[aUm_ Pmbm hmoVm. bmJdS>rImbrb Agbobr 60% H¥$fr

O_rZ à^m{dV Pmbr hmoVr. eoVrÀ`m JwamT>moam§Mm \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV Zme Pmbm hmoVm.

3) g¡{ZH$m§Mo nwZd©gZ :-

Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmV gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb nyU© {dO`mZ§Va Va wamon d nyd}H$S>rb {d{dY AmKmS>rda

bT>V hmoVr. `m g¡{ZH$m§Mr g§»`m drg bmI hmoVr. gVV Mma dfm©À`m wÜX g§Kfm©Z§Va `m g¡{ZH$m§Mr

ñdJ¥hr nwZd©gZ Amdí`H$ hmoVo. bîH$ar _mo{h_m Mmby AgVmZm n{ü_ wamonmV amhÿZ Ambobo a{e`Z g¡{ZH$

gmopìhEV a{e`mV naVbo Voìhm Ë`m§Mr H$gyZ VnmgUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Á`m g¡{ZH$m§Mr gmopìhEV {Zð>m

A §J d ÑT> Amho Aem§ZmM Ë`m§À`m Kar OmÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr. Á`m§À`m {Zð>o~Ôb gme§H$Vm

hmoVr Ë`m§Zm gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m nwZa©MZoÀ`m H$m`m©V Ow§nÊ`mV Ambo. g¡{ZH$ wÜXmdê$Z naVV AgVmZm

Ë`m§Zm {Xbmgm XoUo, Ë`m§À`m amhÊ`mMr gmo H$aUo d Ë`m§Zm amîQ´>mÀ`m AW© OrdZmV gm_mdyZ KoUo hr

n{hbr JaO hmoVr. `mgmR>r Cnm` åhUyZ a{e`Z gaH$maZo gdm©V _moR>çm d`moJQ>mVrb g¡{ZH$m§Mr nWHo$

{dg{O©V Ho$br. wÜXH$mimV _hÎdnyU© H$m_{Jar ~OmdUmè`m§Zm gÝ_mZXe©H$ nXì`m d nXHo$ XoD$Z

Jm¡adÊ`mV Ambo. A{YH$mar dJm©bm, OI_tZm, d YmamVrWu nS>boë`m g¡{ZH$m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm Img gdbVr

d _XV Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

4) _hmJmB©da {Z §ÌU :-

Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV a{e`mdarb O_©ZrÀ`m AmH«$_Um_wio d gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m wÜX

ì`ñVVo_wio Cn^mo½` dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV KQ>bo. Ë`m_wio Cn^mo½` dñVy§Mo qH$_VrV â_gmR>

dmT> Pmbr hmoVr. `mda a{e`Z gaH$mabm {Z §ÌU AmUUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. `mÑîQ>rZo wÜXH$mimV

AmH$maÊ`mV Ambobo H$a 1945 À`m AIoarg aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

1947 _Üò a{e`Z gaH$maZo ZdrZ McZ gwê$ Ho$co. Zì`m EH$ é~bbm OyZo 10 é~ëg `m

à_mUmV OwZr _wÐm _mJo KoÊ`mV Ambr. ~±H$mVrb bmoH$m§À`m R>odr da amo»`m§Mo _yë`hr H$_r H$aÊ`mV

Ambo. AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m d AÝ` OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§À`m {H$_Vr H$_r H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. gaH$maV\}$ hmoUmè`m

YmÝ` {dVaUmÀ`m à_mUmV d¥ÜXr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

(113)

5) emgH$s` YmoaUmV ~Xb :-

wÜXg_mßVrZ§Va nmpíM_mË` amîQ´>m§er dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aUo gwb^ ìhmdo `m hoVyZo emgH$s` g§aMZoV H$mhr

_hÎdnyU© ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. gZ 1945 _Ü o wÜXH$mimV ñWm{nV Pmbobr "amîQ´>r` g§ajU g{_Vr

{dg{O©V H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m g{_VrMo H$m © emgZmÀ`m g§~§{YV {d^mJmH$So> gmondÊ`mV Ambo. gZ1939

Z§Va gmopìhEV a{e`mH$So> Ambobo àXoe dJiyZ AÝ` gd© ^mJmV bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambobm bîH$ar H$m`Xm

aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. "H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ nrnëg H$_rgmg©', Mo "H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ {_{ZñQ>g©' Ago Zm_m§Va

H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

6) MM©er gwg§dmX :-

ñQ>°{bZZo Amnë`m YmoaUm§_Ü o MM©er \$maH$V KoVbr AgVr Var, Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m H$mimVg_mZ eÌyer bT>m XoVmZm MM© d gaH$ma `m§À`mV gwg§dmX {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. gZ 1945 _Ü o gmopìhEVa{e`mV 16000MM© hmoVo. Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m g§H$Q>H$mimV MM©Mo AZw m`r bîH$ar JUdoe KmbyZ`wÜX^y_rdarb g¡{ZH$m§Mo _ZmoY¡`© dmT>{dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aV hmoVo. ñ\y$Vu XoV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ghH$m`© H$aVhmoVo. `m g§H$Q> H$mimV Ho$boë`m ghH$m`m©Mr OmUrd ñQ>°{bZbm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio wÜXg_mßVrZ§Va MM©À`m~m~VrV gaH$mar y{_H$m gwg§dmXmMr d gbmo»`mMr amhrb Ago AmœmgZ ñQ>°{bZZo {Xbo. Ë`mVyZM 1945Z§Va gmopìhEV a{e`mV gw_mao 70 MM© d _R>m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. `m _R>m§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>ZXoU½`m XoÊ`mV Amë`m. gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb H$sd, H$PmZ, _m°ñH$mo `m ehamV gaH$mar g§_VrZoY_©emó{df`H$ emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. ñQ>°{bZZo `mVyZ MM©er gwg§dmX gmYyZ Ym{_©H$ joÌmbmAmnë`m gmo~V KoVbo.

7) gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m (1946) :-

gZ 1937 _Ü o Pmboë`m {ZdS>UwH$m§Z§Va gmopìhEV g§KmV Xþgè`m _hm wÜXm_wio {ZdS>UwH$mKoÊ`mV Amboë`m ZìhË`m. Xþgè`m _hm`wÜXmÀ`m g_márZ§Va 1946 _Üò g§nyU© gmopìhEV g§KmV{ZdS>UwH$m KoÊ`mV Amë`m. wÜXmZ§Va gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m àXoemV dmT> Pmë`mZo Zd_VXmam§Mr g§»`mdmT>br hmoVr. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV àË oH$ joÌmV njmMm, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, ghH$mar g§ñWm, Aem njoÎmagm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm§Mm EH$M C_oXdma C^m H$aÊ`mV Ambm. {ZdS>UwH$m§_wio ZoV¥ËdmV H$moUVmhr ~XbH$aÊ`mV Ambm Zmhr. \$º$ EH$M ~Xb Pmbm Vmo åhUOo d`mod¥ÜX "H$mbrZrZ' EodOr "gwàr_ gmopìhEV',"ào{gS>r`_Mm' AÜ`j åhUyZ {ZH$mobg œo{Z©H$ `m§Mr {Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`màemgZ ì`dñWoV à_wI åhUyZ ñQ>°{bZ ì`{V[aº$ bmdmaopÝV, ~o[a`m Om°Ou, _mboÝH$mod ho à_wI ZoVo hmoVo.

8) nj ewÜXr/gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m g§aMZoV ~Xb :-

Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV gmå`dmXr nj àdoemÀ`m AQ>r H$mhr A§er {e{Wb H$aÊ`mV Amë`mhmoË`m. Ë`m_wio Á`m§Zm gmå`dmXr VÎdkmZmMr {eH$dU Zmhr Aem§Mm âUm _moR>çm à_mUmV gmå`dmXr

(114)

njmV Pmbm hmoVm. ñQ>°{bZZo wÜXg_márZ§Va 1946 nmgyZ nj ewÜXrMr H$madmB© gwê$ Ho$br. Á`m bmoH$m§Mr

gmå`dmXr VËdkmZm~ÔbMr {Zð>m g§e`mñnX hmoVr Aem§Mr hH$mbnÅ>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gXñ` àdoemÀ`m

AQ>r naV H$S>H$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. gmå`dmXr VËdkmZmÀ`m {ejUmda â XoÊ`mV Ambm. `mgmR>r

"AH$mX_r Am°\$ gmoeb gm`Ýgog' _Ü o Aä`mgH«$_ Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

9) bmoH$emhr VÎdm§Zm à{V~§Y :-

`wÜXH$mimV AZoH$ a{e`Z A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$ n{ü_oVrb bmoH$emhr gaH$maÀ`m g§nH$m©V Ambo

hmoVo. ho gd© amîQ´> ^m§S>dbemhr, bmoH$emhr Ago hmoVo Vo g_mOdmXr VËdkmZmÀ`m{damoYr hmoVo. ^m§S>dbemhr

d bmoH$emhr `m§À`m g§nH©$ d àMma `m§Mm g§gJm©_wio gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb OZVm gwÜXm Ë`m§À`m

à^mdmImbr oD$ Z o `m§Mm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm gmopìhEV a{e`mbm dmQ>br. `mgmR>r a{e`Z

gaH$maZo Imbrb Cnm` `moOZm Ho$br. -

1) gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb Ho$di gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m Hw$eb ZoV¥Ëdm_wioM a{e`Z OZVoÀ`m

AVwbZr` em¡ © d amîQ´>^º$s_wio ZmPr O_©ZrMm {Z:nmV H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Agm àIa àMma

H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

2) gZ 1940 _Ü o n{ü_oH$S>rb ^m§S>dbemhr bmoH$emhr amîQ´>m§er a{e`Z OZVoMm OmñV g§nH©$

oD$ Z o `mgmR>r a{e`mVyZ ~mhoa OmUmè`m ~mVå`m§da, ao{S>Amodarb na{H$`m§À`m ^mfUm§da,

gmopìhEV a{e`mVrb {dXoetÀ`m àdmgmda AZoH$ {Z §ÌUo AmUÊ`mV Ambr.

3) a{e`Z ór-nwéfm§Zr naH$s`m§er {ddmh H$ê$ Z o, Ë`mM~amo~a H$m_H$mOm~m~V g„m_gbV

H$ê$ Zò Ago {Z`_ Ho$bo Jobo.

Aem `m {Z`_m§Mo Cëc§KZ H$aUmè`m§Zm Mma Vo drg dfmªn ªV gl_ H$mamdmgmMr qH$dm hoa{Jar,

KmVnmV BË`mXr amîQ´>Ðmohr H¥$Ë` H$aUmè`m§Zm _¥Ë`wX§S>mMr {ejm Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gmopìhEV

a{e`mVrb bmoH$m§À`m naH$s`m§er eŠ`Vmo g§nH©$ òD$ ZòV Aer ZrVr `m doiog a{e`Z gaH$maZo

Adb§~br hmoVr.

* ñd §-AÜ``Z àý ^mJ - 3

1. \«$mÝg `m XoemZo {hQ>ba g_moa ..................... amoOr eaUmJVr nËH$abr.

A) 22 OyZ 1940 ~) 23 OyZ 1940 H$) 24 OyZ 1940 S>) 25 OyZ 1940.

2. O_©ZrMo a{e`mdarb AmH«$_U ............ `m gm§Ho$Vm§H$mZo AmoiIë`m OmVo.

A) Am°naoeZ a{e`m ~) Am°naoeZ a{e`Z H$moS>

H$) {_gwar S>) Am°naoeZ ~ma~±amogm.

(115)

3. A_o[aHo$Zo a{e`mg ............. `m `moOZoImbr 1 AãO S>m°baMr _XV Ho$br.

A) `mëQ>m ~) H«$s{_`m H$) b±S>brO S>) ~m~m}gm.

4. _mñH$mo ehamÀ`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar ............ `mÀ`mda XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr .

A) Om°Ou PwH$md ~) ~moao{ebmd H$) ~wYmoZr S>) {V_moeoÝH$mo.

5. H«$s{_`m n[afX ............. `m `m ZmdmZo gwÜXm AmoiIë`m OmVo..

A) ~obJ«oS> n[afX ~) {\$Zb§S> n[afX H$) `mëQ>m n[afX S>) PmarñVrZ n[afX.

4.2.4 Omogo\$ ñQ>°{bZ (1879 Vo 1953)

ñQ>°{bZ `mMm OÝ_ Om°{O© m àm§VmVrb "Jmoar' `m Jmdr EH$m na§namdmXr gm_mÝ` Hw$Qw>§~mV 18

{S>g|~a, 1878 gmbr Pmbm. gmopìhEV g§Kmg OmJ{VH$ _hmgÎmm åhUyZ KS>{dUmao ñQ>°{bZ `m§Mo dS>rb

ì`dgm`mZo Mm§ ma hmoVo. Va AmB© EH$mVo[aZm Om°{O© m oìhmZm `m J¥{hUr hmoË`m. ñQ>°{bZ `mMo nyU© Zmd

"Omogo\$ ìhrgmarAmoZmo{dH$ OwJm{œbr Omogo\$ ñQ>°{bZ' Ago hmoVo. ñQ>°{bZ `m eãXmMm AW© "nmobmX' Agm

hmoVmo. Ë`mbm Mma ^md§So> hmoVr. Ë`mn¡H$s VrZ ^md§So> Xm[aÐ² d amoJamB©_wio bhmZnUrM XJmdbr. Ë`mMr

AmB© Omogo\$À`m ^{dî`m~m~V _moR>çm AmH$m§jm ~miJyZ hmoVr. Ë`mZo Y_©g§ñWoV {ejU ¿`mdo, Y_m}nXoeH$~Zmdo, `m hoVyZo Vmo ZD$ dfm©Mm hmoVmM {VZo Ë`mbm MM© {Z §{ÌV {ejU H|$ÐmV nmR>{dbo. Ë`mbm d`mÀ`m

ghm dfm©Z§Va "{Vâbsg' oWrb Y_©emór` Cƒ {ejU H|$ÐmV nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambo. `m {R>H$mUr ñQ>°{bZZo

nmM df© {ejU KoVbo. `m H$mimV Omogo\$ ñQ>°{bZ `m§Zo hþema d MmUmj {dÚmWu åhUyZ Zmdbm¡{H$H$

{_idbm. `m H$mimV Ë`mMm AmoT>m hm H«$m§{VH$maH$ KQ>Zm§H$So> OmñV hmoVm, Ago Ë`mMm {~«{Q>e M[aÌH$ma

O±H$ _\$r© åhUVmo. `m H$mimVM ñQ>°{bZ_Ü o ~§S>Imoa àd¥Îmr CnObr, Aä`mgH«$_ gmoSy>Z H«$m§{VH$marg§KQ>Zoer Ë`mMo g§~§Y Amho Ago g§ñWmMmbH$mÀ`m bjmV oVmMgZ 1898 _Ü o narjoV Z ~gë`mÀ`m

JwÝømH$[aVm ñQ>°{bZbm `m g§ñWoVyZ ~mhoa hmH$bÊ`mV Ambo.

AW©emó, B{Vhmg, _mŠg©dmX, Aem {df`mda Ë`m§Zo Ho$boë`m gImob dmMZm_wio gZ 1900 n ªV

ñQ>°{bZ _mŠg©dmXmMm H$Å>a g_W©H$ ~Zbm hmoVm. gZ 1902 _Ü o EH$m g§nmV gh^mJr Pmë`mMm

Amamondê$Z Ë`mg AQ>H$ Pmbr. AR>am _{hÝ`m§Mm H$mamdmgmMr {ejm ^moJÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`mg g¡~o[a`mV

hÔnma H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. ñQ>°{bZZo "a{e`Z gmoeb So>_moH«°${Q>H$ bo~a njmMo' g^mgXËd nËH$ê$Z gZ

1903 _Ü o ~moëeo{dH$ JQ>mV gm_rb Pmbm.gZ 1904 Z§VaÀ`m XeH$mVrb Ë`mMo OrdZ åhUOo{Za{Zamù`m ZmdmImbr A{daV Mmbbobo y{_JV H«$m§{VH$m © hmoVo. AemM EH$m àg§Jr Ë`m§Zo ñdrH$maboë`m

"ñQ>°{bZ' `m ZmdmZo Vmo Ë`mZ§Va AmoiIbm OmD$ bmJbm. `mM H$mimV gw_mao Xhm df} y{_JV amhÿZ

Amnbo Zmd d doe ~XbyZ Amnbo H«$m§{VH$m © gwê$M R>odbo. Ë`mÀ`m `m H«$m§VrH$m`m©~Ôb Ë`mg EHy$U AmR>

doim nH$S>Ê`mV Ambo. Ë`mn¡H$s gmV doim Ë`mg hÔnmarMr {ejm R>moR>mdÊ`mV Ambr.

gZ 1905 gmbr n{hë`m§Xm ñQ>°{bZ hm bo{ZZbm oQ>bm. _mŠg©dmXmdarb bo{ZZÀ`m {bImUm_wio

(116)

ñQ>°{bZ AË §V à^mdr Pmbm hmoVm.gZ 1912 _Ü o ñQ>°{bZbm ~moëe{dH$ njmÀ`m H|$Ðr` g{_VrMm gXñ`

åhUyZ njmV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. gZ 1913 n ªV bo{ZZMm ghH$mar åhUyZ Q´>mÝg H$m±Ho${e`m

`m ^mJmV H«$m§{VH$maH$m§À`m Jwá g§KQ>ZoMo H$m © Ë`mZo Ho$bo. _mŠg©dmX d amîQ´>r` g_ñ`m `m J«§WmÀ`m

{Z{_©VrV bo{ZZMo ghH$m © ñQ>°{bZbm bm^bo. gZ 1913 _Ü o Ë`m J«§Wm_wio ~moëe{dH$ njmMm EH$

gm_mÝ` ZoVm d n[an¹$ _mŠg©dmXr åhUyZ Ë`mMr JUZm hmoD$ bmJbr. gZ 1917 _Ü o a{e`mV Pmboë`m

H«$m§VrÀ`m doir ñQ>°{bZ hÔnmarMr {ejm ^moJV hmoVm. g_mOdmXmÀ`m X~mdmnwT>o g¡~o[a`mV Agboë`m

H¡$Úm§Mr gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. gZ 1917 _Ü o àW_M AZm¡nMm[aH$nUo àñWm{nV Pmboë`m

njmÀ`m nm°{bQ>ã wamoMm ñQ>°{bZ gXñ` Pmbm. gZ 1917 _Ü o "àdXm' `m njmÀ`m _wInÌmV g§nmXH$

åhUyZ H$m_ H$aÊ`mg Ë`mZo gwédmV Ho$br.

Zmoìh|~a 1917 _Ü o a{e`mV gmopìhEV gaH$maMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. Ë`mdoir _§{Ì_§S>imV 'Council

of People’s Commissars-Sovnarkom' Aëng§»`mH$ ampîQ´>H$ JQ>mMm _§Ìr åhUyZ ñQ>°{bZMr

Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. gZ 1918 _Üò gmopìhEV a{e`mV `mXdr `wÕ d naH$s` hñVjon àma§^

Pmbm hmoVm. Voìhm ñQ>°{bZbm g§ajU g{_VrMm d _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m H$m ©H$mar g{_VrMm gXñ` åhUyZ {Z wº$

H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. œoV d naH$s` g¡Ý`mÀ`m {déÕ PmarñVrZ ^mJmMm ~Mmd H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar

ñQ>°{bZda gmondÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr `m O~m~XmarV PmarñVrZda {_i{dboë`m {dO`mMm Jm¡ad åhUyZ

`m ehamMo Zmd "ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>' Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.

gZ 1919 _Ü o ñWmnZ Pmboë`m WS©> B§Q>aZ±eZbÀ`m "H$mo{_ÝQ>Z©' `m njmÀ`m g§ñWmnH$ gXñ`m§n¡H$s

ñQ>°{bZ hm EH$ gXñ` hmoVm. gZ 1919 _Üò H$m_Jma eoVH$ar {ZarjH$ _§Ìr åhUyZ ñQ>°{bZMr Zo_UyH$

H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ho nX O~m~XmarMo hmoVo. `m nXm{YH$mè`m§Zm amîQ´>mVrb H$_©Mmè`m§Mr {Zð>m, H$m ©j_Vm d

H$m_H$mO `mÀ`mda XoIarIrMo d {ZU© KoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma `mMr O~m~Xmar hmoVr.

ñQ>°{bZMm Ë`mÀ`m njmVrb EH$ à{VñnYu åhUOo Q´>m°Q>ñH$s hmo . Q´>m±Q>ñH$s hm A_moK dº¥$Ëd

Agbobm ZoVm hmoVm. ñQ>°{bZOdi Vgo H$Vw©Ëd ZìhVo. na§Vw ñQ>°{bZ hm EH$ CÎm_ àemgH$, g§ moOH$ d

{MH$mQ>rMm {Zð>mdmZ H$m ©H$Vm© hmoVm. Ë`mMo g§KQ>Z MmVw © Cƒ XOm©Mo hmoVo. åhUyZM 1922 _Ü o

ñQ>°{bZbm gmopìhEV w{Z`ZÀ`m H$å w{ZñQ> njmMo _hmg{Md nX XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. A§VJ©V amOH$maUmV

d nj ZoË`mV Ë`mMo ñWmZ _hÎdmMo d _mZmMo hmoVo Vo CKS>M hmoVo.

bo{ZZZ§Va gmopìhEV g§KmMo ZoV¥Ëd Q´>m±Q>ñH$s qH$dm ñQ>°{bZ `m§À`mn¡H$s H$moUmH$So> Úmdo Agm àý

CnpñWV Pmbm hmoVm. ñQ>°{bZ d Q´>m±Q>ñH$s `m§À`mV gwédmVrnmgyZM ì`{º$_ËdmMo d _Vm§Mo {^ÞËd hmoVo.

bo{ZZMm EH$ hñVH$ `mnojm OmñV qH$_V Q´>m±Q>ñH$s ñQ>°{bZ XoV ZìhVm. ñQ>°{bZbm hrZ boIÊ`mMr Ë`mMr

àd¥Îmr hmoVr. ñQ>°{bZ hm CJ« d H$R>moa ì`{º$_ÎdmMm, Ag{hîUy hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m {ZX© rnUm nmhÿZ eodQ>À`m

AmOmamnydu bo{ZZZo ñQ>°{bZ `mg A{YH$mamnmgyZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm Ho$br hmoVr Ago Agbo Var

ñQ>°{bZMo EH$ _hÎdmMo ñd^md d¡{eîQ>ç _mÌ Q´>m±Q>ñH$sZo OmUbo Zmhr, Vo åhUOo gmå`dmXmdarb ñQ>°{bZMr

(117)

AT>i {Zð>m. gÎmm hmVr R>odÊ`m_mJrb Ë`mMm CÔoe d Ë`m AZwf§JmZo Ë`m§Zr AmIboë`m `moOZm Ë`mÀ`m

gmå`dmXmdarb {Zð>oVyZ gmH$ma hmoV hmoË`m. bo{ZZÀ`m _¥Ë yÀ`m H$mimV ñQ>°{bZZo njmda Amnbr ^¸$_

nH$S> ~gdbr hmoVr. Ë`mbm gm_mÝ` nj H$m ©H$Ë`mªMm nmqR>~m hmoVm. åhUyZM bo{ZZÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va

ñQ>°{bZM gmopìhEV g§KmMo Zdo amîQ´>mÜ`j Pmbo.

gZ 1928 Vo 1953 n ªV gmo{d oV g§KmMo ZoV¥Ëd ñQ>°{bZH$So> hmoVo. ñQ>°{bZZo Ad¿`m 25dfm©À`m

H$mimV amîQ´>mMr nwZ: C^maUr Ho$br. gmopìhEV a{e`m OmJ{VH$ _hmgÎmm åhUyZ ñQ>°{bZÀ`mM H$mimV

CX`mg Ambo. ñQ>°{bZÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo gmopìhEV g§KmMr KQ>Zm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mà_mUo gmopìhEV

g§KmV g_mdoe Pmboë`m àË oH$ dm§{eH$ d amîQ´>r` JQ>mMo d¡{dÜ` {Q>H${dÊ`mMr _hËdmMr O~m~Xar ñdV…

ñQ>°{bZZo ñdrH$mabr hmoVr. `mVyZM KQ>Zoà_mUo g§nyU© Xoemda ~moëeo{dH$ nj d H|$Ð gaH$maMo WoQ> {Z §ÌU

R>odÊ`mV ñQ>°{bZbm è Ambo. àË oH$ JQ>mbm d Xoembm _hÎd {Xë`mZo AënH$mimVM àË oH$ KQ>H$

amÁ`mZo ZoÌXrnH$ Aer àJVr Ho$br.

ñQ>°{bZda Agohr Amamon H$aÊ`mV òVo {H$ Ë`mZo hOmamo {damoYH$m§Zm {ZX©`VoZo R>ma Ho$co. Xþgè`m

OmJ{VH$ _hm wÕmV gmopìhEV a{e`mMr Or hmZr Pmbr Ë`mMo H$maU gwÕm Ë`mMo ZoV¥Ëd hmoVo Ago _mZbo

OmVo. gmopìhEV a{e`mV ñQ>°{bZ `mMr EH$N>Ìr hþHw$_emhr amOdQ> hmoVr. 5 _mM© 1953 amoOr _|XÿVrb

aº$ómdm_wio ñQ>°{bZMo {ZYZ Pmbo.


1. WS©> B§Q>aZoeZb - EH$ Am§VaamîQ´>r` gmå`dmXr g§KQ>Z.

2. PmarñVrZ - a{e`mVrb ìhmoëJm ZXrdarb à_wI ~§Xa.

3. NEP - New Economic Policy.

4. NKVD - People's Commissariat for Internal dffairs.

5. Hy$cH$ - gYZ eoVH$è`m§Mm dJ©.

6. Gosplan - The State Planning Committee.

7. Am°naoeZ ~ma~°amogm - ho Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmV O_©ZrZo gmo{d oV g§Kmda Ho$boë`m AmH«$_U-

_mo{h_oMo gm§Ho${VH$ Zmd hmoVo.

4.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao

❏ ñd §-AÜ``Z àý ^mJ - 1 Mr CÎmao

1. A) MM©.

(118)

2. S>) a{e`Z.

3. ~) ~±bo Z¥Ë`.

4. H$) 6 Owb¡ 1941.

5. A) ~moëeo{dH$ nj.


1. A) 5400 H$moQ>r.

2. ~) eoVr.

3. A) ñQ>°{bZ.

4. ~) Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm.

5. H$) {Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm.


1. A) 22 OyZ 1940.

2. S>) Am°naoeZ ~ma~°amogm.

3. H$) b±S>brO.

4. A) Om°Ou PwH$md.

5. H$) `mëQ>m n[afX.

4.5 gmam§e

1917 À`m a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Va ~moëem{dH$m§À`m hmVr gÎmm Amcr. H«$m§Vrnyd© a{e`m wamonrZamîQ´>m§nojm AZoH$ joÌmV _mJmgcocm hmoVm. H«$m§VrZ§Va co{ZZZo gmå`dmXr VËdkmZmda AmYm[aV a{e`mMmnm`m KmcÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. hm nm`m _O~yV H$ê$Z Ë`mg gwÑT> H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Omogo\$ ñQ>°{\$ZÀ`mH$mimV Pmco. a{e`mVrc gmopìhEV gaH$ma Oar H$m_H$ma, eoVH$ar d H$îQ>H$è`m§Mo Agco Var hrEH$àH$mao ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdê$nmV hþHy$_emhrM hmoVr. ñQ>°{cZÀ`m hmVmV H|${ÐV Pmcoë`m gÎmoMm H$R>moanUoCn`moJ a{e`mg OmJ{VH$ _hmgÎmm åhUyZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ho$cm. AÝZYmÝ`, wÕgm_wJ«r, {ejU, Amamo½`,CÚmoJ `m joÌmV wamo{n`Z Xoemda Adc§~yZ Z amhVm a{e`mcm wamo{n`Z amîQ´>m§À`m n§ŠVrV àW_ H«$_m§H$mda~g{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ joÌmV _hÎdnyU© ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUco. `mgmR>r _mÌñQ>°{cZZo Amnë`m {damoYH$m§Zm `_gXZr YmS>co. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ a{e`mMo àË oH$joÌmVrc namdc§{~Ëd Xÿa Ho$co. wamonmV CX`mg Amcoë`m BQ>crMm _wgmo{cZr d O_©ZrMm {hQ>caergwadmVrg g»` amIyZ a{e`mVrc gmå`dmXmcm `m§À`m àYw m©dmnmgyZ a{e`mÀ`m g^modVmc eoOmarcamîQ´>m§gmo~V Vh H$ê$Z g§ajU H$dM {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ \$gë`mda a{e`mZo O_©Zr{déÜX Xþgè`m

(119)

_hm wÕmV X§S> WmonQ>co. gmå`dmXr {dMmam§À`m {damoYr Agcoë`m B§½c§S> d A_oa[aHo$Mr _XV KoVcr. `mwÕmV An[a{_V ZwH$gmZ CMcyZgwÕm O_©Zrer àË oH$ AmKmS>rda _mV H$arV O_©ZrÀ`m {hQ>cacm

Amnë`m Hw$ec {Z`moOZ ~ÕVoZo à^md Ho$cm. O_©Zrgmo~V Pmcoë`m VhmV a{e`mZo Amncr Pmcocr hmZr^ê$Z H$mT>VmZm Amncm daMî_m H$m`_ R>odcm. Aem àH$maMr H$UIa y{_H$m d {Z`moOZ~ÕVm gmopìhEVa{e`mcm OmJ{VH$ _hmgÎmm åhUyZ CX`mg oÊ`mMr Zm§XrM hmoVr Ago darc àH$aUmVyZ {XgyZ oVo. `mVyZAmnë`m {Z`moOZ~ÕVoMo _hÎd {eH$Ê`mg {_iVo.''


❏ {XKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. {ó`m§À`m pñWVrV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgR>r a{e`Z gaH$maZo H$moUË`m Cnm` `moOZm Ho$ë`m?

2. a{e`mVrb Xþgè`m _hm wÜXm nyduÀ`m njewÜXrMr _m{hVr g{dñVa {bhm?

3. ñQ>°{bZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQ> o {bhm.

4. n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMo _hËd {dfX H$am.

5. H¥$fr gm_whrH$sH$aUmda g{dñVa MMm© H$am.

6. Mm¡Ï`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMo _hËd gm§Jm.

7. Am°naoeZ ~ma~±amogmMo a{e`mdarb n[aUm_ H$m` Pmbo.

8. `mëQ>m n[afXoMo _hËd {deX H$am.

9. a{e`m g_moarb Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmZ§VaÀ`m g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ a{e`mZo H$er Ho$br g{dñVa_m{hVr Úm.

❏ {Q>nm {bhm.

1. a{e`mVrb {ejUmMr àJVr.

2. USSR Mr {Z{_©Vr.

3. ñQ>°{bZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _hËdnyU© ~Xb.

4. a{e`mVrb H¥$fr H«$m§Vr.

5. ñQ>°{bZ H$moS>.

6. {Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMo è.

7. a{e`m OnmZ H$amamMo _hËd.

(120)

8. _mñH$moMm bT>m.

9. ñQ>°{bZJ«mS>Mm bT>m.

10. nm°Q>g²S>°_ n[afXoMo _hËd.

4.7 g§X^© J«§W

1. H$X_, `. Zm. : "AmYw{ZH$ OJ : ^mJ-2', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, 2010.

2. H$X_, `. Zm. : "{ÛVr` _hm`wÜXmZ§VaMo OJ : 1940 Vo 1997', lr _§Joe àH$meZ,

ZmJnya, 1997.

3. Jm`H$dmS>, Ama. S>r., H$X_, `. Zm., WmoamV, S>r. S>r. : "AmYw{ZH$ OJmMm B{Vhmg

: ^mJ-2, 1920-1975', lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 1997.

4. Omoer, nr. Or. : "{dgmì`m eVH$mMm B{Vhmg', {dÚm àH$meZ ZmJnya, 2003.

5. VidbH$a, JmoqdX : "gmopìhEV gm_«mÁ`mMm CX` d AñV I§S>-1 d 2', _m¡O àH$meZ

J¥h, nwUo, 1998.

6. amOXoH$a, gwhmg : "AmYw{ZH$ OJmMm B{Vhmg : B. g. 1789 Vo 1962', àH$meH$ {dÚm

àH$meZ, ZmJnya-2, 1996.

7. d¡Ú, gw_Z : "AmYw{ZH$ OJ : 1871 Vo 1945', _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W{Z{_©Vr _§S>i,

ZmJnya, 1988.

8. d¡Ú, gw_Z : "AmYw{ZH$ OJ : ^mJ-1', lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya, àW_md¥Îmr, 1997.

9. d¡Ú, gw_Z : "a{e`mMm B{Vhmg : B.g.1860 Vo 1964', àH$meH$ - _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR>

J«§W{Z{_©Vr _§S>imgmR>r gm¡. H${dVm nQ>dY©Z, Ame` àH$meZ, {Q>iH$ZJa, ZmJnya, 10,

àW_md¥Îmr 1988.

10. gm§ñH¥$Ë`mZ, amhþb : "ñQ>°{bZ : EH$ OrdZr', nrnwëg npãbqeJ hmCg {b{_Q>oS>, _w§~B©-4,

1953.

11. Fisher, Louis : 'Russia's Road from Peace to War : Soviet Foreign

Relations', 1917-1941, Greenwood Press, 1979.

12. Kahn, Hans : 'Basic History of Modern Russia', Eurasia Publication,

New Delhi, 1957.

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