]m-À«n- ]c-n-]m-Sn(1964 H-IvtSm-_À- 31 ap-XÂ- \hw-_À- 7 hsc- IÂ-¡-¯bn-Â- tNÀ-¶ G-g-m-w- ]m-À-«n- tIm-¬-{Kkv

A-w-Ko-Ic-n-¡-p-Ibp-w- 2000 H-IvtSm-_À- 20 ap-XÂ- 23 hsc- Xn-c-p-h\´]p-c-¯p tNÀ-¶]m-À«n- {]tXyI kt½-f\w- Im-tem-Nn-Xam-¡-p-Ibp-w- sNbvXXv-v)-

IB-ap-Jw -

1.1 C-́ y³ P-\-X-bp-sS- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-²-hpw- hn-¹-h-I-c-hp-am-b- ]m-c-¼-cy-am-Wv- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ-«n-¡p-ÅXv. \n-iv-N-b-ZmÀ-Vy-ap-Å H-cp- sN-dp-kw-Lw- km-{am-Py-hn-cp-²- t]m-cm-fn-IÄ d-jy-bn-se- H-Iv-tSm-_À- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- hn-¹-h-̄ nÂ-\n-¶v- {]-tNm-Z-\w- t\-Sn- 1920--Â- cq-]o-I-cn-¨- Im-ew-ap-XÂ- ]qÀ-W-kzm-X-{´y-̄ n-\pw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- km-aq-ly-]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\-¯n-\pw-th-n- t]m-cm-Sp-I-sb-¶- e-£yw- ap-¶nÂ-sh-¨m-Wv- ]mÀ-«n- {]-hÀ-̄ n-¨p-h-¶-Xv. hÀ-K- Nq-j-W-¯nÂ-\n-¶pw- km-aq-ly-am-b- A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-̄ -enÂ-\n-¶pw- ap-Iv-X-am-b- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv-k-aq-lw- C-́ y-bnÂ- kv-Ym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n- {]-hÀ-¯n-¡m³ ]mÀ-Sn- kz-bw- k-aÀ-̧ n-¨p.

1.2 C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-n-s³d- ap-Jy-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-b- km-{am-Py-Xz-{I-a-̄ n-s\-Xn-cm-b- tZ-io-b- hn-tam-N-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-§-sf-bpw- tem-I-sa-¼m-Spw- P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\pw- tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-\pw-th-n- \-S-¶- k-a-c-§-sf-bpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-X-tbm-Sv- Iq-dp-]p-eÀ-¯n-s¡m-v,]mÀ-«n- A-Sn-]-X-dm-sX- ]n-´p-W-¨p. tZ-io-b-kzm-X-{´yw- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- A-´n-a-e-£y-am-b- I-ayqWn-k-̄ n-te-¡v- ap-t¶-dp-¶-Xn-\pw D-X-Ipw-hn-[w- tkm-jy-en-kw- ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-Å h-gn-Im-«n-bm-bn- amÀ-Iv-kn-kw-þse-\n-\n-k-̄ n-s³d- X¯z-§-sf- ]mÀ-«n- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨p. I-ayqWn-kv-äp-Im-cm-Wv- ]qÀ-W-kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- B-h-iyw- cm-Py-¯v- B-Zy-am-bn- D-¶-bn-¨-Xv. 1921þÂ- A-l-½-Zm-_m-ZnÂ- tNÀ-¶- C-´y³\m-j-WÂ- tIm¬-{K-kn-s³d- k-t½-f-\-̄ nÂ- C-Xn-\m-bn- A-hÀ- H-cp- {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

1.3 ]qÀ-W-kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶- B-h-iyw- D-¶-bn-¡p-t¼mÄX-s¶, kz-cm-Pv- F-¶- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-¯n-\v- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b- D-ÅS-¡w- \Â-Im³Iq-Sn- ]mÀ-Sn- {i-²n-¨p. `q-{]-̀ p-Xz-hpw- \m-Sp-hm-gn-ta-[m-hn-Xz-hpw- \nÀ-amÀ-P-\w-sN-¿p-I, Pm-Xo-b-am-b- A-Sn-¨-aÀ-̄ Â- A-h-km-\n-̧ n-¡p-I- ap-X-em-b- {]-[m-\- {]-iv-\-§Ä DÄs -̧Sp-¯n- km-aq-ly-hpw- km-¼-̄ n-I-hp-am-b- ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\v- D-X-Ip-¶- hy-Iv-X-am-b- ]-cn-]m-Sn- ap-t¶m-«p-h-̈ p-sIm-m-Wv- C-Xp- sN-bv-X-Xv.

1.4 kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c-̄ nÂ- ]-s¦-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄX-s¶- I-ayqWn-kv-äp-ImÀ- Xp-S-¡w-sXm-t«- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fn-epw- IÀ-j-I-sc- In-km³k-`-bn-epw- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-sf- A-h-cp-sS- bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fn-epw- C-X-c-hn-`m-K-§-sf- A-X-Xv- _-lp-P-\-kw-L-S-\-I-fn-epw- kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡m³ F-Ãm- I-gn-hp-I-fpw- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-¨p. Cu ]-cn-{i-a-§-fm-em-Wv- A-Jn-te-́ ym- In-km³k-`, A-Jn-te-́ ym- hn-ZymÀ-Yn- s^-U-td-j³ ap-X-em-b- tZ-io-b-kw-L-S-\-IÄ kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b-Xpw- HmÄ C-́ ym- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b³ tIm¬-{K-kv- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧«-Xpw. t{]m-{K-ko-hv- ssd-tägv-kv- A-tkm-kn-tb-j\pw, C´y³ ]o¸nÄkv Xotbtägvkv Atkmkntbj\pw t]m-ep-Å ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-þkm-ln-Xy- kw-L-S-\-IÄ cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- I-ayqWn-kv-äp-ImÀ- ap³ssIsbSp-̄ p.

1.5 C-́ y-bnÂ-\n-¶v- I-ayqWn-kw- Xp-S-̈ p-am-äm³ {_n-«o-jv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ Zr-V-\n-iv-N-bw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶p. ssi-i-hm-h-kv-Y-bn-em-bn-cp-¶- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- {Kq-¸p-IÄ¡p-t\-sc- A-hÀ- ar-Ko-b-am-b- aÀ-Z-\-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-Åp-I-bpw- hn-¹-hm-i-b-§-fp-sS- {]-Nm-cw- X-S-bm³ I-ayqWn-kv-äv- km-ln-Xyw- \n-tcm-[n-¡p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp. I-ayqWn-kv-äv-{]-kv-Ym-\-¯n-se- bp-h-t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-s\-Xn-sc- ]-e- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-t¡-kp-I-fpw- \-S-¯n; s]-jm-hmÀ- (1922), Im¬]pÀ- (1924), ao-d-̄ v- (1929).- cq-]w-sIm--Xn-\p- sXm-«p-]n-¶m-se- 1920þI-fnÂ- ]mÀ-«n- \n-b-a-hn-cp-²-am-bn- {]-Jym-]n-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw- Xp-SÀ-¶v- c-p-Z-i-I-¯n-te-sd-¡m-ew- ]mÀ«n-¡v- \n-b-a-hn-cp-²- km-l-N-cy-§-fnÂ- {]-hÀ-̄ n-t¡-n-h-cn-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.I-Sp-¯- A-Sn-¨-aÀ-̄ -ep-m-bn-«pw- ]qÀ-W-kzm-X-{´y-̄ n-\pw- auen-I-am-b- km-aq-ly-]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\-¯n-\pw-th-n- P-\-§-sf- A-Wn-\n-c-̄ p-¶-XnÂ- ]mÀ-«n- A-\p-{I-a-amb- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- ssI-h-cn-̈ p.

1.6 I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ-«n-bp-sS- ho-dp-äXpw- A-N-©-e-hp-am-b- km-{am-PyXzhn-cp-²- \n-e-]m-Sv- hn-hn-[- hn-¹-h-[m-c-I-sf-bpw- t]m-cm-fn-I-sf-bpw- A-XnÂ- tN-cm³ t{]-cn-̧ n-¨p. ]-©m-_n-se- K-ZÀ-t]m-cm-fn-IÄ, `-K-Xv-kn-§n-s³d- k-l-{]-hÀ-̄ -IÀ, _w-Km-fn-se- hn-¹-h-Im-cn-IÄ, t_mw-s_-þa-Zn-cm-in- {]-hn-iy-I-fn-se- ho-dp-ä sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-t¸m-cm-fn-IÄ, tI-c-f-¯n-se-bpw- B-\v-{[-{]-tZ-in-se-bpw- cm-Py-̄ n-s³d- a-äp- ]-e- `m-K-§-fn-se-bpw- D -̧Xn-jv-Wp-¡-fpw- km-{am-Py-hn-cp-²-cp-am-b- tIm¬-{K-kp-ImÀ- F-¶n-hÀ- Ah-cnÂ- DÄs -̧Sp-¶p. C-§-s\- cm-Py-sa-¼m-Sp-ap-Å G-ähpw- an-I-¨- t]mcmfn-I-fp-sS- {]-th-i-\-t¯m-sS- ]mÀ«n- Iq-Sp-XÂ- i-Iv-X-am-bn. C-́ y³ \m-j-WÂ- tIm¬-{K-kv- \-bn-̈ - kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c-{]-kv-Ym-\-hp-am-bpw- ]n¶oSv tIm¬{Kkv tkmjyenkväv ]mÀ«nbpambpw A-Sp-¯p- k-l-I-cn-¨p-{]-hÀ-¯n-¡-sh-X-s¶- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ-«n- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-¯n-s³d- kz-X-{´-]mÀ«n-sb-¶- \n-

e-bnÂ- kz-bw- sI-«n- -̧Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- i-Iv-Xn-bmÀ-Pn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- \n-c-́ -cw- b-Xv-\n-̈ p.1.7 C-́ y³ P-\-X-bp-sS- A-Xn-i-Iv-X-am-b- km-{am-Py-hn-cp-²- ap-t¶-ä¯n-\v- cmw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-²-̄ n-\p-

ti-j-ap-Å Im-e-L-«w- km-£yw-h-ln-¨p. cm-Py-¯n-s³d- hn-hn-[- `m-K-§-fnÂ- Cu ap-t¶-äw- \-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ- IayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ-«n- ap-¶n-«p-\n-¶p. tX-`m-Km, ]p-¶-{]þ-h-b-emÀ, h-S-t¡- a-e_mÀ- F-¶o- k-a-c-§-fpw-; hmÀ-fn-bn-se- B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fp-sS-bpw- {Xn-]p-c-bn-se- tKm-{X-hÀ-K-¡m-cp-sS-bpw- k-a-c-§-fpw- kÀ-thm-]-cn- sX-e-¦m-\- IÀ-j-I-cp-sS- N-cn-{X-{]-[m-\-am-b- km-bp-[-k-a-c-hpw- Cu t]m-cm-«-§-fnÂ- {]m-[m-\y-aÀ-ln-¡p-¶p. ]-e- \m-«p-cm-Py-§-fn-epw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-̄ -`-c-Ww- kv-Ym-]n-¡m-\p-Å P-\-Io-b-{]-kv-Ym-\-§-fn-epw- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ-«n- t\-Xr-Xz-]-c-am-b- ]-¦p-h-ln-̈ p. ]p-Xp-ti-cn-bn-se- {^-©v- hm-gv-N-bv-¡pw- tKm-h-bn-se- t]mÀ-̄ p-Ko-kv- hm-gv-N-bv-¡p-sa-Xn-cm-b- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-§Ä kw-L-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- A-h-bv-¡v- ]n-́ p-W- \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-epw- ]mÀ-«n- k-Po-h-am-b- ]-¦p-h-ln-¨p. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw- IÀ-j-I-cp-sS-bpw- hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-fp-sS-bpw- k-a-c-]-c-¼-c-bpw- sF- F³ F- X-S-hp-Im-cp-sS- tam-N-\w- B-h-iy-s -̧«p-sIm-p-Å k-a-c-hpw- 1946þse- \m-hn-I-I-em-]-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- D-̈ -tIm-Sn-bn-se-¯n. ^m-kn-kw- ]-cm-P-b-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- tZ-io-b- hn-tam-N-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-§-fp-sS- th-en-tb-äw- i-Iv-X-am-Ip-I-bpw-sN-bv-X- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b- ]-iv-Nm-̄ -e-̄ nÂ- Cu P-\-ap-t¶-äw- t\-cn-tS-n-h-¶- {_n-«o-jv- km-{am-Py-Xz-hpw- {]-ap-J- _qÀ-jzm-]mÀ«n-I-fm-b- tIm¬-{K-kn-s³d-bpw- ap-Énw-eo-Kn-s³d-bpw- t\-Xm-¡-fpw- H-cp- H-̄ p-XoÀ-¸n-se-¯n. XÂ-^-e-am-bn- cm-Pyw- hn-̀ -Pn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- _qÀ-jzm- `q-{]-̀ p-hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ- C-́ y-bpw- ]m-¡n-kv-Xm-\pw- kz-X-{ -́cm-Py-§-fm-bn- \n-e-hnÂ-h-cn-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp. tZ-io-b-{]-kv-Ym-\w- s]m-Xp-sh- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- t\Xr-Xz-¯n-em-b-Xv- Cu H-¯p-XoÀ-̧ n-\v- k-lm-b-I-am-bn- F-¶-Xm-Wv- h-kv-XpX.

1.8 ap-Jy-am-bpw- hn-tZ-i- km-{am-Py-̀ -c-W-̄ n-s\-Xn-cm-b- s]m-Xp- tZ-io-b-ap-¶-Wn- F-¶- L-«w- A-§-s\-A-h-km-\n-¨p. cm-Pyw- kzm-X-{´yw- ssI-h-cn-̈ -Xn-\p-ti-j-hpw- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n-s¡-Xn-cm-b- A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯Â- Xp-SÀ-¶p. 1948þ\pw- 1952þ\pw- C-S-bv-¡v- tIm-¬-{K-kv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ {]tXy-In-̈ v- sX-e-¦m-\-bnÂ- A-gn-¨p-hn-«- cq-£-am-b- B-{I-a-W-§Ä; ]n-¶o-Sv- AÀ-[-^m-kn-kv-äv- `o-I-c-X-bp-sS-Im-e-¯v- B-Zyw- ]-iv-Nn-a-_w-Km-fn-epw- ]n-¶o-Sv- {Xn-]p-c-bn-epw- B-hÀ-¯n-̈ p-m-b- aÀ-Z-\-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ, tI-c-f-¯nepw- cm-Py-¯n-s³d- hn-hn-[- `m-K-§-fn-epw- ]mÀ-«n- tI-UÀ-amÀ-s¡-Xn-sc- \-S-¶- am-c-Im-{I-a-W-§ÄþþC-h-bv-s¡m-¶pw- hn-¹-h-{]-kv-Ym-\-s¯- apt¶m«p-\bn¡p-¶-XnÂ-\n-¶v- ]mÀ-«n-sb- ]n-́ n-cn-̧ n-¡m³ I-gn-ªn-Ã. ]n-fÀ-̧ ³ in-Yn-eo-I-c-W-{]-kv-Ym-\-§-fp-sS- cq-]-̄ nÂ- tZ-iob sF-Iy-̄ n-\v- `o-j-Wn- t\-cn-«-t¸mÄ P-\-§-fp-sS- sF-Iyw- ]-cn-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å t]mcm«-¯nÂ- ]mÀ-«n- ap³\n-¶p. ]-©m-_n-epw- {Xn-]p-c-bn-epw- A-k-an-epw- ]ivNna-_w-Km-fn-epw- I-iv-ao-cn-epw- ]n-fÀ-̧ ³-þ On-{Z-i-Iv-Xn-IÄs¡-Xn-cm-b- t]m-cm-«-¯nÂ- \q-dp-I-W-¡n-\v- [o-c-cm-b- ]mÀ«n-{]-hÀ-̄ -IÀ- Po-h³ _-en-bÀ-¸n-¨p.

1.9 A-§-s\- cq-]w-sIm-- \mÄap-XÂ- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- {]-kv-Ym-\w- C-́ y³ cm-jv-{So-b-cw-K-¯v- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-b- ]-¦m-Wv- h-ln-̈ -Xv. kz-´w- _-lp-P-\m-Sn-¯-d-bpw- P-\-{]o-Xn-bpw- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- hm-gv-N-bv-¡v- _-Z-em-b- k-ao-]-\-hp-ap-Å I-ayqWn-kv-äv- {]-kv-Ym-\w- cm-Py-s¯- cm-jv-{So-b-þkm-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ- kp-{]-[m-\- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv. 1957þÂ- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- cq-]w-sIm-- B-Zy-s¯- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- a-{´n-k-̀ -bpw- ]n-¶o-Sv- ]-iv-Nn-a-_w-Km-fn-epw- tI-c-f-̄ n-epw- {Xn-]p-c-bn-epw- kn -]n- sF- (Fw)-s³d-bpw- C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-s³d-bpw- t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ- A-[n-Im-c-ta-ä K-h¬-sa³dp-I-fpw- P-\-Io-b-\-b-§Ä \-S-̧ m-¡p-¶-XnÂ- am-Xr-I-Im-«n. Cu kÀ-¡m-cp-IÄ \n-e-hn-ep-Å N-«-¡q-«n-\p-ÅnÂ- `q-]-cn-jv-Im-cw- \-S-¸m-¡p-I-bpw- A-[n-Im-cw- hn-tI-{µo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- ]-©m-b-̄ v-hy-h-kv-Y-sb- ssN-X-\y-]qÀ-W-am-¡p-I-bpw- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡v- P-\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-§Ä D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-I-bpw- A-§-s\- cm-Py-̄ v- _-ZÂ-\-b-§Ä¡p-th-n- k-a-cw-sN-¿p-¶- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-i-Iv-Xn-IÄ¡v- I-cp-̄ p-]-I-cp-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp. Dut¡-dn-b- k-a-c-§Ä \-S-¯n-b-Xp-h-gn- ]mÀ-«n- K-Wy-am-b- t\-«-§Ä ssI-h-cn-̈ p. P-b-]-cm-P-b-§-sf- kz-bw-hn-aÀ-i-\-]-c-am-bn- A-]-{K-Yn-¡m³ {]Xn-Pv-Rm-_-²-am-b- ]mÀ«n- F-¶- \n-e-bnÂ- ]n-g-hp-I-fnÂ-\n-¶v- ]m-T-apÄs¡m-Åp-hm-\pw \-½p-sS- k-aq-l-¯n-se- aqÀ-̄ - ]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-I-fnÂ- amÀ-Iv-kn-kw-þse-\n-\n-kw- {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å ti-jn- hÀ-[n-̧ n-¡m-\pw- ]mÀ«n- \n-c- -́cw- ]-cn-{i-an-¡p-¶p.

1.10 dn-hn-j-\n-k-̄ n-s\-Xn-sc-kp-ZoÀ-L-k-a-c-¯n-\p-ti-j-am-Wv- C-́ y³ IayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n- (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)- cq-]o-I-cn-̈ -Xv. 1964þÂ- ]mÀ-«n ]-cn-]m-Sn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- dn-hn-j-\n-k-̄ n-\pw- h-c-«p-X-Xz-hm-Z-̄ n-\p-sa-Xn-sc- Cu [m-c-W-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-̄ n-ep-Å X-{´-s¯-bpw- A-S-hp-I-sf-bpw- Im-¯p-c-£n-¡p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp. tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b-\-S-¡-ap-Å tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- cm-Py-§-fpw- tem-I-I-ayqWn-kv-äv- {]-kv-Ym-\-hpw- h-¼n-¨- Xn-cn-̈ -Sn-IÄ t\-cn-Sp-¶-Xn-\v-C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-n-s³d- Ah-km-\ -Z-i-Iw-km-£yw-h-ln-¨p. A-tXm-sS- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b- kw-̀ -h-hn-Im-k-§-fpw- {]-kv-Ym-\-¯n-s³d- A-\p-̀ -h-§-fpw- ]p-\À-hn-Nn- -́\-̄ n-\p-hn-t[-b-am-t¡-n-h-¶p. kzm-X-{´y-e-_v-[n-¡p-ti-j-ap-Å A-c-\q-äm--n-\n-S-bnÂ- \-½p-sS- cm-Py-̄ pw- kp-{]-[m-\- am-ä§-fpw- kw-`-h-hn-Im-k-§-fp-ap-m-bn. ]cn-]m-Sn- Im-tem-Nn-X-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- kn -]n -sF- (Fw)- 1964 ap-XÂ-¡pÅ kw`h-hn-Im-k-§-fpw- A-\p-`-h-§-fpw- ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\w-sN-bv-Xp.

1.11 hn-¹-h-{]-kv-Ym-\-¯n-s³d- C-t¸m-g-s¯- L-«-̄ nÂ- hn-¹-h-iIvXnIÄ ssI-h-cn-t¡-- X-{´-]-c-am-b- e-£yw- kn- ]n- sF- (Fw)- C-́ y³ P-\-X-bv-¡p-ap-¼m-sI-A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. H-cp- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- k-aq-l-sa-¶- e-£y-¯n-te-¡p-Å B-Zy-s¯-Np-h-Sp-h-bvs]-¶- \n-e-bnÂ-P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xyw-

ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v-̀ -c-W-hn-`m-K-§Äs¡-Xn-cm-b- t]m-cm-«-̄ nÂ-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw- Ir-jn-¡mÀ-¡pw- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- ap-gp-h³ P-\-§Ä¡pw-]p-tcm-K-a-\-þP-\m-[n-]-Xy-i-IvXn-IÄ¡pw-amÀ-K-Z-i-I-am-b- H-cp- ]-cn-]m-Sn- ]mÀ-Sn-ap-t¶m-«p-hbv-¡p¶p.

IItkm-jy-en-kw k-a-Im-en-I tem-I-̄ nÂ-

2.1 tem-I-̄ n-se- sF-Xn-lm-kn-I- k-a-c-§-fp-sS- ap-{Z-]-Xn-ª-Xm-Wv- Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-äm- v. km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b-t]m-cm-«-̄ n-s³d- \q-äm-m-bn-cp-¶p- A-Xv.1917þse- H-Iv-tSm-_À- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv-hn-¹-h-t¯m-sS- B-cw-̀ n-̈ - Kw-̀ o-c-am-b- kw-̀ -h-§Ä¡v- hn-¹-h-\q-äm-v- km-£yw-h-ln-̈ p. tkm-hn-b-äv-bq-Wn-b³\nÀ-Wm-b-I- ]-¦p-h-ln-̈ p-sIm-v- c-mw-tem-I-bp-²-̄ nÂ- ^m-kn-k-̄ n-\p-taÂ- ssI-h-cn-̈ - hn-P-bw- H-cp- kp-{]-[m-\-kw-̀ -h-am-bn-cp-¶p. km-{am-Py-Xz-hpw- tkm-jy-en-k-hpw- X-½n-ep-ÅD-{K-kw-L-«-\-̄ n-s³d-^-e-am-bn-cp-¶p- N-cn-{X-{]-[m-\-am-b- ssN-\o-kv- hn-¹-h-w.- hn-b-Xv-\mw, sIm-dn-b, Iyq_- F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn-se- hn-¹-h-i-Iv-Xn-IÄssI-h-cn-¨- hn-P-b-hpw- In-g-¡³ bq-tdm-̧ n-se-tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- cm-Py-§-fp-sS- cq-]o-I-c-W-hpw- tIm-f-\n-IÄ cm-jv-{So-b-kzm-X-{´yw-t\-Sp-¶-Xn-te-¡v- \-bn-¨- tZ-io-b- hn-tam-N-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-§-fp-tS-Xpw- B-bn-cp-¶p-Cu \q-äm-v. amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv-þse-\n-\n-kv-äv- kn-²m-́ w- {]-h-Nn-¨- tem-I-N-cn-{X-̄ n-se- ]p-Xp-bp-Kw- Ip-dn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p- Cuhn-P-b-§Ä. ap-s¼m-cn-¡-epw- hn-̀ m-h-\w- sN-¿m³t]m-epw- I-gn-bm-¯- tXm-XnÂ-am-\-h-cm-in-bp-sS- ap-t¶-ä¯n-\v- a-lm-km-[y-X-IÄ Xp-d-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p- Cu\q-äm-n-se- hn-¹-h-kw-̀ -h-§-fpw-im-kv-{X-þkm-t¦-Xn-I- hn-¹-h-hpw.

2.2 tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- hy-h-kv-Y- kzo-I-cn-̈ - cm-Py-§Ä H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- ]m-X-sh-«n-̄ p-d-¶p. tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b³cq-]o-I-cn-¡-s -̧«-tXm-sS- N-cn-{X-¯nÂ-C-Zw-{]-Y-a-am-bn- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-X-bv-¡v-hÀ-K-Nq-j-W-¯nÂ-\n-¶v- hn-ap-Iv-X-am-b H-cp hy-h-kv-Yn-Xn-bnÂ- Po-hn-¡m-sa-¶- \n-e- h-¶p. k-Xz-c-amb hy-h-km-b-hÂ-¡-c-W-hpw- \m-Sp-hm-gn-̄ - A-h-in-jv-S-§-fp-sS -Xp-S-̈ p-\o¡epw-km-¼-¯n-I-þkmw-kv-Im-cn-I-þim-kv-{X-a-Wv-U-e-§-fn-se- kÀh-tXm-ap-J-am-b ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw- a-lm-̀ q-cn-]-£w-h-cp-¶- P-\-km-am-\y-̄ n-\v- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- Po-hn-X-hpw- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-X-bv-¡v- A-[n-Im-c-{]m-]v-Xn-bpw- {]-Zm-\w-sN-bv-Xp.Zm-cn-{Zy-̄ n-s³d-bpw- \n-c-£-c-X-bp-sS-bpw \nÀ-amÀ-P-\w, sXm-gn-en-Ãm-bv-am-\n-hm-c-Ww, B-tcm-Ky-þhn-Zym-`ym-k-þ]mÀ-¸n-S-cw-K-§-fnÂ- hn-]p-e-am-b- km-aq-ly-kp-c-£n-X-Xz- irw-J-e GÀ-s -̧Sp-̄ Â,im-kv-{X-̄ n-epw- km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-epw- h³ Ip-Xn-̈ p-I-b-äw- C-h- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- cm-Py-§-fp-sS-A-`q-X-]qÀ-h-am-b- t\-«-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Xm-c-X-tay-\- ]n-t¶m-¡-am-bn-cp-¶- A-hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-̄ - kaq-l-§-fm-Wv- Cu {i-t²-b-am-b- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- ssI-h-cn-¨-Xv. hn-j-a-I-c-am-b-km-l-N-cy-§-fnÂ- km-aq-ly-hpw- km-¼-̄ n-I-hp-am-b- ]n-t¶m-¡m-h-kv-Y- X-c-Ww-sN-bv-Xp-sIm-pw- km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-s³d- I-S-¶m-{I-a-W-s¯-bpw- A-«n-a-dn-sb-bpw- `o-j-Wn-I-sf-bpw- F-Xn-cn-«p-sIm-p-am-Wv- tkm-jy-en-kw- sI-«n- -̧Sp-t¡-n-h-¶-Xv. tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b-\nÂ- ssI-h-cn-¨- t\-«-§Ä ap-X-em-fn-¯-cm-Py-§-fn-epw- A-h-bp-sS- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-̄ p-I-bp-m-bn. t£a-cm-jv-{S-k-¦Â- -̧̄ n-s³d- Im-gv-N-¸m-S-\p-k-cn-̈ v- kz-´w- P-\-§Ä¡v- km-aq-ly-kp-c-£n-X-Xzw GÀ-s -̧Sp-̄ m-\pw hym-]n-¸n-¡m-\pw- `cWm[nImcnIÄ \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-am-bn.

2.3 F-¦n-epw- ap-¼m-cpw- I-S-¶p-t]m-bn-«n-Ãm-¯- ]m-X-bn-eq-sS-tkm-jy-en-kw- sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ-tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b-\pw- a-äp- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- cm-Py-§Ä¡pw- Kp-cp-X-c-am-b- A-_-²-§Ä]n-W-ªp.tkm-jy-en-kw- sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡p-¶-Xv-ZoÀ-L-am-b- {]-{In-b-bm-sW-¶v- i-cn-bm-b- co-Xn-bnÂ- a-\-Ên-em-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xv-;]mÀ«n-bp-sS-bpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-s³d-bpw- ]-¦n-s\-kw-_-\v-[n-¨- sX-äm-b- [m-c-W;k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-bn-epw- A-Xv- ssI-Im-cyw-sN-¿p-¶-co-Xn-bn-epw- Im-tem-Nn-X-am-b- am-ä§Äh-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-se- ]-cm-P-bw; ]mÀ-«n-bn-epw-`-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-epw- k-aq-l-¯n-epw-tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw-A-Km-[-am-¡p-¶-Xn-se- ]-cm-P-bw;D-tZym-K-kv-Y-ta-[m-hn-Xz-̄ n-s³d- h-fÀ-¨;{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X- {]-_p-²-X- tNmÀ-¶p-t]m-b-Xv-F-¶n-h-bm-Wv- Cu A-_-²-§-fp-sS- D-d-hn-Sw.amÀ-Iv-kn-kw-þse-\n-\n-k-̄ n-s³d- km-[p-X- \n-cm-I-cn-¡p-¶-X-Ã- Cu ssh-I-ey-§Ä. a-dn- v̈- hn-¹-h-kn-²m-́ -¯nÂ-\n-¶pw-{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ-\n-¶p-ap-Åhy-Xn-bm-\-s¯-bm-Wv A-h-{]-Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. tkm-hn-b-äv-bq-Wn-b-\pw- a-äp- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- cm-Py-§-fpw-]n-cn-̈ p-hn-S-s¸-«-Xpw- In-g-¡³ bq-tdm-¸n-te-äXncn-̈ -Sn-I-fpw- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b-]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-bnÂ-I-em-in-̈ p.C-cp-]-Xmw-\qäm-n-s³d- A-h-km-\-̄ nÂ-tkm-jy-en-kväv- i-Iv-Xn-IÄ¡v- lq-t¦-dn-b- km {am-Py-Xz-¯n-s³d- sh-Ãp-hn-fn-IÄH-cn-¡Â-¡q-Sn- t\-cn-tS-n-h-¶p. Xncn-̈ -Sn-I-sf- Iq-km-sX- I-ayqWn-kv-äv-{]-kv-Ym-\-hpw- hn-¹-h-i-Iv-Xn-I-fpw- A-_-²-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v- ]m-T-apÄs¡m-p-sIm-v- ]p-\-c-Wn-tN-cp-I-bpw- km{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-s³d-bpw ]n-́ n-cn-̧ ³ i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- B-{I-a-tWmÂ-kp-I-am-b- sh-Ãp-hn-fn-sb- t\-cn-Sp-I-bpw- sN-¿p-sa-¶v- kn- ]n- sF- (Fw)\v D¯a-t_m-[y-ap- v.

2.4 h-f-hp-I-fpw- Xn-cn-hp-I-fpw-hn-P-b-§Äs¡m-̧ w- Xn-cn-¨-Sn-I-fpw-D-m-sb-¦n-epw- am-\-h-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS- ]-cn-Wm-a-¯nÂ- tkm-jy-en-k-hpw- P-\-Io-b-k-a-c-§-fpw- sN-ep-̄ n-b- {]-N-Wv-U-am-b- kzm-[o-\w-{]-Xn-^-en-̧ n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv- C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-n-se- hn-ti-jn-¨pw- 1917þ\v- ti-j-ap-Å kw-̀ -h-hn-Im-k-§Ä. hn-¹-h-]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\-§Ä N-cn-{X-¯nÂ- Kp-W-]-c-am-b- Ip-Xn-¨p-Nm-«-§Äkr-jv-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- B-[p-\n-I- \m-K-cn-I-X-bn -am-bm-̄ - ap-{Z-]-Xn-¡p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp. km-aq-ly-tam-N-\-¯n-s³d-bpw- tkm-

jy-en-kv-äv-]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-s³d-bpw- {]-{In-b- ZoÀ-L-hpw- k-¦oÀ-W-hp-am-bn-cn-¡p-w.ap-X-em-fn-̄ -¯nÂ-\n-¶v-tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-te-¡p-Å ]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\w-H-äb-Sn-¡p-Å am-äa-sÃ-¶pw- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cw- t\-Sn-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-hpw- ZoÀ-L-hpw- cq-£-hp-am-b-hÀ-K-k-a-c-§-fp-sS- Im-e-L-«-am-sW-¶pw- N-cn-{Xw \-s½- ]-Tn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

2.5 am-\-h-cm-in-sb- _m-[n-¡p-¶-auen-I-{]-iv-\-§Ä ]-cn-l-cn-¡m³tem-I-ap-X-em-fn-¯-̄ n-\v- sIÂ-̧ n-Ã.hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-̄ -cm-Py-§-fnÂ- sXm-gn-e-h-k-cw- hÀ-[n-¡m-sX-bpw-h-cp-am-\-̄ n-se- A-k-a-Xz-§ÄA-Xn-cq-£-am-¡n-s¡m-p-ap-Å h-fÀ-¨-ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-em-Wv,im-kv-{X-þkm-t¦-Xn-I- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS-k-lm-b-t¯m-sS- DÂ-̧ m-Z-I-i-Iv-Xn-IÄ¡p-m-b h-¼n-¨- h-fÀ-¨- I-em-in-¨-Xv. hÀ-[n-̈ -\n-c-¡nÂ-an-¨-aq-eyw-I-hÀ-s¶-Sp-¡-s -̧«-Xp-aq-ew- sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄIq-Sp-XÂ- cq-£-am-b- Nq-j-W-¯n-\p-hn-t[-b-cm-hp-I-bm-Wv- C-Xp-aq-ew- kw-̀ -hn-¨-Xv.G-Xm-\pw- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw-_-lp-cm-jv-{S-tImÀ-̧ -td-j-\p-I-fp-sS-bpw- ssI-I-fnÂ- k-¼-̄ n-s³d-bpw-B-kv-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- tI-{µo-I-c-Ww-\n-e-\nÀ-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv- im-kv-{X-̄ n-se-bpw-km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-se-bpw- ap-t¶-ä§ÄD-]-tbm-Kn-¡-s -̧«-Xv. sIm-Åbp-sS-bpw-\-io-I-c-W-¯n-s³d-bpw- hy-h-kv-Y-bm-Wv-km-{am-Py-Xz-sa-¶v- sX-fn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.e-t£m-]-e-£w- Po-h³ A-]-l-cn-̈ p-sIm-v-ss]-im-Nn-I-am-b- c-p- tem-I-bp-²-§-fn-te-¡v-C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-nÂ- A-Xv- am-\-h-cm-in-sb-X-Ån-bn-«p. hn-I-kn-X- ap-X-em-fn-̄ - k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-I-fp-sS-A-hn-̀ m-Py-`m-K-am-bn-̄ oÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶- ]-S-t¡m-¸p-\nÀ-am-W-hy-h-km-bw.DÂ- -̧¶-§Ä¡p-Å sam-¯w- tNm-Z-\-s¯- A-Xv-k-Zm-D-bÀ-¯n-\nÀ-¯p-¶p.hn-I-k-\-kw-cw-`-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v- `-c-W-Iq-Sw-]n-·m-d-W-sa-¶v- hm-Zn-¡p-¶- \-h-en-_-dÂ- Ip-dn-¸p-IÄ sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-¯n-s³d-bpw- km-[m-c-W- ]uc-·m-cp-sS-bpw- km-aq-ly-kp-c-£n-X-Xz-̄ n-\pw- t£-am-\p-Iq-ey-§Ä¡p-ap-Å A-S-¦Â-{Iq-c-am-bn- sh-«n-¡p-d-¡p¶-Xn-\v- C-S-bm-¡p-¶p.sXm-gn-e-h-k-cw- hÀ-[n-¡m-¯-hn-I-k-\w, sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- Im-jzÂ-tPm-en-¡m-cm-¡Â, h-cp-am-\-¯n-se-bpw-k-¼-¯n-se-bpw- h-fÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶- A-k-a-Xzw-F-¶n-h-bm-Wv- C-Xn-s³d- {]-I-S-am-b- kz-`m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä.hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-¯-cm-Py-§-fn-se-[-\-hy-h-kvY-bp-sS- A-kv-Yn-c-X-bpw- h-fÀ-̈ m\n-c-¡n-se- a-c-hn-̧ pw- am-µy-hpw- hn-̀ -h D]-t`m-K-¯n-se- bp-Iv-Xn-lo-\-X-bpw- ZpÀ-hy-b-hp-sa-Ãmw- ap-X-em-fn-¯-hy-h-kv-Y-bnÂ-A-́ À-eo-\-am-b- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-bp-sS-e-£-W-§-fm-Wv. _-lp-cm-jv-{S-Ip-¯-I-I-fp-sS- em-̀ -¯n-\m-bp-Å Zp-c-aq-̄ - ]-cm-{I-a-hpw-[-\n-I-cm-jv-{S-§-fp-sS- [qÀ-t¯-dn-b-D-]-t`m-K-hpw- I-Sp-¯- ]-cn-k-c-hn-\m-i-̄ n-\v-C-S-bm-¡p-I-bpw- s]m-Xp-hnÂ- tem-I-̄ n-se-bpw-{]-tXy-In-̈ v- aq-¶mw-tem-I-̄ n-se-bpw-]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn-sb- Kp-cp-X-c-am-bn-̀ o-j-Wn-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶p.DÂ-̧ m-Z-\-¯n-s³d- \n-c-́ -cw- hÀ-[n-¡p-¶-km-aq-ly-hÂ-¡-c-W-hpw- an-t¨mÂ- -̧¶-̄ n-s³d-kz-Im-cy- kzm-b-̄ -am-¡Â- hÀ-[n-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xpw-X-½n-ep-Å ap-X-em-fn-¯- hy-h-kv-Y-bn-se-A-´À-eo-\-am-b- auen-I-ssh-cp-[yw- Iq-Sp-XÂ-cq-£-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

2.6 ^n-\m³kv-aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d-tI-{µo-I-c-W-hpw- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-hÂ-¡-c-W-hpw- ap-X-em-fn-¯-̄ n-s³d- C-t¸m-g-s¯- L-«-¯nÂ- ]qÀ-hm-[n-Iw- D-bÀ-¶- X-e-¯n-se-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. B-tKm-f-X-e-¯nÂ-A-\-h-c-Xw- N-en-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶- aq-e-[-\w-cm-jv-{S-§-fp-sS- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-̄ n-\p-t\-sc- ssI-tbäw- \-S-̄ p-I-bpw- sIm-Åem-̀ -̄ n-\p-th-n-A-h-bp-sS- k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-I-fn-te-¡v- X-Sk-sat\y-{]-th-in-¡m³ A-h-k-cw- tX-Sp-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶p. Dul-¡-̈ -h-S-̄ n-teÀ-s¸-«- Cu^n-\m³kv-aq-e-[-\-s¯- ]-cn-tk-hn-¡p-¶-km-{am-Py-Xz-{I-aw- kz-NvO-µ-{]-hm-l-̄ n-\m-bn-F-Ãm- X-S-k-§-fpw- X-IÀ-̄ p-am-äp-I-bpw- Cu`q-tKm-f-̄ n-s³d- Hm-tcm- `m-K-̄ pw- Cuaq-e-[-\-̄ n-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-b- hy-h-kv-Y-IÄA-Sn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p.sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-k-̄ n-\p-ti-j-ap-ÅA-\ym-b-am-b- Cu B-tKm-f-{I-aw-im-iz-Xo-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å D-]-I-c-W-§-fm-Wv-A-´m-cm-jv-{S-\m-W-b-\n-[n-bpw- tem-I-_m-¦pw-tem-I-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpw.Dul-¡-¨-h-S-]-c-am-b-̂ n-\m³kv-aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d- ]p-Xn-b-taÂ-t¡m-bv-a-hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-¯-cm-Py-§-fnÂ- h-fÀ-̈ -ap-c-Sn-¡m-\n-S-bm-¡p-¶p. Xo-{h-X-c-am-b-Nq-j-W-¯n-t³d-Xpw- hÀ-[n-̈ p-h-cp-¶-I-S-`m-c-̄ n-t³d-Xp-am-b- hn-j-a-hr-̄ -am-Wv-aq-¶mw-tem-I-¯n-\v- A-Xp-m-¡n-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.Ip-d-ª-tXm-XnÂ- hn-I-kn-X-am-b-ap-X-em-fn-¯-cm-Py-§-fn-se-hym-]m-c-hy-h-kv-Y-IÄ,hym-h-km-bn-I-þImÀ-jn-tImÂ-¸m-Z-\w,km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS- {]-hm-lw,tk-h-\-ta-J-e- F¶n-h-sb-Ãmw-X-s¶-km-{am-Py-Xz-aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä\n-d-th-äp-¶- hn-[-¯n-em-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p.km-{am-Py-Xz-hy-h-kv-Y-tem-I-s¯- c-m-bn-hn-`-Pn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.[-\n-I-hn-I-kn-X-ap-X-em-fn-¯-cm-Py-§-fpw- am-\-h-cm-in-bn-se- a-lm-`q-cn-]-£w-A-[n-h-kn-¡p-¶- hn-I-kz-c-cm-Py-§-fpw.C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-n-s³d- A-h-km-\-s¯- c-p-Z-i-I-§-fn-em-bn- [-\n-I-þZ-cn-{Z-cm-Py-§ÄX-½n-ep-Å hn-S-hv- cq-£-am-bn-hn-]p-e-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p.km-{am-Py-Xz-t{]-cn-X-am-b-B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-{]-{In-b-tbm-sS- A-Xv-Iq-Sp-XÂ- aqÀ-On-¡p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p.

2.7 ]-g-b-co-Xn-bn-ep-Å sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-kw- A-h-km-\n-̈ -Xn-\p-ti-jw- ]p¯³ sIm-tfm-Wn-bÂ-X-{´w- ]n-́ p-S-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶- km-{am-Py-Xzw- tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b-s³d- X-IÀ-¨-tbm-sS-B-tKm-f-taÂ-t¡m-bv-a-¡p-Å {i-a-§Ä i-Iv-Xn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡-bm-Wv. kz-́ w-ta-[m-hn-Xzw- kv-Ym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn-A-ta-cn-¡³ km-{am-Py-Xzw- A-Xn-s³d-km-¼-̄ n-I-hpw- cm-jv-{So-b-hpw- ssk-\n-I-hp-am-b-ti-jn- B-{I-a-tWmÂ-kp-I-am-bn- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶p. km-{am-Py-Xz-{I-aw- A-Sn-t¨Â-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- \m-täm-sb- hn-I-kn-¸n-̈ pw- tem-I-s¯-¼m-Spw-ssk-\n-I-am-bn- C-S-s]-«pw- km-{am-Py-Xz-t{]-cn-X-am-b-B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-s¯- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ m-\m-Wv- {i-aw. im-Iv-Xn-I- _-em-_-e-¯n-se- am-äw-kr-jv-Sn-¨- {]-Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-§-fp-sS-]-iv-Nm-̄ -e-̄ n-epw- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv-cm-jv-{S-§-fm-b- ssN-\, hn-b-Xv-\mw, Iyq_,sIm-dn-b, em-thm-kv- F-¶n-h-tkm-jy-en-k-t¯m-Sp-Å {]-Xn-_-²-X-ap-dp-sI-]n-Sn-¡p-¶p. \n-e-hn-ep-Åtkm-jy-en-kv-äv- cm-Py-§-sf- A-«n-a-dn-¡m³k-Po-h-am-bn- b-Xv-\n-̈ p-sIm-v- A-h-bvs¡-

Xn-sc- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-hpw- km-¼-¯n-I-hpw- cm-jv-{So-b-hp-am-b- a-Wv-U-e-§-fnÂ- \n-c- -́c-am-b-bp-²w- A-gn-¨p-hn-«n-cn-¡-bm-Wv- km-{am-Py-Xzw.A-´m-cm-jv-{S-am-[y-a-§-fn-t·Â-\n-b-{´-W-ap-Å km-{am-Py-Xzw-B-tKm-f-hmÀ-̄ m-hn-\n-a-b- hn-¹-h-s¯-D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ n-s¡m-v- ap-X-em-fn-¯-hn-cp-²-B-i-b-§-sf-bpw- tkm-jy-en-k-s¯-bpw-A-h-a-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw-A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw-B-{I-a-tWmÂ-kp-I-am-bn- {i-an-¡p-¶p.

2.8 C-cp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-n-s³d-A-h-km-\-t¯m-sS- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-im-Iv-Xn-I- _-em-_-ew- km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-\v-A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-«p-s-¦n-epw-im-kv-{Xþkm-t¦-Xn-I- ap-t¶-äw- {]-tbm-K-̄ nÂ-h-cp-̄ n-s¡m-v- ap-X-em-fn-¯w- DÂ-̧ m-Z-I-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- hn-I-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv-Xp-S-cp-¶p-sh-¦n-epw, A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯-en-s³d-bpw-Nq-j-W-¯n-s³d-bpw- A-\o-Xn-bp-sS-bpw-hy-h-kv-Y-bm-sW-¶-Xn-\p-]p-d-sa, A-Xv- \n-c-́ -cw-{]-Xn-k-\v-[n-sb- t\-cn-Sp-¶- hy-h-kv-Y-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. ap-X-em-fn-̄ -̄ n-\v-_-Z-em-b- G-I-hy-h-kv-Y- tkm-jy-en-k-am-Wv.A-Xn-\mÂ- Cu Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se-tI-{µ-km-aq-ly- ssh-cp-[yw- ap-X-em-fn-¯-hpw-tkm-jy-en-k-hpw- X-½n-ep-ÅXm-bn- Xp-S-cp-¶p. ]p-Xp-en-_-dÂ-B-tKm-f-I-S-¶m-{I-a-W-̄ n³Io-gnÂ-km-{am-Py-Xz-cm-Py-§-fpw- aq-¶mw-tem-I-cm-Py-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Åssh-cp-[yw- A-Xn-th-Kw- aqÀ-On-¡p-I-bpw ap-¶-Wn-bn-te-¡v- h-cn-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p.ap-X-em-fn-̄ -¯n³Io-gn-se- A-k-a-am-b hn-Im-kw- Im-c-Ww-km-{am-Py-Xz-cm-Py-§Ä X-½nÂ- X½n-ep-Å ssh-cp-[y-§-fpw- \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p. ap-I-fn ]-cm-aÀ-in-̈ - ap-X-em-fn-̄ -¯n-s³d- C-t¸m-g-s¯ kz-̀ m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä Im-c-Ww- A-[zm-\-hpw aq-e-[-\-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å ssh-cp-[yw cq-£-am-bn-̄ o-cp-¶p. Cu ssh-cp-[y-§-sf-Ãmw Xp-SÀ-¶pw- aqÀ-On-¡p-I-bpw tem-I-kw-`-h-§-fnÂ- A-h-bpsS- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-̄ n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p.

2.9 km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-\pw- A-Xn-s³d-Nq-j-W-{I-a-¯n-\p-sa-Xn-sc-hn-«p-ho-gv-N-bn-Ãm-̄ - k-acw- \-S-¯p-¶-Xn-\v-sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-hpw- A-Xn-s³d- ]mÀ-Sn-I-fpw-{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bpw- cm-jv-{So-b-am-bpw-kw-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bpw- kz-bw-k-Pv-P-am-tI--Xp-v.km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-s\-Xn-sc- t]m-cm-Sp-¶-Xn-\pw-C-¶-s¯- A-\ym-b-am-b- B-tKm-f-{I-aw-\n-e-\nÀ-̄ m-\pw- im-iz-Xo-I-cn-¡m-\pw-{i-an-¡p-¶- `-c-W-hÀ-K-§-sf-]-cm-P-b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\p-am-bn-tem-I-sa-¼m-Sp-ap-Å C-S-Xp-]-£, P-\m-[n-]-Xy,]p-tcm-K-a-\-i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- sF-Iyw-sI-«n-̧ -Sp-t¡--Xp-v. sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-X-sb- B-[m-c-am-¡n-b-]mÀ«n-sb-¶- \n-e-bnÂ- kn ]n- sF- (Fw) -km-{am-Py-Xz- taÂ-t¡m-bv-a-s¡-Xn-sc-t]m-cm-Sm³ {]-Xn-Pv-Rm-_-²-am-Wv.km-{am-Py-Xz-t{]-cn-X-am-b-B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-s³d-km-¼-¯n-I-{I-a-̄ n-s\-Xn-cm-bpw-k-am-[m-\-̄ n-\pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-\pw-tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-\pw- th-n-bpw- t]m-cm-Sp-¶-tem-I-̄ n-se- ap-gp-h³ i-Iv-Xn-I-tfm-Spw ]mÀ«n sF-Iy-ZmÀ-Vyw- {]-Jym-]n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p.

III kzm-X-{´y-e-_v-[n-bpw- A-Xn-\p-ti-j-hpw

3.1 C-́ y³ P-\-X-bp-sS- hn-]p-e-am-b-hn-`m-K-§Ä kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c-¯nÂ- A-XypÂ-km-l-t¯m-sS- ]-¦m-fn-I-fm-Ip-I-bpw A-Xv- hn-P-b-I-c-am-¡p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp. tZ-i-kv-t\-l-̄ mÂ- Pz-en-̈ - A-hÀ- kz-X-{´-`m-c-X-¯n-te-¡pw- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b P-\-Po-hn-X-¯n-te-¡pw- D-äp-t\m-¡n. Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-t³d-Xpw- Nq-j-W-¯n-t³d-Xp-am-b ]-cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-b- ]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-bp-sS- A-́ yw- A-hÀ- {]-Xo-£n-̈ p. A-h-sc- kw-_-\v-[n-̈ n-S-t¯m-fw- kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶-Xn-\À-Yw- `q-an, B-lm-cw, \ym-bam-b- Iq-en, ]mÀ-¸n-Sw, hn-Zym-`ym-kw, B-tcm-Ky-c-£,sXm-gn-e-h-k-cw- F-¶n-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Pm-Xo-b-X, hÀ-Ko-b-X, a-X-hn-tZz-jw-t]m-ep-Å km-aq-ly-Xn-·-I-fnÂ- \n-¶p-Å tam-N-\-hpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- Np-äp-]m-SnÂ- P-\-X-bp-sS- kmw-kv-Im-cn-Im-h-iy-§-fp-sS- km-£mÂ-¡m-c-hpam-Wv- kzm-X-{´yw-sIm-v- A-hÀ- hn-h-£n-̈ -Xv.

3.2 sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-hpw- Ir-jn-¡m-cpw-C-S-̄ -c-¡mcpw- _p-²n-Po-hn-I-fpw- kv-{Xo-I-fpw-hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-fpw- bp-hm-¡-fpw- h³tXm-XnÂ-]-¦p-h-ln-¨-Xn-\m-em-Wv- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\m-bp-ÅtZ-io-b-{]-kv-Ym-\w- hn-P-bw- h-cn-̈ -Xv. F-¦n-epw, t\-Xr-Xzw- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS ssI-I-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p. ]p-Xn-b- `-c-W-Iq-S-s¯ \-bn-¨- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹-h-¯n-s³d- auen-I- I-S-a-IÄ \n-d-th-äm³ hn-k-½-Xn-̈ p. DÂ-̧ m-Z-\-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- hcn-ªp-sI-«n-b N-§-e-s¡-«p-IÄ X-IÀ-̄ p-sIm-v- am-{X-ta- C-´y³ k-aq-l-s¯- ]p-\-cp-Zv-[-cn-¡m³I-gn-bq. C-̄ n--¡-®n- `q-{]-`p-Xz-̄ n-\v-A-dp-Xn-h-cp-¯p-I-bpw- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw- Z-cn-{Z-IÀ-j-IÀ-¡p-am-bn- `q-an- hn-X-c-Ww-sN-¿p-I-bpw- th-W-am-bn-cp-¶p.hoÀ-̧ p-ap-«n-¡p-¶- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ nÂ-\n-¶v- hn-ap-Iv-X-am-b- hy-h-km-b-hn-I-k-\w- kzm-{i-b-k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- hn-I-kn-X-hym-h-km-bn-I- cm-jv-{S-̄ n-\v- A-Sn-̄ -d- ]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹-h-̄ n-s³d- I-S-a-IÄ k-a-{K-am-bn-\-S-¸m-¡n-bm-ep-m-hp-¶- ^-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p- `-b-¶- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn- `q-{]-̀ p-¡-fp-am-bn- k-Jy-ap-m-¡p-I-bpw- km-{am-Py-Xz-hp-am-bn- k-\v-[n-sN-¿p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp. Cu_qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- k-Jy-s¯-{]-Xn-̂ -en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p- tIm¬-{K-kv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS- \-b-§Ä. ]n-¶o-Sp-Å Z-i-I-§-fn-se- ap-X-em-fn-̄ -]m-X-bp-sS- kz-̀ m-h-̄ n-\p- \nÀ-Wm-b-I-am-b-Xv-`-c-W-hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- Cu kz-̀ m-h-am-Wv.

3.3 k-ar-²-am-b- tXm-XnÂ-Ir-jn-\n-e-b-§Ä, P-e-tk-N-\-ti-jn,hn-hn-[- ta-J-e-I-fn-em-bn- ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ hn-f-IÄ¡v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-b- km-l-N-cy-§Ä,h-¼n-¨- [m-Xp-k-¼-̄ v,ssh-Zyp-tXmÂ-¸m-Z-\-¯n-\p-

Å A-f-h-ä km-[y-X-F-¶n-§-s\- cm-Py-¯n-s³d- k-¼qÀ-W-hn-I-k-\-̄ n-\v- B-h-iy-am-b- A-f-h-ä{]-Ir-Xn-hn-̀ -h-§-fmÂ- A-\p-Kr-lo-X-am-Wv-C-́ y. C-́ y-bp-sS- h-¼n-¨-a-\p-jym-[zm-\-ti-jn-bpw- C-´y³ P-\-§-fp-sS- km-t¦-Xn-I-hpw- `-c-W-]-c-hpw-ss[-j-Wn-I-hp-am-b- {]m-KÂ-`y-§-fpw h³km-[y-X-I-fp-sS- I-e-h-d-bm-Wv. `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-cw- ssI-¡-em-¡n-b- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn- Cu ti-jn-IÄhn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ]-I-cw- kz-´w- k-¦p-Nn-X- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä \n-d-th-äp-¶-Xn-\v- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- hn-[-¯n-ep-Å ap-X-em-fn-¯- hn-I-k-\- co-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- \o-§n-b-Xv.

3.4 kzm-X-{´y-e-_v-[n-¡p-ti-jw- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- Zzn-ap-J- kz-`m-hw-km-{am-Py-Xz-hp-am-bn- kw-L-«-\-§-fnÂ-GÀ-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- Iq-«p-sI-«p-m-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶-Xn-eq-sS- {]-I-S-am-bn.`-c-W-Iq-S-t\-Xr-Xzw- ssI-¡-em-¡n-b- h³In-S-_qÀ-jzm-kn- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- co-Xn-bn-ep-Åap-X-em-fn-¯- hn-I-k-\w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨p.km-{am-Py-Xz-hp-am-bn- A-Xv- k-\v-[n-sN-¿p-I-bpw -`q-{]-̀ p-Xz-hp-am-bn- k-Jyw- \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp. kz-´w- \n-e-i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- H-cp-h-i-̄ v-P-\-§-sf- B-{I-an-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- km-{am-Py-Xz-hp-am-bpw- `q-{]-`p-Xz-hp-am-bp-ap-Åkw-L-«-\-§-fp-w- ssh-cp-[y-§-fpw- k-½À-Zw- sN-ep-¯n-bpw- hn-e-t]-in-bpw- k\v[n-sN-bv-Xpw- ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-am-bn- A-Xv-`-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-s¯- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ n. Cu {]-{In-b-¡n-S-bnÂ- A-Xv- hn-tZ-i-Ip-¯-I-I-fp-am-bn- i-Iv-X-am-b- _-\v[-§-fp-m-¡p-I-bpw- `q-{]-`p-¡-fp-am-bn-A-[n-Im-cw- ]-¦n-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp. D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-t¯m-sS, h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-k-¼-Zv-L-S-\- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-¯n-\p- Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-s³d- G-ähpw- i-Iv-X-am-b- h-Iv-Xm-hm-bn. A-Xv- A-´m-cm-jv-{S- ^n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\-hp-am-bn- i-Iv-X-am-b- _-\v[-§-fp-m-¡n-; s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bpw- k-¼-Zv-L-S-\- sam-̄ -¯n-epw- kz-Im-cy-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-W-sa-¶- B-h-iy-¯n-\p- ]n-¶n-ep-Å ap-Jy-t{]-c-I-i-Iv-Xn-bpw- A-Xm-Wv.

3.5 kzm-X-{´y-e-_v-[n-sb- Xp-SÀ-¶p-ÅB-Zy-hÀ-j-§-fnÂ- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy-cm-Py-§-fnÂ- \n-¶v \o-Xn-]qÀ-h-am-b- k-ao-]-\w-D-m-Im-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ- C´y³ _qÀ-jzm-kn-k-lm-b-¯n-\m-bn- tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b-s\-k-ao-]n-̈ p. apX-em-fn-¯w- sI-«n- -̧Sp-¡p-¶-]m-X-bm-Wv- A-hÀ- A-h-ew-_n-¨Xv. A-Xv- `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-s³d- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Åap-X-em-fn-¯-am-bn-cp-¶p. kz-´w- \ne- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\p- {]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn- hn-e-t]-im³ I-gn-bp-¶- D-]m-[n- F-¶-\n-e-bnÂ- A-hÀ- km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-s³d-bpw-tkm-jy-en-k-̄ ns³d-Xp-am-b- c-p-tN-cn-I-fp-sS-A-kv-Xn-Xzw- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯m³ Xp-S-§n.ap-X-em-fn-¯-]m-X-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn- A-hÀ-km-¼-¯n-Im-kq-{X-Ww- GÀ-s -̧Sp-̄ n.Nq-j-I-hÀ-K-§-fnÂ- H-cp- sN-dn-b- hn-`m-K-s¯-Xp-W-bv-¡p-¶- ho-£-W-am-Wv- _-P-äv- \-b-hpw-s]m-Xp-km-¼-¯n-I-\-b-hpw-B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ- \nÀ-Wm-b-I ]-¦p-h-ln-¨-Xv. L-\-hy-h-km-b-§-fpw- ]-iv-Nm-¯-e- kuI-cy-§-fpw- t]m-ep-ÅIq-ä³ ]-Zv-[-Xn-IÄ¡v- B-h-iy-am-b- hn-̀ -h-§Äe-̀ y-am-¡m³ I-gn-hp-ä \n-e-bn-em-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e- F-¶-Xn-\mÂ- Cu cw-K-§-fnÂ-s]m-Xp-ta-J-e- hn-I-kn-¸n-¡-s -̧«p. Cu s]m-Xp-ta-J-em- kw-cw-`-§Ä sI-«n- -̧Sp-̄ -Xv-A-§-s\- H-c-f-thm-fw- k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-bp-sS- hy-h-km-b-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-\pw- km-{am-Py-Xz Ip¯-I-I-tfm-Sp-Å ]-cn-]qÀ-W-am-b B-{in-X-Xzw- X-c-Ww- sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\pw k-lm-b-I-am-bn.

3.6 `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-cw- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- ssI-I-fnÂ-\n-£n-]v-X-am-b-Xp-sIm-v- A-hn-I-kn-X- cm-Py-am-b- C-́ y-bn-se- km-¼-¯n-Im-kq-{X-Ww- ap-X-em-fn-¯- km-¼-¯n-I- hn-I-k-\-¯n-\v-J-Wv-Un-X-am-b- K-Xn-th-K-hpw- Zn-i-bpw- {]-Zm-\w- sN-bv-Xp. K-h¬-sa³dv- \-b-§-fp-sS-]-cn-an-Xn-IÄ¡-I-¯p- e-`y-am-Ip-¶hn-̀ -h-ti-jn- Iq-Sp-XÂ- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-hn-[-̄ nÂ- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ p-hm³ kuI-cy-s -̧Sp-̄ n-s¡m-m-Wv- C-Xp- km-[n-̈ -Xv.Cu ]-Zv-[-Xn-I-fp-sS- G-ähpw- {]-[m-\-s¸-«-kz-̀ m-h-hn-ti-jw- {]-I-S-am-hp-¶Xv- hym-h-km-bn-I- hn-I-k-\-¯nÂ, hn-ti-jn-̈ pw- kÀ-¡mÀ-/s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bn-em-bn- Nn-e- L-\-b-{´- \nÀ-am-W- hy-h-km-b-§Ä hn-I-kn-̈ -Xn-emWv. tkm-jy-en-kv-äv-cm-Py-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v, {]-[m-\-am-bpw-tkm-hn-b-äv-bq-Wn-b-\nÂ-\n-¶v, \n-c- -́c-am-bn- e-`n-¨-]n-́ p-W-sIm-m-Wv- Cu t\-«-§Ä km-[y-am-b-Xv. _m-¦p-IÄ, C³jp-d³kv-Xp-S-§n- [-\-ta-J-e-bp-sS-bpw- F®þIÂ-¡-cn hy-h-km-b-§-fp-sS-bpw- tZ-i-kmÂ-¡-c-W-t¯m-sS- s]m-Xp-taJe hn-I-kn-¨p.

3.7 hy-h-km-b-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-\m-bn-AÀ-[-a-\-tkm-sS-bm-sW-¦n-epw- th-sd-bpw- Nn-e \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-Ås¸-«p. K-th-j-W-hpw-hn-I-k-\-hpw, H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- t]-ä³dv- \n-b-aw-Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡Â, \-½p-sS- hn-]-Wn-bnÂ- hn-tZ-i- D -̧¶-§-fp-sS-bpw-aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d-bpw- I-S-¶p-h-c-hn-\v-\n-b-{ -́Ww, sN-dp-InS- hy-h-km-b-§-fp-sS-kw-c-£-Ww- F-¶n-h-bv-¡v- Du¶Â- \Â-I-s -̧«p. C-́ y-bnÂ- \n-e-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶-]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-I-fnÂ- Cu \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-Ãmw km-¼-̄ n-I- ]n-t¶m-¡m-h-kv-Y-bpw- hn-tZ-i-i-Iv-Xn-I-tfm-Sp-Å \m-Ww-sI-«- B-{in-X-Xz-hpw-H-c-f-thm-fw- X-c-Ww- sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\pw hy-h-km-b-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-\v- km-t¦-Xn-Im-Sn-̄ d- ]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\pw- k-lm-b-I-am-bn.

3.8 ]-cn-an-X-am-b-B-kq-{X-W-¯n-eq-sS-bp-Å `-c-W-Iq-S-C-S-s]-S-en-\pw- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bp-sS-hn-I-k-\-¯n-\p-sam-̧ w- am-dn-am-dn-h-¶-K-h¬-sa-³dp-IÄ ]n-́ p-SÀ-¶- \-b-§-fp-sS-^-e-am-bn- k-¼-̄ v- tI-{µo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- Ip-¯-I-IÄ A-Xn-th-K-¯nÂ- h-f-cp-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp. h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS-t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ- ap-X-em-fn-̄ w-sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡m-\p-Å H-cp- D-]-I-c-W-am-bn- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e- am-dn. s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bn-se- [-\-Im-cy-kv-Ym-]-\-§-fnÂ-\n-¶p-Å hm-bv-]-bnÂ- knw-l-̀ m-K-hpw- h³In-S-_qÀ-jzm-kn- ssI-¡-em-¡n. am-dn-am-dn-h-¶-K-h¬-sa-³dp-I-fp-sS- _-P-äv-þ\n-Ip-Xn- \-b-§Äk-¼-¯v- P-\-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v-_qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p-hÀ-K-§-fnÂ- H-cp- sN-dp-hn-`m-K-̄ n-te-¡v- ssI-am-äw-sN-¿m³ Dt±-in-¨p-ÅXm-bn-cp-¶p. h³tXm-Xn-ep-Å \n-Ip-Xn-sh-«n-¸v- `o-a-am-b-tXm-XnÂ- I-Å -̧Ww- Ip-¶p-Iq-Sm³ C-S-bm-¡n-;aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d- kz-Im-cy-k-©-b-\w-i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶- H-cp- co-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p- C-Xv.ap-X-em-fn-¯- hn-

I-k-\-̄ n-\p-Å]-Zv-[-Xn-IÄ¡v- ]-Ww- e-̀ y-am-¡p-¶-Xn-s³d-t]-cnÂ- km-[m-c-W-¡m-sc-bpw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf-bpw- Ir-jn-¡m-sc-bpw C-S-̄ -c-¡m-sc-bpw- \nÀ-Z-b-am-b- Nq-j-W-̄ n\v- hn-t[-b-cm-¡n. A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-s³d- A-̀ m-h-̄ nÂ- B-̀ y-́ -c- I-t¼m-fw- a-c-hn-̈ p-\n-¶p. X-·q-ew B-̀ y- -́c- hy-hkm-b-¯n\v- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-s¯-B-{i-bn-¡m-sX- h-f-cm-t\m- hn-I-kn-¡m-t\m \nÀ-hm-l-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. `o-a-am-b- tXm-Xn-ep-Åssh-tZ-in-I-hpw- B-̀ y-́ -c-hp-am-b- hm-bv-]-IÄ Cu cq-]-¯n-ep-Å kv-tääv- ap-X-em-fn-̄ -¯n\v- th- ]-Ww- e-`y-am-¡n. Ip-¯-I-I-fp-sS h-fÀ-̈ -bpw- hn-tZ-i- ^n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d- hÀ-[n-̈ - tXm-Xn-ep-Å\p-g-ªp-I-b-ähp-am-bn-cp-¶p- Cu ]mX-bp-sS {]-I-S-am-b- kz-̀ m-h-hn-ti-jw.

3.9 A-¼-Xp-IÄ ap-X `-c-W-hÀ-K-§Ä ]n-´p-SÀ-¶- ap-X-em-fn-¯ hn-Im-k-̄ n-t³d-Xm-b- Cu {]-tXy-I- ]m-X {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-IÄ \n-d-ªXm-Ip-sa-¶pw kv-Xw-̀ -\m-h-kv-Y-bn-te-¡p- F-¯n-¡p-sa-¶pw-D-d-̧ m-bn-cp-¶p. `q-{]-̀ p-Xz-hp-am-bn- h³In-S _qÀ-jzm-kn- k-\v-[n-sN-bv-X-Xv- IÀ-j-I-cpsS- {I-b-ti-jn- ]-cn-an-X-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw-B-̀ y- -́c-hn-]-Wn hn-]p-e-s -̧Sm-Xncn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- Im-c-W-am-bn. hy-h-km-b-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-\pw- `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-s³d sN-e-hp-IÄ \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- th-- ]-Ww- I-s-̄ p¶-Xn-\m-bn ssh-tZ-in-I-hpw B-`y-́ -c-hp-am-b- hm-bv-]-I-sf- hÀ-[n-̈ -tXmXnÂ- B-{i-bn-̈ -Xv, ssh-tZ-in-I-A-S-hp-in-jv-S-\n-e-b-n-epw- [-\-I-½n-bn-epw- Kpcp-X-c-am-b- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n- D-f-hm-¡n.tIm¬-{K-kv- K-h¬-sa³dv- sF -Fw- F-̂ v-þtem-I-_m-¦v- \n-_-\v-[-\-IÄkzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡v- H-Sp-hnÂ- [\-{]-Xn-k-\v-[n- \-bn-̈ p. hn-tZ-i- ^n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\-hp-am-bn- hÀ-[n-¨- tXm-Xn Iq-«p-Iq-Sn-bpw- k-¼-Zv-L-S-\- Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-̄ pw- Cu {]-Xn-k-\v-[n- X-c-Ww- sN-¿m³C-´y-bn-se- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn- Xp-\n-ªp.

3.10 kz-́ w- aq-e-[-\m-Sn-¯-d-ZpÀ-_-e-am-b-Xn-\mÂ- ap-X-em-fn-¯-hn-I-k-\-¯n-\v- ]-iv-Nm-̄ -e-kuI-cy-sam-cp-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- kÀ-¡mÀ-C-S-s]-S-en-s\- t\-c-s¯- A-\p-Iq-en-̈ -h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn, kÀ-¡m-cn-s³d- k-lm-b-t¯m-sS-bp-Å hn-I-k-\-̄ m-epw-k-_v-kn-Un-I-fm-epw- Z-i-I-§ÄsIm-v-a-Xn-bm-b- tXm-XnÂ- aq-e-[-\w-k-am-l-cn-¡p-I-bpw- kz-bw- X-Sn-̈ p-sIm-gp-¡p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.F¬-]-Xp-I-fp-sS- A-h-km-\-am-b-t¸m-tg-¡pw-h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn, kÀ-¡m-cn-\m-bn-\o-¡n-sh-̈ - aÀ-a-{]-[m-\-ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v-I-S-¡p-hm-\pw- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-sb-G-säSp-¡-hm-\pw- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d-Iq-«p-sI-t«m-sS- ]p-Xn-b- ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v-{]-th-in-¡p-hm-\pw- X-¿m-dm-bn. `-c-W-Iq-S-t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å ap-X-em-fn-¯- ]m-X-C-tXm-sSm-¸w- t\-cn-«- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-bm-Wv-D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-\v- B-`y-́ -c-ambn A-Sn-¯-d-cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. ssh-tZ-in-I-am-bn, tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b-s³d- X-IÀ-̈ - \-b-am-ä{]-{In-b-¡v- th-Kw- Iq-«p-¶-Xn-\pw- sF -Fw- F-̂ v-þtem-I-_m-¦v- IÂ- -̧\-IÄkzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- C-S-bm-¡n.

3.11 k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw-D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-Å k-½À-Zw-F¬-]-Xp-I-fp-sS- a-[y-¯nÂ-cm-Po-hv-Km-\v-[n-bp-sS- `-c-W-Im-e-¯v- km-¼-̄ n-I-\-b-§-fnÂ- hy-Xn-bm-\w- kr-jv-Sn-¨p.C-d-¡p-a-Xn- D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-hpw-{l-kz-Im-e-hm-bv-]-I-fp-sS- hÀ-[-\-bpw- `o-a-am-b-[-\-I-½n-bn-te-¡v- \-bn-¨p. C-Xpw-kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-kv-Yn-Xn-bnÂ- h-¶- am-ähpw-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- \o-¡p-t]m-¡-\p-k-cn-¨p-Åhm-bv-]- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn-sF- Fw -F-̂ n-s³d-bpw- tem-I-_m-¦n-s³d-bpw-\n-_-\v-[-\-IÄ 1991 se- tIm¬-{K-kv-K-h¬sa³dv- kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-kv-Yn-Xn-hn-ti-j-̄ n-te-¡v- \-bn-̈ p. _n -sP -]n-A-[n-Im-c-¯n-te-dn-b-t¸mÄ D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-\-b-§Ä Iq-Sp-XÂ- ap-t¶m-«p-sIm-p-t]m-bn.1991 ap-XÂ- am-dn-am-dn-h-¶- K-h¬-sa³dp-IÄ]n-́ p-SÀ-¶- D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-s³d-Xpw-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- \o-¡p-t]m-¡ns³d-Xp-am-b-\-b-§Ä hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-¯n-\v- k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡pw- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-s]m-fn-̈ p-am-äp-¶- {]-{In-b-bn-te-¡pw-C-d-¡p-a-Xn- D-Zm-c-am-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡pw- \-bn-̈ p.kÀ-¡m-cn-\pw- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-¡p-am-bn-C-Xp-h-sc-bpw- \o-¡n-h-¨-{]-hÀ-¯-\-cw-K-§Ä hn-tZ-in-I-fp-sS-bpw-C-´y-¡m-cp-sS-bpw- Ip-¯-I- aq-e-[-\-¯n-\v-Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-sb- C-Ãm-bva- sN-¿p-I- F-¶-Im-gv-N-¸m-tSm-sS- s]m-Xp-ta-J-em- kv-Ym-]-\-§-fp-sS- Hml-cn-IÄ hnÂ-¡p-I-bpw,\nkmc-hn-e-bv-¡v- kz-Im-cy-Ip-¯-I-IÄ A-h- hm§p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. C-d-¡p-a-Xn-̈ p-¦w-Ip-d-̈ -Xn-\mÂ- hn-tZ-i- N-c-¡p-IÄ \m-S³DÂ-̧ -¶-§-sf- ]p-d-́ -Åp-¶p. XÂ-^-e-am-bn-H-«p-h-f-sc- kv-Ym-]-\-§Ä ]q-t«-n-h-cn-I-bpw-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\v- sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄsXm-gn-enÂ-\n-¶v- ]-dn-s¨-dn-b-s -̧Sp-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶p. [-\-ta-J-e-Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- A-´m-cm-jv-{S-^n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\w- C-S-X-S-hn-Ãm-sX- k-½À-Zw-sN-ep-¯n-s¡m-n-cp-¶p. _m-¦nw-Kv- hy-h-km-b-̄ n-s³d- kz-Im-cy-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-\pw-C³jz-d³kv- ta-J-e- Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw-ap³K-W-\- \Â-I-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1994þÂ- Km-«v-I-cmÀ- H-¸p-h-̈ -Xv- tem-I-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- taÂ-t¡m-bv-a- C-́ y- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡v- \-bn-̈ p. t]-ä³dv-\n-b-a-¯nÂ- h-cp-¯n-b- am-ä§-fpw-tk-h-\-ta-J-e- Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡-epw-km-{am-Py-Xz- aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d-XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä¡v- {]-tbm-P-\w- sN-¿p-¶p.km-¼-¯n-I- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw-tNmÀ-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\v- Cukw-`-h-hn-Im-k-§-sf-Ãmw- C-S-bm-¡n-bn-«p- v.

3.12 D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-s³d-bpw-kz-Im-cy-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-s³d-bpw- ]m-X- h³In-S-_qÀ-jzm-kn-¡v- h-¼n-¨-t\-«-ap-m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-̄ p. ]p-Xn-b- _n-kn-\-kv-Ip-Spw-_-§-fp-sS- I-S-¶p-h-c-thm-sS- A-Xn-s³d-A-Wn-IÄ hn-]p-e-am-bn. G-ähpw- D-bÀ-¶- 22Ip-̄ -I- Ip-Spw-_-§-fp-sS- B-kv-Xn- 1957Â- 312.63 tIm-Sn- cq-]-bm-bn-cp-¶-Xv-A-ªq-dp-a-S-§p-I-v- hÀ-[n-¨v- 1997Â- 1,58,004.72 tIm-Sn- cq-]-bm-bn.D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n³Io-gnÂ- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn- \n-c-¡p-IÄ C-f-hp-sN-bv-Xpw- kz-̄ p-\n-Ip-Xn-t]m-se-bp-Å a-äp- ]-e- \n-Ip-Xn-IÄ H-gn-hm-¡n-bpw- h³In-S- _n-kn-\-kv-Ip-Spw-_-§Ä¡pw- [-\n-I-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw h-¼n-¨- C-f-hp-IÄ \Â-In. C-̄ -cw- \-b-§Ä[-\n-I-hÀ-K-§-sf- h³tXm-XnÂ-k-¼-¶-cm-¡p-I-bpw- A-hÀ- D-]-t`m-Kw- sN-¿p-¶-kp-J-t`m-K-h-kv-Xp-¡-fp-sS- hn-]-Wn-hn-]p-eo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp. Cu

tNm-Z-\w-\n-d-th-äp-¶-Xn-\m-bn- hn-tZ-i- aq-e-[-\-hp-am-bn-Iq-«p-tNÀ-¶v- B-`y- -́c-am-bn- N-c-¡p-IÄ\nÀ-an-¡p-I-tbm- A-h- C-d-¡p-a-Xn-\-S-̄ p-I-tbm- sN-bv-Xp-h-cp-¶p.hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d- A-\n-b-{´n-X-am-b-I-S-¶p-h-c-hv- B-̀ y- -́c- hy-h-km-b-̄ ns³d-aÀ-a-{]-[m-\- ta-J-e-I-sf- _m-[n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p._-lp-cm-jv-{S-I-¼-\n-IÄ C-́ y³ I-¼-\n-I-sf-hnebv¡v hm-§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. h³In-S-b-Ãm-¯-_qÀ-jzm-kn-bn-se- Nn-e- hn-̀ m-K-§Ät]m-epw-hn-tZ-i- aq-e-[-\-hp-am-bn- Iq-«p-Iq-Sm³k-¶-²-am-Ip-¶p-s-¦n-epw, C-S-¯-cw- þsN-dp-In-S- ap-X-em-fn-am-cnÂ- \-Ã- ]-¦n-t\-bpw-D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-Ww- tZm-j-I-c-am-bn-_m-[n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

3.13 D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W- Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ-ssh-tZ-in-I-hpw- B-̀ y- -́c-hp-am-b- IS-_m-[y-X- hÀ-[n-̈ p. d-h-\yq-s¨-e-hnÂ- H-cp- h-en-b- ]-¦v-]-en-i-s¨-ehmWv. s]m-Xp-ap-XÂ-ap-S-¡pw- s]m-Xp-sN-e-hpw- C-Sn-ªp-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv- hnI-k-\ {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-sf-bpw Zm-cn-{Zy-\nÀ-amÀ-P-\- ]-Zv-[-Xn-I-sf-bpw _m-[n¨n-«p- v. km-aq-ly-hpw- km-¼-̄ n-I-hpw {]m-tZ-in-I-hp-am-b- A-k-a-Xz-§-fpsS-̀ -b-¦-c-am-b- hÀ-[-\- D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-Ww- aq-ew- D-m-bn. HutZym-Kn-I- I-W-¡p-IÄ {]-Im-cw-X-s¶- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-¡v- Xm-sg-bp-Åh-cp-sS-F-®-¯nÂ, hn-ti-jn- v̈-{Km-a-{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ, hÀ-[-\- D-m-bn.s]m-Xp-hn-X-c-W- k-{¼-Zm-bw- sh-«n-̈ p-cp-¡n-b-]-iv-Nm-̄ -e-¯nÂ- A-h-iy-km-[-\-§-fp-sS,hn-ti-jn-̈ v- `-£y-km-[-\-§-fp-sS, hn-e-¡-b-äw-Xp-S-cp-¶-Xv- ]m-h-s -̧«-h-sc- G-ähpw-Kp-cp-X-c-am-bn- _m-[n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw, B-tcm-Kyw, sXm-gnÂ-Zm-\w,t£-a-]-²-Xn-IÄ F-¶o- cw-K-§-fnÂ-km-aq-ly-s¨e-hp-IÄ sh-«n-¡p-d-̈ -Xv-]-Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶- P-\-§-sf- hn-\m-i-I-c-am-bn-_m-[n-̈ n-«p-v.

3.14 ap-X-em-fn-am-cpw- K-h¬-sa³dpw-A-Sn-t¨Â-̧ n-¨- I-\-̄ -`m-cw- t]-dp-¶-Xv- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-am-Wv. hn-e-k-Zm-hÀ-[n-¡p-¶-Xp-aq-ew- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-b-YmÀ-Y- th-X-\w- D-b-cp-¶n-Ã.hy-h-km-b-cw-K-̄ v- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n- ]-SÀ-¶p-]n-Sn-¨-Xn-\mÂ- kv-Ym-]-\-§ÄA-S-̈ p-]q-«p-¶-Xn-s³d-bpw- ]n-cn-¨p-hn-S-en-s³d-bpw- cq-]-¯n-ep-ÅB-{I-a-W-§Ä sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄt\-cn-tS-n-h-cp-¶p. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-A-h-Im-i-§Ä Im-̄ p-c-£n-¡m³D-t±-in-¡-s -̧«n-«p-Å sXm-gnÂ- \n-b-a-§-fnÂ-]-e- X-I-cm-dp-I-fp-ap- v. A-h-t]m-epw-]m-en-¡-s -̧Sp-¶n-Ã. sXm-gn-ep-S-a-IÄ\n-b-a-§Ä ew-Ln-¡p-¶-Xv-]-Xn-hm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. c-l-ky-_m-e-äv- ap-tJ-\- t{SUv- bq-Wn-b-\p-IÄ¡v- Aw-Ko-Im-cw-\Â-Ip-¶-Xpw- Iq-«m-bn- hn-e-t]-ip-¶-Xn-\p-ÅA-h-Im-i-hpw- \n-tj-[n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p.D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-s³d-bpw -kz-Im-cy-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-s³d-bpw- ^-e-am-bn,e-£-¡-W-¡n-\v- sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄsXm-gnÂ-c-ln-X-cm-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-hÀ-¡v-H-cp- km-aq-ly-kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hp-an-Ã.D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W\b-̄ n-s³d- `m-K-am-bn- sXm-gnÂ-hn-]-Wn-bn-t·-ep-Å \n-b-{´-W-§Ä \o-¡w-sN-¿W-sa-¶v- ap-X-em-fn-amÀ- B-h-iy-s -̧Sp-¶p.kp-ZoÀ-L- k-a-c-§-fn-eq-sS- sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄt\-Sn-sb-Sp-̄ - A-h-Im-i-§-fpw-B-\p-Iq-ey-§-fpw- ]-cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-Wv-\o-¡w. kv-Yn-cw- tPm-en-IÄ I-cmÀ-tPm-en-I-tfm- XmÂ-¡m-en-I- tPm-en-I-tfm- B-bn- am-äs -̧Sp-¶p. Ip-d-ª- th-X-\w-e-̀ n-¡p-¶-h-cpw- B-Zyw-]n-cn-̈ p-hn-S-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpw- sXm-gn-se-Sp-¡p-¶-kv-{Xo-I-fm-Wv. _m-e-th-e- hÀ-[n-¡p-I-bpw-Nq-j-W-̄ n-s³d- G-ähpw- \n-Ir-jv-S-cq-]-§Ä¡v- Ip-«n-IÄ hn-t[-b-cm-hp-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶p. kw-L-Sn-X-ta-J-e-bv-¡v- ]p-d-¯p-Åe-t£m-]-e-£w- sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v- sXm-gnÂ-\n-b-a-§-fp-sS- bm-sXm-cp- ]-cn-c-£-bpw-e-`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. K-h¬-sa³dv- \n-iv-N-bn-̈ - an-\n-aw-th-X-\w- t]m-epw- \n-tj-[n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p.hn-]p-e-am-b- A-kw-L-Sn-X-ta-J-e-bn-se -sXm-gn-se-Sp-¡p-¶- kv-{Xo- þ ]p-cp-j-·m-cp-sS-A-h-kv-Y- Zp-cn-X-a-b-am-Wv. Xp-Nv-O-th-X-\-̄ n-\v-A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- km-l-N-cy-§-fnÂ- bm-sXm-cp-km-aq-ly- kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hp-an-Ãm-sX- ZoÀ-L-k-a-bw- tPm-en-sN-¿m³ A-hÀ- \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-cm-Wv. C-f-hn-Ãm-sX- sXm-gn-se-Sp-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-s¯- Nq-j-Ww- sN-¿p-¶-Xp-am-Wv- _qÀ-jzm-kn-¡pw-h³In-S- I-cmdp-ImÀ-¡pw _-lp-cm-jv-{S- tImÀ- -̧td-j-\p-IÄ¡pw em-`-ap-m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.

3.15 ImÀ-jn-I- {]-iv-\w- C-́ y³P-\-X-bp-sS- G-ähpw- ap-Jy-am-b-tZ-io-b-{]-iv-\-am-bn- Xp-S-cp-¶p. A-Xv-]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- `q-{]-̀ p-Xzw,lp-n-I-¡m-cpw- I-̈ -h-S-¡m-cpw- tNÀ-¶p-\-S-¯p-¶- Nq-j-Ww, \m-«n³]p-d-s¯ -Pm-Xo-b-hpw- enw-K-]-c-hp-am-b- ]o-U-\w-F-¶n-h-bv-s¡-Xn-sc- k-aq-e-hpw- k-a-{K-hp-am-b-ImÀ-jn-I- ]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww- DÄs¸-sS-hn-¹-h-I-c-am-b- ]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\w- B-h-iy-am-Wv.]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-am-bn- ImÀ-jn-I- {]-iv-\w- ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xv- t]m-bn-«v,A-Xp- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-¿p-¶-XnÂ-t]m-epw-]-cm-P-b-s -̧«-Xp-t]m-se- a-säm-cp- cw-K-̄ pw-C-́ y-bn-se- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p-hm-gv-N-bp-sS-]m- -̧c-¯w- C-{X-tb-sd- {]-I-S-a-Ã.

3.16 kzm-X-{´y-e-_v-[n-¡p-ti-jw-tIm¬-{K-kv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ`q-{]-`p-Xz-̄ n-\v- A-dp-Xn-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\v-]-I-cw-AÀ-[-^yq-UÂ-þ`q-{]-̀ p-¡-sf- ap-X-em-fn-̄ -`q-{]-̀ p-¡-fm-bn- cq-]m-́ -c-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bpw-[-\n-I- IÀ-j-I-cp-tS-Xm-b- H-cp- hn-̀ m-K-s¯-h-fÀ-̄ n-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶- ImÀ-jn-I- \-b-§-fm-Wv- ]n-´p-SÀ-¶-Xv. ]-g-b-\n-b-am-\p-kr-X- `q-{]-̀ p-Xzw- A-h-km-\n-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å \n-b-a-\nÀ-am-Ww `o-a-am-b- \-jv-S-]-cn-lm-cw- t\-Sp-¶-Xn-\pw-h³tXm-XnÂ- `q-an- ssI-h-iw- \n-e-\nÀ-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw- A-h-sc-A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kz-bw- Ir-jn-bn-d-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¶- hym-tP-\- \n-e-§Äho-s-Sp-¡m³ A-h-Im-iw- \Â-Ip-¶-Ip-Sn-bm-bv-a- \n-b-a-§Ä \-S-̧ m-¡n-b-Xv- e-t£m-]-e-£w- Ip-Sn-bm-·mÀ-H-gn-¸n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xn-te-¡m-Wv- \-bn-̈ -Xv. hn-]p-e-am-b- `q-kz-¯v- A-tX-]-Sn-\n-e-\nÀ-¯m³ D-X-Ip¶- th- -{X- ]-gp-Xp-IÄD-Åh-bm-bn-cp-¶p- `q-]-cn[n- \n-b-a-§Ä. e-t£m-]-e-£w- G-¡À- h-cp-¶- an-̈ -̀ q-an-]n-Sn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I-tbm- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw-Z-cn-{Z-IÀ-j-IÀ-¡pw- hn-X-c-Ww- sN-¿p-I-tbm- D-m-bn-Ã. {Km-ao-W- ]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\-̄ n-\p-e-`n-̈ - N-cn-{X-k-µÀ-`-s¯- `-b-¦-c-am-bn- h-©n-̈ - ]m-c-¼-cy-am-Wv- tIm¬-{K-kv-]mÀ«n-bp-tS-Xv. kn- ]n- sF- (Fw)- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-Å C-S-Xp-ap-¶-Wn- K-h¬sa³dp-IÄ `-cn-¡p-¶- ]-iv-Nna-_w-KmÄ,tI-c-fw, {Xn-]p-c- F-¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ- am-{X-am-Wv-\n-e-hn-ep-Å \n-b-a-§Ä {]-Im-

cw-`q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww- \-S-̧ m-¡n-b-Xv. 3.17 \n-t£-]-¯n-\m-bp-Å [-\-k-lm-b-§-fpw- K-hÀ-sa-³dv- hm-bv-]-I-fpw `q-{]-̀ p-¡Ä¡pw [-\n-I-IÀ-j-

IÀ-¡pw-{]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Ip-¶- X-c-̄ n-epÅ ImÀ-jn-I \-b-§-fm-Wv- tIm¬-{K-kv- K-h¬sa³dp-I-fpw A-h-cp-sS- ]n³Km-an-I-fpw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨-Xv._m-¦p-I-fpw- k-l-I-c-W- kv-Ym-]-\-§-fpw ap-tJ-\-bp-Å hm-bv-]-I-fpw- Cu hn-̀ m-K-§ÄssI-¡-em-¡n. A-dp-]-Xp-I-fp-sS- A-h-km-\w ap-XÂ- km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS- {]-tbmKw, tKm-X-¼n-s³d-bpw- A-cn-bp-sS-bpw A-Xyp¸m-Z-\-ti-jn-bmÀ-¶- ]p-Xn-b-C-\w- hn¯p-IÄ e-`y-am-¡Â, cm-k-]-ZmÀ-Y-§-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw- F-¶nh- `-£y-[m-\y-§-fp-sS-bpw `-t£y-X-c-hn-f-I-fp-sS-bpw- DÂ-¸m-Z-\-£-a-X- hÀ-[n-¸n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. Cu ImÀ-jn-I h-fÀ-¨-tbm-sSm-¸w- A-k-a-Xz-hpw- hÀ-[n-̈ p. C´y Iq-Sp-XÂ- `-£y-[m-\y-§ÄDÂ-¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- `-£y- kz-bw-]-cym-]v-X-X ssI-h-cn-¡m³ {]m-]v-X-am-Ip-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp-sh-¦n-epw, et£m]e-£w P-\-§Äa-Xn-bm-b- B-lm-cw- \n-tj-[n-¡-s¸-«v-]-«n-Wn-¡pw- t]m-j-Im-lm-c-¡p-d-hn-\pw-C-c-bm-bn- I-gn-bp-I-bm-Wv.

3.18 ImÀ-jn-I-_-\v-[-§-fnÂ,\m-«n³]p-d-s¯- ap-X-em-fn-¯- _-\v-[-§-fp-sS- h-fÀ-̈ -bm-Wv- ap-Jy-{]-h-W-X.A-Xn-s³d-kz-̀ m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä C-h-bm-Wv-:{Km-a-§-fn-se- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶-_-lp-P-\-§-fp-sS- h-en-b- hn-̀ m-K-§ÄsXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bpw-{Km-ao-W-P-\-kw-Jy-bn-se- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- A-\p-]m-Xw-h³tXm-XnÂ- hÀ-[n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. IÀ-j-IÀ-¡n-S-bnÂ- thÀ-Xn-cn-hv-Xz-cn-X-am-Ip-¶p. DÂ-̧ m-Z-\w- I-t¼m-f-¯n-\p-th-n-bm-bn- am-dp-¶p. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-bn-]m-«-¡m-cm-b- Ip-Sn-bm-·mÀ- h³tXm-XnÂ-H-gn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. {Km-ao-W- [-\n-IÀ,hn-ti-jn-¨pw- `q-{]-̀ p-¡Ä, Ir-jn-bn-epw-Ir-jn-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s -̧«-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-§-fn-epw- hÀ-[n-¨- tXm-Xp-I-fnÂ-aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d- ]p-\À-\n-t£-]w- \-S-¯p-¶p.C-Xn-s³d- ^-e-am-bn- \m-fn-Xp-h-sc-D-m-bn-«n-Ãm-¯- tXm-XnÂ- aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d-]p-\-cpÂ-¸m-Z-\w- \-S-¡p-¶p.

3.19 Ir-jn-bnÂ- ap-X-em-fn-̄ -_-\v-[-§-fp-sS- h-fÀ-̈ -bm-Wv- ap-Jy-am-b-A-Jn-te-́ ym- {]-h-W-X. A-Xp-t]m-se {]-I-S-am-Wv, ImÀ-jn-I-_-\v-[-§Ä {]m-tZ-in-I-am-bpw- A-Xn-epw- Xm-gv-¶-X-e-§-fn-epw- Iq-Sp-XÂ- ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶-Xpw D¸m-Z-\-hpw- ssI-am-ähpw- kw-_-\v-[n-̈ -ap-X-em-fn-̄ - _-\v-[§-fp-sS- h-fÀ-̈ -Iq-Sp-XÂ-A-k-a-hp-am-sW-¶- h-kv-Xp-X. Ir-jn-bnÂ-ap-X-em-fn-̄ w- ap-t¶-dp-I-bpw- {Km-ao-W-k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-bnÂ- hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯n-ep-Å Ir-jn-bpw- ]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fpw- B-[n-]-Xyw- ]p-eÀ-¯p-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶- ]-e- ta-J-e-I-fpw cm-Py-̄ p-v. P-·n-Xz-̄ n-s³d-bpw Ip-Sn-bmbv-a-bp-sS-bpw- ]-g-b- cq-]-§-fpw,sXm-gnÂ-]-c-am-b- tk-h-\-¯n-s³d- {]m-No\ cq-]-§-fpw Zm-ky-hpw A-Sn-a-̧ -Wn-bpw- ImÀ-jn-I-_-\v-[-§-fnÂ- C-t¸m-gpw- {]-[m-\-am-b ]-¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶- ta-J-e-I-fp-ap-v. cm-Py-sa-¼m-Spw- Pm-Xob- hn-`-P-\-hpw- Pm-Xo-b A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-̄ -ep-I-fpw- enw-K-]-c-am-b- A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯en-s³d- \n-Ir-jv-S-cq-]-§-fpw- Z-cn-{Z-sc- lp-n-I-¡m-cpw- I-¨-h-S- aq-e-[-\-hpw- tNÀ-¶v- Nq-j-Ww- sN-¿p-¶-Xpw- \nÀ-_m-[w- Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv.C-́ y-bn-se- ImÀ-jn-I-cw-K-s¯- ap-X-em-fn-¯- h-fÀ-̈ - ]-g-b- cq-]-§-sf-\n-jv-I-cp-Ww- \-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-s -̧Sp-̄ n-b-X-Ã. a-dn-̈ v, {]m-Mv-ap-X-em-fn-¯- DÂ-¸m-Z-\- _-\v-[-§-fp-tS-Xpw-km-aq-ly- kw-L-S-\m-cq-]-§-fp-sS-Xp-am-b-PoÀ-Wm-h-in-jv-S-§Ä¡p-taÂ-{]-Xn-jv-Tn-¡-s -̧«n-«p-ÅXm-Wv. ""B[p-\n-IX''hn-I-kn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-Xn-\À-Yw-{]m-No-\-am-b-h-bp-sS- Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å A-kv-Xn-Xzw- H-gn-hm-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p-sh-¶-Ã. apX-em-fn-¯w-Ir-jn-bn-epw- {Km-ao-W-k-aq-l-̄ n-epw-A-kw-Jyw- cq-]-§-fnÂ- \p-g-ªp-I-b-dp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn-s³d- hn-]p-e-hpw-k-Po-h-hp-am-b- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- C-́ y.

3.20 kzm-X-{´yw- e-`n-̈ v-A-©p-Z-i-I-§Ä ]n-¶n-«n-«pw- _qÀ-jzmþ`q-{]-̀ p- ImÀ-jn-I-\-b-§-fp-sS- ^-e-am-bn IÀ-j-I- P-\-km-am-\y-¯nÂ- 70 i-X-am-\-hpw-Z-cn-{Z-IÀ-j-I-cpw- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-am-Wv.{]-Xy-t£mÂ-¸m-Z-\- B-kv-Xn-IÄA-hÀ-¡n-Ãm-¯-Xpw- Xp-Nv-O-am-b- th-X-\-hpw-]-cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-b- Po-hn-X-km-l-N-cy-§-fp-am-Wv- A-h-cp-sS-Zm-cn-{Zy-̄ n-s³d- ap-J-ap-{Z. C-́ y-bn-se-{Km-ao-W- Zm-cn-{Zyw-t]m-se- hym-]-I-am-b- Zm-cn-{Zyw- a-äp- tem-I-cm-Py-§-fn-sem-¶p-an-Ã.HutZym-Kn-I- I-W-¡p-IÄ {]-Im-cw- X-s¶-{Km-ao-W- `m-c-X-̄ n-se- 28.5 tIm-Sn-bn-te-sd-P-\-§Ä, kzm-X-{´yw- e-̀ n-̈ v- A-¼-Xp-hÀ-jw-]n-¶n-«n-«pw- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bv-¡v- Xm-sg-bm-Wv-I-gn-bp-¶-Xv. Zm-cn-{Zy-sa-¶-Xn-\p- \n-c-h-[n-am-\-§-fp- v. h-cp-am-\-an-Ãm-bv-a-bnÂ- A-Xv-H-Xp-§p-¶n-Ã. P-\-km-am-\y-s¯-kw-_-\v-[n-̈ n-S-t¯m-fw- \m-\m-cq-]-§-fn-em-W-Xv-{]-I-S-am-hp-¶-Xv. {Km-ao-W-Z-cn-{ZÀ-¡v- `q-an-tbm- a-äv- D¸m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-tfm- H-¶p-InÂ-e-`y-a-Ã, A-sÃ-¦nÂ- h-f-sc- Ip-d-̈ p-am-{X-sa-D-Åq. `q-kz-̄ n-s³d- tI-{µo-I-c-W-hpw- D-S-a-kv-Y-X-bn-se- A-k-a-Xz-hpw- Im-cy-am-b- am-äw-Iq-Sm-sX- Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv. C-tXm-sSm-¸w- P-e-tk-N-\-¯n-\p-Å kuI-cy-§Äh³tXm-XnÂ-{Km-ao-W-[-\n-I-cp-sS- A-[o-\-X-bnÂ- tI-{µo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.IÀ-j-IÀ-¡pw- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw-\ym-b-am-b- \n-c-¡nÂ- hm-bv-]-IÄe-`y-a-Ãm-̄ -Xn-\mÂ- A-hÀ-sIm-Å -̧en-i-bv-¡p-Å I-S-¯nÂ- B-p-ap-§n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Xp-Nv-O-am-b-Iq-en-bpw- Iq-en-bp-sS- Im-cy-̄ nÂ-kv-{Xo-I-tfm-Sp-Å hn-th-N-\-hpw-F-Sp-¯p-]-d-tb-- k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v- H-cp-hÀ-jw-i-cm-i-cn- 180 Zn-h-kw- t]m-epw- sXm-gnÂ-e-`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. {Km-ao-W-P-\-X-bnÂ- 50i-X-am-\-hpw- t]m-j-Im-lm-c-¡p-d-hn-\p-hn-t[-b-cm-bn- I-gn-bp-¶p. {Km-ao-W- km-£-c-Xm-t¯m-Xv- h-f-sc- Xp-Nv-O-am-Wv.Ip-Sn-sh-Åtam- B-tcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\-kuI-cy-tam- C-Ãm-¯, tam-i-s -̧«-]mÀ-¸n-S-§-fnÂ- hr-̄ n-lo-\-am-b-]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-bn-em-Wv- {Km-ao-W- Z-cn-{ZÀ-Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv.

3.21 `q-{]-`p-¡Ä, [-\n-I-Ir-jn-¡mÀ,I-cm-dp-ImÀ, h-en-b- hym-]m-cn-IÄ F¶n-h-cp-sS i-Iv-X-am-b- Iq-«p-sI-«v- an-¡-hm-dpw-\m-«n³]p-d-§-fnÂ- D-bÀ-¶p-h-¶n-«p-v. A-h-cm-Wv- {Km-a-§-fn-se- [-\n-IÀ. C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-\v- taÂ-ss¡-bp-Å kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fn-sem-gn-sI- A-hÀ ]-©m-b-¯ocm-Pv- kv-Ym-]-\-§fn-epwk-l-I-c-W-kw-L-§-fn-epw-{Km-ao-W-_m-¦p-I-fn-epw- hm-bv]m- GP³kn-I-fn-epw- B-[n-]-Xyw sN-ep-

¯p-I-bpw- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p-I-£n-I-fp-sS- {Km-ao-W- t\-Xr-Xz-s¯- \n-b-{´n-¡p-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶p. Cuhn-̀ m-K-§Ä ]n-gn-sª-Sp-¡p-¶ an-¨w- lp-n-I- C-S-]m-Sp-IÄ¡pw- Dul-¡-¨-h-S-§Ä¡pw- h-kv-Xp C-S-]m-Sp-IÄ¡pw- ImÀ-jn-I- hy-h-km-b-§Ä kv-Ym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-se A-[o-i-hÀKw- ]n-́ p-W k-am-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- Pm-Xn-hn-Im-cw-D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bpw- {Km-a-§-fn-se Z-cn-{Z-sc- `-b-N-In-X-cm-¡n- Io-gv-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- Kp- -I-sf \n-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. `q-{]-̀ p-¡-fnÂ-\n-¶p-Å F-XnÀ-̧ p-Im-c-Ww- `-c-W-L-S-\ {]m-_-ey-̄ nÂ-h-¶v- A-¼-Xp-hÀ-jw-I-gn-ªn-«pw- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v-an-\n-aw- Iq-en-bpw- sa-̈ -s -̧«- PohnX- km-l-N-cy-§-fpw- km-aq-ly-kp-c-£n-X-Xz-hpw D-d-̧ p-sN-¿p-¶- tI-{µ-\n-baw- sIm-p-h-cm³ H-cp- K-h¬sa³dn-\pw- km-[n-̈ n-«n-Ã.

3.22 {Km-ao-W- k-¼-Zv-L-S-\- A-Xn-th-Kw-hm-Wn-Py-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-s -̧«-tXm-sS- `-£y-[m-\y-§Ä¡pw- ImÀ-jn-I-N-c-¡p-IÄ¡p-ap-Å I-t¼m-fw- h-f-sc-tb-sd-h-fÀ-¶p. ImÀ-jn-tImÂ- -̧¶-§-fp-sS-taÂ-Ip-¯-I- hym-]m-c-kv-Ym-]-\-§-fp-sS- ]n-Sn-ap-dp-In.hn-I-kn-X- km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-IÄA-[o-\-¯n-em-¡n-s¡m- v- tem-I-I-t¼m-f-̄ nÂ-C-S-s]-Sp-¶- _-lp-cm-jv-{S- tImÀ-̧ -td-j-\p-IÄD-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-t¯m-sS-ImÀ-jn-tImÂ- -̧¶-§-fp-sS- hn-e-I-sf-Iq-Sp-XÂ- hn-]p-e-am-b- tXm-Xn-epw- t\-cn-«pw-\n-b-{´n-¡p-¶p. A-k-a-am-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-eq-sS-bpw- hn-e-\n-e-hm-c-¯nÂ-̀ -b-¦-c-am-b- hy-Xn-bm-\w- h-cp-¯n-bpw-IÀ-j-I-sc- Xo-{h-am-bn- Nq-j-Ww- sN-¿p-¶-Xv- ]-Xn-hp- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. XÂ-^-e-am-bn- IÀ-j-I³ ImÀ-jn-tImÂ- -̧¶-§-fp-sS- hnÂ- -̧\-¡m-c³F-¶- \n-ebn-epw- hy-h-km-b-km-a-{Kn-I-fp-sS t{I-Xm-hv- F-¶- \n-e-bn-epw-sIm-Åb-Sn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p.

3.23 `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-s³d-B-̀ n-ap-Jy-̄ n-ep-Å ap-X-em-fn-̄ - hn-I-k-\w-A-h-km-\n-̈ -Xn-s\- Xp-SÀ-¶p-m-b-D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W- \-b-§Ä C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-äm-n-s³d- A-h-km-\- Z-i-I-t¯m-sS-ImÀ-jn-I-þ{Km-a-hn-I-k-\-\-b-§-sf-hn-]Â-¡-c-hpw- ]n-́ n-cn-̧ -\p-am-b-h-gn-¯n-cn-hn-te-¡v- \-bn-¨p. Ir-jn-bn-epw-P-e-tk-N-\-̄ n-epw-]-iv-Nm-¯-e-kuI-cy-sam-cp-¡p-¶- a-äp- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-epw- s]m-Xp-ap-XÂ-ap-S-¡v-Ip-d-hp-h-cp-¯p-I-sb-¶-Xv- Cu\-b-§-fnÂ-s -̧Sp-¶p. HutZym-Kn-I-kv-Ym-]-\-§-fnÂ-\n-¶p-Å hm-bv-]m- hn-X-c-Ww-Ip-̄ -s\- Ip-d-ª-Xv- {Km-ao-W- Z-cn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-§-sf-bm-Wv- A-[n-I-hpw-tZm-j-I-c-am-bn- _m-[n-¨-Xv. {Km-ao-W-sXm-gnÂ-þZm-cn-{Zy- \nÀ-amÀ-P-\- ]-Zv-[-Xn-IÄsh-«n-¡p-d-̈ p. I-b-äp-a-Xn- D-t±-in-̈ p-sIm-p-ÅIr-jn-¡v- \-b-]-c-am-b- Du¶Â- \Â-I-s -̧«-Xv-km-{am-Py-Xz- cm-Py-§-fp-sS- B-h-iy-§Ä\n-d-th-äp-¶- hn-[-¯n-ep-Å `q-hn-\n-tbm-K- hn-fco-Xn-I-fn-te-¡p-Å am-ä¯n-te-¡v- \-bn-¨p.`-£y-[m-t\ymÂ-¸m-Z-\-̄ n-\p-Å Du¶Â-\o-¡n-b-Xpw- `-t£ym¸m-Z-\-¯nÂ- C-́ y-bp-sS- kz-bw-]-cym-]v-X-X- X-IÀ-¯-Xpw-cm-Py-̄ n-s³d- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-̄ n-\v- t\-cn-«p-Å`o-j-Wn-bm-Wv. ImÀ-jn-tIm -̧¶-§-fp-sS-C-d-¡p-a-Xn-¡p-taÂ- D-m-bn-cp-¶-A-f-hp-]-c-am-b- \n-b-{´-W-§-sf-Ãmw- tem-I-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S-\m- kw-hn-[m-\-a-\p-k-cn-̈ v-F-Sp-¯p-am-äs -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p. C-Xv-Ir-jn-¡m-cp-sS- Po-hn-X-s¯- Kuc-h-X-c-am-bn- D-e-¨n-«p- v. `q-]-cn-[n-\n-b-a-§Ä t\À-¸n-¡p¶-Xn-\pw- hn-tZ-i-ImÀ-jn-I-_n-kn-\-kp-ImÀ-¡pw- C-́ y-bn-se- h³In-S _nkn-\-kp-ImÀ-¡pw- \n-e-§Ä ]m-«-¯n-\p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fp-sS-taÂ- k-½À-Zw- cq-£-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv. hn-̄ p¸m-Z-\w, ]mep¸m-Z-\w- ap-X-em-b- ImÀ-jn-I-ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v- _-lp-cm-jv-{S-Ip-¯-I-IÄ{]-th-in-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. tem-I-hym-]m-c- kw-L-S-\-bnÂ-\n-¶pw-_-lp-cm-jv-{S-tImÀ-]-td-j-\p-I-fnÂ-\n-¶pap-Åk-½À-Z-̄ n-\p- h-g-§n- ssP-h-hn-̀ -h-§-sf-kw-_-\v-[n-¨v- C-́ y-¡p-Å kz-mX-{´y-hpw-IÀ-j-I-cp-sS-bpw- b-YmÀ-Y-k-ky-{]-P-\-I-cp-sS-bpw- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw-A-Sn-b-d-h-bv-¡p-¶- \-b-§-fm-Wv-]n-́ p-SÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. kÀ-¡m-cn-s³d-B-̀ n-ap-Jy-̄ n-ep-Å K-th-j-W-þhn-I-k-\-kw-hn-[m-\-§ÄZpÀ-_-e-am-¡-s¸-«p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.

3.24 `-c-W-Iq-Sm-̀ n-ap-Jy-̄ nÂ-Ir-jn-bnÂ- ap-X-em-fn-¯w- hn-I-kn-¨-Xv-`q-{]-̀ p-¡Ä, ap-X-em-fn-̄ - IÀ-j-IÀ,[-\n-I-Ir-jn-¡mÀ- F-¶n-h-cpw- A-h-cp-sS-k-Jy-I-£n-I-fpw- H-cp-h-i-̄ pw- ap-Jy-am-bpw-IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ, Z-cn-{Z-IÀ-j-IÀ,ssI-th-e-¡mÀ- F-¶n-h-c-S-§p-¶- IÀ-j-I- P-\-km-am-\yw- a-dp-h-i-¯p-am-bn- I-Sp-¯-tN-cn-Xn-cn-hn-te-¡p- \-bn-¨p. Xp-SÀ-¶p-m-b-ImÀ-jn-I-cw-K-s¯- D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W- \-b-§Ä{Km-ao-W- Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS- `m-cw- ho-pw-hÀ-[n-¸n-̈ p. Cu hn-kv-t^m-S-Im-h-kv-Y-bm-Wv hym-]-I-am-b- Zm-cn-{Zy-̄ n-\v- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.`q-kz-¯n-s³d- Ip-¯-I- X-IÀ-¡p-I-bpw- Z-cn-{Z-IÀ-j-I-cp-sS-bpw-IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw- IS-`m-cw A-h-km-\n-̧ n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿m-sX- cm-Py-̄ v-km-¼-¯n-I-hpw- km-aq-ly-hp-am-b-]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\-¯n-\v- A-Sn-̄ -d-]m-Im-\m-hn-Ã.

3.25 km-{am-Py-Xz-t{]-cn-X-am-b-B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-hpw- C-́ y³`-c-W-hÀ-K-§Ä ]n-´p-S-cp-¶- D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-\-b-§-fpw- \-½p-sS- cm-Py-s¯- FÃm- cw-K-§-fn-epw- km-{am-Py-Xz- I-S-¶p-I-b-äw-aqÀ-Nv-On-̧ n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. C-́ y³ k-aq-l-¯n-s³d- F-Ãm- cw-K-§-fn-epw-I-S-¶p-I-b-dm-\pw- kzm-[o\w- sN-ep-¯m-\p-ap-Å A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w- kr-jv-Sn-̈ -Xv- _-lp-cm-jv-{S-tImÀ-̧ -td-j-\p-IÄ¡pw- km-{am-Py-Xz-^n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\-̄ n-\pw- k-¼-Zv-L-S-\ Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¯-Xm-Wv. D-tZym-K-kv-Y-hr-µ-hpw- hn-Zym-̀ ym-k- k-{¼-Zm-b-hpw- am-[y-a-§-fpw-kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- a-Wv-U-e-hpw- km-{am-Py-Xz-\p-g-ªp-I-b-ä¯n-\p-hn-t[-b-am-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p.

3.26 tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-t\-äXn-cn-¨-Sn-bp-sS- ^-e-am-bn- tem-I-s¯-im-Iv-Xn-I-_-em-_-e-̄ nÂ- am-äw-kw-̀ -hn-¨-tXm-sS- a-X-auen-I-hm-Z-]-c-hpw-]n-´n-cn- -̧\pw- tKm-{Xm-[n-jv-Tn-X-hp-am-b-k-¦p-Nn-X-hm-Z-̄ n-\v- C-́ y-bn-epw- kzm-[o-\w- D-m-bn. X-§-fp-sS- ]n-Sn-bpw- kzm-[o-\-hpw-i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n- cm-Py-̄ n-s³d-sF-Iyw- ZpÀ-_-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- C-̄ -cw- i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- h-fÀ-̈ -bnÂ-\n-¶v-ap-X-se-Sp-¡m-\m-Wv- km-{am-PyXzw- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv. cm-jv-{S-mXo-X- tImÀ-̧ -td-j-\p-I-fp-sS- h-cp-Xn-bn-ep-Å {]_-

e-am-b- A-´m-cm-jv-{S- am-[y-a-§-fp-sS- h-fÀ-¨- km-aq-ly-hpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hp-am-b-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ- t\-cn-«v- C-S-s]-Sp-¶-Xn-\pw-kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw-km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-\v- A-h-k-c-ap-m-¡p-¶p.cm-jv-{Sm-Xo-X- am-[y-a-§ÄD-]-t`m-K-Xz-c-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xpw-hy-Iv-Xn-tI-{µo-Ir-X-hpw- PoÀ-Wn-̈ -Xp-am-b-aq-ey-§Ä hym-]n-̧ n- v̈- \-½p-sS- k-aq-l-s¯- t\-cn-«v- kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶p. h³In-S-_qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS-bpw- a-äv-hm-Wn-Py- XmÂ-]-cy-§-fp-sS-bpw- \n-b-{ -́W-̄ n-ep-ÅC-́ y-bn-se- am-[y-a-§Ä Nn-«-bm-bn- C-tX-aq-ey-§Ä {]-N-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv.B-tcm-Ky-I-c-hpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hpw-a-X-\n-c-t]-£-hp-am-b- aq-ey-§-fp-sS-h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v- C-̄ -cw- {]-Xn-tem-a-{]-h-W-X-I-sf-F-Xn-cn-tS--Xv- B-h-iy-am-Wv.

3.27 1950þÂ- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-s -̧«- C-́ ym-dn- -̧»n-¡n-s³d- `-c-W-L-S-\, `-c-W-Iq-Sw-]n-́ p-S-tc- -Xm-b- amÀ-K-\nÀ-tZ-i-I-X¯z-§ÄB-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. Xm-sg- ]-d-bp-¶-h-A-XnÂ- DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. Hm-tcm- ]uc-\pw- aXn-bm-b- D-]-Po-h-t\m-]m-[n-bpw sXm-gn-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å A-h-Im-i-hpw, k-¼-¯n-s³d- tI-{µo-I-c-W-¯n-\v- C-S-bm-¡m-̄ -k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kvY; hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-̄ n-\p-ÅA-h-Im-i-hpw- Ip-«n-IÄ¡v- kuP-\y-hpw- \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-hp-am-b- hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw-e-`y-am-¡-epw-; sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v- Po-hn-¡m³B-h-iy-am-b- th-X-\-hpw- kv-{Xo-þ]p-cp-j-·mÀ-¡v-Xp-ey-tPm-en-¡v- Xp-ey-th-X-\-hpw. CuX¯z-§-sfm-¶pw- {]-tbm-K-̄ nÂ-km-£mÂ-¡-cn-¡-s -̧«n-«n-Ã. `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se-Im-gv-N-¸m-Spw- _qÀ-jzm- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS-{]-tbm-K-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å kv-]-jv-S-am-b- A-́ -cw- kzm-X-{´y-e-_v-[n-¡p-ti-jw-A-h-tcm-[n-¡-s -̧«- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p-hy-h-kv-Y--s¡-Xn-cm-b- \n-in-Xamb- Ip-ä]-{X-am-Wv.

IV hn-tZ-i-\-bw -

4.1. A-´n-a-hn-i-I-e-\-¯nÂ- G-sXm-cp- cm-jv-{S-̄ n-s³d-bpw- A-hn-S-s¯- K-h¬-sa³dn-s³d-bpw- hn-tZ-i-\-bw- A-Xn-s³d- B-`y- -́c-\-b-̄ n-s³d- {]-Xn-^-e-\-am-bn-cn-¡pw. A-Xv- _-\v-[-s¸-«- cm-jv-{S-s¯-bpw- K-h¬-sa-³dn-s\-bpw- \-bn-¡p-¶- hÀ-K-̄ n-s³d- A-Y-hm- hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- XmÂ-]-cy-§-sf-bm-Wv-ap-Jy-am-bpw- {]-Xn-^-en-̧ n-¡p-I. km-{am-Py-Xz-s¯- F-XnÀ-¡p-I-bpw- A-tXm-sSm-̧ w- A-h-cp-am-bn- k-\v-[n-sN-¿p-I-bpw- Iq-«p-Iq-Sp-Ibp-sa-¶- \-½p-sS- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- Zzn-ap-J-kz-`m-h-am-Wv- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- C-́ ym-K-h¬-sa³dn-s³d- hn-tZ-i-\-bw- {]-Xn-̂ -en-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. I-gn-ª- A-©p-Z-i-I-§-fn-se- hn-tZ-i-\-b-̄ n-s³d- cq-]-]-cn-Wm-aw- sam-̄ -¯nÂ- A-h-tem-I-\w-sN-¿p-t¼mÄ Cu Zzn-ap-J-kz-`m-hw- {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶p. A-¼-Xp-I-fp-sS- a-[yw-h-sc-bp-Å {]m-cw-̀ -L-«-¯nÂ- {_n-«-s\-bpw- a-äv- km-{am-Py-Xz-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- {]o-Wn-̧ n-¡p-I-sb-¶- `o-cp-Xzw- \n-d-ª- \-b-am-Wv- C-́ ym-K-h¬-sa³dv- ]n-́ p-SÀ-¶-Xv. F-¦n-epw, A-¼-Xp-I-fp-sS- a-[y-t¯m-sS- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- Zn-im-t_m-[w- D-m-bn. km-{am-Py-Xz-þtkm-jy-en-kv-äv- tN-cn-I-fm-bn- XoÀ-̄ pw- `n-¶n-¨- H-cp- tem-I-̄ v- km-{am-Py-Xz-k-Jy-̄ nÂ- tN-cm-sX-hn-«p-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å km-[y-X- hy-Iv-X-am-bpw- Xp-d-¶p-In-«n. tN-cn-tN-cm-bv-a-bv-¡v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-bpw- ssk-\n-I-k-Jy-§Äs¡-Xn-cm-bpw- k-am-[m-\-̄ n-\p-th-n-bpw- sIm-tfm-Wn-bÂ- P-\-X-I-fp-sS- tZ-io-b-hn-tam-N-\- k-a-c-s¯- ]n-´p-W-̈ p-sIm-pw- hn-tZ-i-\-b-̄ nÂ- am-äw-h-¶p.

4.2. Cu \-bw- tkm-hn-b-äv-bq-Wn-b-\pw- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- cm-Py-§-fp-am-bp-Å kulr-Z-_-\v-[-§-fnÂ- sIm-s-¯n-¨p. F-¦n-epw, 1962þÂ- ssN-\-bp-am-bp-m-b- A-XnÀ-̄ n-kw-L-«-\-t¯m-sS- C-́ y- A-ta-cn-¡-bp-sS-bpw- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy-i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw- ssk-\n-I-k-lm-bw- tX-Sn-s¡m-v- A-h-cp-am-bn- Iq-«p-tN-cp-I-sb-¶- L-«-¯n-\v- km-£yw-h-ln-̈ p. Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-\p-ti-jw- hn-tZ-i-\-bw- H-cn-¡Â-¡q-Sn- km-{am-Py-hn-cp-²-Zn-i- ssI-h-cn-¨p. 1971þÂ- _w-¥m-tZ-in-se- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-s¯- ]n-´p-W-¨-Xpw- tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b-\p-am-bn- kulr-Z- D-S-¼-Sn- D-m-¡n-b-Xpw- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- L-«w- Ip-dn-̈ p. tZ-io-b- hn-tam-N-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-§-sf- ]n-´p-W-̈ p-sIm-pw- tem-I-k-am-[m-\-̄ n-\p-th-n-bpw- F-gp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-cw-K-̄ v- C-́ y- k-Po-h- ]-¦p-h-ln-¨p.

4.3. hn-tZ-i-\-b- ]-cn-X-xkv-Yn-Xn-bnÂ- C-́ y³ _qÀ-jzm-kn-bpw- km-{am-Py-Xz-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å ssh-cp-[yw- {]-I-S-am-b-Xv- Im-iv-aoÀ-{]-iv-\w- kw-_-\v-[n-̈ pw- X-§-fp-sS- I-cp-\o-¡-§-fp-sS- Xm-h-f-am-bn- ]m-¡n-kv-Xm-s\- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶- A-ta-cn-¡-bp-sS- X-{´-]-c-am-b- ]-²-Xn-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s¸-«p-am-Wv. \-h-kz-X-{´-cm-Py-§Ä¡n-S-bn-se- H-cp- ap-¶-Wn-cm-Py-sa-¶- \n-e-bnÂ- C-́ y³ _qÀ-jzm-kn- tN-cn-tN-cm-\-b-¯n-s³d- ap-¶nÂ-\n-¶-Xv- s]m-Xp-th- cm-Py-XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä¡p- A-\p-Kp-W-am-bn-cp-¶p- F-¦n-epw, `-c-W-hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- hÀ-K-kz-̀ m-hw-aq-ew- Cu \-bw- Nm-©m-«-§Ä¡v- hn-t[-b-am-bn-cp-¶p. hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-s¯- A-\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶- B-`y- -́c-\-b-§-fpw- kz-X-{ -́am-b- hn-tZ-i-\-b-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å ssh-cp-[y-§Ä F-t¸m-gpw- \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶p.

4.4. tkm-hn-b-äv- bq-Wn-b³ in-Yn-e-am-Ip-I-bpw- B-̀ y-́ -c-am-bn- D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-s³d- km-¼-̄ n-I-\-b-§Ä Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-tXm-sS- C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-äm-n-s³d- A-h-km-\-Z-i-I-̄ nÂ- hn-tZ-i-\-bw- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- L-«-̄ n-te-¡v- I-S-¶p. ZoÀ-L-Im-e-am-bn- ssI-s¡m-- tN-cn-tNcm- \n-e-]m-Spw- km-{am-PyXzhn-cp-²-hn-tZ-i-\-b-hpw- ]n-t¶m-«-Sn-¡p-¶- {]-{Inb- \-c-knw-l-dm-hp- K-h¬-sa³dn-s³d- Im-e-̄ v- B-cw-`n-¨p. kzm-{i-bXzw- ssI-sh-Sn-ªv- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-¯n-\pw- D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-

¯n-\pw- h-g-§n-b-Xv- C-́ y-bp-sS-taÂ- k-½ÀZw-sN-ep-̄ m³ km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-\v- Iq-Sp-XÂ- k-lm-b-am-Ip-I-bpw- AXv ]e hntZi\b \ne]mSpIfnepw {]ISamIpIbpw sN-bv-Xp. ssk-\n-I-]-cn-io-e-\-hpw- kw-bp-Iv-X- A-`ym-k-§-fpw- kw-_-\v-[-am-bn- bp- F-kv- F-bp-am-bn- H-cp- ssk-\n-I- k-l-I-c-W- D-S-¼-Sn-bnÂ- C-́ ym- K-h¬-sa³dv- sXm-®q-dp-I-fnÂ- H-¸p-sh-¨p. 1998þÂ- _n- sP -]n- K-h¬-sa³dv- A-[n-Im-c-̄ n-te-dn-b-tXm-sS- Cu km-{am-Py-Xzm-\p-Iq-e- {]-h-W-X- Iq-Sp-XÂ- I-cp-̄ mÀ-Pn-̈ p.A-ta-cn-¡-bp-sS- H-cp- Pq-\n-bÀ- ]-¦m-fn-bm-bn- am-dp-¶- X-c-̄ n-ep-Å \-bw- ap-t¶m-«p-h-̈ p-sIm- v- _n -sP -]n- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- hn-tZ-i-\-b-̄ nÂ- h-¼n-̈ - hy-Xn-bm-\w- h-cp-¯n. A-ta-cn-¡-bp-sS- B-tKm-f-e-£y-§Ä h-I-sh-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- ZoÀ-L-Im-e-am-bn- ap-d-sI- ]n-Sn-¨n-cp-¶- ]-e- tN-cn-tN-cm- \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fpw- A-Xv- D-t]-£n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. ssN-\-¡pw- d-jy-¡pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- X-{ -́]-c-am-b- Hcp-k-Jy-̄ n-te-¡v- C-́ y-sb- h-en-̈ n-g-¡p-I- F-¶- ZoÀ-L-Im-e- ]²Xn- A-ta-cn-¡-¡v- D-ÅXn-\mÂ- hn-tZ-i-\-b-¯n-\p-Å hn-]-̄ v- H-cp- bm-YmÀ-Yy-am-Wv. h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn- cm-Py-s¯- \-bn-¡p-I-bpw- km-{am-Py-Xzm-\p-Iq-e- km-¼-̄ n-I-\-b-§Ä ]n-́ p-S-cp-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶- Im-e-t¯m-fw- C-́ y³ P-\-X-bp-sS- b-YmÀ-Y- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä \n-d-th-äp-¶, tN-cn-tN-cm-bv-a-bn-epw- km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-²-X-bn-epw- A-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b, Nm-©m-«-an-Ãm-̄ - hn-tZ-i-\-bw- D-d-¸p-h-cp-̄ m-\m-hn-Ã.

4.5. C-́ y-bp-sS- hn-tZ-i-þB-W-h-\-b-§-fnÂ- hn-]Â-¡-c-am-b- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- L-«w- Ip-dn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv- 1998ta-bnÂ- s]m-Jv-dm-\nÂ- \-S-̄ n-b- ]-co-£-W-§Ä¡p-ti-jw- A-Wzm-bp-[-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-te-¡v- \o-§p-hm-\p-Å _n- sP- ]n- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å K-h¬-sa³dn-s³d- Xo-cp-am-\w. C-́ y-bp-sS- B-W-h-]-co-£-W-§-tfm-Sv- ]m-In-kv-Xm³ {]-Xn-I-cn-¨-tXm-sS- D-]-̀ q-J-Wv-U-̄ nÂ- A-Wzm-bp-[-]- -́b-̄ n-s³d-]-cn-X-:kv-Yn-Xn- kr-jv-Sn-¡-s¸-«p. k-¦p-Nn-X-tZ-io-b-hn-Im-cw- C-f-¡n-hn-Sp-¶- B-W-h-\-bw- tN-cn-tN-cm-bv-a-bp-tS-Xpw- k-am-[m-\-¯n-t³d-Xp-am-b- Nn-c-Im-e-\-b-̄ n-\v- Xp-c-¦w-h-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-Xv- A-ta-cn-¡³ km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-s³d- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-Å km-{am-Py-Xz-k-½ÀZ§Ä¡v- C-́ y-sb- Iq-Sp-XÂ- h-iw-h-Z-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

4.6. hn-tZ-i-\-b-¯n-se- km-{am-Py-Xzm-\p-Iq-e- Nm-bv-hn-s\- s]m-cp-Xn- tXmÂ-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- km-{am-Py-Xz- k-½À-Z-§-sf- A-I-äp-¶-Xn-\m-bn- hn-tZ-i-\-bw- tN-cn-tN-cm-bv-a-bp-tS-Xm-b- A-Sn-̄ -d-bpw- Zn-im-t_m-[-hpw- \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-¶p-sh-¶v- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw- C-S-Xp-]-£-þP-\m-[n-]-Xy- i-Iv-Xn-IÄ h-¼n-¨- k-a-cw- \-S-t¯--Xm-bp-v. A-¯-c-sam-cp- \-bw- am-{X-ta- tem-I-Im-cy-§-fnÂ- C-́ y-bv-¡v- kz-X-{´-am-b- ]-¦v- \n-e-\nÀ-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw- km-¼-¯n-I- kzm-X-{´yw- ]-cn-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- k-lm-b-I-am-hp-I-bp-Åq.

V`-c-W-Iq-S-L-S-\-bpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw-

5.1. ap-X-em-fn-̄ - hn-I-k-\-]m-X- ]n-́ p-S-cp-¶-Xn-\m-bn- hn-tZ-i-̂ n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\-hp-am-bn- Iq-Sp-XÂ- Iq-Sp-XÂ- k-l-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bmÂ- \-bn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xp-am-b- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p-hÀ-K- `-c-W-¯n-s³d- D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv- C-¶-s¯- C-́ y³ `-c-W-Iq-Sw. \m-Sn-s³d- Po-hn-X-¯nÂ- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶- ]-¦n-s³d-bpw- \-S-¯p-¶- {]-hÀ-̄ -\-¯n-s³d-bpw- k-¯- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-bn- \nÀ-W-bn-¡p-¶-Xv- Cu hÀ-K-kz-̀ m-h-am-Wv.

5.2. `-c-W-Iq-S- L-S-\- t]-cn-\v- s^-U-dÂ- B-sW-¦n-epw- A-[n-Im-c-§-fn-epw- k-¼-̄ n-epw- an-¡-Xpw- tI-{µ-K-h¬sa³dn-s³d- I-c-§-fnÂ- tI-{µo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. s]m-Xp-hm-b- `m-j-bp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯nÂ- kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä cq-]o-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶- B-h-iy-s¯- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn- B-Zyw- sN-dp-¯p-sh-¦n-epw, _-lp-P-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-§-fp-sS-bpw- {]-t£m-`-§-fp-sS-bpw- I-Sp-¯- k-½À-Zw-aq-ew- `m-jm-kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-t\mSv- tbm-Pn-¡m³ A-Xv- \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-am-bn. `-c-W-]-c-am-b- kuI-cy-̄ n-s³d- t]-cnÂ- sN-dp-kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-I- F-¶- hm-Zw- D-¶-bn-̈ p-sIm-v- _n- sP -]n- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å K-h¬-sa³dv- `m-jm- kw-kv-Ym-\-X-Xz-¯n-\p-taÂ- ]p-Xn-b- B-{I-a-Ww- A-gn-¨p-hn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. C-Xv- s^-U-dÂ-L-S-\-sb- Iq-Sp-XÂ- ZpÀ-_-e-am-¡pw. Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«- kw-kv-Ym-\-K-h¬sa³dp-I-sf- kv-Ym-\-{`-jv-S-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s -̧«- kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-̀ -I-sf- ]n-cn-̈ p-hn-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-am-bn- `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- 356þmw- A-\p-tÑZ-̄ nÂ- A-́ À-eo-\-am-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-²- hy-h-kv-Y-IÄ tI{µw- B-hÀ-̄ n- v̈- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯n-b-Xv, s^-U-dÂ- hy-h-kv-Y-sb- A-«n-a-dn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fp-sS- kz-bw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-¯n-\p-taÂ- ssI-tb-äw- \-S-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw- H-cp- {]-[m-\- B-bp-[-am-bn. L-S-I-kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä¡v- Im-cy-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-fn-Ãm-sX- A-h-sb- tI-{µ-K-h¬-sa³dn-s³d- B-{in-X-cm-¡p-¶-Xv- hn-I-k-\-{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-sf- ]cn-an-X-s -̧Sp-¯p¶p.

5.3. C-̄ -c-sam-cp- ]-cn-X-:kv-Yn-Xn-bnÂ- tI-{µ-K-h¬-sa³dpw- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å ssh-cp-[y-§Ä h-fÀ-¶-Xv- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Cu ssh-cp-[y-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ- In-S-¸p-ÅXv- ]-e-t¸m-gpw- H-cp-h-i-¯v- h³In-S- _qÀjzm-kn-bpw- a-dp-h-i-¯v- H-¶-sÃ-¦nÂ- a-säm-cp- kw-kv-Ym-\-s¯- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bpw- `q-{]-`p-¡-fpw- DÄs¸-sS- ap-gp-h³ P-\-X-bpw- X-½n-ep-Å B-nd§n-b- ssh-cp-[y-am-Wv. ap-X-em-fn-̄ -¯n³Io-gnÂ- A-k-a-am-b- km-¼-̄ n-I- hn-Im-kw- cq-£-am-Ip-¶-Xn-\mÂ- Cu ssh-cp-[yw- \n-c-́ -cw- aqÀ-Ñn-¡p¶p. C-Xn-s³d- H-cp- cm-jv-{So-b- _-lnÀ-{]-I-S-\-am-Wv- {]m-tZ-in-I- cm-jv-{So-b-I-£n-I-fp-sS-

B-hnÀ-`m-hw. Cu kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fn-se- P-\-§-fp-sS- `m-jmþtZio-b- hn-Im-c-§Ä {]-Xn-^-en-̧ n-¡p-¶- A-h- s]m-Xp-th- {]-Xn-\n-[m\w- sN-¿p-¶-Xv- {]m-tZ-in-I- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p- hÀ-K-§-sf-bm-Wv.

5.4. kzm-X-{´y-e-_v-[n-¡p-ti-jw- ]n-´p-SÀ-¶- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p-\-b-§-fm-Wv- tZ-io-ssb-Iy-̄ n-s³d- {]-iv-\-§Ä aqÀ-On-̧ n-¨-Xv. A-t\-Iw- \yq\-]-£- tZ-io-b-hn-̀ m-K-§-fp-sS-bpw- hw-io-b-hn-̀ m-K-§-fp-sS-bpw- B-hm-k-tI-{µ-am-Wv- cm-Py-¯n-s³d- h-S-¡p-In-g-¡³ ta-J-e. ap-X-em-fn-̄ - hn-I-k-\w- Du«n-h-fÀ-̄ n-b- A-k-a-am-b- hn-I-k-\-̄ n-s³d-bpw- {]m-tZ-in-I-am-b- A-k-́ p-e-\-̄ n-s³d-bpw- ^-e-am-bn- A-Xv- G-ähpw- Iq-Sp-XÂ- sI-Sp-Xn-I-f-\p-̀ -hn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. hn-̀ -P-\-hm-Zw- D-¶-bn-¡p-¶- Xo-{h-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS- h-fÀ-¨-¡v- C-Xv- h-f-¡q-dp-Å a-s®m-cp-¡p-I-bpw- km-{am-Py-Xz- G-P³kn-IÄ A-h-sc- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. Xo-{h-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS- A-{I-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fpw- hw-io-b-kv-]À-[-bpw- hn-I-k-\-b-Xv-\-¯n-\pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-§Ä¡pw- {]-Xn-_-\v-[w- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶p.

5.5. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 370þmw- A-\p-tÑ-Z-{]-Im-cw- P-½p-þIm-iv-ao-cn-\v- {]-tXy-I-]-Z-hn-bpw- kz-bw-̀ -c-Wm-[n-Im-c-hpw- \Â-In-bn-cp-¶p. ]n-¶n-«- Z-i-I-§-fnÂ- kz-bw-̀ -c-W-hy-h-kv-Y-IÄ K-Wy-am-bn- sh-«n-¡p-d-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- Xm-gv-h-c-bn-se- P-\-X- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- A-\y-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp. ]m¡n-kv-Xm-s³d- ]n³_-e-ap-Å Xo-{h-hm-Z-i-Iv-Xn-IÄ C-XnÂ-\n-¶v- ap-X-se-Sp-̄ p. bp- F-kv- F-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ- km-{am-Py-Xzw- C-́ y-bv-¡p-taÂ- k-½À-Zw- sN-ep-̄ p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- Cu XÀ-¡w- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bpw- Cu ta-J-e-bn-se- C-S-s]-SÂ- hÀ-[n-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. tZ-io-ssb-Iy-¯n-t³d-Xm-b- aÀ-a{]-[m-\-{]-iv-\w- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b- co-Xn-bnÂ- ]cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- ]-cm-P-b-̄ n-s³d- Zr-jvSm- -́§-fm-Wv- h-S-¡p-In-g-¡³ ta-J-e-bn-se-bpw- Im-iv-ao-cn-se-bpw- {]-iv\-§Ä.

5.6. G-gp-tIm-Sn- h-cp-¶- B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fpw- tKm-{X-hÀ-K-¡m-cpw- ar-Ko-b-am-b- ap-X-em-fn-¯-þAÀ-[-^yqUÂ- Nq-j-W-¯n-s³d- C-c-I-fm-Wv. A-h-cp-sS- `q-an- A-\ym-[o-\-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- h-\-̄ n-t·Â- A-hÀ-¡p-Å A-h-Im-iw- \n-tj-[n-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p. I-cm-dp-ImÀ-¡pw- `q-{]-`p-¡Ä¡pw-Ip-d-ª- sN-e-hnÂ- ]-Wn-sb-Sp-̧ n-¡m-hp-¶-h-tcm- A-Sn-a- -̧Wn-¡m-tcm- B-bn- A-hÀ- am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Nn-e- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fnÂ- B-Zn-hm-kn-P-\-§Ä {]-tXy-I- ta-J-e-I-fm-bn- A-[n-h-kn-¡p-¶p-; X-\-Xp- `m-j-bpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- A-hÀ-¡p-v. X-§-fp-sS- hy-Iv-Xn-Xz-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- \n-e-\nÀ-¯n-s¡m-v- hn-I-k-\-¯n-\p-Å X-§-fp-sS- A-h-Im-iw- ]-cn-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-¨v- tKm-{X-P-\-X-bp-sS- A-h-t_m-[w- D-WÀ-¶n-cn¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-h-cp-sS- \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-\p-X-s¶-bpw- `o-j-Wn- t\-cn-Sp-¶-Xn-\mepw- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS- lr-Z-b-iq-\y \-b-§-fmepw- tKm{X-P-\-§-fn-se- Nn-e- hn-̀ m-K-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ- hn-`-P-\-hm-Z-Nn-́ - i-IvXn-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-h-cp-sS- A-h-Im-i-§Äkw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- A-hÀ- `q-cn-]-£w- h-cp-¶- sXm-«p-sXm-«p-Å {]-tZ-i-§Ä DÄs -̧Sp-̄ n- {]m-tZ-inI- kz-bw-̀ -c-Wm-[n-Im-cw- \Â-Ip-I-sb-¶-Xv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hpw- \ymb-hp-am-b- B-h-iy-am-Wv. A-h-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-\v- Nn-e- kuP-\y-§-Ä \Â-In-s¡m-v- A-h-cp-sS- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X- sF-Iy-ZmÀ-Vyw-X-IÀ-¡m³ apX-em-fn-þ`q-{]-`p- tIm¬-{Sm-Iv-SÀ- Iq-«p-sI-«v- \n-c-́ -cw- Xp-\n-bp-I-bpw- Ah-cpsS- \ym-b-am-b- A-h-Im-i-§Ä \n-tj-[n-¡p-I-bpw- ar-Ko-b-am-b- _-e-{]-tbm-K-̄ n-eq-sS- A-h-sc- A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p.

5.7 `-c-W-L-S-\-bnÂ- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bp-sS- X¯z-§Ä B-te-J-\w- sN-bvXn-«p- v. `-c-W-Iq-S-s¯- \-bn-¡p-¶- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn- a-X-\n-c-t]-£- P\m-[n-]-Xy- aq-ey-§Ä D-Zv-tLm-jn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. F-¦n-epw- {]-tbm-K-̄ nÂ- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X- hn-I-e-am-Wv. a-X-\n-c-t]-£X- F-¶- Im-gv-N-̧ m-Sn-s\- A-̧ m-sS- A-hÀ- h-f-s¨m-Sn-¡p-¶p. a-X-s¯- ]qÀW-am-bpw- cm-jv-{So-b-¯nÂ-\n-¶v-thÀ-s]-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- `-c-W-Iq-S- hnj-b-§-fn-epw- cm-jv-{So-b-Po-hn-X-̄ n-epw- H-cp-t]m-se- C-S-s]-Sm³ F-Ãm- a-X-hn-izm-k-§Ä¡pw- kzm-X-{´yw- F-¶m-Wv- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bp-sS- AÀ-Y-sa-¶v- P-\-§-sf- hn-iz-kn-̧ n-¡m³ A-hÀ- {i-an-¡p-¶p. a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bv-¡v- hn-cp-²-am-b- {]-h-W-X-IÄs¡-Xn-sc- A-Sn-bp-d-̈ p-\n-¶v- t]m-cm-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- _qÀ-jzm-kn- ]-e-t¸m-gpw- C-f-hp-IÄ \Â-In- A-h-sb- iIvXn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p. hÀ-Ko-b-hpw- ^m-kn-kv-äv- kz-`m-h-ap-ÅXp-am-b- BÀ- Fkv- F-kv- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-Å Iq-«p-sI-«v- D-bÀ-¶p-h-cp-I-bpw- tI-{µ-¯nÂ- A[n-Im-c-¯n-te-dp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-tXm-sS- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bp-sS- A-Sn-̄ -d-bv¡p-Å `o-j-Wn- kw-{`-a-P-\-I-am-bn-«p- v. `-c-W-Iq-S- kv-Ym-]-\-§-sf-bpw- `cW-kw-hn-[m-\-s¯-bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k-hy-h-kv-Y-sb-bpw- am-[y-a-§-sf-bpw- hÀ--Ko-b-hÂ-¡-cn-¡m³ \n-c-́ c-{i-a-§Ä \-S-¡p-¶p. `q-cn-]-£-hÀ-Ko-b-X-bp-sS- h-fÀ-¨- \yq\-]-£-hÀ-Ko-b-X-bp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-IÄ¡v- I-cp-t¯-Ip-I-bpw- tZ-io-ssb-Iy-s¯- A-]-I-S-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bpw- sN-¿pw. h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bn-se- Nn-e- hn-̀ m-K-§Ä _n- sP -]n-¡pw- A-Xn-s³d- hÀ-Ko-b-th-Zn-¡pw- \Â-Ip-¶- ]n-́ p-W- cm-Py-s¯- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-\pw- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bv-¡pw- Kp-cp-X-c-am-b- `-hn-jy-̄ p-IÄ D-f-hm-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv.

5.8 A-Xn-\mÂ- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bp-sS- X-Xz-§Ä A-N-©-e-am-bn- \-S-̧ m-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- hn-«p-ho-gv-N-bn-Ãm-¯- k-a-cw- \-S-̄ m³ \-½p-sS- ]mÀ«n- {]-Xn-Pv-Rm-_-²-am-Wv. B- X-Xz-§-fnÂ-\n-¶p-Å t\-cn-b- hy-Xn-bm-\w-t]m-epw- Xp-d-¶p-Im-«n- t]m-cm-S-Ww. `q-cn-]-£-am-bm-epw- \yq\-]-£-§-fm-bm-epw, Hm-tcm- k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-epw- s]-«-hÀ-¡v- hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s¶- H-cp- a-X-¯n-epw- hn-iz-kn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- G-Xp- a-X-̄ n-s³d-bpw- A-\p-jv-Tm-\-§Ä sN-¿m-\pw- bm-sXm-cp- A-\p-jv-Tm-\-¯n-epw- GÀ-s -̧Sm-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-ap-Å A-h-Im-iw- ]-cn-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- cm-jv-{S-̄ n-s³d- km-¼-¯n-I-hpw- cm-jv-{So-b-hpw- `-c-W-\nÀ-h-l-W-]-c-hp-am-b- Pohn-X-¯nÂ- a-Xw- G-Xp-cq-]-¯n-epw- X-Ån-¡-b-dp-

¶-Xn-s\-Xn-sc- ]mÀ«n- t]m-cm-S-Ww. kw-kv-Im-c-̄ n-epw- hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-̄ n-epw- k-aq-l-̄ n-epw- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-hpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-am-b- aq-ey-§Ä D-bÀ-̄ n-¸n-Sn-¡-Ww. a-X-hÀ-Ko-b-X-sb- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-¡n- ^m-kn-kv-äv- {]-h-W-X- i-Iv-Xn-bmÀ-Pn-¡p-¶- hn-]-̄ n-s\-Xn-sc- F-Ãm- X-e-§-fn-epw- D-d-̈ p-t]m-cm-tS--XmWv.

5.9 `-c-W-L-S-\m-hy-h-kv-Y-IÄ {]-Im-cw- \yq\-]-£-§Ä¡v- D-d-̧ p-\Â-In-b- A-h-Im-i-§Ä ap-X-em-fn-¯- Nq-j-W-̄ n-s³d- km-l-N-cy-§-fnÂ- km-£mÂ-¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶n-Ã. ap-Énw- \yq\-]-£-§Ä¡v- km-¼-̄ n-I-hpw- km-aq-ly-hp-am-b- A-h-k-c-k-a-Xzw- e-̀ n-¡m-sX- t]m-Ip-I-bpw- A-hÀ- hn-th-N-\-¯n-\v- C-c-bm-Ip-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. ap-Én-§Äs¡-Xn-sc- hÀ-Ko-b-e-l-f-I-fpw- lnw-km-Xv-a-I- B-{I-a-W-§-fpw- kv-Yn-c-am-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. BÀ- F-kv- F-kpw- A-Xn-s³d- ]-cn-hm-c-§-fpw- \yq\-]-£-§Äs¡-Xn-sc- hn-tZz-jw- Ip-̄ n-bn-f-¡p-I-bpw- ss{I-kv-X-h-k-ap-Zm-b-s¯-¡q-Sn- i-c-hy-am-¡p-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶p. \yq\-]-£-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ- C-Xv- A-\y-Xm-t_m-[-hpw- A-c-£n-X-Xz-hpw- h-fÀ-̄ p-¶p. C-Xv-a-X-auen-I-hm-k-\-IÄ h-fÀ-¯p-I-bpw- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bp-sS- A-Sn-̄ -d-sb- ZpÀ-_-e-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. \yq\-]-£-hÀ-Ko-b-X- \yq\-]-£-§-sf- H-äs -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bpw A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯-s -̧«- F-Ãm-hn-̀ m-K-§-fp-sS-bpw- s]m-Xp-{]-kv-Ym-\-s¯- X-S-k-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bpw- iIvXn-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å k-a-c-¯n-s³d- aÀ-a-{]-[m-\-am-b- h-i-am-Wv- \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-§-fp-sS- ]-cn-c-£.

5.10 Pm-Xo-b-aÀ-Z-\w- A-h-km-\n-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- hy-h-kv-Y- ]-cm-P-b-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.]-«n-I-Pm-Xn-¡m-cm-Wv- G-ähp-a-[n-Iw- sI-Sp-Xn-IÄ A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. A-bn-¯m-N-c-W-hpw- hn-th-N-\-¯n-s³d- a-äp- cq-]-§-fpw- \n-b-a-hn-cp-²-am-bn- {]-Jym-]n-¡-s -̧«n-«pw- Z-fn-XÀ- A-h-bv-¡v- hn-t[-b-cm-Ip-I-bm-Wv. hn-tam-N-\-̄ n-\m-bp-Å Z-fn-X-cp-sS- h-fÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶- t_m-[-s¯- ar-Ko-b-aÀ-Z-\-§-fpw- A-Xn-{I-a-§-fpw-sIm-v- t\-cn-Sm-\m-Wv- Xp-\n-bp-¶-Xv. k-aq-l-̄ n-se- G-ähpw- A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯-s -̧«- hn-̀ m-K-§-fp-sS- A-`n-em-j-§Ä {]-Xn-^-en-̧ n-¡p-¶p- F-¶- \n-e-bnÂ- Z-fn-X-cp-sS- ap-t¶-ä¯n-\v- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b- D-ÅS-¡-ap-v. Pm-Xn- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯nÂ- hn-`-Pn-X-am-b- k-aq-l-¯nÂ- ]n-t¶m-¡- Pm-Xn-¡m-cpw- A-h-cp-sS- A-h-Im-i-§Ä D-bÀ-̄ n-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶p.

5.11 thm-«v- _m-¦p-IÄ i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-sb-¶- k-¦p-Nn-X- e-£y-t¯m-sS- Pm-Xo-b- hn-`-P-\-§Ä kv-Ym-bn-bm-bn- \n-e-\nÀ-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw- Cu A[xkvYnX hn-̀ m-K-§-sf- s]m-Xp-P-\m-[n-]-Xy- {]-kv-Ym-\-¯nÂ-\n-¶v- A-I-än- \nÀ-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw- Pm-Xn-hn-Im-cw- am-{Xw- C-f-¡n-hn-Sp-¶- H-cp- \o-¡-hpw- CtXm-sSm- -̧ap-v. k-¦p-Nn-X-am-b- Xn-c-sª-Sp-̧ v- t\-«-§Ä¡p-th-n- PmXn-b-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯n-ep-Å {[p-ho-I-c-Ww-D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ m³ \n-c-h-[n- PmXn-t\-Xm-¡-fpw- _qÀ-jzm- cm-jv-{So-b-I-£n-I-fp-sS- Nn-e- t\-Xm-¡-fpw- Xp-\nbp-I-bpw- F-Ãm- Pm-Xn-I-fn-epw-s]-«- aÀ-Zn-X-hn-`m-K-§-fp-sS- s]m-Xp-hm-b- {]-kv-Ym-\w- sI-«n-

-̧Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-t\m-Sv- A-hÀ- i-{Xp-Xm- a-t\m-̀ m-hw- {]-I-S-am-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. `q-an, Iq-en- F-¶o- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- hÀ-K-{]-iv-\-§-sf-bpw- ]-g-b- km-aq-ly-{I-aw- Xq-s¯-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\p-Å A-Sn-¯-d-bmb- `q-{]-`p-Xz-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b- t]m-cm-«-s¯-bpw- A-hÀ- A-h-K-Wn-¡p-¶p.

5.12 Pm-Xo-b-aÀ-Z-\-̄ n-s³d-bpw- hn-th-N-\-¯n-s³d-bpw- {]-iv-\w- kp-ZoÀ-L-N-cn-{X-ap-ÅXpw- {]m-Mv-ap-X-em-fn-¯- km-aq-ly-hy-h-kv-Y-bnÂ- cq-V-aq-e-hp-am-Wv. ap-X-em-fn-¯-hn-Im-k-̄ n-s³d- Io-gn-ep-Å k-aq-lw- \n-e-hn-ep-Å Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-am-bn- k-\v-[n-sN-¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. C-́ y³ _qÀ-jzm-kn- X-s¶-bpw- Pm-Xn-hn-tZz-j-§Ä¡v- h-fw- sh-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. Z-fn-Xv- P\-X-bnÂ- a-lm-̀ q-cn-]-£-hpw- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv- F-¶-Xn-\mÂ- Z-fn-Xv- ]o-U-\-¯n-\pw- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-¡p-sa-Xn-cm-b- sF-Iyw- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K- sF-Iy-̄ n-\p-Å ap-¶p-]m-[n-bm-Wv. P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹-h-̄ n-s³d- kp-{]-[m-\-`m-K-am-Wv- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y--¡v- A-dp-Xn-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å t]m-cm-«w. hÀ-K-]-c-am-b- Nq-j-W-¯n-\v- F-Xn-cm-b- k-a-c-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s -̧«-Xm-Wv- Pm-Xo-b- A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯-en-s\-Xn-cm-b- t]m-cm-«w.

5.13 kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c-̄ n-se- Xp-ey-]-¦m-fn-I-fm-b- C-́ y-bn-se- kv-{Xo-IÄ C´y- kz-X-{´bm-b-tXm-sS- \q-äm-p-IÄ ]-g-¡-ap-Å enw-K-]-c-am-b- A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯-en-s³d- N-§-e-s¡-«p-I-fnÂ-\n-¶v- tam-N-\w- e-`n-¡p-sa-¶v- B-in-¨n-cp-¶p. C-¡m-cy-¯nÂ- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- D-m-bn-sÃ-¶p- am-{X-a-Ã, A-©p-Z-i-I§Ä ]n-¶n-«- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- hm-gv-N-bv-¡v- Io-gnÂ- Hm-tcm- cw-K-¯pw- ]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xyw- \n-e-\nÀ-¯-s -̧Sp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. kv-{Xo-IÄ, sXm-gn-se-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀ, ]ucÀ- F-¶o- \n-e-I-fnÂ- hn-hn-[- X-e-§-fnÂ- kv-{Xo-IÄ Nq-j-Ww- sN-¿s -̧Sp-¶p. D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W- {]-{In-b- km-¼-̄ n-I-hpw- km-aq-ly-hp-am-b- a-Wv-U-e-§-fnÂ- enw-K-]-c-am-b- Nq-j-W-̄ n-s³d- ]p-Xn-b- cq-]-§Ä GÀ-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wv- sN-bv-X-Xv. kv-{Xo-IÄs¡-Xn-cm-b- A-{I-a-§Ä s]-cp-Ip-¶-Xn-te-¡v- C-Xv- \-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. km-¼-̄ n-I- kzm-X-{´y-hpw- km-aq-ly-þcm-jv-{Sob Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ- kz-X-{ -́am-b- ]-¦pw- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS- A-`yp-¶-Xn-¡v- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-am-b- D-]m-[n-I-fm-Wv.km-aq-ly- hn-tam-N-\-¯n-\m-bp-Å {]-kv-Ym-\-¯n-s³d- `m-K-am-Wv- A-k-a-am-b- Cu ]-Z-hn-s¡-Xn-cm-b- sN-dp-¯p-\n¸pw- k-a-Xz-̄ n-\p-th-n-bp-Å a-ln-fm-{]-kv-Ym-\-hpw.

5.14 A-¼-Xp-hÀ-j-s¯- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- hm-gv-N- `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-̄ n-s³d- F-Ãm- kv-Ym-]-\-§-sf-bpw-ImÀ-¶p-Xn-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. ap-X-em-fn-¯- hn-Imk-̄ n-s³d- h-fÀ-̈ - {]-Xn-^-en-̧ n-¨p-sIm-v- A-Xy-[n-Iw- tI-{µo-Ir-X-amb- DtZymK-kv-Y-hr-µ-s¯- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bm-Wv- `-c-W-\nÀ-h-l-W-coXn. P\-km-am-\y-̄ nÂ-\n-¶v- XoÀ-¯pw- A-I-¶v- Nq-j-I-hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- Xm¸cy§Ä A-\p-k-c-W-tbm-sS- \n-d-th-äp-¶- k-hn-ti-jm-\p-Iq-ey-§-fp-Å D-tZym-KkvY-ta-[m-hn-IÄ ap-tJ-\-bm-Wv- ]-c-tam-¶-X- X-e-¯nÂ- tI{µoIcn¨v A[nImcw {]tbmKn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. kaql¯nse P-\m-[n-]-Xy-L-S-\-sb- ZpÀ-_-e-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶- L-S-I-§-fm-Wv- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-hr-µ-̄ n-s³d- h³tXm-Xn-ep-Å h-fÀ-¨-bpw- `-c-

W-hÀ-K-§-fp-am-bn- A-hÀ-¡p-Å i-Iv-X-am-b- _-\v-[-§-fpw- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-hr-µ-̄ n-se- hym-]-I-am-b- A-gn-a-Xn-bpw.

5.15 sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw- Ir-jn-¡mÀ-¡pw- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- a-äv- P-\-hn-̀ m-K-§Ä¡pw- {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bm-Wv- \o-Xn-\ym-b-hy-h-kv-Y- \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. Hu]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn- [-\n-I-cpw- Z-cn-{Z-cpw- X-Xz-¯nÂ- Xp-ey-cm-sW-¦n-epw, km-cmw-i-¯nÂ- \o-Xn-\ym-b-hy-h-kv-Y- Nq-j-I-hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä \n-d-th-äp-I-bpw- A-h-cp-sS- hÀ-K-`-c-W-s¯- D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. \o-Xn-\ym-b-hy-h-k-Y-sb- `-c-W-\nÀ-h-l-W- L-S-\-bnÂ-\n-¶v- thÀ-s]-Sp-̄ -W-sa-¶- _qÀ-jzm- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-X-Xzw-t]m-epw- ]qÀ-W-am-bn- ]m-en-¡-s -̧Sm-sX- \nÀ-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS- kzm-[o-\-̄ n-\pw- \-n-b-{ -́W-¯n-\pw- \o-Xn-\ym-b-hy-h-kv-Y- h-iw-h-Z-am-Ip-¶p. `-c-W-L-S-\m{]-Im-cw- P\m-[n-]-Xy-X-Xz-§-fpw- auen-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpw- D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶- hn-[n-\ym-b-§Ä `-c-W-hÀ-K-§Ä A-«n-a-dn-̈ -Xn-s³d- D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä Im-Wmw. adp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm³ P-Uv-Pn-amÀ- _m-[y-kv-Y-cm-Ip-¶- ^-e-{]-Z-am-b- kw-hn-[m-\-§-fp-sS- A-̀ m-h-̄ nÂ- \o-Xn-\ymb-hy-h-kv-Y-bn-se- Nn-e- hn-̀ m-K-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ- A-gn-a-Xn-bp-ÅXm-bn- dn-t¸mÀ-«v- sN-¿s -̧Sp-¶p. A-Xv- Cu hy-hkvY-bn-ep-Å P-\-§-fp-sS- hn-izm-k-s¯- X-IÀ-¯p-I-f-bp-¶p.

5.16 kz-X-{´- C-́ y-bn-se- km-bp-[-tk-\-bp-sS- L-S-\-bnÂ- tIm-f-\n-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- ]m-c-¼-cyw- C-t¸m-gpw- Im-Wmw. km-bp-[-tk-\- cm-Py-¯n-s³d- A-XnÀ-¯n-IÄ kw-c-£n-¡m-\p-ÅXm-Wv- F-¶v- {]-Xo-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¦n-epw, Nq-jn-X- P-\-km-am-\y-̄ n-s³d- XmÂ-]-cy-§-fp-am-bn- X-§-fp-sS- hÀ-K-XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä ]-c-ky-am-bn- G-äp-ap-«p-t¼mÄ km-bp-[-tk-\-sb-bpw- AÀ-[-ssk-\n-I- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- `-c-W-hÀ-K-§Ä Iq-Sp-XÂ- Iq-Sp-XÂ- D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Ir-jn-¡m-cnÂ-\n-¶pw- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-§-fnÂ-\n-¶pw- h-cp-¶- ssk-\n-IÀ¡v- h-f-sc- {i-a-I-c-am-b- tPm-en-bm-Wv- sN-¿m-\p-ÅXv. Cu tk-\-I-fn-se- A-Wn-I-sf- P-\-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v- A-I-än-\nÀ-¯p-¶- `-c-W-hÀ-K-§Ä, A-hÀ-¡v- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-mh-Im-i-§Ä \n-tj-[n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. P-\-Io-b{]-kv-Ym-\-§-sf- A-Sn-¨-aÀ-̄ m-\p-Å B-bp-[-am-bn-«m-Wv- s]m-eo-kv- tk-\-sb- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. A-hÀ- cm-jv-{So-b- Ip-X-{ -́§Ä¡pw-A-gn-a-Xn-¡pw- C-c-bm-bn-̄ oÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]-e-kv-Y-e-§-fn-epw- A-hÀ, ]m-h-§Ä¡v- F-Xn-cm-bn- Nq-j-I-kw-hn-[m-\-̄ n-s³d- `m-K-am-bn- am-dn-¡-gn-ªn-«p-v.

5.17 sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-hpw- IÀ-j-I-P-\-km-am-\y-hpw- C-S-̄ -c-¡m-cp-am-bn- XmcX-ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ _qÀ-jzm-kn-bpw- A-h-cp-sS- k-Jy-i-Iv-Xn-bm-b- `q-{]`p-¡-fpw- cm-Py-s¯- h-f-sc- sN-dn-b- \yq\-]-£-am-Wv.F-¶n-«pw- `q-an-bpsSbpw- aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d-bpw- DÂ-¸m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-fp-sS-bpw- taÂ- D-S-am-h-Im-iw- X-§Ä¡m-b-Xn-\mÂ- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bpw- `q-{]-̀ p-¡-fpw- a-lm-`q-cn-]-£-s¯- `-cn-¡p-I-bpw- Nq-j-Ww- sN-¿p-I-bp-am-Wv. ap-X-em-fn-̄ - `-c-W-Iq-S-i-Iv-Xn-bpw- A-Xn-s³d- K-h¬-sa³dp-I-fpw- ]mÀ-e-sa³d-dn- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-kv-Y-bv-¡-\p-k-cn- v̈- `q-cn-]-£- thm-«v- t\-Sn- Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s -̧«-h-bm-Wv. F-¦nÂ-t]m-epw, A-h- cm-jv-{So-b-hpw- km-¼-¯n-I-hp-am-b- A- -́x-k-̄ -bp-sS- Im-cy-̄ nÂ- \yq\-]-£- hm-gv-N-sb-¯-s¶-bm-Wv- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

5.18 C-́ y³ dn- -̧»n-¡n-s³d- `-c-W-L-S-\- {]m-b-]qÀ-̄ n- thm-«-h-Im-i-̄ n-s³d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-̄ nÂ- Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«- ]mÀ-e-sa³dv- th-W-sa-¶v- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-¿p-¶p-v. P-\-§Ä¡v- Nn-e- auen-Im-h-Im-i-§Ä A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p-ap-v. F-¶mÂ, `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-s³d- A-[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-§Ä Cu A-h-Im-i-§-fnÂ- ]-e-Xn-s\-bpw- sX-äm-bn- hym-Jym-\n-¡p-I-bpw- h-f-s¨m-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- ew-Ln-¡p-I-t]m-epw- sN-¿p-¶p. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw- Ir-jn-¡m-cp-sS-bpw- a-äv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- P-\-hn-̀ m-K-§-fp-sS-bpw- k-a-c-§-•fp-sS- Im-cyw- h-cp-t¼mÄ, auen-Im-h-Im-i-§Ä A-h-sc- kw-_-\v-[n-̈ n-S-t¯m-fw- ^-e-¯nÂ- _m-[-I-a-Ãm-Xm-bn-̄ o-cp-¶p. e-£-¡-W-¡n-\v- P-\-§Ä A-[n-h-kn-¡p-¶- {]-tZ-i-§-sf-bpw- ta-J-e-I-sf-bpw- ap-gp-h³ am-k-§-tfm-fw- A-Y-hm- hÀ-j-§-tfm-fw- X-s¶, \n-tcm-[-\m-Pv-R--¡v- Iogn-em-¡n-s¡m-v-kw-Lw-tN-cm-\p-Å kzm-X-{´yw- \n-tj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw- Ir-jn-¡m-cpw- a-äv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- P-\-hn-`m-K-§-fpw- cm-jv-{So-b-hpw- km-¼-̄ n-I-hp-am-b- X-§-fp-sS- B-h-iy-§-fpw- A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n- {]-t£m-`-̄ n-\n-d-§p-t¼mÄ A-hÀ-s¡-Xn-cm-bn- `-c-W-Iq-S- kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä ssI-s¡m-Åp-¶- A-{I-aw- AXn-\n-jv-Tp-c-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. hn-Nm-c-W-Iq-Sm-sX- X-S-hnÂ- sh-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- A-[n-Im-cw- \Â-Ip-¶- In-cm-X-\n-b-a-§Ä G-sd- km-[m-c-W-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s¶- `-c-W-L-S-\-bnÂ- hn-̀ m-h-\w- sN-bv-Xn-«p-Å, tZ-io-b- A-Sn-b- -́cm-h-kv-Y-{]-Jym-]n-¡m-\p-Å h-Ip-¸p-IÄ Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw- sN-¿s -̧Sp-¶p. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-k-a-c-§-sf- A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯m-\m-bn- HmÀ-Un-\³kp-IÄ ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. 1975þÂ- {]-Jym-]n-̈ - A-Sn-b- -́cm-h-kv-Y, P-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-\p- t\À-¡p-Å G-ähpw- I-Sp-̄ - `o-j-Wn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

5.19 P-\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-kv-Ym-\-§-fnÂ- \n-¶p-m-b- k-½À-Z-̄ n-s³d- ^-e-am-bn- ]-©m-b-¯p-IÄ¡pw- X-t±i-̀ -c-W-kv-Ym-]-\-§Ä¡pw- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cw- \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-\p-Å A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W- \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-Åm³ K-h¬-sa³dv- \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-am-bn. ]-iv-Nn-a-_w-KmÄ, tI-c-fw, {Xn-]p-c- F¶o- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fn-se- C-S-Xp-]-£-t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å K-h¬-sa³dp-IÄ {XnX-e-]-©m-b-¯v- kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-\v- A-[n-Im-cw- ssI-am-dm-\p-Å A-[n-Imc-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W- \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-p. F-¶mÂ, C-S-Xp-]-£-̄ ns³d- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fn-sem-gn-̈ v- a-säm-cn-S-¯pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- hn-]p-e-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n- ]-©m-b-¯o-cm-Pv- kv-Ym-]-\-§-sf- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶n-Ã. a-dn-¨v- \m-«n³]p-d-§-fn-se- `q-{]-̀ p-¡-fp-sS-bpw- lp-n-I-¡m-cp-sS-bpw- I-cm-dp-Im-cp-sS-bpw- A-[n-Im-cw- im-iz-X-am-¡m³ th-n-bm-Wv- A-h- D-]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

5.20 _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- hm-gv-N-bp-sS- Z-im-_v-Z-§Ä C-́ y³ P-\-X-bp-sS- kmwkv-Im-cn-I- hn-Im-k-s¯-ap-c-Sn-̧ n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]m-c-¼-cy-̄ n-s³d-bpw- a-X-̄ n-s³d-bpw- t]-cnÂ- hn-\m-i-I-c-am-b- B-Nm-c-§-fpw- aq-ey-§-fpw- \n-e-\nÀ-¯-s -̧Sp-¶p. C-h- kv-{Xo-I-sf-bpw- A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-̄ -s¸-«- Pm-Xn-hn-`m-K-§-sf-bpw- Xm-gv-¯n-s¡-«p-¶p. kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-se- ]p-tcm-Ka-\-]-c-hpw- B-tcm-Ky-I-c-hp-am-b- h-i-§-fp-sS-taÂ- hÀ-Ko-b- {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ä sN-fn-hm-cn-sb-dn-bp-¶p. _qÀ-jzm-kw-kv-Im-cw- hn-Pv-Rm-\-hn-cp-²-hpw- Pm-Xo-b-hp-am-b- aq-ey-§-sf- \n-e-\nÀ-̄ p-¶p. P-\-§Ä¡v- kmw-kv-Im-cn-tIm-¶-Xn- \Â-Ip-¶Xp-t]m-bn-«v- km£cXt]mepw Dd¸phcp¯p¶Imcy¯n `cWIqSw Ip-äI-c-am-b- A-\m-kv-Y- ]p-eÀ-̄ p-¶p. A-¨-Sn- am-[y-a-§-fp-sS-bpw- td-Un-tbm-- sS-en-hn-j-³- A-S-§p-¶- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-WnIv- am-[y-a-§-fp-sS-bpw- taÂ- ta-[m-hn-Xzw- h-ln-¡p-¶- Nq-j-I-hÀ-K-§Ä, ]{Xw- \-S-̄ m-\pw-kw-Lw-tN-cm-\pw- {]-Nm-c-Ww- \-S-̄ m-\p-ap-Å A-h-Im-i-§-fpw- ]qÀ-W-am-bpw- ap-X-se-Sp-¯p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-h-bp-sS- A-Xn-hn-]p-e-am-b- hn-̀ -h-§-fp-am-bn- aXv-k-cn-¡m³ A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-§Ä¡v- I-gn-bp-I-bn-Ã. A-Xn-\mÂ- Hu]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn- F-Ãm-hÀ-¡pw- A-\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å Cu A-h-Im-i-§Ä A-\p-`-hn-¡m³ A-hÀ- A-i-Iv-X-cm-Wv.

5.21 k-aq-l-¯n-em-sI- ]-c-¡p-I-bpw- A-gn-a-Xn-bp-sS- A-`q-X-]qÀ-h-am-b- h-fÀ-̈ -bv-¡v- h-gn-sh-¡p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-«p-Å I-Å -̧W-̄ n-s³d- h-¼n-¨- h-fÀ-¨-bp-sS- ]-iv-Nm-̄ -e-̄ nÂ- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p- `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-s³d- D-]-I-c-W-§-sf-Ãmw- A-[-x-]-Xn-̈ p-t]m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-{]-{In-b- `-c-W-¯n-s³d- D-¶-X-X-e-§-fnÂ- h³tXm-Xn-ep-Å A-gn-a-Xn-¡v- h-gn-sh-̈ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. \n-b-a-§-sf- A-«n-a-dn-¡p-I-bpw- s]m-Xp-ap-XÂ- sIm-Åb-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶- A-gn-a-Xn- \n-d-ª- H-cp- Kq-V-kw-L-̄ n-s³d- `m-K-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv- D-¶-X-cm-b- D-tZym-K-kv-Y- Zp-jv-{]-̀ p-¡-fpw- s]m-Xp-kv-Ym-\-§Ä h-ln-¡p-¶-h-cpw- _qÀ-jzm- cm-jv-{So-b-¡m-cpw. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-s¯-bpw- ]uc-·m-cp-sS- A-h-Im-i-§-sf-bpw- A-Xv- ]-cn-lm-ky-am-¡n-̄ oÀ-¡p-¶p. Xn-c-sª-Sp-̧ p-I-fnÂ- \-S-am-Sp-¶- ]-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-s³d- A-`q-X-]qÀ-h-am-b- h-fÀ-¨, cm-jv-{So-b-̄ n-s³d- {In-an-\Â-hÂ-¡-c-Ww, _q¯v ]n-Sn-̈ -S-¡Â, Xnc-sª-Sp-̧ v- Ir-{Xn-a-§Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h- ]mÀ-e-saâdn- P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-kv-Y--¡v- `o-j-Wn-bm-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

5.22 A-sX-´m-bm-epw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-\p-th-n-bpw- X-§-fp-sS- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bpw- \-S-¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶- k-a-c-§-fnÂ- kmÀ-h-{Xn-I- thm-«-h-Im-iw, ]mÀ-e-sa-v, kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-̀ -IÄ F-¶n-h-sb- B-bp-[-§-fm-¡m³ P-\-§Ä¡v- I-gn-bpw. C-́ y-bn-se- C-¶-s¯- ]mÀ-e-sa³d-dn- hy-h-kv-Y, _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- hÀ-K-`-c-W-¯n-s³d- H-cp- cq-]-am-sW-¦nÂ-X-s¶-bpw- P-\-§-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-¨n-S-t¯m-fw- ap-t¶-ä¯n-\p-Å H-cp- amÀ-K-hpw- A-Xv- DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p-v. P-\-§-fp-sS- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä Im-¯p-c-£n-¡m-\pw- H-c-f-hp-h-sc- `-c-W-Im-cy-§-fnÂ- C-S-s]-Sp-¶-Xn-\pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\pw- km-aq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡pw- th-n-bp-Å k-a-c-§-sf- ap-t¶m-«p-sIm-p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\m-bn- P-\-§-sf- A-Wn-\n-c-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw- A-Xv- Nn-e- A-h-k-c-§Ä {]-Zm-\w- sN-¿p-¶p-v.

5.23 A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-§-fnÂ-\n-¶pw- A-h-cp-sS- XmÂ-]-cy-§-sf- {]-Xn-\n-[oI-cn-¡p-¶- ]mÀ«n-I-fnÂ-\n-¶pw- A-Ã- ]mÀ-e-saâdn- hy-h-kv-Y-bv-¡pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-\pw- t\À-¡pÅ `o-j-Wn- D-bÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv-; Nq-j-I-hÀ-K-§-fnÂ-\n-¶m-Wv. ]mÀ-e-sa-âdn- hy-h-kv-Y-sb- X-§-fp-sS- k-¦p-Nn-X- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å B-bp-[-am-¡n- am-än-s¡m-v- A-Xn-s\- A-I-̄ p-\n-¶pw- ]p-d-̄ p-\n-¶pw- A-«n-a-dn-¡p-¶-Xv- Nq-j-I-hÀ-K-§-fm-Wv. X-§-fp-sS- e-£y-§Ä ap-t¶m-«p-sh-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- P-\-§Ä ]mÀ-e-sa-³d-dn- kv-Ym-]-\-§-sf- D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bpw- X-Zzm-cm- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS-bpw- `q-{]-̀ p-¡-fp-sS-bpw- kzm-[o-\-̄ nÂ-\n-¶v- c-£-s -̧Sm³ {i-an-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-t¼mÄ ]mÀ-e-sa-âdn- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-s¯- ImÂ-¡o-gn-en-«v- N-hn-«n-b-c-bv-¡m³ Nq-j-I-hÀ-K-§Ä H-«pw- a-Sn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s -̧«- kw-kv-Ym-\- K-h¬-sa³dp-I-sf- F-{X-tbm- X-h-W- tI-{µw- ]n-cn-¨p-hn-«-t¸mÄ \m-a-Xp- I- -Xm-Wv. `-c-W-hÀ-K-§Ä Cu lo-\-amÀ-K-̄ nÂ- G-X-äw-h-sc- t]m-Ip-sa-¶-Xn-s³d- hy-Iv-X-am-b- Zr-jv-Sm-´-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p- ]-iv-Nn-a-_w-Km-fn-epw- {Xn-]p-c-bn-epw- A-hÀ- A-gn-¨p-hn-«- AÀ-[-̂ m-kn-kv-äv- `o-I-c-hm-gv-N-bpw,- `-c-W-L-S-\m- h-Ip-¸p-I-fp-sS- \-Kv-\-am-b- ew-L-\-§-fpw-. {]-kn-U³jyÂ- cq-]-̄ n-ep-ÅK-h¬-sa³dv- cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Å {]-kv-Xm-h-\-IÄ- ]mÀ-e-saâ-dn- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-s¯- ]-cn-an-X-am-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-an-Xm-[n-Im-c- {]-h-W-X shfns¸Sp¯p¶Xp-am-Wv. D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-s¯-bpw- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b- aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d- hÀ-[-am-\-am-b- k-½À-Z-s¯-bpw- Xp-SÀ-¶v- C-Xv- Iq-Sp-XÂ- i-Iv-X-am-bn-«p-v. A-Xn-\mÂ- P-\-§-fp-sS- XmÂ-]-cymÀ-Yw- A-¯-cw- `o-j-Wn-I-fnÂ-\n-¶v- ]mÀ-e-sa-â-dn- kv-Ym-]-\-§-sf-bpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- kv-Ym-]-\-§-sf-bpw- kw-c-£n-¡p-I-bpw- A-¯-cw- kv-Ym-]-\-§-sf- ]mÀ-e-sat³d-X-c- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-am-bn- kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-̈ v- k-aÀ-Y-am-bn- D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bpw- sN-t¿Xv- ]-c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv.

VI P-\-Io-b -P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw-A-Xn-s³d- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bpw-

6.1 C¶-s¯- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p- `-c-W-̄ n³Io-gn-se- ]n-t¶m-¡m-h-kv-Y, Zm-cn-{Zyw, ]-«n-Wn- F-¶n-h-

bnÂ-\n-¶v- tam-N-\w- e-̀ n-¡p-sa-¶v- P-\-§Ä¡v- B-in-¡m³t]m-epw- h-gn-bn-sÃ-¶m-Wv- A-\p-`-h-§Ä Im-Wn-̈ p-X-cp-¶-Xv. kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-ti-jw- Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn- `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-̄ n-em-Wv. H-cp-h-i-̄ v- P-\-km-am-\y-¯n-s³d- sN-e-hn-epw- a-dp-h-i-¯v- km-{am-Py-Xz-hp-am-bpw- h³In-S- `q-{]-`p-Xz-hp-am-bpw- k-\v-[n-sN-bv-Xpw- hn-e-t]-in-s¡m-pw- X-§-fp-sS- hÀ-K-̄ n-s³d- ]-Z-hn-sb- Iq-Sp-XÂ- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ m³ A-hÀ- `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-s¯- D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cn-I-bp-am-Wv. D-bÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bmÂ- X-IÀ-¡-s -̧«- {]m-Mv- ap-X-em-fn-̄ - k-aq-l-¯n-s³d- Nm-c-¯n-t·-em-Wv- hn-I-kn-X- ap-X-em-fn-¯- cm-Py-§-fnÂ- ap-X-em-fn-̄ w- h-fÀ-¶p-h-¶-sX-¦nÂ, A-Xn-\p-hn-cp-²-am-bn- C-́ y-bnÂ- {]m-Mv- ap-X-em-fn-¯- k-aq-l-̄ n-\p-taÂ- ap-X-em-fn-¯w- A-Sn-t¨Â-̧ n-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. ap-X-em-fn-̄ -¯n-s³d- kz-X-{ -́am-b- hn-Im-k-̄ n-\p-Å G-ähpw- {]-[m-\-s -̧«- ap-¶p-]m-[n-I-fnÂ- H-¶m-Wv- {]m-Mv- ap-X-em-fn-̄ -s¯- X-IÀ-¡p-I-sb-¶-Xv. F-¶mÂ, X-§-fp-sS- hm-gv-N-¡m-e-¯v-{_n-«o-jv- tIm-f\n- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfm- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-ti-jw- `-c-Ww- G-säSp-̄ - C-́ y³ _qÀ-jzm-kn-tbm- A-Xn-s\- X-IÀ-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-I-bp-m-bn-Ã. A-Xn-\mÂ- C-¶-s¯- C-́ y³ k-aq-lw- Ip-¯-I- aq-e-[-\-ta-[m-hn-Xz-hpw- Pm-Xn-þa-X-þtKm-{X- kv-Ym-]-\-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å H-cp- k-hn-ti-j-kw-tbm-K-am-Wv. A-Xn-\mÂ- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹-hw- ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-te-¡p-Å ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\v- ]-iv-Nm-¯-e-sam-cp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- th-n, {]m-Mv- ap-X-em-fn-̄ - k-aq-l-s¯- X-IÀ-¡p-¶-XnÂ- XmÂ-]-cy-ap-Å F-Ãm- ]p-tcm-K-a\-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- H-¶n-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- hn-¹-h-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- A-c-¡n-«p-d-̧ n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶-Xv- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-̄ n-s³d-bpw- A-Xn-s³d- ]mÀ-Sn-bp-sS-bpw- I-S-a-bm-bn-̄ oÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

6.2 tkm-jy-en-k-hpw- I-ayqWn-k-hpw- sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡p-I-sb-¶- X-§-fp-sS- e-£yw- C-́ y³ I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n- (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)- ap-dp-sI-̧ n-Sn-¡p-¶p. C-¶-s¯- `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-s³d-bpw- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-Å _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p- K-h¬sa³dn-s³d-bpw- Io-gnÂ- A-Xv- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ I-gn-bn-sÃ-¶v- hy-Iv-X-am-Wv. sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K- `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n³Io-gnÂ- am-{X-ta- b-YmÀ-Y- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- k-aq-lw- kv-Ym-]n-¡m³ I-gn-bp-I-bp-Åq. \-½p-sS- cm-Py-̄ v- tkm-jy-en-kw- sI-«n- -̧Sp-¡p-I-sb-¶- e-£y-¯nÂ- D-d-̈ p-\nÂ-¡p-t¼mÄX-s¶, km-¼-¯n-I- hn-I-k-\-̄ n-s³d- \n-e-hm-c-hpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-̄ n-s³d-bpw- A-Xn-s³d- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS-bpw- cm-jv-{So-b-hpw- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-hp-am-b- ]-Iz-X-bpw- I-W-¡n-se-Sp-¯p-sIm-v- C-́ y³ I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)- , P-\-§-fp-sS-ap-¼nÂ-sh-¡p-¶- A-Sn-b-́ -c-e-£yw- C-Xm-Wv-:

D-d-̈ - sXm-gn-em-fn-þIÀ-j-I-k-Jy-̄ n-s³d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-̄ nÂ, sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K- t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ,F-Ãm- A-ÊÂ- ^yqUÂ-hn-cp-², Ip-̄ -I-hn-cp-², km-{am-Py-Xzhn-cp-²- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- Iq-«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-̈ p-sIm-p-Å k-Jy-̄ n-s³d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-̄ nÂ- P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- kv-Ym-]n-¡p-I. C-¶-s¯- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p- `-c-W-Iq-S-s¯- Xq-s¯-dn-ªv- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- kv-Ym-]n-¡p-I-sb-¶-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-\p-Å {]-Y-a-hpw- {]-[m-\-hp-am-b- ap-¶p-]m-[n. C-́ y³ hn-¹-h-¯n-s³d- ]qÀ-̄ o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sm-̄ - P-\m-[n-]-Xy- I-S-a- ]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-¡m-\pw- tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-s³d- ]m-X-bn-eq-sS- cm-Py-s¯- \-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- I-f-sam-cp-¡m-\pw- C-Xp-sIm-v- am-{X-ta- I-gn-bq.

P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- K-h¬sa³dv- \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶I-S-a-I-fpw- ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw- C-h-bm-Wv

6.3 -̀c-W-Iq-S- L-S-\-bp-sS- ta-J-e-bnÂ-: cm-Py-̄ v- A-[n-h-kn-¡p-¶- hn-hn-[- tZ-io-b- P-\-hn-̀ m-K-§-fp-sS- b-YmÀ-Y- k-a-Xz-̄ n-s³d-bpw- kz-bw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-i-̄ n-s³d-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯nÂ- C-́ y³ bq-Wn-b-s³d- sF-Iyw- Im-¯p-kq-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- h-fÀ-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw- th-nbpw- Xm-sg-]-d-bp-¶- hn-[-¯nÂ- s^-U-dÂ- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-S-L-S-\- h-fÀ-¯n-s¡m-p- h-cp-¶-Xn-\p- th-n-bpw- C-́ y-³ I-ayq-Wn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n- (amÀ-Iv-knkväv)- {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶p.

i. P-\-§-fm-Wv- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cn-IÄ: `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-̄ n-s³d- F-Ãm- D-]-I-c-W-§-fpw- P-\-§-tfm-Sv- D-¯-cw- ]-d-bm³ _m-[y-X-s -̧«-h-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. {]mb-]qÀ-̄ n- thm-«-h-Im-i-̄ n-s³d-bpw- B-\p-]m-Xn-I- {]m-Xn-\n-[y-X¯z-¯n-s³d-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯nÂ- Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-h-cpw- Xn-cn-̈ p- hn-fn-¡-s -̧Sm-hp-¶-h-cp-am-b- P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bn-cn-¡pw- `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-§Ä {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cn-IÄ. A-Jn-te-´ym- tI-{µ-̄ nÂ- c-p- k-̀ -I-fp-m-bn-cn-¡pw. P-\-k-̀ -bpw- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fp-sS- k-̀ -bpw.

ii. C-́ y³ bq-Wn-b-\n-se- F-Ãm- kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä¡pw- Xp-ey-am-b- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw- b-YmÀ-Y-am-b- kz-bw- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-hpw- D-m-bn-cn-¡pw. tKm-{X-hÀ-K-ta-J-e-IÄt¡m- A-Y-hm- P-\-kw-Jy-bnÂ- \n-b-X-am-b- hw-io-b-tNcp-h-bp-ÅXpw- k-hn-ti-j- km-aq-ly-þkmw-kv-Im-cn-I- ]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-I-fmÂ- hy-Xn-cn-Iv-X-am-bn-«p-ÅXp-am-b- ta-J-e-IÄt¡m- A-X-Xp- kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ- {]m-tZ-in-I- kz-bw-̀ -c-Wm-[n-Im-cw- D-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-h-bp-sS- hn-I-k-\-̄ n-\v- ]qÀ-W-am-b- k-lm-bw- e-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv.

iii. kw-kv-Ym-\-X-e-̄ nÂ- D-]-cn-k-̀ -IÄ D-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-X-Ã. kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä¡v, ap-I-fnÂ-\n-¶v- \n-b-an-¡-s -̧Sp-¶- K-hÀ-WÀ-am-cpw- D-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-X-Ã. A-X-Xv- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fp-sS-tbm- {]m-tZ-in-Im-[n-Im-c- k-an-Xn-I-fp-sS-tbm- t\-cn-«p-Å \n-b-{ -́W-¯n-\p- Io-gn-em-bn-cn-¡pw- F-Ãm- `-c-W-kÀ-ho-kp-I-fpw. F-Ãm- C-́ y³ ]uc-·m-sc-bpw- kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä H-tc-hn-[-̄ nÂ- ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Pm-Xn-bp-sS-

tbm- a-X-¯n-s³d-tbm- enw-K-¯n-s³d-tbm- k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-s³d-tbm- tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS-tbm- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯n-ep-Å bm-sXm-cp- hn-th-N-\-hpw- D-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-X-Ã.

iv. ]mÀ-e-sa-n-epw- tI-{µ-̀ -c-W-¯n-epw- F-Ãm- tZ-io-b-`m-j-IÄ¡pw- Xp-ey-X- D-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. X-§-fp-tS-Xm-b- tZ-io-b-̀ m-j-bnÂ- kw-km-cn-¡m-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw- F-Ãm- ]mÀ-e-sa-v- Aw-K-§Ä¡pw- D-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. a-äv- F-Ãm- `m-j-I-fn-epw- XÂ-k-a-b- XÀ-Pp-a- e-`y-am-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. K-h¬sa³dn-s³d- F-Ãm- I -̧\-I-fpw- \n-b-a-§-fpw- N-«-§-fpw- {]-ta-b-§-fpw- F-Ãm- tZ-io-b-̀ m-j-I-fn-epw- e-`y-am-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. G-I- HutZym-Kn-I-̀ m-j- F-¶- \n-e-bn-ep-Å ln-µn-bp-sS- D-]-tbm-Kw- \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- \nÀ-_-\v-[-am-¡p-I-bn-Ã. hn-hn-[- `m-j-IÄ¡v- Xp-ey-{]m-[m-\yw- \Â-In-s¡m-p-am-{X-ta- cm-Py-s¯m-«m-sI-bp-Å _-\v-[-̀ m-j-bm-bn- ln-µn-¡v- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- t\-Sm³ I-gn-bp-I-bp-Åq. A-Xp-h-sc, ln-µn-bpw- Cw-¥o-jpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I- F-¶- C-¶-s¯- hy-h-kv-Y- Xp-S-cpw. hn-Zym-`ym-k- kv-Ym-]-\-§-fnÂ- G-ähpw- D-¶-X- \n-e-hm-cw- h-sc- X-§-fp-sS- am-Xr-̀ m-j-bn-eq-sS- t_m-[-\w- t\-Sm³ P-\-§Ä¡p-Å A-h-Im-iw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pw. H-cp- kw-kv-Ym-\-s¯- F-Ãm- s]m-Xp-kv-Ym-]-\-§-fn-epw- HutZym-Kn-I-kv-Ym-]-\-§-fn-epw- `-c-W-`m-j-bm-bn- B- kw-kv-Ym-\-s¯- `m-j- D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\p-Å A-h-Im-i-hpw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯pw. H-cp- kw-kv-Ym-\-¯n-se- `m-j-bv-¡p- ]p-d-ta- G-sX-¦n-epw- \yq-\-]-£-¯n-s³d-tbm- \yq-\-]-£-§-fp-sS-tbm- {]-tZ-i-̄ n-s³d-tbm- `m-j- Iq-Sn- B- kw-kv-Ym-\-̄ n-s³d- `m-j-bv-¡v- ]p-d-ta- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-t¯--Xv- B-h-iy-am-sW-¦nÂ- A-Xn-\pw- hy-h-kv-Y- D-m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. D-dp-Zp-̀ m-j-bpw- A-Xn-s³d- en-]n-bpw- kw-c-£n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xm-Wv.

v. L-S-I-kw-kv-Ym-\-§Ä X-½nÂ- X-½n-epw- hn-hn-[- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fn-se- P\-§Ä X-½nÂ-X½n-epw- km-¼-̄ n-I-þcm-jv-{So-b- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- ta-Je-I-fn-e-p-Å ]-c-kv-]-c- k-l-I-c-Ww- h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¯pw- hÀ-[n-̧ n-¨pw- C´y-bp-sS- sF-Iyw- Zr-V-X-c-am-¡m-\p-Å \-S-]-Sn-IÄ P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- K-•h¬-sa³dv- ssI-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-Wv. tZ-io-b-X-I-fp-sS-bpw- `m-j-I-fp-sS-bpw- kw-kv-Im-c-§-fp-sS-bpw- \m-\m-Xzw- am-\n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xm-Wv; \m-\m-Xz-̄ n-se- G-I-Xzw- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ m-\p-Å \-b-§Ä Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv. km-¼-̄ n-I-am-bn- ]n-t¶m-¡w- \nÂ-¡p-¶, ZpÀ-_-e-§-fm-b- kwkv-Ym-\-§Ä¡pw- ta-J-e-IÄ¡pw- {]-tZ-i-§Ä¡pw- A-h-bp-sS- ]n-t¶m-¡m-h-kvY- {Zp-X-K-Xn-bnÂ- X-c-Ww- sN-¿m³ k-lm-bn-¡p-I- F-¶- e-£y-t¯msS, {]-tXy-I- {i-Zv-[-bpw- km-¼-̄ n-I-hpw- a-äp-am-b- {]-tXy-I- k-lm-b-§-fpw- \Â-Ip-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.

vi. P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-Sw, {]m-tZ-in-I- `-c-W-̄ n-s³d- ta-J-e-bnÂ- P-\-§-fmÂ- t\-cn-«p- Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s -̧«-Xpw- th--{X- A-[n-Im-c-§-fpw- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-§-fpw- D-ÅXpw- B-h-iy-am-b- [-\-kv-Yn-Xn-bp-ÅXp-am-b- {]m-tZ-in-I- k-an-Xn-I-fp-sS- A-Xn-_r-l-̄ m-b- H-cp- irw-J-e, {Km-a-X-ew-ap-XÂ- ap-I-fn-tem-«v, D-m-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. {]m-tZ-in-I- k-an-Xn-I-fp-sS- k-Po-h- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ- P-\-§-sf- ]-s¦-Sp-¸n-¡m³ F-Ãm- {i-a-§-fpw- \-S-̄ p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.

vii. \-½p-sS- F-Ãm- km-aq-ly-þcm-jv-{So-b- kv-Ym-]-\-§-fn-te-¡pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-s³d- ssN-X-\yw- kw-{I-an-¸n-¡m³ P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. tZ-io-b- Po-hn-X-¯n-s³d- F-Ãm- h-i-§-fn-te-¡pw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- cq-]-¯n-ep-Å ap³I-¿pw- \n-b-{ -́W-hpw- hym-]n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. cm-jv-{So-b-¸mÀ-Sn-I-fpw, t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b-\p-I-fpw- IÀ-j-I- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn- kw-L-S-\-I-fpw- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶-P-\-hn-`m-K-§-fp-sS- a-äv- hÀ-K-þ_-lp-P-\- kw-L-S-\-I-fpw- C-¡m-cy-̄ nÂ- \nÀ-Wm-b-I-am-b- ]-¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. P-\-§-fp-sS- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b- A-`n-em-j-§-tfm-Sv- \n-c- -́cw- {]-Xn-I-cn-¡m³ ]m-I-¯nÂ- \n-b-a-\nÀ-am-W-þ\nÀ-h-l-W- kw-hn-[m-\-§-sf- k-Pv-P-am-¡m³ B-h-iy-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-IÄ K-h¬sa³dv- ssI-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-Wv-; `-c-W-¯n-epw- kÀ-¡m-cn-s³d- {]-hÀ-̄ -\-§-fn-epw- _-lp-P-\-§-fpw- A-h-cp-sS- kw-L-S-\-I-fpw- k-Po-h- ]-¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p- F-¶v- K-h¬sa³dv- D-d-¸p-h-cp-̄ pw. `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-epw- `-c-W-¯n-ep-ap-Å D-tZym-K-kv-Y- Zp-jv-{]-`p-Xz-]-c-am-b-]-Xn-hp-IÄ C-Ãm-bv-a- sN-¿m³ A-Xp- {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.

viii.P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- I-Å -̧Ww- I-s-Sp-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-gn-a-Xn- C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xpw- s]m-Xp-P-\-tk-h-I-cp-sS- km-¼-¯n-I- Ip-ä§-fpw- A-gn-a-Xn-I-fpw- I-s-̄ n- in-£n-¡p-¶-Xpw- B-bn-cn-¡pw.

ix. \o-Xn- \-S-¸m-¡p-¶- Im-cy-¯nÂ- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b- am-ä§Ä sIm-p-h-cp-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. \ym-b-bp-Iv-X-hpw- Ir-Xy-\n-jv-T-hpamb- \o-Xn- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pw. B-h-iy-ap-ÅhÀ-¡v- \n-b-a-]-c-am-b- B-izm-kw-F-fp- -̧̄ nÂ- e-̀ y-am-I-̄ -¡- hn-[-¯nÂ- kuP-\y-am-bn- \n-b-a-k-lm-b-hpw- hn-Z-Kv-t[m-]-tZ-i-hpw- GÀ-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.

x. km-bp-[-tk-\-bn-se- Aw-K-§-fnÂ- tZ-im-̀ n-am-\-̄ n-s³d-bpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-s³d-bpw- P-\-tk-h-\-¯n-s³d-bpw- hn-Im-cw- D-f-hm-¡m³ P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- K-h¬-sa³dv- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. A-hÀ-¡v- \-Ã- Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-c-hpw- tk-h-\- hy-h-kv-Y-I-fpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- kuI-cy-§-fpw- {]Zm\w- sN-¿p-¶- K-h¬-sa³dv, A-h-cp-sS- Ip-«n-IÄ¡v- hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw- {]-Zm-\w- sN-¿p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. ssk-\n-I- ]-cn-io-e-\w- t\-Sm³ Im-bn-I-ti-jn-bp-Å F-Ãm- B-fp-I-sf-bpw- t{]-cn-¸n-¡pw-; tZ-io-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-s³d-bpw- A-Xn-s³d- kw-c-£-W-̄ n-s³d-bpw- hn-Im-cw- F-Ãm-h-cn-epw- h-fÀ-¯pw.

xi. ]u-c-kzm-X-{´y-§Ä ]qÀ-W-am-bpw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. hy-Iv-Xn-IÄ¡pw- A-h-cp-sS- hm-

k-kv-Y-e-¯n-\pw- B-{I-a-W-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v- \n-b-a-]-c-am-b- kw-c-£-Ww, hn-Nm-c-W- Iq-Sm-sX-bp-Å X-S-¦Â- H-gn-hm-¡Â, Nn-́ -¡pw- a-X-hn-izm-k-̄ n-\pw- B-cm-[-\-¡pw- {]-kw-K-¯n-\pw- ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-̄ n-\pw- kw-L-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- cm-jv-{So-b¸mÀ-Sn-I-fpw- kw-L-S-\-I-fpw- cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-apÅ A-h-Im-iw, F-hn-sS-bpw- k-©-cn-¡m-\pw- tPm-en- e-̀ n-¡m-\p-ap-Å kzm-X-{´yw, `n-¶m-̀ n-{]m-bw- {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¡m-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw- C-sX-Ãmw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pw.

xii. sXm-gnÂ- sN-¿m-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw- Hm-tcm- ]uc-s³d-bpw- auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯pw. a-X-tam- Pm-Xn-tbm- enw-K-tam- hw-i-tam- tZ-io-b-X-tbm- t\m-¡m-sX- Xp-ey-tPm-en-¡v- Xp-ey-th-X-\-hpw- F-Ãm- ]uc·mÀ-¡pw- Xp-eym-h-Im-i-§-fpw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯pw. i-¼-f-§-fn-epw- h-cp-am-\-§-fn-epw- D-Åh-en-b- A-k-a-Xz-§Ä L-«w-L-«-am-bn- Ip-d-̈ p-sIm-p-h-cpw.

xiii.H-cp- Pm-Xn-bp-sS-taÂ- a-säm-cp- Pm-Xn- GÂ-¸n-¡p-¶- km-aq-ly-am-b- A-Sn-̈ -aÀ-¯Â- C-Ãm-Xm-¡pw. A-bn-¯-hpw- km-aq-ly-am-b- F-Ãm- hn-th-N-\-§-fpw- \n-b-a-]-c-am-b- in-£-bv-¡v- hn-t[-b-am-¡-s¸-Spw. tk-h-\-̄ p-d-I-fp-sS-bpw- a-äv- hn-Zym-`ym-k- kuI-cy-§-fp-sS-bpw- Im-cy-̄ nÂ- ]-«n-I-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ-¡pw- ]-«n-I-hÀ-K-¡mÀ-¡pw- a-äv- ]n-t¶m-¡- k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw- {]-tXy-I- kuI-cy-§Ä A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.

xiv. km-aq-ly-am-b- A-k-a-Xz-§Ä \o-¡w- sN-¿pw-; kv-{Xo-IÄ¡v- F-Xn-cm-b- hn-th-N-\w- A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡pw-; `q-an-b-S-¡-ap-Å kz-̄ p-¡-fp-sS- ]n-´p-SÀ-̈ m-h-Im-iw-t]m-ep-Å Im-cy-§-fnÂ- kv-{Xo-IÄ¡v- Xp-eym-h-Im-iw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pw-; F-Ãm- k-ap-Zm-b-§-fn-se-bpw- kv-{Xo-IÄ¡v- Xp-eym-h-Im-iw- F-¶- X-Xz-̄ n-s³d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-̄ nÂ- km-aq-ly-hpw- km-¼-¯n-I-hpw- Ip-Spw-_-]-c-hp-am-b- kw-c-£-W-\n-b-a-§Ä {]m-_-ey-̄ nÂ- sIm-p-h-cpw-; tPm-en-I-fn-epw- tk-h-\-§-fn-epw- D-Å {]-th-i-\w- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯pw. Ip-Spw-_-L-S-\-sb- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hÂ-¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- Du¶Â- \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-s³d- `m-K-am-bn- in-ip-kw-c-£-W-¯n-\pw- ho-«p-tPm-en-IÄ¡pw- B-h-iy-am-b- k-lm-b- kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä kr-jv-Sn-¡-s -̧Spw.

xv. cm-jv-{S-̄ n-s³d- a-X-\n-c-t]-£- kz-`m-hw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯pw. kÀ-¡mÀ- Im-cy-§-fn-epw- cm-Py-̄ n-s³d- cm-jv-{So-b- Po-hn-X-̄ n-epw- D-Å a-X-kv-Ym-]-\-§-fp-sS- C-S-s]-SÂ- \n-tcm-[n-¡pw. a-X-\yq-\-]-£-§Ä¡v- kw-c-£-Ww- \Â-Ipw. A-h-tcm-Sp-Å G-Xp- X-cw- hn-th-N-\-hpw- \n-tcm-[n-¡-s -̧Spw.

xvi.F-Ãm- X-e-§-fn-epw- hn-]p-e-am-b- im-kv-{Xo-b- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- GÀ-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- s]m-Xp- hn-Zym-`ym-k- hy-h-kv-Y- hn-]p-e-s -̧Sp-¯pw. sk-¡--dn-X-ew-h-sc- kuP-\y-hpw- \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-hp-am-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw- hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-̄ n-s³d- a-X-\n-c-t]-£- kz-̀ m-h-hpw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯pw. D-¶-X-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-hpw-sXm-gn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X- hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw- B-[p-\n-I-am-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- Im-tem-Nn-X-am-bn- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿pw. hn-]p-e-am-b- K-th-j-W- kv-Ym-]-\-§-fn-eq-sS- im-kv-{X-þkm-t¦-Xn-I- hn-Zy-bp-sS- hn-Im-kw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pw. Im-bn-I- hn-t\m-Z- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS- h-fÀ-̈ -¡m-bn- k-a-{K-am-b- H-cp- \-bw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡pw.

xvii.kuP-\y-am-b- B-tcm-Ky-þssh-Zy-þam-Xr- ip-{iq-jm-tk-h-\-§-fp-sS- A-Xn-hn-]p-e-am-b- irw-J-e- kv-Ym-]n-¡-s -̧Spw. in-ip-a-µn-c-§-fpw- sXm-gn-se-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v- hn-{i-a-̀ -h-\-§-fpw- hn-t\m-Z-tI-{µ-§-fpw- kv-Ym-]n-¡pw. hr-Zv-[- s]³j³ D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pw. kv-{Xo-I-fn-epw- ]p-cp-j-·m-cn-epw- Ip-Spw-_m-kq-{X-W-t_m-[w- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-a-Ãm-̄ - P-\-kw-Jym-\-bw- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-K-h¬sa³dv- hn-I-kn-̧ n-s¨-Sp-¡pw.

xviii.]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- kw-c-£n-¡p-hm-\p-Å k-a-{K-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-Åpw. ]-cn-kv-Yn-Xn- k-́ p-e-\w- \n-e-\nÀ-t¯--Xn-s³d- B-h-iyw- a-\-knÂ-sh-¨p-sIm-p-Å hn-I-k-\- ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ B-kq-{X-Ww- sN-¿pw. cm-Py-̄ n-s³d- ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-hpw- ssP-h-hn-`-h-§-fpw- km-{am-Py-Xz- Nq-j-W-¯nÂ-\n-¶v-kw-c-£n-¡-pw.

xix.k-aq-l-t¯m-Sv- k-a-\z-bn-¡-s -̧«- ]qÀ-W-]ucÀ- F-¶- \n-e-bnÂ- Po-hn-¡m³ A-h-iÀ-¡p-Å A-h-Im-iw- kw-c-£n-¡-s -̧Spw. hr-Zv-[À-¡p- am-\y-am-b- Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-¡m-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw- kÀ-¡mÀ- k-Kuc-hw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pw. sam-̄ -¯nÂ- ]-d-ªmÂ- auen-Im-h-Im-i-§-fm-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«p-h-cp-¶- km-aq-lym-h-Im-i-§Ä P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-s³d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-X-Xz-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

xx. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-þa-X-\n-c-t]-£- ho-£-W-ap-Å H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- ]p-tcm-K-a-\- P\-Io-b- kw-kv-Im-cw- h-fÀ-¯n-s¡m-p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\m-bn, P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-S-hpw- K-h¬-sa³dpw- P-\-§-fp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-]-c-am-b- I-gn-hp-I-sf- ]-cn-t]m-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. P-\-§-fp-sS- `uXn-I-hpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hp-am-b- Po-hn-X-s¯- k-¼p-jv-S-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- D-X-Ip-¶- I-e-bpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- km-ln-Xy-hpw- cq-]-s -̧Sp-¯n- h-fÀ-¯n-s¡m-p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\v- B-h-iy-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-Wv. Pm-Xn-Nn- -́bpw- enw-K-]-£-]m-X-hpw- hÀ-Ko-b- ap³hn-[n-I-fpw- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-§-fpw- A-[o-i-Xzm-i-b-§-fpw- D-·q-e-\w- sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\v- A-Xv- P-\-§-sf- k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. im-kv-{Xo-b- k-ao-]-\-s¯- A-Xv- t{]mÂ-km-ln-¸n-¡pw. cm-Py-̄ m-sI-bp-Å P-\m-[n-]-Xy- P-\-hn-`m-K-§-fp-sS- s]m-Xp-hm-b- B-i-bm-̀ n-em-j-§-fp-am-bn- C-W-§n-t¨-cp-¶-hn-[-̄ nÂ- X-§-fp-sS- hy-Xn-cn-Iv-X-am-b- `mj-sb-bpw- kw-kv-Im-c-s¯-bpw- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-sb-bpw- h-fÀ-̄ n-s¡m-p-h-cm³ A-Xv, tKm-{X-hÀ-K- P-\-§-f-S-¡-ap-Å Hm-tcm- `m-j-þtZ-io-b-X-tb-bpw- klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. a-äp- cm-Py-§-fn-se- P-\-§-fp-am-bn- km-tlm-Z-cyw- h-

fÀ-̄ n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- hÀ-Ko-b-hpw- tZ-io-b-hp-am-b- hn-tcm-[w- C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- B-h-iy-am-b- hn-Im-c-§Ä A-Xp- P-\-§-fnÂ- k-¶n-th-in-̧ n-¡pw.

xxi.C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- am-[y-a-§Ä¡p- s]m-Xp-{]-t£-]-W- hy-h-kv-Y-bnÂ- Du¶Â- \Â-In-s¡m-v- am-[y-a-§Ä hn-I-kn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Spw. kz-Im-cy-hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- ssI-I-fnÂ- am-[y-a- B-kv-Xn-IÄ tI-{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw- C-́ y³ am-[y-a-§-fnÂ- hn-tZ-i- D-S-a-kv-Y-X A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xpw AÃ. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b- \n-b-{ -́W-hpw- D-̄ -c-hm-Zn-Xz-_m-[y-X-bpw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ pw.

6.4 Ir-jn-bp-sS-bpw- IÀ-j-I-cp-sS-bpw- ta-J-e-bnÂ-: Ir-jn-sb- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-¡n-bp-Å H-cp- k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bm-Wv- C-́ y-¡p-ÅXv. P-\-kw-Jy-bnÂ- 70 i-X-am-\-̄ n-te-sd-bpw- {Km-a-§-fn-em-Wv- h-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. A-Xn-\mÂ- Ir-jn- hn-I-kn-¸n-t¡--Xpw- IÀ-j-I- P-\-km-am-\y-̄ n-s³d- Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-cw- D-bÀ-t¯--Xpw- k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- k-a-{K- hn-I-k-\-¯nÂ- \nÀ-Wm-b-I- L-S-I-§-fm-Wv.

Cu e-£yw- ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-K-h¬-sa³dv- Xm-sg- ]-d-bp-¶- Im-cy-§Ä sN-¿p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw

i. auen-I-am-b- `q-]-cn-jv-Im-c-§Ä \-S-̧ m-¡n-s¡m-v- `q-{]-`p-Xzw- A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡pw. IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw- Z-cn-{Z- Ir-jn-¡mÀ-¡pw- kuP-\y-am-bn- `q-an- hn-X-c-Ww- sN-¿p-I.

ii. Z-cn-{Z-Ir-jn-¡m-cpw- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpw- ssI-s¯m-gnÂ-¡m-cpw- lp-n-I-¡mÀ-¡pw- `q-{]-`p-¡Ä¡pw- sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-Å I-S-§Ä d-±m-¡p-I.

iii. h³In-S- I-̈ -h-S-¡m-cnÂ-\n-¶pw- _-lp-cm-jv-{S- tImÀ¸td-j-\p-I-fnÂ-\n-¶pw- hn-e-\n-e-hm-c-̄ n-s³d-Ip-̄ -s\-bp-Å G-ä¡p-d-̈ n-ep-I-fnÂ-\n-¶pw- IÀ-j-I- P-\-km-am-\y-s¯- kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- th-n- kÀ-¡m-cn-s³d- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ- H-cp- hn-]-W-\- hy-h-kv-Y- h-fÀ-̄ n-sb-Sp-¡p-I. Ir-jn-¡mÀ-¡pw- ssI-s¯m-gnÂ-¡mÀ-¡pw- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw- Ip-d-ª- ]-en-i-\n-c-¡nÂ- ZoÀ-L-Im-e- hm-bv-]- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯p-I. ImÀ-jn-tIm¸-¶-§Ä¡v- \ym-b-hn-e- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-I.

iv. P-e-tk-N-\-þhn-Zyp-Nv-O-Iv-Xn- kuI-cy-§Ä ]-c-am-h-[n- hÀ-[n-¸n-¡p-I. A-h- i-cn-bm-b- hn-[-̄ nÂ- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I. ImÀ-jn-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ- \m-S³ K-th-j-W-þhn-I-k-\- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä¡p- t{]mÂ-km-l-\w- \Â-Ip-I. DÂ-̧ m-Z-\-£-a-X- hÀ-[n-̧ n-¡m-\m-bn- B-[p-\n-I- km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw- sa-¨-s -̧«- hn-¯n-\-§-fpw- D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-v- Ir-jn-k-{¼-Zm-bw- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ Ir-jn-¡m-sc- k-lm-bn-¡p-I.

v. IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v- \ym-b-am-b- Iq-en-bpw- km-aq-ly-kp-c-£m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fpw- Po-hn-X- ]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-I-fpw- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯p-I.

vi. Ir-jn-¡pw- a-äv- tk-h-\-§Ä¡p-am-bn, kz-bw- k-¶-Zv-[-X-bp-sS- A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯nÂ- Ir-jn-¡m-cp-sS-bpw- ssI-s¯m-gnÂ-¡m-cp-sS-bpw- k-l-I-c-W- kwL-§Ä¡v- t{]mXvkm-l-\w- \Â-Ip-I.

vii. `-£y-[m-\y-§-fpw- a-äv- A-h-iy-h-kv-Xp-¡-fpw- Ip-d-ª-hn-e-bv-¡v- P-\-§Ä¡v- e-`y-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn-k-a-{K-am-b- H-cp- s]m-Xp-hn-X-c-W- k-{¼-Zm-bw- GÀ-s -̧Sp-¯p-I.

6.5 hy-Xy-kv-X- \n-e-hm-c-§-fn-ep-Å km-¼-̄ n-I- hn-I-k-\-t¯m-Spw- hy-Xy-kv-X- km-aq-ly-þkm-¼-¯n-I- am-Xr-I-I-tfm-Spw- Iq-Sn-b- H-cp- h-en-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- C-́ y. A-Xn-\mÂ- cm-Py-̄ n-s³d- k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- hn-Im-k-̄ n-\pw- P-\-§-fp-sS- Po-hn-X-]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-I-fp-sS- A-\p-{I-a-am-b- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡pw- B-h-iy-am-b- D¸m-Z-\-i-Iv-Xn-IÄ {Zp-X-K-Xn-bnÂ- h-fÀ-̈ - ssI-h-cn-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ, k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- ]-c-a-{]-[m-\-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ- s]m-Xp- D-S-a-kv-Y-X- \-S-̧ m-¡n-bpw- a-äv- ta-J-e-I-fnÂ- \n-b-{´-I--amÀ-K-\n-tZ-i-I- ]-¦v- ssI-s¡m-pw- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- K-h¬-sa³dv- \nÀWm-b-I-am-b- I-S-a- \nÀ-h-ln-t¡--Xp-v. P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y, hn-hn-[- D--Sa-kv-YXm-co-Xn-I-tfm-Sp- Iq-Sn-b- H-cp- _-lp-L-S-\m- kwhn-[m-\-am-bn-cn-¡pw. F-¶mÂ- A-XnÂ- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bv-¡v- ta-[m-hn-Xz-]-cam-b- ]-¦p- -m-bn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿pw. B-tKm-f-k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bnÂ- h¼n¨- am-ä§Ä h-¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶- ]-iv-Nm-̄ -e-̄ nÂ- hn-tZ-i-̄ p-\n-¶p-Å B-[p-\n-I- km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-sf- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶- A-h-k-c-¯nÂ-̄ -s¶, \-½p-sS- cm-Pyw- A-Xn-s³d- kzm-{i-b- A-Sn-̄ -d- Iq-Sp-XÂ- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-¯m³ ]-cn-{i-an-¡pw.

6.6 hy-h-km-b-¯n-s³d-bpw- sXm-gn-en-s³d-bpw- ta-J-e-bnÂ-: IÀ-j-I-P-\-km-am-\y-¯n-s³d- Ip-d-ª- hm-§Â-¡-gn-hn-s³d- B-Lm-Xw- am-{X-a-Ã- \-½p-sS- hy-h-km-b-̄ n-\v- k-ln-t¡-n-h-cp-¶-Xv. DÂ-̧ m-Z-\-¯n-s³d- G-Xm-s-Ãm- ta-J-e-I-fn-epw- Ip-̄ -I- Ip-Spw-_-§-fp-sS- a-c-W-¸n-Sn-̄ -¯n-s³d-bpw- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d- hÀ-[-am-\-am-b- \p-g-ªp-I-b-ä¯n-s³d-bpw- km-{am-Py-Xz- G-P³kn-IÄ sN-ep-¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶- \m-\m-cq-]-§-fn-ep-Å ta-[m-hn-Xz-¯n-s³d-bpw- B-Lm-X-§-fpw- A-Xn-\v- k-ln-t¡-n-h-cp-¶p-v. Ip-̄ -I-I-¼-\n-I-fnÂ- B-kv-Xn-IÄ tI-{µo-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xp-aq-ew- km-¼-¯n-I- hn-I-k-\w- hn-Ir-X-am-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- hym-]-I-am-b- A-k-a-Xz-§Ä¡v- Im-c-W-am-bn-̄ o-cp-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-¯n-t·-ep-Å B-{in-X-Xz-hpw- A-´m-cm-jv-{S- ^n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d- Xn-«q-c-§-fpw- I-Sp-̄ - Nq-j-W-̄ n-\pw- hn-I-k-\- ssh-Ir-X-§Ä¡pw- h-gn-h-bv-¡p-¶p. P-\-§-fp-sS- B-•h-iy-§Ä \n-d-th-äm³ D-X-Ip-¶-h-b-Ã- C-h. A-Xn-\mÂ- hy-h-km-b-̄ n-s³d- ta-J-e-bnÂ- P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]Xy- K-h¬sa³dv- Xm-sg- -̧d-bp-¶- Im-cy-§Ä sN-¿p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.

i hy-h-km-b-[-\w, I-¨-h-Sw, tk-h-\w- F-¶o- hn-hn-[- ta-J-e-I-fnÂ- C´y\pw- hn-tZ-in-bp-am-b- Ip-¯-

I-I-sf- C-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- A-h-bp-sS- BkvXnIÄ G-säSp-¡p-¶-X-S-¡-ap-Å \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-Åpw.

ii. B-[p-\n-I-hÂ-¡-c-Ww, P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hÂ-¡-c-Ww, D-tZym-K-kv-Y- Zp-jv-{]-̀ p-Xz- \n-b-{´-W-§-fneqsS- A-gn-a-Xn-bnÂ-\n-¶pw- tam-Nn-¸n-¡Â, D-¯-c-hm-Zn-Xzw- \n-iv-N-bn-¡Â, am-t\-Pv-sa³dnÂ- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- ]-¦m-fn¯w- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯Â, aÂ-k-cn-¡m-\p-Å I-gn-hv- D-m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡Â- F-¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-s]m-Xp-ta-J-em- hy-h-km-b- kv-Ym-]-\-§-sf- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ pw. A-Xn-eq-sS- A-h-bv-¡v- k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bnÂ- \m-b-I-kv-Ym-\w- Dd-̧ p-hcp¯pw.

iii. B-[p-\n-I- km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy- kzm-b-̄ -am-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- DÂ-̧ m-Z-\-£-aX- hÀ-[n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- th-n- sX-c-sª-Sp-¡-s -̧«- Nn-e- ta-J-e-I-fnÂ- hn-tZ-i- {]-Xy-£-\n-t£-]w- A-\p-h-Zn-¡pw. k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- sam¯-¯n-ep-Å XmÂ-]-cy-¯n-\p-th-n- ^n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d- Hgp¡v- \n-b-{´n-¡pw.

iv. hm-bv-], \ym-b-am-b- hn-e-bv-¡v- A-kw-kv-Ir-X- km-[-\-§Ä, hn-]-W-\- kuI-cy-§Ä F-¶n-h- \Â-In- sN-dp-In-S-þC-S-¯-cw- hy-h-km-b-§-sf- klm-bn-¡pw.

v. k-́ p-en-X-hpw- B-kq-{Xn-X-hp-am-b- km-¼-̄ n-I- hn-I-k-\w- ssI-h-cn-¡m³ I-gn-b-¯-¡- hn-[-¯nÂ- k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS- hn-hn-[- ta-J-e-I-sf-bpw- hn-]-Wnsb-bpw- \n-b-{´n-¡p-I-bpw- k-a-\z-bn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿pw. hn-tZ-i-hm-Wn-Py-s¯- \n-b-{´n-¡pw.

vi. Xm-sg- -̧d-bp-¶- Im-cy-§Ä sN-bv-Xp-sIm-v- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- Po-hn-X- \n-e-hm-cw- auen-I-am-bn- sa-̈ -s -̧Sp-̄ pw. 1. Po-hn-¡m³ B-h-iy-am-b- Iq-en- \n-iv-N-bn-¡p-I. 2. sXm-gnÂ- \n-b-aw- {I-a-am-bn- Ip-d-¨p-sIm-p-h-cn-I. 3. Hm-tcm-tcm- co-Xn-bn-ep-Å A-h-i-X-IÄ¡pw- sXm-gn-en-Ãm-bv-a-¡pw- ]-cn-lm-c-am-bn- km-aq-ly- C³jz-d³kv. 4. sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v- ]mÀ-̧ n-S- kuI-cyw. 5. Iq-«m-bn- hn-e-t]-im-\pw- ]-Wn-ap-S-¡m-\p-ap-Å t{S-Uv-bq-Wn-b-\p-IfpsS - A-h-Im-iw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡Â. c-l-ky- thm-s«-Sp-̧ n-eq-sS- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b-\p-IÄ¡v- Aw-Ko-Im-cw. 6. _m-e-th-e- C-Ãm-bv-a- sN-¿p-I.

vii.sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw- Ir-jn-¡mÀ-¡pw- ssI-s¯m-gnÂ-¡mÀ-¡pw- \n-Ip-Xn-bnÂ-\n-¶v- ]-c-am-h-[n- B-izm-kw- \Â-Ip-I. Ir-jn-bn-epw- hy-h-km-b-̄ n-epw- I-̈ -h-S-̄ n-epw- ]-Sn-]-Sn-bm-bp-Å \n-Ip-Xn-\n-c-¡p-IÄ GÀ-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I. km-[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sS- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä¡p- \n-c-¡p-¶- H-cp- hn-e-\-bw- ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- \-S-¸m-¡p-I.

6.7 hn-tZ-i-\-b-¯n-s³d- ta-J-e-bnÂ-: tem-I-k-am-[m-\w- Im-¯p-kq-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-s³d- ta-[m-hn-Xz-̄ n-s\-Xn-cm-bn- \o-§p-¶-Xn-\pw- A-´m-cm-jv-{S-_-\v-[-§Ä P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hÂ-¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- C-́ y- AÀ-l-am-b- ]-¦v- \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-sa-¶v- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯m-\m-bn- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-K-h¬sa³dv- Xm-sg- ]-d-bp-¶- Im-cy-§Ä sN-¿p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.

i. kulr-Z-¯n-s³d-bpw- k-l-I-c-W-¯n-s³d-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-¯nÂ- FÃm- cm-Py-§-fp-am-bpw- _-\v-[w- h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-I. G-jy-bn-se-bpw- B-{^n-¡-bn-se-bpw- em-än³ A-ta-cn-¡-bn-se-bpw- F-Ãm- hn-I-kz-c-cm-Py-§-fp-ambn- _-\v-[-hpw- sF-Iy-ZmÀ-Vy-hpw- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-¯p-I. km-{am-Py-Xz- cmPy-§-fp-sS- ta-[m-hn-Xz-s¯- sN-dp-¡m-\m-bn- Z-£n-W-þZ-£n-W- k-l-I-c-Ww- t{]mÂ-km-ln-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- tN-cn-tN-cm-{]-kv-Ym-\-s¯- ]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-hn-̧ n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-I.

ii. tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- cm-Py-§-fp-am-bpw- k-am-[m-\-Imw-£n-I-fm-b- F-Ãm- cm-jv{S-§-fp-am-bpw- kulr-Z-_-\v-[-hpw- k-l-I-c-W-hpw- h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-I. km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-\v- F-Xn-cm-bpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\pw- tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-\pw- th-n-bp-Å F-Ãm- k-a-c-§Ä¡pw- ]n-´p-W- \Â-Ip-I.

iii. B-W-h- bp-Zv-[-`o-j-Wn- C-Ãm-Xm-¡m³th-n- {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-I. kmÀ-h-{XnI- B-W-h-\n-cm-bp-[o-I-c-W-¯n-\p-th-n- {]-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-I. kÀ-h-\m-iw- hcp-̄ p-¶- F-Ãm-hn-[- B-bp-[-§-fpw- (B-W-h-þcm-k-þssP-h- B-bp-[-§-sfÃmw)- \nÀ-amÀ-P-\w- sN-¿p-I. hn-tZ-i- ssk-\n-I-¯m-h-f-§-sf-Ãmw- s]m-fn-¨p-am-äW-sa-¶v- B-h-iy-s -̧Sp-I. ]-cn-k-c-kw-c-£-W-¯n-\pw- ]-cn-kvYnXn- k-´p-e-\-¯n-\pw- th-n- A-´m-cm-jv-{S- k-l-I-c-Ww- h-fÀ-¯n-s¡m-p-h-cn-I.

iv. C-́ y-bp-sS- A-bÂ-cm-Py-§-fm-b- ]m¡n-kv-Xm³, ssN-\, _w-¥m-tZ-iv, t\¸mÄ, {io-e-¦, _À-a- F-¶n-h-bp-am-bn- \n-e-hn-ep-Å A-`n-{]m-b- hyXym-k-§-fpw- XÀ-¡-§-fpw- k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-bn- ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- kulrZ-_-\v-[w- i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw- ]-c-kv-]-c- NÀ-̈ -I-fn-eq-sS- {]-tXy-I- {i-aw- \-S-̄ p-I. Z-£n-tW-jy³ k-l-I-c-Ww- h-fÀ-̄ p-I.

VII P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- ap-¶-Wn- sI-«n-¸-Sp-¡Â-

7.1 C´y³ hn-¹-h-̄ n-s³d- auen-I-I-S-a-IÄ ]-cn-]qÀ-W-am-bpw- ]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å C-¶-s¯- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p- `-c-W-Iq-S-s¯- am-än- XÂ-kv-Ym-\-̄ v- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-Å H-cp- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- kv-Ym-]n-¡p-I-sb-¶-Xv- C-¶-s¯- Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ- A-Xy-́ m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

7.2 \-½p-sS- hn-¹-h-¯n-s³d- kz-̀ m-hw, A-Xn-s³d- hn-Im-k-̄ n-s³d- C-¶-s¯- L-«-¯nÂ, A-\n-hm-cy-am-bpw- ^yq-UÂ-hn-cp-Zv-[-hpw- km-{am-Py-hn-cp-Zv-[-hpw- Ip-̄ -I-hn-cp-Zv-[-hpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-am-Wv. \-½p-sS- hn-¹-h-¯n-s³d- L-«w, A-Xp- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\p-Å k-a-c-̄ nÂ- hn-hn-[- hÀ-K-§Ä h-ln-¡p-¶- ]-¦v- F-s -́¶p- \nÀ-W-bn-¡p-¶p. tkm-jy-en-kw- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\p-Å ap-t¶-ä¯n-se- H-cp- A-h-iy-L-«w- F-¶- \n-e-bnÂ, C-¶-s¯- Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ, sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-Kw, P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹-h-̄ n-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \Â-tI-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. C-Xv- ]-g-b- co-Xn-bn-ep-Å _qÀ-jzm- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹-h-a-Ã.a-dn- v̈, sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-Kw- kw-L-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xpw- A-hÀ- X-s¶- \-bn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-b- ]p-Xn-b- co-Xn-bn-ep-Å P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹-h-am-Wv.

7.3 Ir-jn-bn-se-bpw- hy-h-km-b-§-fn-se-bpw- D¸m-Z-\-i-Iv-Xn-I-fn-se- ^yq-UÂ-þAÀ-[-̂ yq-UÂ- ImÂ-¨-§-e-I-fp-sS- A-h-in-jv-S-§Ä Iq-Sn- Xq-¯p-am-äm³ I-gn-b-¯-¡-hn-[-¯nÂ, IÀ-j-I- P-\-km-am-\y-¯n-s³d- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn- v̈- auen-I-am-b- `q-]-cn-jv-Im-cw- \-S-̧ m-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹-h-¯n-s³d- {]-Y-a-hpw- {]-[m-\-hp-am-b- I-Sa. A-tXm-sSm-¸w, Pm-Xn-sb-t¸m-ep-Å {]m-Mv- ap-X-em-fn-̄ - km-aq-lym-h-in-jv-S-§-fn-eq-sS- {Km-a-§-sf- bp-K-§-tfm-fw- ]-g-¡-ap-Å ]n-t¶m-¡m-h-kv-Y-bnÂ- X-f-̈ n-Sp-¶- km-aq-ly- hy-h-kv-Y- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å k-a-{K-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-Åp-I-bpw- th-Ww. b-YmÀ-Y-¯nÂ- P-\-Io-b-þP-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹-h-̄ n-s³d- A-¨p-X-m-b- ImÀ-jn-I- hn-¹-h-̄ n-s³d- ]qÀ-̄ o-I-c-W-hp-am-bn- Cu I-S-a-sb- Zr-V-am-bn- _-\v-[n-̧ n-¡p-I-bpw- th-Ww. km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-s³d- hn-\m-i-I-c-am-b- kzm-[o-\-¯nÂ-\n-¶pw- _-lp-cm-jv-{S- Ip-̄ -I-I-fp-sS-bpw- A-´m-cm-jv-{S- Ip-̄ -I-aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d- hn-hn-[- G-P³kn-I-fp-sS-bpw- ta-[m-hn-Xz-¯nÂ-\n-¶pw-\-½p-sS- P-\-§-fp-sS- km-¼-¯n-I-þcm-jv-{So-b- þ km-aq-ly- Po-hn-X-s¯- kz-X-{´-am-¡p-I- F-¶-Xm-Wv- c-m-a-s¯- A-Sn-b-́ -c- I-S-a. Ip-¯-I-aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d- A-[n-Im-cw- X-IÀ-¡p-I- F-¶- I-S-a- C-Xp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s -̧«-Xp-X-s¶-bm-Wv.

7.4 ]-s£- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-¡pw- `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ nÂ- {]-ap-J-kv-Ym-\w- h-ln-¡p-¶- A-Xn-s³d- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-Xn-\n-[n-IÄ¡pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- hn-«p-ho-gv-N-bn-Ãm-̄ - \n-e-]m-Sv- ssI-s¡m-Åm-sX, A-hÀ-s¡-Xn-cm-bn- k-a-cw- sN-¿m-sX, C-¶-s¯- ]-iv-Nm-¯-e-̄ nÂ, hn-¹-h-¯n-s³d- auen-I-hpw- ASn-kv-Ym-\-]-c-hp-am-b- Cu I-S-a-IÄ \n-d-th-äm³ I-gn-bp-I-bn-Ã. X-§-fp-sS- hÀ-K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-s¯- Xm-§n-\nÀ-¯m-\m-bn- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn- `q-{]`p-Xz-hp-am-bn- Iq-«p-tNÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. hn-tZ-i-Ip-̄ -I- aq-e-[-\-s¯- kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- C-́ y³ k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bn-te-¡v- Iq-Sp-XÂ- \pgªp-I-S-¡m³ A-Xn-\v- A-h-k-c-ap-m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- th-n, AhÀ- X-§-fp-sS- `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-s¯- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. am-{X-a-Ã, hn-tZ-i-Ip-¯-I-I-fp-am-bn- A-\p-c-Rv-P-\w- \-S-̄ p-I-bpw- Iq-«p-kw-cw-̀ -§-fnÂ- GÀ-s -̧Sp-I-bpw- h³In-S- C-́ y³ `q-{]-̀ p-¡-fp-am-bn- Iq-«p-Iq-Sp-I-bpw- sN-¿p-I- F-¶- \-bw- A-\p-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶- A-hÀ- ap-X-em-fn-¯- hn-I-k-\-¯n-s³d- amÀ-Kw- DuÀ-P-kz-e-am-bn- \-S-¸m-¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-Xv- \-½p-sS- cm-Py-s¯- Ip-̄ -I- aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d- h-fÀ-̈ -sb- A-t§-b-äw- A-\m-bm-k-am-¡n-bn-«p-v. A-Xn-\mÂ- `q-{]-`p-Xz-̄ n-\pw- hn-tZ-i-Ip-¯-I- aq-e-[-\-¯n-\pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹-hw- hn-«p-ho-gv-N-bn-Ãm-̄ - \n-e-]m-Sv- ssI-s¡m-Åp-¶p. F-¶p-am-{X-a-Ã, A-tXm-sSm-¸w- hn-tZ-i- ^n-\m³kv- aq-e-[-\-hp-am-bn- A-\p-c-Rv-P-\w, Iq-«p-]-¦m-fn-¯w, `q-{]-`p-Xz-hp-am-bn- Iq-«p-Iq-SÂ- F-¶o- \-b-§Ä A-\p-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-Xpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \Â-Ip-¶-Xp-am-b- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-¡v- F-Xn-cm-Wv, P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹hw.

7.5 sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-̄ n-s³d-bpw- A-Xn-s³d- cm-jv-{So-b-¸mÀ-Sn-bm-b- C-́ y³ I-ayq-Wn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n- (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)-bpsS-bpw- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-e-Ãm-sX, P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn- hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn- sI-«n- -̧Sp-¡m-t\m, hn-¹-hw- hn-P-b-¯n-se-̄ n-¡m-t\m- I-gn-bp-I-bn-Ã. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn, sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-a-Ãm-sX, B-[p-\n-I- k-aq-l-̄ n-se- a-säm-cp- hÀ-K-hpw- Cu I-S-a- \n-d-th-äm³ hn-[n-¡-s -̧«-h-cm-bn-«n-Ã. \-½p-sS- Im-e-L-«-̄ n-se- A-\p-̀ -h-§-sf-Ãmw, Cu k-Xyw- Xn-I-̈ pw- hy-Iv-X-am-¡n-̄ -cp-¶p- v.

7.6 P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-bp-sS- A-́ -x-k-̄ -bpw- A-Sn-̄ -d-bpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-hpw- IÀ-j-I-P-\-km-am-\y-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å Zr-V-am-b- Iq-«p-sI-«m-Wv. tZ-io-b- kzm-X-{´yw- Im-¯p-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- Zq-c-hym-]-I-am-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- kÀ-h-tXm-ap-J-am-b- km-aq-ly- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- D-d-̧ p-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-epw- ]-c-a-{]-[m-\-am-b- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- Cu Iq-«p-sI-«v. hn-¹-hw- \-S-̄ p-¶-XnÂ- a-äv- hÀ-K-§Ä¡p-Å ]-¦v, Cu sXm-gn-em-fn-þIÀ-j-I- k-Jy-̄ n-s³d- i-Iv-Xn-sb-bpw- kv-Yn-c-Xsb-bpw- \nÀ-Wm-b-I-am-bn- B-{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

7.7 ap-X-em-fn-̄ w- ImÀ-jn-I-ta-J-e-bn-te-¡v- B-gv-¶n-d-§n-bn-«p-ÅXn-\mÂ- IÀ-j-I- P-\-km-am-\y-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ- hy-Iv-X-am-b- thÀ-Xn-cn-hv- D-m-bn-«p-v. hy-Xy-kv-X-hn-`m-K-§Ä, hn-¹-h-̄ nÂ- hy-Xy-kv-X- ]-¦m-Wv- h-ln-¡p-I. {Km-ao-W-Ip-Spw-_-§-fnÂ- a-lm-̀ q-cn-]-£-hpw- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpw- Z-cn-{Z-Ir-jn-¡m-cp-am-Wv. `q-{]-̀ p-¡-fp-sS-bpw- ap-X-em-fn-am-cp-sS-bpw- I-Sp-¯- Nq-j-W-¯n-\v- hn-t[-b-cm-hp-¶- A-hÀ, sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-¯n-s³d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-k-Jy-i-Iv-Xn-I-fm-bn-cn-¡pw. \m-«n³]p-d-§-fn-se- sIm-Ÿ-en-i-¡m-cm-b- lp-n-I-¡mÀ, P-·n-IÄ, ap-X-em-fn-¯- `q-{]-`p-¡Ä F-¶n-h-cp-sSbpw- _-lp-cm-jv-{S-Ip-̄ -I-I-fp-sS-bpw- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS-bpw- \n-b-{ -́W-̄ nep-Å ap-X-em-fn-¯- hn-]-Wn-bp-sS-bpw- ]-IÂ-s¡m-Åbv-¡v- C-cbm-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv- C-S-̄ -cw- Ir-jn-¡mÀ. {Km-ao-W- Po-hn-X-̄ nse- `q-{]-`p-Xz-ta-[m-hn-Xzw- A-h-cp-sS- km-aq-ly-\n-e-sb- \m-\m-X-c-¯nÂ- _m-[n-¡p-¶-Xv- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-bn-se- hn-iz-kv-X-cm-b- k-Jy-I-£n-I-fm-bn- A-h-sc- am-äp-¶p.

7.8 IÀ-j-I-P-\-km-am-\y-¯nÂ- [-\n-I-Ir-jn-¡mÀ- \-Ã- kzm-[o-\-i-Iv-Xn-bp-Å hn-`m-K-am-Wv. _qÀ-jzm-

þ`q-{]-`p- ImÀ-jn-I-\-b-§Ä A-h-cnÂ- H-cp- hn-̀ m-K-̄ n-\v- t\-«-ap-m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-̄ n-«p-v- F-¶- Im-cy-¯nÂ- kw-i-b-anÃ. kzm-X-{´ym-\-́ -c- kÀ-¡m-cp-I-fp-sS- `-c-W-¯nÂ- A-h-cpw- t\-«-ap-m-¡n-bn-«p-v. X-§-fp-sS- Ir-jn-bn-S-§-fnÂ- tPm-en- sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\v- AhÀ- IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-sf- Iq-en-¡p- h-bv-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-v, ap-X-em-fn-¯- `q-{]-`p-hÀ-K-t¯m-Sp- tN-cm-\p-Å {]-h-W-X-bm-Wv- A-hÀ-¡p-ÅXv. F-¶mÂ- Ip-¯-I-I¨-h-S-¡m-cp-sS-bpw- _-lp-cm-jv-{S- tImÀ-]-td-j-\p-I-fp-sS-bpw- ]nSn-bnÂ- A-aÀ-¶- hn-]-Wn-bp-sS- sIm-Åbv-¡v- hn-t[-b-cm-¡-s -̧«-h-cpw- hn-e-\n-e-hm-c-̄ n-s³d- Xp-SÀ-̈ -bm-b- G-ä¡p-d-¨n-ep-I-fp-sS- B-{I-a-W-§Ä¡v- Cc-bm-Ip-¶-h-cp-am-Wv- A-hÀ- F-¶-Xn-\mÂ- _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-̀ p- K-h¬-sa³dn-s\-Xn-cm-bn- A-h-cpw- ap-t¶m-«p-h-cpw. Nn-e- L-«-§-fnÂ- A-h-tc-bpw- P-\-Iob- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-bnÂ- sIm-p-h-cm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv-; Nm-©m-«-kz-̀ mhw- D-s-¦n-epw- A-hÀ-¡pw- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹-h-¯nÂ- H-cp- ]-¦p-h-ln-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶-Xm-Wv.

7.9 ap-X-em-fn-̄ -þ`q-{]-`p- `-c-W-¯n³Io-gnÂ- {Km-ao-W-ta-J-e-bn-se- C-S-¯-c-¡m-cpw- \-K-c-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-se- C-S-̄ -c-¡m-cpw- I-Sp-¯- Zp-cn-Xw- A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶p-v. h-f-sc-tb-sd- "-"-sh-Åt¡m-fÀ-'' Po-h-\-¡m-cpw- A-[ym-]-I-cpw- F-©n-\o-bÀ-am-cpw- tUm-Iv-SÀ-am-cpw- s{]m-^-j-W-ep-I-fpw- _p-²n-Po-hn-I-fnÂ- ]p-Xn-b- H-cp- hn-`m-K-hpw- A-S-§p-¶- C-̄ -c-¡mÀ- {]-[m-\-s -̧«-Xpw- kzm-[o-\-i-Iv-Xn-bp-ÅXp-am-b- H-cp- hn-̀ m-K-am-Wv. ap-X-em-fn-¯w- Iq-Sp-XÂ- hn-I-kn-¡p-I-bpw- D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-\-b-§Ä Iq-Sp-XÂ- hn-]p-e-am-hp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-tXm-sS, C-S-̄ -c-¡mÀ-¡p-ÅnÂ-X-s¶-bp-Å thÀ-Xn-cn-hv- Iq-Sp-XÂ- A-Km-[-am-bn-«p-v. C-S-¯-c-¡m-cnÂ- ap-Iį-«n-ep-Å H-cp- hn-̀ m-Kw- t\-«-ap-m-¡n-bn-«p-v. C-S-̄ -c-¡m-cnÂ- _m-¡n-bp-Åh-cp-sS- Im-gv-N-̧ m-Sn-t\mSv- A-hÀ- tbm-Pn-¡p-¶n-Ã. ]-t£, C-h-cnÂ- a-lm-`q-cn-]-£-am-I-s«, A-hiy-km-[-\-§-fp-sS- hÀ-[n-¨p-sIm-t-bn-cn-¡p-¶- hn-e-¡-b-ähpw- K-h¬sa³dv- sI-«n-tbÂ-̧ n-¨- I-\-¯- \n-Ip-Xn `m-c-hpw- I-\-¯- sXm-gn-en-Ãm-bv-a-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- Po-hn-X-kuI-cy-§-fp-sS- A-̀ m-h-hpw- aq-ew- Zp-cn-Xw- A-\p-̀ -hn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- ap-¶-Wn-bn-se- H-cp- k-Jy-i-Iv-Xn-bm-hm³ A-hÀ-¡p- I-gn-bpw-; A-hÀ- k-Jy-i-Iv-Xn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-I-bpw- sN¿pw. hn-¹-h-̄ n-s³d- ]-£-t¯-¡v- A-h-sc- sIm-p-h-cm-\p-Å F-Ãm- {i-a-§fpw- \-S-t¯--Xp-v. Cu hn-̀ m-K-¯n-ep-Åh-sc- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-e-£y-§Ä¡p- ]n-¶nÂ- A-Wn-\n-c-¯p-¶- Im-cy-̄ nÂ- _pZv[n-Po-hn-IÄ¡pÅ ]-¦v- kp-{]-[m-\-am-Wv.

7.10 C-́ y³ _qÀ-jzm-kn-¡v- H-cp- hÀ-K-sa-¶- \n-e-bnÂ, km-{am-Py-Xz-hp-am-bn- ssh-cp-[y-§-fp- v. A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s¶- ^yq-UÂ-þAÀ-[-̂ yq-UÂ- ImÀ-jn-I- hy-h-kv-Y-bp-am-bpw- A-hÀ-¡v- ssh-cp-[y-§-fp- v-; kw-L-«-\-§-fpv. F-¶mÂ, A-h-cnÂ- h³In-S-¡m-cpw- Ip-̄ -I-I-fp-am-b- hn-`m-Kw- kzm-X-{´ym-\-́ -cw, Cu ssh-cp-[y-§-fpw- kw-L-«-\-§-fpw- A-\p-c-Rv-P-\-̄ n-eq-sS-bpw- k-½À-Z-§-fn-eq-sS-bpw- hn-e-t]-i-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-bn, `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-̄ n-t·-ep-Å X-§-fp-sS- kzm-[o-\-s¯- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ m³ {i-an-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. B- {]-{In-b-¡n-S-bnÂ- A-hÀ- `q-{]-̀ p-¡-fp-am-bn- A-[n-Im-cw- ]-¦p-h-bv-¡p-¶p. A-hÀ-¡v- P-\-hn-cp-²-þI-ayq-Wn-kv-äv-hn-cp-Zv-[- kz-`m-h-am-Wp-ÅXv. P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-¡pw- hn-¹-h-e-£y-§Ä¡pw- A-hÀ- XoÀ-¯pw- F-Xn-cm-Wv.

7.11 Ip-̄ -I-b-Ãm-¯, h³In-S-b-Ãm-̄ , _qÀ-jzm-kn-¡v, h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bnÂ-\n-¶pw- hn-tZ-i-_-lp-cm-jv-{S- I-¼-\n-I-fnÂ- \n-¶pw- ]-e-hn-[-¯n-epw- A-k-a-am-b- aXvk-cw- t\-cn-tS-n-h-cp-¶p. ap-X-em-fn-¯- {]-Xn-k-\v-[n-bpw- _-lp-cm-jv-{S- tImÀ- -̧td-j-\p-I-fp-sS- A-\n-b-{´n-X-am-b- {]-th-i-\-hpw- aq-ew- A-h-cpw- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-hpw- X-½n-ep-Å ssh-cp-[yw- aqÀ-Nv-On-¡pw. X-§-fp-sS- km-¼-̄ n-Im-[n-Im-c-hpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-̄ n-ep-Å {]-ap-J-kv-Ym-\-hpw- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯n-s¡m-v- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn, X-§-fp-sS- ZpÀ-_-e-cm-b- hÀ-K- k-tlm-Z-c-§-fp-sS- sN-e-hnÂ, {]-Xn-k-\v-[n- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bn-se- ZpÀ-_-e-am-b- Cu hn-̀ m-Kw- `-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-hp-am-bn- F-Xn-cn-Sm³ \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-cm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-bnÂ- A-hÀ-¡v- H-cp- kv-Ym-\w- I-s-¯m³ I-gn-bpw. F-¶mÂ- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-am-bn- C-t¸m-gpw- `-c-Ww-]-¦n-Sp-¶-h-cm-Wv- Cu hn-`m-K-sa-¶pw- A-tX- `c-W-̄ nÂ- C-\n-bpw- ap-t¶-dm³I-gn-bp-w F¶- D-bÀ-¶- {]-Xo-£-IÄsh-¨p-]p-eÀ-¯p-¶-h-cm-Wv-A-h-sc-¶p-ap-Å Im-cyw- \mw- HmÀ-t¡--Xp-v.h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-bn- ]p-tcm-K-a-\m-Xv-a-I-am-b- H-cp-]-¦v- B- hn-̀ m-K-̄ n-\p-s-¦nÂ-X-s¶-bpw-C-́ y³ h³In-S-_qÀ-jzm-kn-bpw- km{am-Py-Xz-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄA-Xn-s³d- ZpÀ-_-e-am-b- hÀ-K-\n-e-]m-Sp-Im-c-Ww- A-Xv- A-kv-Yn-c-am-Wv. H-cp-h-i-¯v-h³InS- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bpw- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-hpw-a-dp-h-i-¯v- P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-bpw- C-h-bv-¡n-S-bnÂ-¡n-S-¶v- B- hn-`m-Kw-Nm-©m-Sn-s¡m-n-cn-¡pw. Cu hn-̀ m-K-¯n-s³d-Cu C-c-«-kz-`m-hw- Im-c-Ww- A-kv-Yn-c-am-b- H-cp-k-Jy-i-Iv-Xn- F-¶- \n-e-bnÂ- hn-¹-h-¯n-ep-ÅA-Xn-s³d- ]-¦m-fn-¯w- t]m-epw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- G-Xm-\pw- L-S-I-§-sf-B-{i-bn-̈ m-Wv- \n-iv-N-bn-¡-s -̧Sp-I.hÀ-K-i-Iv-Xn-IÄ X-½n-ep-Å]-c-kv-]-c-_-\v-[-¯n-ep-Å am-äw- km-{am-Py-Xz-̀ q-{]-`p-Xz-§-fpw- P-\-§-fpw-X-½n-ep-Å ssh-cp-[y-̄ n-s³d- B-gw, h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-Å `-c-W-Iq-S-hpw- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bn-se- a-äv- hn-`m-K-§-fpw- X-½n-ep-Å ssh-cp-[y-§-fp-sS-B-gw- Xp-S-§n-b- L-S-I-§-sf- B-{i-bn-¨v.

7.12 A-h-cp-sS- {]-iv-\-§Äh-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-bn- {i-²m-]qÀ-hw- ]-Tn-̈ v-A-h-sc- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-bn-te-¡v-sIm-p-h-cm-\p-Å F-Ãm- {i-a-§-fpw- \-S-t¯--Xp-v. C-́ y³ Ip-̄ -I-IÄ¡pw-hn-tZ-i- km-{am-Py-aXvk-c-¡mÀ-¡pw-F-Xn-cm-bn- A-hÀ- \-S-̄ p-¶- F-Ãm- k-a-c-§-fn-epw- A-hÀ-¡v- ]n-́ p-W- \Â-Ip-¶-Im-cy-̄ nÂ- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-Kw- H-cp-A-h-k-c-hpw- ]m-gm-¡n-¡q-Sm.

7.13 P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹-hw-ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n- P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn- sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡p-

I- F-¶-auen-I-e-£y-hpw- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS-t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å C-¶-s¯-C-́ y³`-c-W-Iq-S-hp-am-bn- A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-kw-L-«-\-¯nÂ- GÀ-s -̧tS-n-h-cpw- F-¶-h-kvXp-X-bpw- H-cp-\n-an-jw-t]m-epw-hn-kv-a-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄX-s¶, h³InS- _qÀ-jzm-kn- A-S-¡-ap-Å C-́ y³_qÀ-jzm-kn-bpw- km-{am-Py-Xz-hpw- X½n C-¶v- \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶- ssh-cp-[y-§-sf-bpw-kw-L-«-\-§-sf-bpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-hpw-C-́ y³ I-ayq-Wn-kv-äv- ]mÀ-«n- (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)- bpw- i-cn-¡pw- I-W-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-¶p. _-lp-cm-jv-{S-tImÀ -̧td-j-\p-I-fp-sS-bpw- hn-tZ-i- ^n-\m³kv-aq-e-[-\-̄ n-s³d-bpw- C-́ y³k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bn-te-¡p-Å kz-X-{´-hpw- A-\n-b-{´n-X-hp-am-b- {]-th-i-\w, Cussh-cp-[y-s¯- aqÀ-On-̧ n-¡pw.Cu{]-Xn-`m-k-s¯- {i-²m-]qÀ-hw- ]-Tn-¡p-¶- A-h-k-c-¯nÂ-X-s¶- km-{am-Py-Xz-s¯-H-äs -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-t¶-ä¯n-\m-bp-Å P-\-§-fp-sS-k-a-c-§-sf- i-Iv-Xn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\pw- C-̄ -cw-F-Ãm- A-̀ n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-§-sf-bpw-]n-fÀ-̧ p-I-sf-bpw- kw-L-«-\-§-sf-bpw-ssh-cp-[y-§-sf-bpw- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ m³C-´y³ I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)- -]-c-am-h-[n- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.F-Ãm-km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-²- {]-iv-\-§-fn-epw-tem-I-k-am-[m-\- {]-iv-\-§-fn-epw-km-{am-Py-Xz-hp-am-bn- kw-L-«-\-§-fn-te-¡v- \-bn-¡p-¶- F-Ãm- km-¼-̄ n-Iþ-cm-jv-{So-b-{]-iv-\-§-fn-epw- \-½p-sS- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-hpw-kz-X-{ -́ hn-tZ-i-\-b-hpw-i-Iv-Xn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s -̧«- F-Ãm-{]-iv-\-§-fn-epw- cm-Py-¯n-s³d- b-YmÀ-Y-XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä¡v- A-\p-kr-X-am-bn- K-h¬-sa³dv-ssI-s¡m-Åp-¶- \-b-§Ä¡v- \nÀ-tem-`-am-b-]n-´p-W- \Â-Im³ sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-Kw-a-Sn-¡p-I-bn-Ã.

7.14 kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\p-ti-j-hpw-]n-´n-cn-¸³þ{]-Xn-hn-¹-h- {]-h-W-X-IÄ\n-e-\n-¶p-h-cp-¶p- v. ^yqUÂ- B-i-b-§-fp-sS-A-Km-[-am-b- kzm-[o-\-s¯- B-{i-bn-̈ v-\n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶- P-\-§-fp-sS-]n-t¶m-¡m-h-kv-Y-sb- A-hÀ- D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. CuA-Sp-¯- ]-Xn-äm-p-I-fnÂ-tIm¬-{K-kn-s\-Xn-cm-b- A-kw-Xr-]v-Xn-hÀ-[n-¨p-h-cn-I-bpw- A-Xv- tIm¬-{K-kn-s\-A-[-x-]-X-\-¯n-te-¡v- \-bn-¡p-I-bpw-sN-bv-X-t¸mÄ, A-Xv-D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-v- tIm¬-{K-kv- ]mÀ«n aq-e-ap-m-b- iq-\y-X- \n-I-¯m³ B-]n-́ n-cn-̧ ³þ{]-Xn-hn-¹-h-i-Iv-Xn-IÄKuc-h-am-b- {i-aw-\-S-̄ n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.]n-fÀ-¸p-m-¡p-¶-Xpw- hÀ-Ko-b-hp-am-b-]-cn-]m-Sn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-]n-́ n-cn-̧ ³]mÀ-Sn-bm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b-P-\-Xm-]mÀ-Sn. a-äv- a-X-§-tfm-Sp-Å sh-dp-̧ pw-A-k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bpw- Xo-{h-tZ-io-b-X-bp-tS-Xm-b-k-¦p-Nn-X-hm-Z-hpw- B-Wv- A-Xn-s³d-]n-́ n-cn-̧ ³ D-ÅS-¡-̄ n-s³d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w.^m-kn-kv-äv- kz-`m-h-ap-Å cm-jv-{So-b-kz-bw-tk-h-Iv- kw-Lw- amÀ-K-\nÀ-tZ-iw-\Â-Ip-I-bpw- ta-[m-hn-Xzw- h-ln-¡p-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\mÂ, _n- sP -]n- km-[m-c-W-_qÀ-jz-m -]mÀ-Sn-b-Ã. _n -sP -]n-A-[n-Im-c-̄ n-en-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ,`-c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-¯n-s³d-bpw- `-c-W-Iq-S-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-s³d-bpw- D-]-I-c-W-§-fnÂ- BÀ- F-kv- F-kn-\v- C-S-s]-Sm³ I-gn-bp-¶p-v. ln-µp-Xz- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{Xw-]p-\-cp-Xv-Ym-\-hm-Zs-¯- h-fÀ-¯p-¶p. H-cp- ln-µp-cm-jv-{Sw- kv-Ym-]n-¡p-I- F-¶- e-£y-t¯m-sS- A-Xv- C-́ y-bp-sS- ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶- kw-kv-Im-c-s¯- \n-tj-[n-¡p-¶p. C-̄ -c-̄ n-ep-Å hÀ-Ko-b-Im-gv-N-̧ m-Sn-s³d- hnIm-kw- \yq\-]-£-a-X-auen-I-X-bp-sS-h-fÀ-¨-bn-te-¡m-Wv- \-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. cm-jv{Skw-hn-[m-\-¯n-s³d- a-X-\n-c-t]-£-A-Sn-̄ -ds-b- kw-_-\v-[n-¨n-S-t¯m-fw- A-Xv-Kp-cp-X-c-am-b- {]-Xym-Lm-X-§-fp-m-¡p-¶p-;C-S-Xp-]-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- {]-kv-Ym-\-¯n-\v-A-Xv- Kp-cp-X-c-am-b- A-]-I-Sw-h-cp-̄ n-sh-¡p-¶p. h³In-S-_n-kn-\-kp-Im-cn-epw- `q-{]-`p-¡-fn-epw- H-cp-h-en-b- hn-̀ m-K-¯n-\p- ]p-d-ta- bp- F-kv- F-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å km-{am-Py-Xz-hpw-_n- sP- ]n-¡v- A-t§-b-äw- ]n-´p-W-\Â-In-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

7.15 taÂ-]-d-ª- L-S-I-§-sf-Ãmw- I-W-¡n-se-Sp-¯v- cm-Py-̄ n-se- F-Ãm- tZ-im-̀ n-am-\- i-Iv-Xn-I-fpambpw- sF-Iy-ap-m-¡p-I F-¶-Xv- C-́ y³ I-ayq-Wn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n- (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)-A-Xn-s³d- I-S-a-bm-bn- kz-bw-ap-t¶m-«p-sh-¡p-¶p. ap-X-em-fn-̄ -]qÀ-h-k-aq-l-̄ n-s³d- A-h-in-jv-S-§-sf-Ãmw- Xp-S-̈ p-\o-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw IÀ-j-I-P-\-km-am-\y-̄ n-s³d-XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn-¨pw- k-a-{K-am-b-co-Xn-bn-epw- ImÀ-jn-I-hn-¹-hw-\-S-̧ m-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- hn-tZ-i-aq-e-[-\-¯n-s³d-A-\n-b-{´n-X-am-b- {]-th-i-\-s¯ F-XnÀ-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- C-́ y-bp-sS- k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bpw- km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-hpw-kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- auen-I-am-bn-D-S-̈ p-hmÀ-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- ap-¶n-ep-Å F-Ãm- X-S-k-§-fpw- \o-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- XÂ-]-c-cm-b-F-Ãm-h-cpw- C-XnÂ- DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.

7.16 sXm-gn-em-fn-þIÀ-j-I- k-Jy-s¯ tI-{µo-I-cn-̈ p-sIm-v- F-Ãm-tZ-im-̀ n-am\þP\m-[n-]-Xy- i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw-hn-¹-h-sF-Iyw- sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¯v- A-Xn-eq-sS- P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-¹-h-̄ n-s³d- e-£y-§Ä]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ k-a-cw- h-f-sc- k-¦oÀ-W-hpw- Im-e-hn-fw-_w-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. hy-XykvX- ]-cn-X-x-kv-Yn-Xn-I-fnÂ-, hy-Xy-kv-X- L-«-§-fn-em-bn- A-Xv- \-S-t¯-n-hcpw. hn-¹-h-{]-kv-Ym-\-¯n-s³d- hn-Im-k-̄ n-s³d-hy-Xy-kv-X- L-«-§-fnÂ- hyXy-kv-X- hÀ-K-§Ä, H-tc- hÀ-K-̄ n-se-X-s¶- hy-Xy-kv-X-hn-̀ m-K-§Ä F-¶n-h- hy-Xy-kv-X-§-fm-b- \n-e-]m-Sp-IÄ ssI-s¡m-Åm³ \nÀ-_-\v-[n-X-am-Ipw. X-{ -́]-c-am-bn- e-£yw- km-[n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\v- Cu_-lp-P-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-§Ä h-fÀ-̄ n-s¡m-p-h-cn-I-bpw- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- sF-Iy-ap-¶Wn A-S-hp-I-sf- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶- i-Iv-X-am-b- H-cp- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ-Sn-¡p- am-{X-ta,- Cu Np-h-Sp-am-ä§-sf- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ m-\pw- Cu hn-`m-K-§-sf- X-§-fp-sS- A-Wn-I-fn-te-¡v- B-IÀ-jn-¡m-\pw- I-gn-bq. G-ähpw- B-Xv-amÀ-YXbpÅ B-Xv-amÀ-̧ -W-¯n-\p- X-¿m-dp-Å hn-¹-h-Im-cn-I-sf- kz-́ w- A-Wn-I-fn-te-¡p- sIm-p-h-cp-¶ A-̄ -cw- H-cp- ]mÀ«n-¡p- am-{X-ta- hn-¹-h-{]-kv-Ym-\-̄ n-s³d- ]m-X-bn-ep-m-hp-¶- hn-hn-[- h-f-hp-Xn-cp-hp-I-fn-eq-sS-_-lp-P-\-§-sf- ap-t¶m-«p- \-bn-¡m³ I-gn-bq.

7.17 {Zp-X-K-Xn-bnÂ- am-dn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶-cm-jv-{So-b-kv-Yn-Xn-bp-sS- B-h-iy-§-sf t\-cn-Sm³ ]mÀ«n-¡v- hn-hn-[- C-S-¡m-e- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-§Ä B-hn-jv-I-cn-t¡-n-h-cp-sa-¶p-ÅXv-hy-Iv-X-am-Wv. C-¶-s¯-̀ -c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-hÀ-K-§-sf- am-än- XÂ-kv-Ym-\-¯v- sXm-gn-em-fn-þIÀ-j-I-k-Jy-̄ n-t·Â- ]-Sp-̄ p-bÀ-¯n-b- H-cp-]p-Xn-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- `-c-W-Iq-S-hpw- K-h¬-sa-³dpw- kv-Ym-]n-¡p-I-sb-¶- I-S-a-P-\-§-fp-sS- ap-¼m-sI-D-bÀ-̄ n-̧ n-Sn-¡p-t¼mÄXs¶- P-\-§Ä¡v- B-izm-kw- \Â-Ip-I-bpw- \n-e-hn-ep-Å]-cn-an-Xn-IÄ¡-I-¯p-\n-¶p-sIm-v- _-ZÂ-\-b-§Ä \-S-̧ m-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶- ]-cn-]m-Sn- \-S-̧ m-¡m³ {]-Xn-Pv-Rm-_-²-am-b- K-h¬-sa³dp-IÄ\n-e-hnÂ- h-cp-¯m³ In-«p-¶- F-Ãm- k-µÀ-̀ -§-fpw- ]mÀ«n- D-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯pw. A-̄ -cw- Kh¬sa³dp-I-fp-sS- cq-]o-I-c-Ww- A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶-P-\-§-fp-sS- hn-¹-h-{]-kv-Ym-\-¯n-\v- D-t¯-P-\w- \Â-Ip-I-bpw-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn- sI-«n-̧ -Sp¡pI-sb-¶ {]-{In-b-sb- k-lm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. ]-t£, A-Sn-kv-Ym\-]cam-bn H-cp- co-Xn-bn-epw- A-Xv- cm-jv-{S¯n-s³d-km-¼-¯n-I-þcm-jv-{So-b- {]-iv-\-§Ä ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. A-Xp-sIm-v-aqÀ-¯-am-b- km-l-N-cy-§Ä¡p A-\p-kr-X-am-bn- kw-kv-Ym-\-§-fn-tem- tI-{µ-̄ n-tem- C-̄ -cw- Kh¬-sa³dp-IÄ cq-]o-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å A-h-k-c-§ÄD-]-tbm-Kn-¡-sh-X-s¶- h³In-S- _qÀ-jzm-kn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-Å _qÀ-jzm-þ`q-{]-`p-`cW-Iq-S-s¯-bpw- K-h¬sa-³dn-s\-bpw-am-tä-Xn-s³d- B-h-iyw- ]mÀ«n- XpSÀ-¶p- ]-Tn-̧ n-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bpw-A-§-s\- _-lp-P-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-s¯- iIvXn-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bpw- sN-¿pw.

7.18 P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw- kv-Ym-]n-¡p-I-bpw-k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-b- amÀ-K-§-fn-eq-sS- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- ]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\w- ssI-h-cn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-I- F¶- e-£yw-t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ C-́ y³ I-ayqWn-kv-äv ]mÀ«n (amÀ-Iv-knkväv)- b-Xv-\n-¡p-¶p. i-Iv-X-am-b- H-cp- _-lp-P-\- hn-¹-h {]-kv-Ym-\w- hfÀ-̄ n-s¡m--pw-]mÀ-e-sa³d-dn-þ]mÀ-e-sat³d-Xc- k-a-c-cq-]-§-sf- ka\z-bn-¸n-̈ p-sIm-pw- ]n-́ n-cn-̧ ³i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS-F-XnÀ-̧ n-s\- A-Xn-Po-hn-¡m-\pw- taÂ- -̧d-ª- am-ä§Ä k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-b- amÀ-K-§-fn-eq-sS-ssI-h-cn-¡m-\pw- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-hpw-A-Xn-s³d- k-Jy-i-Iv-Xn-I-fpw- ]-c-am-h-[n- {i-an-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. ]-t£-̀ -c-W-hÀ-K-§Ä H-cn-¡-epw- X-§-fp-sS A-[n-Im-cw- tkz-Nv-O-bm- D-t]-£n-¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¶- Im-cyw-F-Ãm-bv-t¸mgpw HmÀ-t¡--Xp-v. P-\-§-fp-sS- A-`n-em-j-s¯-[n-¡-cn-¡m-\pw- A-{I-a-̄ n-eq-sS-bpw- \n-b-a-\n-tj-[-̄ n-eq-sS-bpw- A-Xn-s\-t\À-hn-]-co-X- Zn-i-bn-em-¡m-\pw- A-hÀ-{i-an-¡p-¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ- F-Ãm- k-µn-Kv-[-L-«-§-sf-bpw- cm-Py-¯n-s³d- cm-jv-{So-b-Po-hn-X-̄ n-s³d- F-Ãm- K-Xn-hn-K-Xn-I-sf-bpw-t\-cn-Sm³ I-gn-b-̄ -¡- hn-[-¯nÂ- X-§-fp-sS- {]-hÀ-̄ -\-s¯ {I-ao-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- Pm-{K-X- ]m-en-¡p-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶-Xv- hn-¹-h-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-¨n-S-t¯m-fw- A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv.

VIII I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n- sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡Â -

8.1 P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xyw-kv-Ym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å X-§-fp-sS-hn-¹-h-]-cn-]m-Sn, C-́ y³ I-ayqWn-kv-äv-]mÀ«n (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)- - C-́ y-bn-se- P-\-§-fp-sS- ap-¼nÂ- h-bv-¡p-I-bm-Wv. P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹-hw- tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-s³d- ap-t¶-ä¯n-\pw Nq-j-W-c-ln-X-am-b- k-aq-l-¯n-\pw- h-gn-sX-fn-¡pw.C-́ y³P-\-X-bp-sS-hn-tam-N-\-¯n-\p-Å A-¯-cw- H-cp- hn-¹-h-¯n-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \Â-tI--Xv- IÀ-j-I-P-\-km-am-\y-t¯m-Sv- kJy-ap-m-¡n-bn-«p-ÅsXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-am-Wv. Cu e-£yw- km-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-̄ n-s³d-ap-¶-Wn-̧ -S-bm-fn-bm-b- I-ayqWn-kväv- ]mÀ«n-¡v- km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-\pw- Ip-¯-I-ap-X-em-fn-̄ -¯n-\pw- `q-{]-̀ p-Xz-̄ n-\pw F-Xn-cm-bn- DuÀ-P-kz-e-am-b- k-a-c-§Ä\-bn-t¡--Xp-v. cm-Py-̄ v- \n-e-hn-ep-Å]-cn-Xxkv-Yn-Xn-IÄ¡v- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b-hn-[-¯nÂ- amÀ-Iv-kn-kw-þse-\n-\n-k-¯n-s³d-X-Xz-§Ä aqÀ-̄ -am-bn- {]-tbm-Kn-̈ p-sIm-v, hn-P-bw- ssI-h-cn-¡pw-h-sc- F-Ãm-ap-¶-Wn-I-fn-epw-þcm-jv-{So-b-hpw {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-hpw- km-¼-̄ n-I-hpw- km-aq-ly-hpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hp-am-b- F-Ãm-ap-¶-Wn-I-fn-epw-þ]mÀ«n- kp-ZoÀ-L-k-a-c-§Ä\-S-t¯--Xp-v.

8.2 tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-t\-ä Xn-cn-¨-Sn-I-sf-¯p-SÀ-¶v- A-ta-cn-¡³ sF-Iy-\mSp-I-fp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n km-{am-Py-Xzw- \-S-̄ n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶ DuÀPn-X-am-b- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- hn-cp-² {]-Nm-c-W-¯n-s³d- ]-iv-Nm-̄ -e-̄ nÂ- {]Xy-b-im-kv-{X-k-a-cw- Iq-Sp-XÂ-DuÀ-P-kz-e-am-¡p-I- F-¶-Xv-I-ayqWn-kv-äp-Im-cp-sS- A-\n-hm-cy- I-S-a-bm-Wv. `-c-W-hÀ-K-§-fp-sS- {]-ap-J- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-B-bp-[-am-b- I-ayqWn-kv-äv- hn-tcm-[-s¯-I-ayqWn-kv-äp-ImÀ- Xp-d-¶p-Im-«p-I-bpw-sN-dp-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. ^yqUÂ-þ_qÀ-jzm {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-§-fp-sS- kzm-[o-\-̄ nÂ-\n-¶v-P-\-§-sf- tam-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- A-h-cp-sS-cm-jv-{So-b-t_m-[w- D-bÀ-̄ p-¶-Xn-\pw-th-n- B- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-§Ä¡v- F-Xn-cm-bn-I-ayqWn-kv-äp-ImÀ- \n-c-́ -cw- k-a-cw-sN-bv-Xp-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p-;km-{am-Py-Xz-̄ n-s³d- B-̀ n-ap-Jy-̄ nÂ- \-S-̧ m-¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶-B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-̄ n-s³d-bpw-D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-s³d-bpw- kz-X-{´- hn-]-Wn-k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bp-sS-bpw- ssh-Xm-fn-I-cp-sS {]Nm-c-W-§-sf- t\-cn-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bpw-I-ayqWn-kv-äp-ImÀ- \n-c-́ -cw- kacw sN-bv-Xp-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.

8.3 a-X-auen-I-hm-Z-hpw-hn-Pv-Rm-\-hn-tcm-[-hpw- hÀ-Ko-b-X-bpw-Pm-Xo-b-X-bpw- P-\-§-sf- thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpw-A-h-cp-sS- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[-s¯- ]p-d-tIm-«-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶p. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-kv-Ym-\-¯n-s³d- h-fÀ-¨- X-IÀ-¡m³ _qÀ-jzm- tZ-io-b-X-¡pw- k-¦p-Nn-X- tZ-io-b-hm-Z-̄ n-\p-sam-¸w- taÂ-]-d-ª- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- km-{am-Py-Xz-¯n-s³d- ]n-́ p-W-bp-Å ]n-´n-cn-¸³ i-Iv-Xn-IÄD-]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Cu]n-fÀ-¸³ B-i-b-§Ä¡pw- i-Iv-Xn-IÄ¡pw-F-Xn-cm-bn- I-ayqWn-kv-äp-ImÀ-Zr-V-\n-iv-N-b-t¯m-sS-bp-Å k-a-cw-\-S-t¯--Xp-v.

8.4 hn-¹-h-{]-kv-Ym-\-s¯ \-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- F-Ãm- ap-¶-Wn-I-fn-epw- k-a-cw- \-S-̄ p-¶-Xn-\p-am-bn- H-cp-

_-lp-P-\-hn-¹-h¸mÀ-Sn- h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-t¡--Xv- A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. _-lp-P-\-{]-kv-Ym-\-§Ä h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¯p-sIm-pw- A-tXm-sSm-̧ w-X-s¶- cm-jv-{So-b-hpw- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-hp-am-b- kzm-[o-\w- Iq-Sp-XÂ- Zr-V-am-¡n-s¡m-pw A-¯-c-sam-cp- ]mÀ-Sn, P-\-§Ä¡n-S-bn-ep-ÅX-§-fp-sS- A-Sn-¯-d- \n-c-́ -cw- hn-I-kn-̧ n-t¡--Xp-v. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-tI-{µo-I-c-W-s¯ A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-¡n- {]-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶- i-Iv-X-hpw A-¨-S-¡-ap-ÅXp-am-b- ]mÀ-Sn- A-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-Wv. sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-t¯m-Spw-A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-§-fp-sS- a-säÃm- hn-`m-K-§-tfm-Sp-ap-Å N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b-D-̄ -c-hm-Zn-¯w- \n-d-th-äp-¶-Xn-\m-bn, ]mÀ-Sn- \n-c-́ -cw- kz-bw- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- \-S-¯p-I-bpw ]p-\À-hn-Zym-̀ ym-kw- \-S-¯p-I-bpw- ssk-²m-´n-I-hpw- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-hp-am-b- \n-e-hm-cw ]p-Xp-¡p-I-bpw- kw-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b-i-Iv-Xn- sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡p-I-bpw- sN-t¿-Xpv.

8.5 P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-K-h¬-sa³dn-s³d- kv-Ym-]-\w, Cu I-S-a-IÄhn-P-b-I-c-am-bn- \-S-̧ m-¡Â, P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xy- K-h¬-sa³dnÂ-sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-̄ n-\p-Å t\-Xr-Xzw- F-¶n-h-C-́ y³ hn-¹-hw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- L-«-¯nÂ-sh-̈ v-A-h-km-\n-¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¶pw-D¸m-Z-\-i-Iv-Xn-I-sf- h-fÀ-¯n-s¡m-p-h-¶v-tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- ]-cn-hÀ-̄ -\w-km-[n-X-{]m-b-am-Ip-¶- L-«-¯n-te-¡v-{]-th-in-¡p-sa-¶pw- D-ÅXn-\v- D-d-̧ p-\Â-Ip-¶-L-S-I-§-fm-Wv.

8.6 X-§Ä F-́ n-\p-th-n-bm-tWm-k-a-cw-sN-¿p-¶-Xv, B- e-£y-am-b- P\m-[n-]-Xy tZ-io-b- ap-t¶-äs¯-¡p-dn-̈ v, \-½p-sS-P-\-§Ä¡v- hy-Iv-X-am-b H-cp- Nn-{Xw-e-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n, C-́ y³ I-ayqWn-Ìv ]mÀ«n (amÀIvknÌv) Cu ]-cn-]m-Sn-P-\-§-fp-sS- ap-¶nÂ- h-bv-¡p-I-bpw- C-¶-s¯-ap-Jy-hpw- A-Sn-b- -́c-hp-am-b- I-S-a-IÄ¡v-cq-]w-\Â-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p. CuI-S-a-IÄ \n-d-th-äp-¶-Xn-\pw- e-£yw-t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw-th-n- P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-bnÂ- H-¶n-¡p-hm³,b-YmÀ-Y- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-kv-Ym-\-̄ n-s³d-h-fÀ-̈ -bn-epw- A-̀ n-hr-²n-{]m-]n-̈ - H-cp Po-hn-Xw- sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- XmÂ-]-cy-ap-ÅA-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-§-sf-bpw-sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-s¯-bpw- IÀ-j-I-P-\-km-am-\y-s¯-bpw- kv-{Xo-I-sf-bpw hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-sf-bpw- bp-h-P-\-§-sf-bpw-_p-²n-Po-hn-I-sf-bpw- C-S-¯-c-¡m-sc-bpw-\-½p-sS- ]mÀ-Sn- B-lzm-\w- sN-¿p-¶p.

8.7 \-½p-sS- P-\-§-fp-sS-k-a-c-]m-c-¼-cy-s¯-bpw- \-½p-sS-kw-kv-Im-c-¯nepw- \m-K-cn-I-X-bn-epw- \-Ã-Xpw-hn-e-s -̧«-Xp-am-bp-Å F-Ãm-än-s\-bpw- C´y³ IayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n- (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv) -ap-t¶m-«p sIm-p-t]m-Ip-¶p. kn ]n- sF- (Fw)-tZ-im-̀ n-am-\-s¯- sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-X-bp-am-bn- Iq-«n-bn-W-¡p-¶p. A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-hn-`m-K-§-fp-sS-]-cn-]qÀ-W-am-b- tam-N-\-¯n-\p-th-n-i-cn-bm-b- amÀ-K-\nÀ-tZ-iw- \Â-Im³ I-gn-bp-¶-amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv-þse-\n-\n-kv-äv- X-Xz-kw-ln-X-bpw-{]-am-W-§-fp-am-Wv- \-½p-sS- ]mÀ«n-sb- F-Ãm-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-§-fn-epw- k-a-c-§-fn-epw-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶- P-\-X-bp-sS-G-ähpw- ap-¶-Wn-bnÂ- \nÂ-¡p-¶, G-ähpw-k-Po-h-cm-b, G-ähpw- \n-kzmÀ-Y-cm-b- ]p-{Xo-þ]p-{X-·m-sc- ]mÀ«n- A-Xn-s³d-A-Wn-I-fnÂ- kw-L-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. A-h-sc-D-d-̈ - amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv-þse-\n-\n-kv-äp-Im-cpw-sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-bn-h-fÀ-¯n-s¡m-p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\v- A-hn-cm-a-am-bn- ]-cn-{i-an-¡p-¶p. H-cp- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-I-k-\-amÀ-K-¯n-\p-th-n-bp-Å k-a-c-¯nÂ- tZ-im-̀ n-am-\n-I-fpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-b-F-Ãm- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-bpw- Iq-«n-t¨À-¡p-I-sb-¶- I-S-a- \nÀ-h-ln-¡m-\pw- Cu ]-cn-]m-Sn-\-S-̧ m-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw-th-n- kp-i-Iv-X-am-sbm-cp-P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-sI-«n-̧ Sp-¡p-I-sb-¶- a-l-̄ m-b- I-S-a-\nÀ-h-ln-¡m-\pw- ]mÀ-Sn- A-Xn-s³d- FÃm I-gn-hpw- I-cp-̄ pw- sN-e-h-gn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

8.8 bp -F-kv- F-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n-ep-Åkm-{am-Py-Xzw- tem-I-ta-[m-hn-Xz-¯n-\p-th-n-{i-an-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. C-́ y-bp-sS-k-¼-Zv-hy-h-kv-Y-bpw- cm-jv-{So-b-hy-h-kv-Y-bpw ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw-t]m-epw- `o-j-Wn-sb- t\-cn-«p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. A-̄ -c-sam-cp-]-cn-Xxkv-Yn-Xn-bnÂ, Cu `o-j-Wn-sb- i-Iv-X-am-bn- t\-cn-Sm³ F-Ãm km-{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-² ]p-tcm-K-a-\-i-àn-I-sf-bpw- H-¶n-̧ n-t¡--Xv-sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-̄ n-s³d-bpw- A-Xn-s³d- ]mÀ«nbp-sS-bpw- {]-[m-\- I-S-a-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-X D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-̈ p-sIm-pw- tem-I-s¯-§p-ap-ÅI-ayqWn-kv-äv- i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-am-bn D-t±-iye-£y-̄ n-epw- {]-hÀ-̄ -\-¯n-epw- sF-Iyw- Du«n-bp-m-¡n-s¡m-pw hn-¹-h-k-a-c-§Ä \-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw- tkm-jy-en-kw- sI-«n- -̧Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-epw I-ayqWn-kv-äv- {]-kv-Ym-\-̄ n-\p-m-b-A-\p-`-h-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v- i-cn-bm-b- ]m-T-§ÄDÄs¡m-p-sIm-pw- tkm-jy-en-k-̄ nt\ä Xn-cn-̈ -Sn-bp-sS- Im-c-W-§Ä hn-i-I-e-\w- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-pw- am-{X-ta, \ap¡v- \-½p-sS hn-¹-h-I-c-am-b- I-S-a-IÄ \n-d-th-äm³I-gn-bp-I-bp-Åq. he-Xp-]-£- dn-hn-j-\n-kv-äv-hy-Xn-bm-\-̄ n-\pw- C-S-Xp-]-£- sk-Iv-tS-dnb³ hyXn-bm-\-¯n-\pw- F-Xn-cm-b- k-a-cw- Xp-SÀ-¶p-\-S-¯p-sa-¶v- kn -]n- sF (Fw)- hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-¿p-¶p. P-\-Io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-¶-Wn-sI-«n-̧ -Sp-¡p-¶Xn\v- hÀ-K-i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS-_-\v-[-§-fnÂ- am-äw- h-cp-¯m-\p-Åk-a-c-§-fnÂ- C-́ y-bn-se- P-\-§-sf-A-Wn-\n-c-̄ p-I- F-¶- I-S-a- ]mÀ«n- \n-d-th-äpw.

8.9. sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-K-̄ n-s³d-bpw-A-Xn-s³d- hn-¹-h-ap-¶-Wn-̧ -S-bp-sS-bpw- t\-Xr-Xz-̄ nÂ, amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv-þse-\n-\n-kv-äv-{]-t_m-[-\-§-fp-sS- amÀ-K-ZÀ-i-\w kzo-I-cn-̈ p-sIm-v, \-½p-sS- \m-«n-se-P-\-§Ä Cu ]-cn-]m-Sn- \-S-¸m-¡p-sa-¶v-C-́ y³ I-ayqWn-kv-äv- ]mÀ«n (amÀ-Iv-kn-kv-äv)- -¡v-hn-izmk-ap- v. \½p-sS- a-l-¯m-b-C-́ ym-cm-Pyw- hn-P-b-I-c-am-b- H-cp- P-\-Io-b-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-am-bn- cw-K-{]-th-iw- sN-bv-Xv-tkm-jy-en-k-̄ n-te-¡p-Å ]mX-bn¡qSn-ap-t¶-dp-sa-¶pw- \-½p-sS- ]mÀ«n-¡v- D-̄ -a-hn-izm-k-ap- v.

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