DISUSUN OLEH :
Kelompok 3Umi Kalsum
(060830400335)
Kelas : 4 KB
Dosen Pengajar :
Ir. Erlinawati,M.T
JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA
POLITEKNIK NEGERI SRIWIJAYA
2010I. INDUSTRI ISOPROPANOL
1.1 Pendahuluan
Isopropanol atau singkatan IPA adalah senyawa kimia yang mudah
terbakar dengan bau yang kuat. Nama lain dari isopropanol adalah
isopropyl alkohol. Isopropanol memiliki rumus molekul C3H8O.
Isopropanol atau isopropyl alkohol adalah contoh sederhana dari
alkohol sekunder, di mana alkohol karbon melekat pada dua karbon
lain kadang-kadang ditunjukkan sebagai (CH3)2CHOH dan juga
merupakan isomer dari propanol.
Isopropyl alkohol diproduksi dengan menggabungkan air dan
propena. Ada dua proses untuk mencapai hal ini: hidrasi tidak
langsung melalui proses asam sulfat dan hidrasi langsung. Tidak
seperti etanol atau metanol, isopropil alkohol atau isopropanol
dapat dipisahkan dari larutan dengan menambahkan garam seperti
natrium klorida, natrium sulfat, atau salah satu dari beberapa
garam anorganik lain, karena alkohol lebih kurang larut dalam
larutan garam-garam dari air bebas. Proses ini disebut penggaraman
bahasa sehari-hari, dan menyebabkan terkonsentrasi isopropil
alkohol untuk memisahkan menjadi lapisan yang berbeda. 1.2
Klasifikasi Proses
Hidrasi katalis langsung dari propilen Hidrasi tak langsung dari
propilen dengan menggunakan sulfasi dan hidrolisisPada makalah ini,
yang akan dibahas adalah proses hidrasi tak langsung dari propilen
dengan menggunakan sulfasi dan hidrolisis.1.3 Data Kuantitatif
Basis : 1 ton dari isopropanol (88% kemurnian, 95% yield)
Bahan baku :
Propilen
: 0,680 ton
H2SO4 (75%)
: 11 kg
NaOH
: 18 kg
Produk
: isopropyl eter, polimer
Kapasitas industry
: 50 200 ton/ hari1.4 Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Bahan Baku dan
Produk
1.4.1 Sifat fisik dan kimia bahan baku
a. Propylene (C3H6) Berat molekul
: 42,08 gr/mol
Densitas
: 1.81 kg/m3, gas (1.013 bar, 15C)
613.9 kg/m3, liquid
Titik leleh
: 185.2 C (88.0 K)
Titik Nyala: -108 0C
Titik didih
: 47.6 C (225.5 K)
Kelarutan dalam air: 0.61 g/m3
Viskositas
: 8.34 Pas pada 16.7 Cb. Asam Sulfat (H2SO4)
Berat molekul
: 98,08 gr/mol
Densitas
: 1,84 gr/cm3 cair
Titik leleh
: 10C, 283K, 50F
Titik didih
: 337C, 610K, 639FKelarutan dalam air
: tercampur penuh
Keasaman (pKa)
: -3c. Air (H2O)
Berat Molekul
: 18.02 gr/mol
Densitas: 1000kgm3 (cair pada 4C)
917kgm3 (padatan), 0.998 gr/cm3 (cair pada 20 0C 1 atm),
0.917 gr/cm3 (cair pada 0 0C 1 atm)
Titik Beku: 0 0C
Titik Didih: 100 0C
Warna
: Tidak Berwarna / transparanBau: Tidak berbau1.4.2 Sifat fisik
dan kimia produkIsopropyl Alkohol (C3H7OH)Susunan Molekul
Nama Lain: 2-propanol, isopropanol
Berat Molekul
: 60.10 gr/mol
Kelarutan
: larut dalam air
Titik nyala
: 12 oC
Titik Leleh
: -89 C, 184 K, -128 F
Titik Didih
: 82,3 C, 355 K, 180 F
Kepadatan
: (at 20 oC) 0,786 g / cm , cair
Kelekatan
: 2,86 cP di 15 C 1.96 c P at 25 C [ 1 ]1,96 cP di 25 C1.77 c P
at 30 C
1,77 cP di 30 C1.4 Reaksi Kimia yang Terjadi
a. SulfasiCH3CH = CH2 + H2SO4 (CH3)2CH(OSO3H)
Asam sulfat isopropylb. Hidrolisis CH3CH3CH CH3 + H2O CHOH +
H2SO4
H O SO3 CH3
Isopropanolc. Formasi eter - reaksi samping (CH3)2CHO
(CH3)2CH
S OH + H2O
O + H2SO4(CH3)2CH O (CH3)2CH
diisopropil sulfate
diisopropil etherd. Netralisasi pada caustic washH2SO4 + 2NaOH
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
1.5 Uraian proses
Propilen yang merupakan bahan baku dari pembuatan isopropanol
dicampur dengan Hydrokarbon seperti C2 C3, dimasukkan sebagai umpan
ke dalam menara absorbsi. Di dalam menara absorbsi terjadi
penyerapan dengan bahan penyerapnya adalah H2SO4 70-75% yang
beroperasi pada tekanan 20-25 atm. Pada menara absorbsi ini akan
terjadi reaksi sulfasi secara eksotermal yang tinggi yang suhunya
dijaga pada 20-30 oC dengan sirkulasi dari refrigerator brine
sehingga dihasilkan asam sulfat isopropyl. Kemudian asam sulfat
isopropyl akan masuk ke hydrolizer stripper. Di dalam hydrolizer
stripper terjadi dua reaksi yaitu reaksi hidrolisis antara asam
sulfat isopropyl dengan air dan reaksi formasi ether sebagai reaksi
sampingnya antara diisopropyl sulfate dengan air dan menghasilkan
diisopropil ether. Asam sulfat isopropyl dihidrolisis dengan air
dengan bantuan steam sehingga menghasilkan isopropanol dan H2SO4.
H2SO4 yang konsentrasinya rendah akan dikeluarkan pada bagian bawah
hydrolizer stripper. Sedangkan isoproponol dan H2SO4 yang
konsentrasinya tinggi dinetralkan pada caustic wash dan disimpan di
caustic storage. Pada caustic storage ini ditambahkan NaOH yang
merupakan larutan causticnya sehingga terjadi reaksi penetralan
antara H2SO4 dan NaOH yang menghasilkan garam Na2SO4, kemudian
Na2SO4 dikeluarkan pada bagian samping. Kemudian, dilakukan
fraksinasi secara kondensasi, zat-zat yang terkondensasi hanya
sebagian. Zat-zat yang tidak terkondensasi seperti H2SO4 dan
propilen akan dicuci pada water wash. H2SO4 yang telah dicuci
dibuang pada bagian bawah, sedangkan propilen yang tidak
terkondensasi akan dikembalikan atau direcycle kembali ke tahap
sulfasi sebagai umpan. Sedangkan zat yang terkondensasi yaitu
alcohol dan ether.Selanjutnya, alcohol dan ether masuk ke kolom
ether untuk dilakukan pemurnian dengan cara didistilasi.
Isopropanol mentah didistalasi untuk mengubah isopropyl eter agar
menguap lebih banyak. Isopropyl ether yang menguap akan dikirim ke
dekanter dimana fraksi yang mengandung lebih banyak eter berada di
lapisan atas dan dipompakan kembali ke tahap sulfasi. Sedangkan
lapisan bawah mengandung air alkohol akan dipompakan ke kolom
isopropanol untuk dimurnikan kembali. Pada kolom ini dilakukan
pemurnian dengan cara destilasi dan dihasilakn isopropanol dengan
konsentrasi 87% yang dikeluarkan pada bagian atas dan heavy ends
nya yang berupa air dikeluarkan pada bagian bawah. Sisa dari
isopropanol masuk ke kolom distilasi azeotrop, Produk yang masih
mengandung isopropyl alcohol dikirim ke separator untuk dipisahkan
dan direcycle kembali ke kolom azeotrop, sedangkan isopropanol
murni dikeluarkan pada bagian bawah dengan konsentrasi 99%.1.6
Flowsheet
(Terlampir)1.7 Kegunaan produk
Kegunaan dari produk isopropanol atau isopropyl alcohol antara
lain adalah:
Sebagai pelarut dan sebagai cairan pembersih, terutama untuk
melarutkan kontaminan lipofilik seperti minyak. Contohnya termasuk
membersihkan perangkat elektronik seperti pin kontak (seperti pada
kartrid ROM), pita magnetik dan kepala disk (seperti yang di audio
dan video tape recorder dan floppy disk drive), lensa laser pada
disk drive optik (misalnya CD, DVD) dan menghapus sisipkan termal
dari paket IC (seperti CPU.) Sebagai pengawet spesimen biologi,
isopropyl alkohol memberikan biaya-efektif (dibandingkan dengan
etanol) dan relatif tidak beracun alternatif untuk formalin dan
pengawet sintetis lainnya. Isopropil alkohol digunakan sebagai alat
bantu pengeringan air untuk pencegahan otitis eksterna, yang lebih
dikenal sebagai telinga perenang.
Isopropyl alkohol nitrat digunakan dalam keyboard, LCD dan lap
top pembersih sebagai alternatif kuat tetapi lebih aman untuk
produk pembersih rumah tangga biasa.1.8 Fungsi alat
Menara absorbsi
: tempat terjadinya penyerapan propilen dan gas
hydrocarbon C2 C3 dengan bahan penyerapnya
adalah H2SO4. Hydrolizer stripper
: tempat terjadinya reaksi hidrolisis antara asam sulfat
isopropyl dan air sehingga menghasilkan isopropanol
dan H2SO4 serta reaksi formasi eter antara diisopropil
sulfat dan H2O untuk menghasilkan diidopropil ether
dan H2SO4.
Caustic wash
: tempat penetralan H2SO4 dengan cara pencucian
dengan larutan caustic berupa NaOH.
Caustic storage
: sebagai tempat penyimpanan produk H2SO4 yang telah
dinetralkan dan tempat penambahan NaOH sehingga
terjadi reaksi netralisasi antara H2SO4 dengan NaOH
dan menghasilkan garam Na2SO4. Water wash
: tempat pencucian zat-zat yang tidak terkondensasi
(propilen dan H2SO4) dengan air. Kolom eter
: kolom yang berfungsi untuk mendistilasi zat-zat yang
terkondensasi (alcohol dan air) untuk mengubahnya
menjadi isopropyl eter agar menguap lebih banyak. Kolom
Isopropanol (IPA): kolom yang berfungsi untuk memurnikan produk
dari
kolom eter (air dan alcohol) secara distilasi. Kolom
Azeotrop
: kolom yang berfungsi untuk pemurnian dengan cara
distilasi memisahkan produk yang masih mengandung
isopropyl eter dan dari isopropanol murni dengan
konsentrasi 99%.1.9 KesimpulanIsopropanol atau singkatan IPA
adalah senyawa kimia yang mudah terbakar dengan bau yang kuat. Nama
lain dari isopropanol adalah isopropyl alkohol. Isopropanol
memiliki rumus molekul C3H8O.
Pembuatan isopropanol dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa metode,
yaitu:
1. Hidrasi katalis langsung dari propilen2. Hidrasi tak langsung
dari propilen dengan menggunakan sulfasi dan hidrolisisAdapun
reaksi yang terjadi pada pembuatan isopropanol itu sendiri
adalah:
a. Sulfasi
CH3CH = CH2 + H2SO4 (CH3)2CH(OSO3H)
Asam sulfat isopropylb. Hidrolisis CH3CH3CH CH3 + H2O CHOH +
H2SO4
H O SO3 CH3
Isopropanol
c. Formasi eter - reaksi samping
(CH3)2CHO
(CH3)2CH
S OH + H2O
O + H2SO4(CH3)2CH O (CH3)2CH
diisopropil sulfate
diisopropil ether1.10 Daftar pustaka
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol
Dryden, OUTLINES OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, ..LAMPIRAN
1. FLOWSHEET
2. PERTANYAAN DAN JAWABAN DARI HASIL PRESENTASI INDUSTRI
ISOPROPANOL1. Anindia Wibowo
Pertanyaan:
Pada flowsheet, apa fungsi penambahan H2O pada hydrolizer
stripper dan reaksi apa yang terjadi ? Jawaban:
Reaksi yang terjadi pada hydrolizer stripper adalah reaksi
hidrolisis, yaitu CH3CH3CH CH3 + H2O CHOH + H2SO4
H O SO3 CH3
Asam sulfat isopropil IsopropanolFungsi penambahan H2O adalah
untuk mereasikan antara asam sulfat isopropyl dengan H2O agar
dihasilakan isopropanol dan H2SO4. 2. Mario prayoga Pertanyaan:
Pada proses kondensasi masuk ke water wash, apakah pada water
wash terjadi reaksi dan hasilnya direcycle kembali ?
Jawaban:
Pada water wash tidak terjadi terjadi reaksi hanya dilakukan
pencucian zatzat yang tidak terkondensasi (propilen dan H2SO4)
dengan air untuk memisahkan propilen dan H2SO4. H2SO4 yang telah
dicuci dan terpisah dari propilen akan dibuang pada bagian bawah
water wash. Sedangkan propilen dikembalikan atau direcycle kembali
sebagai bahan baku ke tahap sulfasi.
3. SUMBER DARI INTERNETIsopropyl alcohol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, searchisopropyl alcohol
IUPAC name
HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);"[hide]
HYPERLINK
"javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);"[hide]propan-2-ol
other names[hide]
HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(2);"[hide]2-propanol,
isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol
Identifiers
CAS number67-63-0Y
PubChem3776
ChemSpider3644
RTECS numberNT8050000
SMILES[show]
HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(3);"[show]CC(O)C
Properties
Molecular formulaC3H8O
Molar mass60.1 g mol1
AppearanceColorless liquid
Density0.786 g/cm (20 C)
Melting point89C, 184K, -128F
Boiling point82.4C, 356K, 180F
Solubility in watermiscible
Solubilitymiscible in benzene, chloroform, ethanol, ether,
glycerinsoluble in acetoneinsoluble in salt solutions
Acidity (pKa)16.5
Refractive index (nD)1.3776
Viscosity2.86 cP at 15 C1.96 cP at 25 C[1]1.77 cP at 30 CFor
187K-500K, viscosity (cP)
=10^(-0.7009+(8.4150E+02/T)+(-8.6068E-03*T)+(8.2964E-06*(T^2)))
(Temp in K)[1]
Dipole moment1.66 D (gas)
Hazards
MSDSExternal MSDS
R-phrasesR11 R36 R67
S-phrasesS7 S16 S24 S25 S26
NFPA 704
310
Flash point11.7 C (open cup)13 C (closed cup)
Autoignitiontemperature399 C
LD505005 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds
Related alcohols1-Propanol, Ethanol, 2-Butanol
Supplementary data page
Structure andpropertiesn, r, etc.
ThermodynamicdataPhase behaviourSolid, liquid, gas
Spectral dataUV, IR, NMR, MS
Y(what is this?)(verify)Except where noted otherwise, data are
given for materials in their standard state (at 25C, 100kPa)
Infobox references
Isopropyl alcohol (also propan-2-ol, 2-propanol, iso, isopro,
isoprop, rubbing alcohol, isopropanol, or the abbreviation IPA) is
a common name for a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a
strong odor. It has the molecular formula C3H8O. It is the simplest
example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon is
attached to two other carbons sometimes shown as (CH3)2CHOH. It is
an isomer of propanol.
Contents
[hide] 1 Production 2 Uses 3 Chemistry 4 Safety 5 Toxicology 6
See also 7 References 8 External links
[edit] ProductionIsopropyl alcohol is produced by combining
water and propene.[2] There are two processes for achieving this:
indirect hydration via the sulfuric acid process and direct
hydration. The former process, which can use low-quality propene,
predominates in the USA while the latter process, which requires
high-purity propene, is more commonly used in Europe. These
processes give predominantly isopropyl alcohol rather than
1-propanol because the addition of water or sulfuric acid to
propene follows Markovnikov's rule.
The indirect process reacts propene with sulfuric acid to form a
mixture of sulfate esters. Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters
produces isopropyl alcohol. Direct hydration reacts propene and
water, either in gas or liquid phases, at high pressures in the
presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts. Both processes
require that the isopropyl alcohol be separated from water and
other by-products by distillation. Isopropyl alcohol and water form
an azeotrope and simple distillation gives a material which is
87.9% by weight isopropyl alcohol and 12.1% by weight water.[3]
Pure (anhydrous) isopropyl alcohol is made by azeotropic
distillation of the "wet" isopropyl alcohol using either
diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents.
[edit] UsesIsopropyl alcohol is readily available. Like acetone,
it dissolves a wide range of nonpolar compounds. It is also
relatively non-toxic and evaporates quickly. Thus it is used widely
as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for dissolving
lipophilic contaminants such as oil. Examples include cleaning
electronic devices such as contact pins (like those on ROM
cartridges), magnetic tape and disk heads (such as those in audio
and video tape recorders and floppy disk drives), the lenses of
lasers in optical disc drives (e.g. CD, DVD) and removing thermal
paste from IC packages (such as CPUs.) It is used to clean LCD and
glass computer monitor screens (at some risk to the anti-reflection
coating on some screens), and used to give second-hand or worn
records newer-looking sheens. Isopropyl alcohol should not be used
to clean vinyl records as it may leach plasticizer from the vinyl
making it more rigid. Isopropyl alcohol removes smudges, dirt, and
fingerprints from cell phones and PDAs. It is effective at removing
residual glue from some sticky labels although some other adhesives
used on tapes and paper labels are resistant to it. It can also be
used to remove stains from most fabrics, wood, cotton, etc.
Isopropyl alcohol is also used to remove brake fluid traces from
hydraulic disk brake systems, so that the brake fluid (usually DOT
3, DOT 4 or mineral oil) does not contaminate the brake pads, which
would result in poor braking. In addition it can also be used to
clean paintballs or other oil based products so that they may be
reused, commonly known as "repainting".
As a biological specimen preservative, isopropyl alcohol
provides a cost-effective (compared to ethanol) and comparatively
non-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other synthetic
preservatives. Isopropyl alcohol solutions of 90-99% are optimal
for preserving specimens, although concentrations as low as 70% can
be used in emergencies.
Sterilizing pads typically contain a 6070% solution of isopropyl
alcohol in water. Isopropyl alcohol is also commonly used as a
cleaner and solvent in industry.
Isopropyl alcohol is a major ingredient in "gas dryer" fuel
additives. In significant quantities, water is a problem in fuel
tanks, as it separates from the gasoline, and can freeze in the
supply lines at cold temperatures. It does not remove water from
gasoline; rather, the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once
soluble, water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water as it
will no longer accumulate in the supply lines and freeze. Isopropyl
alcohol is often sold in aerosol cans as a windscreen de-icer.
Isopropyl alcohol is used as a water-drying aid for the
prevention of otitis externa, better known as swimmer's
ear.[4]Isopropyl alcohol nitrate is used in keyboard, LCD and lap
top cleaning as a strong but safer alternative to common household
cleaning products.
[edit] ChemistryUnlike ethanol or methanol, isopropyl alcohol
can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as
sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, or any of several other inorganic
salts, since the alcohol is much less soluble in saline solutions
than in salt-free water [5] The process is colloquially called
salting out, and causes concentrated isopropyl alcohol to separate
into a distinct layer.
Being a secondary alcohol, isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to
acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. This can be achieved
using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation
of isopropyl alcohol over a heated copper catalyst:
(CH3)2CH-OH (CH3)2CO + H2Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to
2-Bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to
propene by heating with sulfuric acid.
Isopropyl alcohol is often used as a hydride source in the
Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction.
Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals
such as potassium to form alkoxides which can be called
isopropoxides. The reaction with aluminium (initiated by a trace of
mercury) is used to prepare the catalyst aluminium
isopropoxide.
Isopropyl alcohol has a maximum absorbance at 204nm in an
ultraviolet-visible spectrum.
[edit] SafetyIsopropyl alcohol vapor is more dense than air and
is highly flammable with a very wide combustible range. It should
be kept away from heat and open flame. When mixed with air or other
oxidizers it can explode through deflagration.[6] Isopropyl alcohol
has also been reported to form explosive peroxides.[6]
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:\\Documents%20and%20Settings\\HP\\My%20Documents\\Tugas%20Kuliah%20U_Mie\\SEMESTER%204\\PIK%202\\MAKALAH%20PIK-2_4KB\\Isopropyl_alcohol.htm"
\l "cite_note-6"[7]Like many organic solvents, long term
application to the skin can cause defatting[citation needed].
[edit] ToxicologyIsopropyl alcohol is oxidized by the liver into
acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol
poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression,
nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, and coma. Use in well-ventilated
areas and use protective gloves while using. Poisoning can occur
from ingestion, inhalation, or absorption.
Isopropyl alcohol acts as a central nervous system (CNS)
depressant. Its metabolite, acetone, is a CNS depressant in its own
right. Around 15g of isopropyl alcohol can have a toxic effect on a
70kg human if left untreated.[8] However, it is not nearly as toxic
as methanol or ethylene glycol. Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an
anion gap acidosis (in which as lowered blood serum pH causes
depletion of bicarbonate anion) as do ethanol and methanol.
Isopropyl alcohol does, however, produce an osmolal gap between the
calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other
alcohols. Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a
result of its metabolism to acetone, which is not further
metabolized.[9]Propene
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search"Propylene" redirects here. For the
unrelated compound referred to as "propolene", see glucomannan.
Propene
IUPAC name
HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);"[hide]
HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(1);"[hide]Propene
Identifiers
CAS number115-07-1Y
UN number1077In Liquefied petroleum gas: 1075
RTECS numberUC6740000
SMILES[show]
HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleNavigationBar(2);"[show]C=CC
Properties
Molecular formulaC3H6
Molar mass42.08 g/mol
Appearancecolorless gas
Density1.81 kg/m3, gas (1.013 bar, 15C)613.9 kg/m3, liquid
Melting point 185.2 C (88.0 K)
Boiling point 47.6 C (225.5 K)
Solubility in water0.61 g/m3 (? C)
Viscosity8.34 Pas at 16.7 C
Structure
Dipole moment0.366 D (gas)
Hazards
MSDSExternal MSDS
R-phrases12
S-phrases9-16-33
NFPA 704
411
Flash point108 C
Related compounds
Related groupsAllyl, Propenyl
Related compoundsPropane, PropyneAllene,
1-Propanol2-Propanol
Y(what is this?)(verify)Except where noted otherwise, data are
given for materials in their standard state (at 25C, 100kPa)
Infobox references
Propene, also known as propylene, is an unsaturated organic
compound having the chemical formula C3H6. It has one double bond,
and is the second simplest member of the alkene class of
hydrocarbons, and it is also second in natural abundance.
Contents
[hide] 1 Properties 2 Synthesis 3 Production and Uses 4
Reactions 5 References
[edit] PropertiesAt room temperature, propene is a gas, and as
with many other alkenes, it is also colourless with a weak but
unpleasant smell.[1]Propene has a higher density and boiling point
than ethylene due to its greater size. It has a slightly lower
boiling point than propane and is thus more volatile. It lacks
strongly polar bonds, yet the molecule has a small dipole moment
due to its reduced symmetry (its point group is Cs).
Propene has the same empirical formula as cyclopropane but their
atoms are connected in different ways, making these molecules
structural isomers.
[edit] SynthesisPropene is produced from non-renewable fossil
fuels - petroleum, natural gas and to a much lesser extent coal.
Propene is a byproduct of oil refining and natural gas processing.
Ethylene, propene, and other compounds are produced by cracking
larger hydrocarbon molecules. Propene is separated by fractional
distillation from hydrocarbon mixtures obtained from cracking and
other refining processes.
[edit] Production and UsesPropene is the raw material for a wide
variety of products including polypropylene, a versatile polymer
used in packaging and other applications. It is the second highest
volume petrochemical feedstock after ethylene.[citation needed]
Propene and benzene are converted to acetone and phenol via the
cumene process. Propene is also used to produce isopropanol
(propan-2-ol), acrylonitrile, propylene oxide (epoxypropane) and
epichlorohydrin.[2]Propene production has remained static at around
35 million tonnes (Europe and North America only) from 20002008 but
has been increasing in East Asia, most notably Singapore and
China.[3]
HYPERLINK
"file:///C:\\Documents%20and%20Settings\\HP\\My%20Documents\\Tugas%20Kuliah%20U_Mie\\SEMESTER%204\\PIK%202\\Propene.htm"
\l "cite_note-3"[4] Total world production of propene is currently
about half that of ethylene.
[edit] ReactionsPropene resembles other alkenes in that it
undergoes addition reactions relatively easily at room temperature.
The relative weakness of its double bond (which is less strong than
two single bonds) explains its tendency to react with substances
that can achieve this transformation. Alkene reactions include: 1)
polymerization, 2) oxidation, 3) halogenation and
hydrohalogenation, 4) alkylation, 5) hydration, 6) oligomerization,
and 7) hydroformylation.
Asam sulfat
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Langsung ke: navigasi, cariAsam sulfat
Nama SistematisAsam sulfat
Nama lainMinyak vitriol
Identifikasi
Nomor CAS[7664-93-9]
Nomor EINECS231-639-5
Nomor RTECSWS5600000
Sifat
Rumus molekulH2SO4
Massa molar98,08 g/mol
Penampilancairan bening, tak berwarna, tak berbau
Densitas1,84 g/cm3, cair
Titik leleh10C, 283K, 50F
Titik didih337C, 610K, 639F
Kelarutan dalam airtercampur penuh
Keasaman (pKa)3
Viskositas26,7 cP (20C)
Bahaya
MSDSICSC 0362
Klasifikasi EUKorosif (C)
Indeks EU016-020-00-8
NFPA 704
032W
Frasa-RTemplat:R35
Frasa-S(S1/2), S26, S30, S45
Titik nyalatak ternyalakan
Senyawa terkait
Asam kuat terkaitAsam selenatAsam kloridaAsam nitrat
Senyawa terkaitAsam sulfitAsam peroksimonosulfatSulfur
trioksidaOleum
