12
腅腀 腅腀 膨膝腻腂腸 臮臄致 臮臄 膧腉腧 膧腚腉腌腕 臬膣腣腒腠膗臟腚腈腇腕臓 膺腛膈自 腗臷腛 膱臗腚臡 腏腔臍臓膓臘腬臂膼腏腔 膓臘腜 腵膄腂腚腴腻腂腽腂 腷腭腲膂腰腮膅腵腂 臒臠膴 臤膌臱 臷膮臷臙膦腬 臒臠膴 膚膋 臨膦腬 臒臠膴 臒臠腏腕膲腫腪腔 膓臘膘膔臢 腑腟腕腛膙膖腜腠腡臈臣腚膸自腏 臓腾膁腶腲腴腛膊臥臸臵腦臓 膺腛 膥臸臵腙腘腬臷臙 膹臙臩 腛膕臎腗腏腕 膜腤腩腍腗腚臏膭腏腔 腢腔 腊膳臓腛膓臘腚腥 腖腆腩腍腗腊膏臯腎腪腔 腔腤 膧腉腧 膧腚腉腌腕腜 腹腂膀腞腐膗臟腚腈腇腕腥膓臘腊 膲腫腪腔 臌膑臝膐 膐臶膿臔膒膞膐膍 臼膩膯膢臝膐臃膎膒膞膯膐膍臓至膨膝臀 臬膣膽 臫臆膵 臬膣至臉臊腖腜膟腇腰腵腼臷腊臰膔腬臦腏腕臍臖腑腩腍腗腉腧 腛臑臓腊 臚臧腚膷 臲臸腎腪腩 腍腛 腜臬膣至臉腛臁 膛腝腯腺膂腱腂臅膻腛臇 臕腗腙腩腠腉 膃腂腼膂腙膚膬臺自腛膉膡腬 臘腑腩臊腖腥臇 腙膪腗腎腪腕腇腩腊 臞腛臐膏腙膩臑腥腨 腜膆臔膶臭腙臋膠腚腆腩 膇臻 膰臝腙臹膫腗腓腍腬臍腋腫腔腩腰腵腼臷腜 膾膔臧腚腥膤 腜腐腤腚 腣腒腠膗臟腗腹腂膀腞腐膗臟腚腈腌腩臍臓膓臘 腇腉 腃腅 ῑῒ῏ῌ ῎ΐ῍ Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi Snow and Ice Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and 204 Kouichi Nishimura and Takao Kameda ; : Blowing snow observations were carried out at Mizuho Station, Antarc- tica from Sept. to Nov. . A blowing snow observation system including snow particle counters (SPC) which can sense not only the number of snow particles but also their diameters, was situated on a m tower. All instruments worked properly and the data obtained revealed profiles of mass flux and particle size distributions as a function of the friction velocity. Since the SPC is found to be useful to evaluate precipitation as well, it was set at Dome Fuji Station from Feb. to Jan. , and measurements of snowfall as well as blowing snow were undertaken. : m SPC : . m . m . m . m : m . m . m : . m . m SPC no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, - . Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido - . Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Vol. Nankyoku Shiryo ˆ (Antarctic Record), Vol. , Special Issue, , National Institute of Polar Research Blowing snow measurements at Mizuho Station and Dome Fuji Station, Antarctica Scientific Note Abstract + , + , 2*/* ,**1 ++ 1 ,**2 , ,0 ,*** -* ,**, ,**- ,*** 3 ++ -* . 30 -+ +* *, - ,/ +* *, , -* +* ,**, , ,**- + , 3/* ,+2+ +0/ *3* 2/*1 /, ,*. ,+/ ,**2 /, ,*. ,+/ ,**2 ,**2 + + ,

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Page 1: Mark4.NAN52SHY.P.1~2˘ˇˆ˙˝ ˇˆ ˛˚˜ ! ˚"#$% &’ &’ &’ &’ &’ & ’ &’ ()* +, -.*/0 $%12˚3#4 567˘89(:;7 2?@abc$%9d: e 8f+:.g˚hij#˚kl m d no 1pq

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Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi

Snow and Ice Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and

204

Kouichi Nishimura and Takao Kameda

;

: Blowing snow observations were carried out at Mizuho Station, Antarc-

tica from Sept. to Nov. . A blowing snow observation system including snow

particle counters (SPC) which can sense not only the number of snow particles but also

their diameters, was situated on a m tower. All instruments worked properly and

the data obtained revealed profiles of mass flux and particle size distributions as a

function of the friction velocity. Since the SPC is found to be useful to evaluate

precipitation as well, it was set at Dome Fuji Station from Feb. to Jan. , and

measurements of snowfall as well as blowing snow were undertaken.

:

m

SPC : . m . m . m . m

: m . m . m : .

m . m

SPC

no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, - .

Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido - .

Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Vol.

Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record), Vol. , Special Issue, ,

National Institute of Polar Research

Blowing snow measurements at Mizuho Station

and Dome Fuji Station, Antarctica

Scientific Note

Abstract

+ ,

+

,

2*/*

,**1 ++ 1 ,**2 , ,0

,***

-*

,**, ,**-

,*** 3 ++-*

. 3 0 - + + * * ,- ,/ + * * , , - *

+ *

,**, , ,**- +

, 3/* ,+2+

+0/ *3* 2/*1

/, ,*. ,+/ ,**2/, ,*. ,+/ ,**2

,**2

+

+ ,

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SPC Dover King

and Turner Mann . SPC

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Takahashi

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DA- , Kaijo Denki m, . m, . m

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et al

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m A:

SPC A : . m, A : . m B:

B : . m, B : . m C:

cm cm

C

C

m SPC

. m

m s

m s

LT,

LT SPC

m

Mann .

Fig. . Blowing snow measurement system at Mizuho Station. A: Snow particle

counter (SPC) (A : . m, A : . m), B: Ultra-sonic anemometer (B :

. m, B : . m), C: Net-type blowing snow collector.

u

u u w

u w et al

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207

m . m

SPC

m

ln

. m

Fig. . Time series of wind speed at m height and the horizontal mass flux of snow at . m

height from to November . Sudden increase and decrease indicated by arrows

are due to changes of SPC height by hand during the flux profile measurements.

Fig. . Comparison between the wind speed at m height and friction velocity

calculated using the eddy correlation method.

u zU

z

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. m

: . ms

: . ms : . ms : . ms : . ms

:

: : : :

Nemoto and Nishimura, m

SPC

. m s

SPC . ms .

ms . ms

Fig. . Horizontal mass flux at . m height plotted against the friction velocity

from to November .

u

Fig. . Specific horizontal particle flux of snow as a function of height

parameterized for di erent friction velocities. u . ms ,

. ms , . ms , . ms , . ms .

u

+

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SPC . msu

Fig. . Particle diameter distributions measured with the SPC at u . ms .

The solid lines indicate approximations obtained by the two-parameter

gamma probability density function.

+

+

* --

0 * --

0

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a: . ms , b: . ms , c: . ms , d: . ms , e: : . ms .

. m

Rasmussen ., ; Takeuchi, ; White and Moula,

saltation layer

. m . m

SPC . m

m m

m

Budd, ; Schmidt,

exp

shape parameter

scale parameter

u

Fig. . Profiles of the shape parameter plotted as a function of the friction velocity.

a: u . ms , b: . ms , c: . ms , d: . ms , e: . ms .

et al

d df d

d

d

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+

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* ,

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0 + * *0

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-

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1

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a

a

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m

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ab

ab

a ab

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Budd, W.F. ( ): The drifting of non-uniform snow particles. ed. by M. J. Rubin. Washington, D. C.,

Amer. Geophys. Union, (Antarct. Res. Ser., ).

Dover, S.E. ( ): Numerical modeling of blowing snow. Doctor thesis, Deparment of Applied Mathemat-

ical Studies, University of Leeds, England, p.

King, J.C. and Turner, J. ( ): Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology. New York, Cambridge Univ.

Press, p.

Kobayashi, S. ( ): Snow transport by katabatic winds in Mizuho Camp area, East Antarctica. J. Meteorol.

Soc. Jpn., , .

Mann, G.W., Anderson, P.S. and Mobbs, S.D. ( ): Profile measurements of blowing snow at Halley,

Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., (D ), .

Nemoto, M. and Nishimura, K. ( ): Direct measurement of shear stress during snow saltation. Boundary

Layer Meteorol., , .

Nemoto, M. and Nishimura, K. ( ): Numerical simulation of snow saltation and suspension in a turbulent

boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., , D , doi: . / JD .

Nishimura, K. and Nemoto, M. ( ): Blowing snow at Mizuho station, Antarctica. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A,

, .

Rasmussen, K.R., S rensen, M. and Willetts, B.B. ( ): Measurement of saltation and wind strength on

beaches. Proc. International Workshop on the Physics of Blown Sand, ed. by O.E. Barndor -Nielsen,

Denmark, University of Aarhus, (Vol. ).

Schmidt, R.A. ( ): A system that measures blowing snow. USDA Forest Service Research Paper,

, p.

Schmidt, R.A. ( ): Estimates of Threshold Windspeed from Particle Sizes in Blowing Snow. Cold Reg.

Sci. Technol., , .

SPC C

C

LT LT . kg m LT

LT . kg m SPC .

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Takahashi, S. ( ): Characteristics of drifting snow at Mizuho station, Antarctica. Ann. Glaciol., , .

Takeuchi, M. ( ): Vertical profile and horizontal increase of drift-snow transport. J. Glaciol., , .

White, B.R. and Mounla, H. ( ): An experimental study of Froude number e ect on wind-tunnel sal-

tation. Aeolian Grain Transport : Mechanics, ed. by O.E. Barndor -Nielson and B.B. Willetts. Wien,

Springer-Verlag, (Acta Mech., Suppl. ).

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