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Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi
Snow and Ice Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and
204
Kouichi Nishimura and Takao Kameda
;
: Blowing snow observations were carried out at Mizuho Station, Antarc-
tica from Sept. to Nov. . A blowing snow observation system including snow
particle counters (SPC) which can sense not only the number of snow particles but also
their diameters, was situated on a m tower. All instruments worked properly and
the data obtained revealed profiles of mass flux and particle size distributions as a
function of the friction velocity. Since the SPC is found to be useful to evaluate
precipitation as well, it was set at Dome Fuji Station from Feb. to Jan. , and
measurements of snowfall as well as blowing snow were undertaken.
:
m
SPC : . m . m . m . m
: m . m . m : .
m . m
SPC
no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, - .
Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido - .
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Vol.
Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record), Vol. , Special Issue, ,
National Institute of Polar Research
Blowing snow measurements at Mizuho Station
and Dome Fuji Station, Antarctica
Scientific Note
Abstract
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205
Budd
Schmidt
SPC Dover King
and Turner Mann . SPC
SPC
. mm
SPC m
km . S, . E,
m a.s.l. m s
m s
m Kobayashi
Takahashi
m
SPC . m, . m, . m, . m
. m . m
DA- , Kaijo Denki m, . m, . m
SPC
HMP . m . m
Hz m
m m
et al
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m A:
SPC A : . m, A : . m B:
B : . m, B : . m C:
cm cm
C
C
m SPC
. m
m s
m s
LT,
LT SPC
m
Mann .
Fig. . Blowing snow measurement system at Mizuho Station. A: Snow particle
counter (SPC) (A : . m, A : . m), B: Ultra-sonic anemometer (B :
. m, B : . m), C: Net-type blowing snow collector.
u
u u w
u w et al
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+ + * , * ,
+* -* +*
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207
m . m
SPC
m
ln
. m
Fig. . Time series of wind speed at m height and the horizontal mass flux of snow at . m
height from to November . Sudden increase and decrease indicated by arrows
are due to changes of SPC height by hand during the flux profile measurements.
Fig. . Comparison between the wind speed at m height and friction velocity
calculated using the eddy correlation method.
u zU
z
U z
z
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208
. m
: . ms
: . ms : . ms : . ms : . ms
:
: : : :
Nemoto and Nishimura, m
SPC
. m s
SPC . ms .
ms . ms
Fig. . Horizontal mass flux at . m height plotted against the friction velocity
from to November .
u
Fig. . Specific horizontal particle flux of snow as a function of height
parameterized for di erent friction velocities. u . ms ,
. ms , . ms , . ms , . ms .
u
+
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SPC . msu
Fig. . Particle diameter distributions measured with the SPC at u . ms .
The solid lines indicate approximations obtained by the two-parameter
gamma probability density function.
+
+
* --
0 * --
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a: . ms , b: . ms , c: . ms , d: . ms , e: : . ms .
. m
Rasmussen ., ; Takeuchi, ; White and Moula,
saltation layer
. m . m
SPC . m
m m
m
Budd, ; Schmidt,
exp
shape parameter
scale parameter
u
Fig. . Profiles of the shape parameter plotted as a function of the friction velocity.
a: u . ms , b: . ms , c: . ms , d: . ms , e: . ms .
et al
d df d
d
d
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
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,
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* ,
+32/ +32* +33+
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0 + * *0
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1
a
a
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a
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a b
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a ab
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211
: . ms
: . ms : . ms : . ms
: : : :
Schmidt Dover
. ms . m
m
m
. m m . m
. m . m
SPC m
Nemoto and Nishimura,
d u
Fig. . Profiles of the mean particle diameter d plotted as a function of the friction
velocity. u . ms , . ms , . ms , . ms .
u
d
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+
* /0* -2 * -- * ,2
2
1
. / +32+ +33-
+ ,
* ,+ * */
0 2
+
2*
3
3 0 ,0* - +
* + * *,
/
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2 ab
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212
SPC . m
Nishimura and Nemoto,
SPC
m, . m SPC
SPC . m
cm m
Fig. . Snow particle size distributions in blowing snow . to . m above ground
when snow precipitation was also observed.
-
* *, 3
,**/
3 ,**, , +* ,**- + ,*
/* + / +
+*
++ + /
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SPC
SPC
SPC
Fig. . Snow particle counter (SPC) set at Dome Fuji Station.
Fig. . Recording of the SPC at Dome Fuji Station from February to January .
Fig. . SPC recording and the air temperature Dome Fuji Station.
,**- , +0 ,**. + 2
+*
++ +0 ,**- 2 ,**.
+,
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214
Budd, W.F. ( ): The drifting of non-uniform snow particles. ed. by M. J. Rubin. Washington, D. C.,
Amer. Geophys. Union, (Antarct. Res. Ser., ).
Dover, S.E. ( ): Numerical modeling of blowing snow. Doctor thesis, Deparment of Applied Mathemat-
ical Studies, University of Leeds, England, p.
King, J.C. and Turner, J. ( ): Antarctic Meteorology and Climatology. New York, Cambridge Univ.
Press, p.
Kobayashi, S. ( ): Snow transport by katabatic winds in Mizuho Camp area, East Antarctica. J. Meteorol.
Soc. Jpn., , .
Mann, G.W., Anderson, P.S. and Mobbs, S.D. ( ): Profile measurements of blowing snow at Halley,
Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., (D ), .
Nemoto, M. and Nishimura, K. ( ): Direct measurement of shear stress during snow saltation. Boundary
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