MATRIMONIO, ALIMENTOS Y DISOLUCIÓN DEL VÍNCULO MATRIMONIAL

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]GIHDH GA' UI0

d) Mc Kdxrikagia'

4' Hmeiginiþg hmc Kdxrikagia'

2' M~zag~dcm~# Gdx}rdcmpd @}rëhind

>' Muac}niþg hmc Kdxrikagia mg Lmgmrdc'

8' î~xmkd~ kdxrikagidcm~'

=' Muac}niþg hmc kdxrikagia mg Gindrdl}d'

5' Gdx}rdcmpd @}rëhind hmc Kdxrikagia'

B) Rmt}i~ixa~ y Xräkixm~ zdrd cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia'

4' Arilmg hm cd hi~xigniþg mgxrm rmt}i~ixa hm mvi~xmgnid y hm udcihmp hmc kdxrikagia

2' Kdxrikagia igmvi~xmgxm'

>' Ikzmhikmgxa~ hirikmgxm~ m ikzmhimgxm~ zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia' Memnxa~

N) Memnxa~ hmc Kdxrikagia'

4' Hmrmnfa~ y Hmbmrm~ t}m gdnmg hmc Kdxrikagia mgxrm ca~ M~za~a~ y rm~zmnxa d ca~ fià~'

2' ^mkm`dgpd~ y Hiemrmgnid~ mgxrm mc Kdxrikagia y cd ]giþg hm fmnfa m~xdbcm'

>' Cmy Rml}cdhard hm cd~ Rmcdniagm~ mgxrm Kdhrm# Zdhrm m Fià~# Cmy hm dcikmgxa~

8' Cmy hm Dcikmgxa~' Cmy 48>'

]GIHDH GA'UII

Hi~ac}niþg hmc Uëgn}ca Kdxrikagidc'

4' Muac}niþg Fi~xþrind hmc Hiuarnia mg Lmgmrdc y Zdrxin}cdrkmgxm mg Gindrdl}d'

2' Zranmhikimgxa zdrd abxmgmr cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca Kdxrikagidc'

>' Memnxa~ hm cd Hi~ac}niþg hmc Uëgn}ca Kdxrikagidc

8' Zranmhikimgxa hm Hi~ac}niþg hmc Kdxrikagia zar k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa# G}cihdh hmc Kdxrikagia' Rmlcd~#

Memnxa~

]GIHDH UI

MC KDXRIKAGIA

I'+ HMEIGINIÞG HM KDXRIKAGIA0



I' HMEIGINIÞG HM KDXRIKAGIA0

Udrid~ ~ag cd~ hmeiginiagm~ t}m ~m fdg hdha hmc kdxrikagia y xahd~ m~xäg hm dn}mrha mg t}m

m~ cd }giþg hmc udrþg y hm cd fmkbrd zar xahd cd uihd y nag nak}gindniþg hmc hmrmnfa hiuiga y

f}kdga &kahm~xiga)' Kd~ xdrhm mc Nþhila hm Gdzacmþg hmeigiþ mc kdxrikagia hinimgha t}m mc

kdxrikagia m~ "Cd ~animhdh hmc fakbrm y hm cd k}`mr# t}m ~m }gmg d memnxa hm zmrzmx}dr cd m~zmnim#

zdrd dy}hdr~m# kmhidgxm k}x}a d}vicia~ d ~abrmccmudr mc zd~a hm cd uihd# zdrd zdrxinizdr hm }g

nakðg hm~xiga"'

^mlðg mc drxën}ca 98 hm g}m~xra nþhila niuic uilmgxm# "Mc kdxrikagia m~ }g nagxrdxa ~acmkgm# zar mc

n}dc }g fakbrm y }gd k}`mr ~m }gmg zar xahd cd uihd y ximgm zar ab`mxa cd zranrmdniþg y mc k}x}a

d}vicia"'

Cd cmy hinm t}m m~ }g nagxrdxa# zar t}m ximgm ~} arilmg y memnxa~ mg mc dn}mrha hm ha~ zmr~agd~ nag

ägika hm abcildr~m? m~ ~acmkgm# zart}m dzdrmnimgha mc kdxrikagia dc ermgxm hm cd~ ig~xix}niagm~

niuicm~ zar ~mr mc e}ghdkmgxa hm cd edkicid# naka nagxrdxa ~}i lmgmrim# hmbm zrmni~dkmgxm nmcmbrdr~m

dgxm mc e}gniagdria nakzmxmgxm nag ca~ rixa~ y zrm~nrizniagm~ ~môdcdhd~ zar cd Cmy# zdrd t}m ~}rxd ~}~

memnxa~? hinm t}m m~ }g nagxrdxa zar mc n}dc }g fakbrm y }gd k}`mr ~m }gmg zdrd xahd cd uihd# zart}m

cd ndrdnxmrë~xind zrignizdc hmc kdxrikagia m~ cd zmrzmx}ihdh# yd t}m ca~ igxmrm~m~ kardcm~ y kdxmridcm~

t}m hm éc ~m ariligdg# ca ki~ka t}m mc fagar y mc bimgm~xdr hm cd edkicid# rmncdkdg ~} kdgxmgikimgxa

fd~xd cd k}mrxm# kmàr hinfa# fd~xd t}m }ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~# gdx}rdcm~ m igmuixdbcmkmgxm# zagldg

xérkiga d cd }giþg'

Aildka~ d m~xm rm~zmnxa n}dc m~ mc rix}dc hmc kdxrikagia iglcé~0 "hinm mc fakbrm a cd k}`mr0 Xm xakazar ki m~za~d hm fay mg dhmcdgxm# xdgxa mg cd b}mgd naka mg cd kdcd ~}mrxm# d~ë mg cd db}ghdgnid

naka mg cd zabrmpd# mg ~dc}h a mgemrkmhdh? y zrakmxa m~xikdrxm y t}mrmrxm# fd~xd t}m nagearkm d

cd uac}gxdh hm Hia~# cd k}mrxm ga~ ~mzdrm? mg em hm ca n}dc xm mkzmôa ki zdcdbrd"' Hmbm#

zrmni~dkmgxm ~mr cd }giþg hm }g fakbrm y hm }gd k}`mr# zart}m zar zrignizia# g}m~xra nþhila

rmnfdpd cd zacildkid# zar azagmr~m d cd~ na~x}kbrm~ y d cd éxind hm ca~ zdë~m~ niuicipdha~'

Y zar ðcxika# naka eig m~mgnidc hmc kdxrikagia# ~m m~xdbcmnm cd zranrmdniþg y mc k}x}a d}vicia# ~ig t}m

~m xakm m~xd mvzrm~iþg mg }g ~mgxiha m~xrinxa z}m~ d}gt}m zar kaxiua hm mgemrkmhdh a zar cd

ki~kd mhdh# ga e}mrm za~ibcm rmdcipdrca a fdyd hm gmldr~m nmcmbrdniþg# fdy t}m xakdr mg n}mgxd t}m

bimg z}mhm ~mr bmgmeinia~a mc kdxrikagia zdrd cmlixikdr d ca~ fià~ gdx}rdcm~ a zdrd ~dcir hmcnagn}bigdxa'



earkd~ ig~xix}niagdcm~ hmc kdxrikagia# zart}m abmhmnmg mcca~ d nag~ihmrdniagm~ hm arhmg zðbcina y

zart}m mc kdxrikagia ~m zrazagm mg eig kardc mg mc t}m cd~ y ga ca~ bimgm~ earkdg mc nakzraki~a'

Mc drxën}ca 98n'# t}m umgika~ m~x}hidgha y t}m nag~ihmrd mc kdxrikagia naka }g nagxrdxa# ~}eriþ

kahieindniagm~ m~mgnidc mg cd Cmy hm 46 hm embrmra hm 4925# häghacm udcihmp cmldc dc kdxrikagia

rmcilia~a# z}m~ m~xdbcmniþ mg ~} drxin}cdha zar ca~ kdxrikagia~ rmcilia~a~ nmcmbrdha~ dgxm cd d}xarihdh

mncm~iä~xind# zrah}nëdg memnxa~ niuicm~ nag ~aca ig~nribir cd rm~zmnxiud zdrxihd mvzmhihd zar mc zärrana

mg mc Rmli~xra hmc M~xdha Niuic hm cd~ Zmr~agd~'

Xdc hi~za~iniþg fd hdha arilmg d lrdghm~ hi~n}~iagm~ nag kaxiua hm ca~ ~mria~ nagecinxa~ t}m ~m

zrm~mgxdrag dc m~x}hidrca m igxmrzrmxdrca hmxmrkigdhdkmgxm# zart}m ~m ccmlþ dc db~}rha hm hdr d cd

cmy }g memnxa rmxradnxiua# hm~naganimgha hm m~d kdgmrd mc iguiacdbcm zrignizia hm cd ga rmxradnxiuihdh'

Zmra cd ðcxikd cmy hdhd mc 5 hm @}gia hm 4984 y z}bcindha mg cd Ldnmxd Aeinidc mc 4< hm m~m ki~ka km~

y dôa# dndbþ nag cd zriarihdh hmc kdxrikagia rmcilia~a y m~xdbcmniþ t}m mc kdxrikagia niuic hmbm

zrdnxindr~m dgxm~ t}m dt}mc# hm kdgmrd t}m ca~ kigi~xra~ hm n}dct}imr n}cxa ga zahräg nmcmbrdr }g

kdxrikagia ~ig t}m dgxm~ ~m cm zrm~mgxm cd nag~xdgnid mvxmghihd zar mc @}mp t}m zränxina mc mgcdnm

niuic# ign}rrimgha# xdgxa ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ naka mc Kigi~xra# zar cd nagxrdumgniþg# mg }gd k}cxd t}m

~mrä ikz}m~xd zar mc @}mp hm ca Niuic hmc Hi~xrixa rm~zmnxiua'

îg mkbdrla m~d k}cxd t}mhdrä rmh}nihd# ~i# zar nirn}g~xdgnid mvnmzniagdcm~ dzrmnidhd~ zar mc

ki~ka @}mp hm Hi~xrixa# ~m zränxind mc kdxrikagia mg mc ndkza a mg }g igkigmgxm zmcilra hm k}mrxm#

&Drx' 4>:N)# ~imkzrm t}m d kd~ xdrhdr hmgxra hm t}ignm hëd~ hm nmcmbrdha ~m zrdnxit}m mc kdxrikagianiuic y ~m d~mgxdrä cd zdrxihd narrm~zaghimgxm mg mc Rmli~xra hmc M~xdha Niuic hm Zmr~agd~'

Xdgxa cd~ hicilmgnid~ zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia# naka mc kdxrikagia ki~ka# z}mhmg ~ml}ir~m dgxm cd

d}xarihdh nakzmxmgxm zar kmhia hm dzahmrdha y dðg mc ki~ka kdxrikagia z}mhm xdkbiég

nagxrdmr~m zar kmhia hm dzahmrdha M^ZMNIDCKMGXM d}xaripdha dc memnxa? nag cd ðgind ~dcumhdh hm

t}m mc kdghdxdria hmbmr ~mr hmc ki~ka ~mva t}m mc kdghdgxm a ~md mc e}x}ra nagxrdymgxm y t}m mc

zahmr hmbm ~mr nagemriha zar m~nrix}rd nag ighindniþg hm cd zmr~agd nag t}img ~m ud d nagxrdmr &drx'

96N)'

M~xd cþlind hi~za~iniþg hm cd cmy ximgm dcla hm rdra y m~ t}m zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia fd fmnfa d }gcdha mc zahmr lmgmrdcë~ika# t}m m~ naka ~i hi`érdka~ cd zmr~agd ki~kd# zdrd hdr ndbihd d m~xd ncd~m

hm zahmr MC M^ZMNIDCIÎKA? naka ~i cd cmy nmca~d hm ~} arilmg ga t}i~imrd t}m mc kdghdxdria hm }g



hm zahmr# MC M^ZMNIDCIÎKA? naka ~i cd cmy# nmca~d hm ~} arilmg ga t}i~imrd t}m mc kdghdxdria hm }g

~mva# zart}m m~ gdx}rdc zmg~dr t}m ~mrëd rihën}ca t}m nakzdrmnimrmg dgxm }g e}gniagdria `}hinidc ha~

fakbrm~ a ha~ k}`mrm~ nagxrdymgha kdxrikagia# zart}m fdy t}m hdrcm cd~ dzdrmgxm~ naghiniagm~ hm

ca~ kdxrikagia~ narrimgxm~# yd t}m naka ca fm hinfa dgxmriarkmgxm# mc nagxrdxa kdxrikagidc ~m

zrazagm }g eig kardc mg mc n}dc cd~ zmr~agd~ y ga ca~ bimgm~ earkdg cd kdxmrid hmc nakzraki~a'

M~xm zahmr d~ë axarldha# xmrkigd zar cd rmuandniþg t}m hm éc fdnm mc kdghdgxm# nag cd ðgind ~dcumhdh#

rdrd y zmcilra~d zar nimrxa# hm t}m ga fdbrä Kdxrikagia# ~i mg mc kakmgxa hm nmcmbrdr~m é~xm# yd

m~xdbd rmuandha cmldckmgxm mc zahmr d}gt}m ca ilgardr~m mc kdxrikagia &drx' 99N)'

Y hmnika~ t}m m~xd ~dcumhdh m~ rdrd y zmcilra~d zart}m ~m zrm~xd mc mgldôa# yd t}m bimg z}mhm

nagemrir~m mc kdghdxa# nmcmbrdr~m mc kdxrikagia y }gd ump umrieindha# dzdrmnmr }gd m~nrix}rd

cmldckmgxm d}xaripdhd# rmuandgha mc zahmr# yd fdbiégha~m xdcump nag~}kdha cd }giþg ndrgdc# zart}m

cd rmuandniþg ~}rxm ~}~ memnxa~ d}gt}m ca ilgarm mc kdghdxdria' D g}m~xra `}inia m~xd rmuandniþg

hmbmrëd ~mr cmldckmgxm gaxieindhd# naka m~ hm rilar mg cd~ hmkä~ ncd~m~ hm kdghdxa~'

Zar m~a m~ cd cmli~cdniþg erdgnm~d m~ xdg rilari~xd mg m~xm ~mgxiha# hm kdgmrd t}m ga zmrkixm cd

nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia zar kmhia hm dzahmrdha# z}m~ nag~ihmrd t}m cd cibmrxdh zdrd nagxrdmrca

hmbm zmrkdgmnmr nakzcmxd# hm`dgha d ca~ nþgy}lm~ mg dzxix}h hm ndkbidr hm zdrmnmr fd~xd mg mc

kakmgxa ki~ka hm nmcmbrdr mc dnxa# ldrdgxipdgha hm m~d kdgmrd# nag ~} zrm~mgnid# cd zmr~i~xmgnid

hm ~} uac}gxdh fd~xd mc kakmgxa ki~ka hm nmcmbrdr mc kdxrikagia# ~aca mg nd~a~ }rlmgxm~ y

m~zmnidcm~ ~m fdg zmrkixiha mc kdxrikagia# ~imgha é~xd mvnmzniþg mc hm cd Zrikmrd L}mrrd K}ghidc# mg

cd t}m ~m zmrkixiþ cd }giþg hm ~acmhdh t}m m~x}uimrdg d}~mgxm~# zar kmhia hm dzahmrdha~'

G}m~xrd cmli~cdniþg m~xdbcmnm t}m mc udrþg hm umigxiðg dôa~ n}kzciha~ a hmncdrdha kdyar y cd k}`mr

hm himnianfa dôa~ n}kzciha~ a hmncdrdhd kdyar hmbmg nagxrdmr kdxrikagia cibrmkmgxm y t}m ~ag

FÄBICM^ zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia mc udrþg t}m fd n}kzciha t}ignm dôa~ y cd k}`mr t}m fd n}kzciha

ndxarnm &Drxa~ 4:: y 4:4 N)'

M~ cþlina zmg~dr t}m cd mhdh ei`dhd zar xahd~ cd~ cmli~cdniagm~ hmc k}gha zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia#

d~ë naka cd fdbicihdh cmldc zdrd mc ki~ka# umrëd? zart}m zdrd mcca fdy t}m xmgmr mg n}mgxd mc

hm~drracca eë~ina y cd ndzdnihdh kmgxdc hmc ighiuih}a# mc z}gxa lmalräeina mg t}m ~m uium mxn'# z}m~ mg

}ga~ c}ldrm~ mc hm~drracca m~ cmgxa# naka ~}nmhm mg cd~ rmliagm~ hmc garxm# kimgxrd~ t}m mg cd~ pagd~xrazindcm~ mc hm~drracca m~ räziha? zmra mg nd~i xahd~ cd~ cmli~cdniagm~ m~d mhdh ec}nxðd mgxrm ca~ 42 y

ca~ t}ignm dôa~ ccdkdgha cd dxmgniþg t}m ~imkzrm cd mhdh zdrd cd k}`mr m~ kmgar t}m cd rmt}mrihd



ca~ t}ignm dôa~# ccdkdgha cd dxmgniþg t}m ~imkzrm cd mhdh zdrd cd k}`mr m~ kmgar t}m cd rmt}mrihd

2'+ M^ZAG^DCM^'Q NAGNMZXA0 M~ cd zrakm~d hm kdxrikagia k}x}dkmgxm dnmzxdhd# m~ }g fmnfa t}m

cd~ cmym~ ~akmxmg mgxmrdkmgxm dc fagar y d cd nagnimgnid hmc ighiuih}a y ga zrah}nm abcildniþg

dcl}gd dgxm cd cmy niuic' &Zäligd 24 Nþhila Niuic)'

GDX]RDCMPD @]RËHIND HM CA^ M^ZAG^DCM^0

Ga ab~xdgxm t}m ca~ m~zag~dcm~ nag~xix}ymg }g nagxrdxa mg mc n}dc ~m zrakmxm y dnmzxd#

rm~zmnxiudkmgxm# zar ca~ gauia~# cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc e}x}ra kdxrikagia# ~m hi~xigl}mg hmc dgxmnagxrdxa

a nagxrdxa zrmzdrdxaria mg t}m ga zrah}nmg abcildniþg hm nagxrdmr mc kdxrikagia# mg xdgxa t}m mc

nagxrdxa zrmcikigdr ~i nrmd cd abcildniþg hm nmcmbrdr mc nagxrdxa hmeigixiua d t}m }gd hm cd~ zdrxm~ a

dkbd~ ~m fdg abcildha'

Cd ~mn}cdr mvzmrimgnid hmc dgxil}a hmrmnfa ndgþgina y cd kä~ rmnimgxm hm ca~ zdë~m~ dglca~dàgd~# t}mga fdg dnaliha mg ~} hmrmnfa mc rëliha zrignizia hm cd abcildxarimhdh hm ca~ m~zag~dcm~ k}m~xrdg ca~

lrduë~ika~ ignagumgimgxm~ hm nadnniagdr mg cd earkd t}m e}mrm# hirmnxdkmgxm a nag ~dgniagm~

nagxrdnx}dcm~# d cd m`mn}niþg hm cd zrakm~d hm kdxrikagia'

K}m~xrdg t}m mc igxmré~ hm ca~ zdrxin}cdrm~ y mc igxmré~ lmgmrdc mvilmg t}m ndhd n}dc# ig~xm mc

kakmgxa hm cd nmcmbrdniþg# ~ild ~imgha cibrm hm drrmzmgxir~m hm cd zrakm~d fmnfd# ~ig t}m zar mcca ~m

dkmgdnm nag axrd~ kdcm~ t}m ca~ mvxrdôa~ dc k}gha hmc Hmrmnfa y t}m ga m~xä mg kdga~ hmc

cmli~cdhar ikzmhir mg ca~ nd~a~ zdrxin}cdrm~# gi t}m hmnir ximgmg t}m xdkbiég m~xd cibmrxdh hm

dzarxdkimgxa z}mhm ~mr y m~ mg k}nfa~ nd~a~ e}mgxm hm lrduë~ika~ kdcm~ zmra# nakzdrdgha ca~

hdôa~ t}m ~m xmghrëdg earkdgha hirmnxdkmgxm a rmnaganimgha udcar dc zdnxa t}m ~m f}bimrmg

earkdha hmc zdla hm }g zmgd zdrd mc nd~a hm hm~i~xikimgxa hm cd zrakm~d hm kdxrikagia y ca~ t}m ~m

ximgmg hm`dgha cd db~ac}xd cibmrxdh hm fdnmrca# fd nag~ihmrdha mc cmli~cdhar &y cd nagnimgnid nakðg

m~xé nag éc)# t}m ~mrëdg k}y ~}zmriarm~ ca~ zrikmra~ d ca~ ~ml}gha~'

M~ cibrm z}m~ fd~xd mc ðcxika kakmgxa mc drrmzmgxikimgxa# hicmkd t}m ~m hm`d d cd nagnimgnid hm ndhd

n}dc ~i ~dnrieindr~m zar n}kzcir nag cd zdcdbrd mkzmôdhd y nagxrdmr }g kdxrikagia t}m yd ga ~m

hm~md# a fdnmr m~a hm cd cibmrxdh mg t}m mc cmli~cdhar ca hm`d' &Drx}ra Ndrca~ Lmkmca# mc kdxrikagia#

xrdh}n' hm ^dgxidla ^dgxë~ Kmcmghm y Kdriga Dymrra Rmhëg# Mhiniagm~ @}rëhind~ M}razd+Dkérind

B}mga~ Dirm~# 49=8# zäl' 5>)'

Mg dcl}gd~ cmli~cdniagm~ naka cd hm Kévina ca~ memnxa~ hm ca~ m~zag~dcm~ zar mc nd~a hm



Xdkbiég zdldrä mc zrakmxiha t}m ~ig nd}~d lrdum edcxd d ~} nakzraki~a }gd ighmkgipdniþg a xëx}ca

hm rmzdrdniþg kardc# n}dgha zar cd h}rdniþg hmc gauidpla# cd igxikihdh m~xdbcmnihd mgxrm ca~

zrakmxiha~ cd z}bcinihdh hm cd~ rmcdniagm~# cd zravikihdh hmc kdxrikagia } axrd~ nd}~d~

~mkm`dgxm~# dc rakzikimgxa hm ca~ m~zag~dcm~' Nd}~d }g lrdum hdôa a cd rmz}xdniþg hmc zrakmxiha

iganmgxm' Cd ighmkgipdniþg ~mrä zr}hmgxmkmgxm ei`dha mg ndhd nd~a zar mc @}mp# xmgimgha mg n}mgxd

ca~ rmn}r~a~ hmc zrakmxiha n}czdbcm y cd lrdumhdh hmc zmr`}inia nd}~dha dc iganmgxm"'

Xakdgha mg n}mgxd cd gdx}rdcmpd m~zmnidc hm ca~ m~zag~dcm~# t}m ga ~ag abcildxaria~# ~}z}m~xa t}m

ga z}mhm mvilir~m hm kdgmrd nagmnxiud ~} n}kzcikimgxa# ~m fd nag~ihmrdha t}m zrazidkmgxm ga

nag~xix}ymg }g nagxrdxa hm hmrmnfa edkicidr' Mg n}dgxa d ca~ memnxa~ t}m hmxmrkigd mc drxën}ca 48>

hmc Nþhila Niuic kmvindga ~m dzcindg m~xa~ nag~ihmrdgha t}m fdy }g fmnfa icënixa ~dgniagdha zar cd

cmy# n}dgha ~m uiacdg ca~ m~zag~dcm~# a bimg# n}dgha mc zrakmxiha ximgm kaxiua lrdum zdrd mcrakzikimgxa hm ca~ ki~ka~' M~ hmnir# cd~ nag~mn}mgnid~ `}rëhind~ ~m zrah}nmg ga zar mc nagxrdxa

ki~ka# ~iga zar mc fmnfa icënixa d t}m dgxm~ ~m fd fmnfa rmemrmgnid'4

>'+ MUAC]NIÞG Y NAGNMZXA DNX]DC HMC KDXRIKAGIA0

IGXRAH]NNIAG0 M~ ermn}mgxm deirkd t}m mc kdxrikagia nag~xix}ym cd bd~m e}ghdkmgxdc hm xaha mc

hmrmnfa hm edkicid'Mg mc hmrmnfa gindrdlómg~m d zdrxir hm cd zrak}cldniþg hm cd nag~xix}niþg mc 9 hm

mgmra hm 496<# y cd cmy rml}cdhard hm cd~ Rmcdniagm~ mgxrm Kdhrm# Zdhrm m fià~ hmc > hm @}cia hm 4962

~m mvzmrikmgxþ }g ndkbia n}dcixdxiua hmc hmrmnfa edkicidr y hm m~xd kdgmrd mc kdxrikagia hmà hm

~mr cd bd~m e}ghdkmgxdc hm m~xm hmrmnfa# y d~ë ~m hmh}nm hmc Drx' <2 Ng' y cd~ Rmearkd~ z}bcindhd~ mc8 hm @}cia hm 499= t}m m~xdbcmnm "t}m xdgxa mc kdxrikagia naka cd }giþg hm fmnfa m~xdbcmnm m~xäg

zraxmlihd~ zar mc m~xdha"# mc Drx' <= Ng# m~xdbcmnm cd il}dchdh hm ca~ fià~ dgxm cd cmy ~mdg m~xa~

gdniha~ hmgxra hmc kdxrikagia a zrah}nxa hm }gd ig~xix}niþg d éc d~ikicdhd~'+ Cd cmy rml}cdhard hm cd~

Rmcdniagm~ mgxrm Kdhrm# Zdhrm m Fià~ cd rmlcdkmgxdniþg arhigdrid hm m~xa~ zrignizia~

nag~xix}niagdcm~'

Axra ednxar ikzarxdgxm t}m hmbm kmgniagdr~m m~ cd za~ibicihdh hm cd igum~xildniþg hm cd zdxmrgihdh

icmlëxikd ca n}dc dgxmriarkmgxm ~m rmdcipdbd mg nd~a~ mvnmzniagdcm~ m~xdbcmniha~ mg mc Drx' 22= N'

4B}~~a Mh}drha'



Hmraldha) dnx}dckmgxm ~m m~xdbcmnm mc hmrmnfa hm cd igum~xildniþg hm cd zdxmrgihdh y kdxmrgihdh ~ig

mvnmzniþg dcl}gd' &Drx' <6 N)'

8'+ Î^XMKD^ KDXRIKAGIDCM^ MG HIEMRMGXM^ ZDË^M^'

M~x}hidgha hm }gd kdgmrd zränxind cd n}m~xiþg hmc kdxrikagia# ~m z}mhmg hi~xigl}ir udrid~ ncd~m~ hm

~i~xmkd~ mvi~xmgxm~# t}m m~xäg dzcindha~ hm hiemrmgxm~ kdgmrd~ mg ndhd }ga hm ca~ zdë~m~ mg haghm

mvi~xmg' Ca~ ~i~xmkd~ kä~ naganiha~ ~ag ca~ ~il}imgxm~0

d) Mc ~i~xmkd mvnc}~iudkmgxm rmcilia~a0 t}m m~ mc kä~ dgxil}a y mg uirx}h hmc n}dc mc

M~xdha ~acdkmgxm rmnaganm naka uäciha y nag ðgina ndzdp hm zrah}nir memnxa~ niuicm~#

mc t}m ~m fd nagxrdëha nagearkm ca~ rixa~ y ~acmkgihdhm~ hm }gd rmciliþg hmxmrkigdhd#

a ~md cd t}m lmgmrdckmgxm rmnaganm mc M~xdha'

b) Mc Mvnc}~iudkmgxm Niuic0 t}m m~ az}m~xa dc dgxmriar y t}m ~acdkmgxm rmnaganm naka

uäciha mc nagxrdëha dgxm cd~ d}xarihdhm~ niuicm~? mc kdxrikagia# hmnëd Bi~kdrno "~m

azagm naka dgxdlagi~xd hmc kdxrikagia rmcilia~a y naka }gd nagt}i~xd nagxrd cd

nagnimgnid hmc z}mbca"'

n) Mc Kdxrikagia Kivxa0 A ~md mc t}m ~m nmcmbrd mg nimrxa~ zdë~m~ haghm m~xä ig~xix}iha y

t}m aermnm dcl}gd~ udridgxm~ d ~dbmr0 T}m mc niuic y mc rmcilia~a ~m nmcmbrdg

nag`}gxdkmgxm naka rmt}i~ixa ighi~zmg~dbcm zdrd t}m mc kdxrikagia ~md uäciha? mc

t}m hm`d mg cibmrxdh hm nmcmbrdr mc kdxrikagia ndxþcina zdrd ca~ t}m zraem~dg m~drmciliþg y mc niuic zdrd ca~ t}m ga cd zraem~dg? y mc t}m nagnmhm memnxa~ niuicm~ dc

kdxrikagia rmcilia~a# ~mlðg ca~ rixa~ hm cd~ rmciliagm~ t}m ximgm ndhd M~xdha# hm`dgha

mc niuic# zdrd ca~ t}m ga zraem~dg gigl}ga hm xdcm~ rmciliagm~'

h) Mc Kdxrikagia hm cibrm mcmnniþg# rmcilia~d a niuic# ~ig t}m zdrd gigl}ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~

~md abcildxaria ~} rm~zmnxiua kdxrikagia' y

m) Mc hm Cibrm Nagxrdxdniþg# a ~md mc t}m hm~naganm xahd d}xarihdh ~abrm mc kdxrikagia y

ca rmh}nm d }gd }giþg bm~xidc' ^mlðg m~xm kdxrikagia# zar nag~ihmrdrca naka }g

hmrmnfa hm lmgxm~ ga ~m gmnm~ixd zdrd ~} nmcmbrdniþg gigl}gd ~acmkgihdh# gi rmcilia~dgi niuic# bd~xd cd ~ikzcm nagem~iþg hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ y dðg cd ~acd zrm~}gniþg e}ghdhd mg

cd nag~xdgxm uihd nakðg y rab}~xmnihd zar cd nagem~iþg hm dkba~ nþgy}lm~ M~xm



cd nag~xdgxm uihd nakðg y rab}~xmnihd zar cd nagem~iþg hm dkba~ nþgy}lm~ M~xm

nagnimgnid? mc zraxm~xdgxm ca nagxrdm dgxm ~} zd~xar? mc ndxþcina dgxm }g ~dnmrhaxm? mc `}hëa dgxm mc

rdbiga y ca~ cibrm~ zmg~dharm~ dgxm mc e}gniagdria niuic# zrah}nimgha xaha~ memnxa~ niuicm~' Mg D}~xrdcid#

rilm cd earkd kivxd# zmra ga dh+cibix}k naka mg Iglcdxmrrd? mg Higdkdrnd mc kdxrikagia m~ rmcilia~a?

mg ^}mnid# fdy ha~ ncd~m~# cd zmremnxd y cd ikzmremnxd# cd zrikmrd ndxþcind y cd ~ml}ghd niuic? mg X}rt}ëd

mc kdxrikagia m~ nagearkm dc rixa hm cd nrmdniþg? mg ca~ M~xdha~ ]giha~ m~ ~mkm`dgxm dc hm Iglcdxmrrd#

cibmrxdh nakzcmxd zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia y nag memnxa niuicm~ zdrd xaha~' Mg Gindrdl}d cd ðcxikd

cmy hd zrmcdniþg dc kdxrikagia niuic# zmra mvi~ximgha cibmrxdh hm n}cxa# xaha mc t}m t}imrd nagxrdmr

kdxrikagia rmcilia~a# ca fdnm hm~z}é~ hmc niuic# zmra ~ig xmgmr memnxa~ cmldcm~'

='+ MUAC]NIÞG HMC KDXRIKAGIA MG GINDRDL]D'

ÉZAND ZRMNACAKBIGD0 H}rdgxm é~xd ézand mc kdxrikagia ~m nmcmbrdbd hm cd ~il}imgxm kdgmrd0 Mc

zdhrm hmc gauia ~m zrm~mgxdbd mg nd~d hm cd gauid d ~acinixdrcd zar m~za~d zdrd ~} fià' î ~m dnmzxdbd

~m nmcmbrdbd dgxm mc `mem hm cd zabcdniþg umrieinägha~m nag dgxmriarihdh lrdghm~ eim~xd~ y nakicagd~'

Mc e}gniagdria dc}hiha `}gxdbd ca~ hmha~ d}rin}cdrm~ hm cd kdga ipt}imrhd hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ y cm

dhumrxëd t}m zdrd mcca~ fdbëd gdniha mc hmbmr hm uiuir mg zdp y hm xrdbd`dr zdrd d}kmgxdr ~}~

zmrxmgmgnid~' Nagnc}iha é~xm dnxa ca~ ighiuih}a~ ~m rmxirdbdg y ca~ m~za~a~ zmrkdgmnëdg cdrla rdxa mg

~icmgnia uimgha drhmr }gd d~xiccd hm anaxm fd~xd t}m ~m mvxigl}ëd zar nakzcmxa' D~ë nagnc}ihd cd

Nmrmkagid'

ÉZAND NACAGIDC0 H}rdgxm é~xm zmrëaha cd Cmli~cdniþg hm ighid~ mrd hm zrikdrid an}zdniþg# mc

hmrmnfa m~zdôac xmgëd ndränxmr ~}zcmxaria' Zmra d kmhid t}m ~m ud mh}ndgha d ca~ ighia~ y ~m udg

kmpncdgha nag ca~ m~zdôacm~ ~m udg dht}irimgha cd~ na~x}kbrm~ y cmym~ hm m~xd~ y d~ë umka~ naka

za~xmriarkmgxm ~m dzcind mc ~i~xmkd nagem~iagdc hmc kdxrikagia m~ hmnir mc kdxrikagia naka }g

~dnrdkmgxa n}ya ~i~xmkd e}m dnaliha fd~xd 469> zrah}nimgha m~xm memnxa niuic d zdrxir hm m~xd emnfd

y naka nag~mn}mgnid hm cd rmumcdniþg cdbardc hm @a~é ^dgxa~ Pmcdyd ~m dhazxd mc ~i~xmkd kdxrikagidc

abcildxaria# t}m m~ zrazia hm ca~ m~xdha~ cdina~ hm m~xd kdgmrd ~aca ~m rmnaganiþ mc kdxrikagia niuic'

Cd Cmy t}m rmnaganëd mc kdxrikagia niuic e}m dzrabdhd mc 26 hm @}cia hm 4698 a iginid ~} uilmgnid mc 26

hm Dla~xa hm m~m ki~ka dôa fd~xd 4925'

Mg 4925 ~m hmrald cd Cmy hmc 26 hm @}cia hm 4698 y ~m ~}~zmghm cd rmcdniþg hmc kdxrikagia niuic ~abrmmc rmcilia~a' Y d~ë mc 46 hm Embrmra hm 4925 ~m dnalm mc ~i~xmkd mcmnxiua a edn}cxdxiua nag cd Cmy Zmhra

@adt}ëg Nfdkarra Pmcdyd y hm m~xd kdgmrd ~m m~xdbcmnm mc kdxrikagia niuic zdrd ca~ ga ndxþcina~ y mc



@adt}ëg Nfdkarra Pmcdyd# y hm m~xd kdgmrd ~m m~xdbcmnm mc kdxrikagia niuic zdrd ca~ ga ndxþcina~ y mc

MG CD DNX]DCIHDH0 Ga mvi~xm gigl}gd cmy t}m zrafëbd a hm rmcdniþg a }ga } axra ~i~xmkd hm

kdxrikagia m~ hmnir t}m ga m~ gmnm~dria nagxrdmr kdxrikagia zar cd cmy zdrd nagxrdmr

za~xmriarkmgxm mc rmcilia~a? zmra cd Ilcm~id Ndxþcind mvilm nag~xdgnid hmc kdxrikagia niuic zdrd

nmcmbrdr mc nagemg~iagdc nag mc eig hm muixdr t}m }gd zmr~agd t}m ~m kdxrikagim rmcilia~dkmgxm

nagxrdild g}mud~ g}znid~ niuickmgxm zrauandgha zmr`}inia d ca~ fià~ zranrmdha~ mg ~} zrikmr

kdxrikagia# ~i cd~ fdy# y d cd m~za~d t}m xaka d xrdué~ hmc dnxa ~dnrdkmgxdc# yd t}m zdrd cd cmy ~}

m~za~d ~mrëd nag cd t}m nagxrdà kdxrikagia niuic2'

5+ GDX]RDCMPD @]RËHIND HMC KDXRIKAGIA'Mg mc ndkza hmc Hmrmnfa# ca~ `}ri~xd~ fdg hi~n}xiha n}dc

m~ cd gdx}rdcmpd `}rëhind hm cd }giþg nagy}ldc y d t}m eil}rd `}rëhind ~m cm zahëd nakzdrdr' Dcl}ga~

d}xarm~ fdg zrmemriha mc nagnmzxa hm ~animhdh# mg hmeigixiud zart}m cd~ zdrxm~ dzdrmnmg naka ~ania~

a zdrxinizm~ hm }gd nakðg ~}mrxm y }giþg ~acihdrid y zart}m cd }giþg nagy}ldc nakzdrxm }gdnak}gihdh hm uihd y hm abrd~ nak}gm~'

Ximgm m~xm mc ignagumgimgxm hm igh}nir d cd nrmdniþg hm t}m mc kdxrikagia }gm d cd~ zdrxm~ ~aca zdrd cd

nag~mn}niþg hm eigm~# hm ~}mrxm t}m cd ~animhdh ~m `}~xieindrëd ~þca mg e}gniþg hm cd abxmgniþg memnxiud

hm ca~ eigm~ y zmrh}rdrëd kimgxrd~ h}rd~mg ca~ eigm~# hi~acuiégha~m n}dgha é~xa~ m~x}uimrdg

~dxi~emnfa~ a e}mrmg ikza~ibcm~'Mg ndkbia# mc kdxrikagia m~ axrd na~d# ~}~xdgnidckmgxm hi~xigxa' Cd~

zdrxm~# naka zmr~agd# ~ag mg mc kdxrikagia eigm~ zcmga~ mg ~ë ki~ka y ga ~ag naka kmhia~ a

ig~xr}kmgxa~# zdrd cd abxmgniþg memnxiud hm eigm~' Zar m`mkzca# cd zdxmrgihdh a cd kdxmrgihdh ~ag

hikmg~iagm~ hm cd uiricihdh y cd emkigihdh' D fard bimg# ~m xakd m~za~a a m~za~d ga mvnc}~iud y

mvnc}ymgxmkmgxm zdrd t}m ~mdg hm c}nfd zdhrm y kdhrm# naka ~i cd zmr~agd hmc axra e}mrd }g kmraig~xr}kmgxa zdrd abxmgmr~m }g fià'

^m hmbm dkdr d cd m~za~d a dc m~za~a# mg n}dgxa xdcm~ y mg xahd ~} zcmgix}h' Ca t}m ~ilgieind t}m ~m

dkd cd kdxmrgihdh hm cd m~za~d zmra mg n}dgxa ca t}m m~ cd hm cd m~za~d# y ~m dkd cd zdxmrgihdh hmc

m~za~a# zmra zar ~mr hmc m~za~a' ^m dkd dc zdhrm zar t}m m~ mc m~za~a zrikdria y rdhindckmgxm# ~m

dkd d cd kdhrm# zart}m m~ cd m~za~d zrikdrid y rdhindckmgxm' Mc dkar d cd zdxmrgihdh a d cd

kdxmrgihdh m~ }gd nag~mn}mgnid hmc zrmuia y rdhindc dkar dc axra naka m~za~a y m~za~d' Y naka

m~za~a ~ag mgxrm ~ë eigm~ mg ~i ki~ka# g}gnd kmra~ ig~xr}kmgxa~ a ~ikzcm~ kmhia~ t}m ~m

`}~xieindrëdg ~þca zdrd abxmgmr hm mcca~ nimrxd~ }xicihdhm~'



Axra~ d}xarm~ fdg zrmemriha~ d~ikicdr mc kdxrikagia d cd ganiþg `}rëhind hm ig~xix}niþg' Mc drl}kmgxa

d ~iha mc ~il}imgxm0 Ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ ~m cikixdg d zagmr mc zdnxa a nag~mgxikimgxa kdxrikagidc'

Kmhidgxm m~xd nagnmzniþg# ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ zar nakzcmkmgxa~ hm ui~xd t}m xdgxa mc zdnxa# naka ca~

mcmkmgxa~ m~mgnidcm~ hmc kdxrikagia ~m hmriudg hm cd ki~kd gdx}rdcmpd hm cd hi~xigniþg ~mv}dc# hm ~}

nakzcmkmgxdrimhdh emn}ghd y hmc dkar nagy}ldc zcmga y xaxdc# mg ~}kd ~m zimrhm mc ~mgxiha hm ca

gdx}rdc hmc zdnxa y hmc kdxrikagia# y ~m nrmd m~xd mvxmghihd azigiþg hm t}m mc kdxrikagia m~ ca t}m

hinmg cd~ cmym~ y t}m m~ d~ë# y ga hm axra kaha# zar mc ~ikzcm fmnfa hm t}m d~ë# y hm axra kaha m~xd

cmli~cdha# zar mc zahmr ~anidc'

M~xd nagnmzniþg# k}y mrrdhd y xdg mvxmghihd# ~m hmriud hm }gd ig`}~xinidbcm `}rihieindniþg hmc

kdxrikagia t}m ximghm d nagumrxirca mg }g ig~xix}xa ~anidc igumgxdha zar mc cmli~cdhar# hm ndhd ézand'

M~ ermn}mgxm# d ~} ump aër t}m mc kdxrikagia m~ }g nagxrdxa# zrauimgm m~xd narrimgxm hm dxmghmr d cd

nd}~d t}m ariligdc mc uëgn}ca d ~dbmr# mc k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa &Zdnxa) hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~' Hm m~xd

zmr~zmnxiud mc kdxrikagia ~m zdrmnm mg ~} nmcmbrdniþg d dt}mcca~ gmlania~ `}rëhina~ t}m ~m

zmremnniagdg nag mc nag~mgxikimgxa a uac}gxdh hm cd~ zdrxm~0 Zar m`mkzca ca~ nagxrdxa~' Dfard ~i zar

"Kdxrikagia" mgxmghmka~ cd~ g}znid~# mc nd~dkimgxa# mc kakmgxa hmc igxmrndkbia hmc

nag~mgxikimgxa'

Zmra mc xérkiga nagxrdxa ga m~ uäciha zdrd dc}hir dc kdxrikagia zrazidkmgxm hinfa# dc uëgn}ca

nagy}ldc# d cd nak}gihdh hm uihd# mgxrm m~za~a~' M~xd ðcxikd m~ }g m~xdha hm uihd zmrkdgmgxm

uign}cdha? mg ndkbia mc nagxrdxa m~ }g kakmgxa e}ghdniagdc xrdg~mðgxm' D~ë z}m~# cd hmeiginiþg hmc

kdxrikagia naka nagxrdxa m~ ignakzcmxa# zart}m ~aca nagxmkzcd cd nd}~d hm ~} nag~xix}niagm~ zmra

ga cd m~mgnid y m~xr}nx}rd t}m ~m fd nag~xix}iha# zart}m rm~}cxd ~mr mc kdxrikagia mg ~} ~mgxiha kä~

zrazia' Ndzxd mc zdnxa zmra ga hmeigm mc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc'

Cd kmàr hanxrigd `}rëhind hm xaha~ ca~ ximkza~ ~imkzrm az}m~xa hm rmcimum cd ig~dxi~ednxarid hm

t}mrmr d~ikicdr mc kdxrikagia d n}dct}imr nagnmzxa `}rëhina# m~xd hanxrigd hmnëd zdrd zagmr hm

kdgieim~xa m~xm m~nrðz}ca t}m mc kdxrikagia m~ }gd rmdcihdh ~}i lmgmri~# t}m t}imrm hmnir m~xa1

~mgniccdkmgxm t}m m~ }gd rmdcihdh ðgind# y zar xdgxa# ignakzdrdbcm y ~igl}cdr' âca mc kdxrikagia ~m

zdrmnm dc kdxrikagia' N}dct}imr axrd d~ikicdniþg# dndbd zar a~n}rmnmr lrdumkmgxm cd m~mgnid hmckdxrikagia' Fay ~m mgximghm# ~ig kd~ d ~a~xmgmr t}m mc kdxrikagia hm~hm mc z}gxa hm ui~xd `}rëhina

m~ }gd rmdcihdh ~igl}cdr a ~}i lmgmri~ Dnx}dckmgxm ~m nag~ihmrd t}m cd xm~i~ kä~ dnmrxdhd dnmrnd hm



m~ }gd rmdcihdh ~igl}cdr a ~}i lmgmri~' Dnx}dckmgxm# ~m nag~ihmrd t}m cd xm~i~ kä~ dnmrxdhd dnmrnd hm



L]ËD HM M^X]HIA Ga' 5

]GIHDH0 "KDXRIKAGIA"'

I'+ IGXRAH]NNIÞG0

Nag mc m~x}hia hm m~xm xmkd mc dc}kga naganmrä ca~ hiemrmgxm~ ~i~xmkd~ kdxrikagidcm~ t}m

fdg mvi~xiha mg Gindrdl}d y mg axra~ zdë~m~0 ca~ rmt}i~ixa~ hm eagha y earkd zdrd cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc

kdxrikagia y ~}~ xräkixm~# xaha ca n}äc cm ~mrä hm }xicihdh zdrd mc m`mrninia zraem~iagdc'

II'+ AB@MXIUA^ M^ZMNËEINA^0

+ Naganmr cd muac}niþg fi~xþrind hmc kdxrikagia mg lmgmrdc y m~zmnidckmgxm mg Gindrdl}d'

+ Dgdcipdr cd gdx}rdcmpd `}rëhind hmc kdxrikagia hm~hm hi~xigxa~ z}gxa~ hm ui~xd'

+ Naganmr ca~ d~zmnxa~ hmraldha~ dnmrnd hmc kdxrikagia mg cd cmli~cdniþg za~ixiud'

III'+ ZCDG XMKÄXINA0

5'4' Ca~ M~zag~dcm~'

5'2' Muac}niþg fi~xþrind hmc kdxrikagia mg lmgmrdc y zdrxin}cdrkmgxm mg Gindrdl}d'

5'>' Gdx}rdcmpd `}rëhind hmc kdxrikagia d zdrxir hm cd nrëxind d cd hmeiginiþg t}m hd mc nþhila'

5'8' D~zmnxa~ hmraldha~' Rmli~xra'+

IU'+ ARIMGXDNIAGM^ ZDRD MC M^X]HIA HMC XMKD0Mc dc}kga hmbmrä d}vicidr~m hm ~}~ dz}gxm~ hm

ncd~m y hm ~} nakzicdniþg mg cd n}dc mgnagxrdrä cd~ hiemrmgxm~ hmeiginiagm~ hm Kdxrikagia# haghm

mgnagxrdrä cd~ rm~z}m~xd~ d cd~ ~il}imgxm~ zrml}gxd~0

4'+ ^mlðg g}m~xra Nþhila Niuic naka ~m hmeigm mc kdxrikagia1

2'+ Kmgniagm ca~ eigm~ m~mgnidcm~ hmc kdxrikagia t}m ~m m~xdbcmnmg mg mc Nþhila1

Mg cd~ zäligd~ rmcdxiud~ d ca~ m~zag~dcm~ ~m earkdrä }gd ganiþg lmgmrdc hm ca t}m e}mrag ca~m~zag~dcm~ y hmbmräg rm~zaghmr0



+ N}äcm~ ~ag ca~ ednxarm~ t}m fdg igxmrumgiha mg cd muac}niþg hmc nagnmzxa kahmrga hmc

kdxrikagia1

Mg cd zäligd mc dc}kga mgnagxrdrä ca~ hiemrmgxm~ ~i~xmkd~ kdxrikagidcm~ dhazxdha~ zar

hiemrmgxm~ zdë~m~# hm~z}é~ hm cmmr hmxmgihdkmgxm ndhd }ga hm mcca~' Hmbmrä rm~zaghmr0

+ Mg t}é nag~i~xm ndhd }ga hm m~a~ ~i~xmkd~ kdxrikagidcm~ y ~}~ hiemrmgnid~1

Mg cd~ zäligd~ mgnagxrdrä mc xmkd rmemriha d cd muac}niþg hmc kdxrikagia mg Gindrdl}d y ~}

gdx}rdcmpd `}rëhind' M~xa~ hmbmräg ~mr cmëha~ kig}nia~dkmgxm y rm~zaghmr0

4'+ Mvzcit}m ca~ hiemrmgxm~ ~i~xmkd~ kdxrikagidcm~ dnaliha~ mg Gindrdl}d y n}äc m~ mc kä~

dnmzxdha mg cd dnx}dcihdh1

2'+ N}äc m~ mc z}gxa hm ui~xd dnmrnd hm cd Gdx}rdcmpd @}rëhind hmc kdxrikagia kä~ dnmzxdha y

zart}é1'

U'+ D]XAMUDC]DNIAG0

4'+ N}äc m~ mc arilmg mxikacþlina hm cd Zdcdbrd "Kdxrikagia"1

2'+ Mvzcit}m cd gdx}rdcmpd `}rëhind hm ca~ M~zag~dcm~1

>'+ Mvzcit}m cd za~iniþg xrdhiniagdc t}m eark}cd R}limra dnmrnd hm cd~ Bd~m~ hmc Hmrmnfa edkicidr1

y N}äc m~ cd za~iniþg t}m dhazxdg cd~ cmli~cdniagm~ kahmrgd~1

8'+ Mvzcit}m ca~ hiemrmgxm~ z}gxa~ hm ui~xd dnmrnd hm cd gdx}rdcmpd `}rëhind hmc kdxrikagia y n}äcm~

~ag cd~ nrëxind~ d ndhd }gd hm mccd~'

KDXRIKAGIA

LMGMRDCIHDHM^0 Mxikacalëd0 U' Cdx' Kdxrikagi}k0 ndrld hm cd kdhrm'

│Earkd cmldc hm nag~xix}ir~m cd Edkicid# d xrdué~

│hmc uëgn}ca `}rëhina mgxrm ha~ zmr~agd~ hm hi~xigxa

Nagnmzxa │~mva t}m nrmd mgxrm mccd~ }gd nak}gihdh hm uihd



│

│Xmarëd │Kdxrikagia zar rdzxa

Zdgardkd │Xrdhiniagdc │Kdxrikagia zar nakzrd

Fi~xþrina │ │Kdxrikagia zar nag~mgxikimgxa

│Kdxrikagia mg Hmrmnfa Rakdga

│Kdxrikagia Ndgþgina

│Kdxrikagia Niuic âcmkgm

│Kdxrikagia Nag~mg~}dc kahmrga

Gdx}rdcmpd @}rëhind │ ânimhdh'+ Ig~xix}niþg @}rëhind'+ Nagxrdxa'+ Rmdcihdh ^}i Lmgmrë~

│^dnrdkmgxa &Hmrmnfa Ndgþgina y Nagumgniþg+ig~xix}niþg# ~mlðg g}m~xrd

cmli~cdniþg'

RMT]IÎXA^ ZDRD CD NMCMBRDNIÞG HMC KDXRIKAGIA Y XRÄKIXM ZDRD CD NMCMBRDNIÞG HMC

KDXRIKAGIA'

│+ Hiemrmgnid hm ~mva y }gihdh hm zmr~agd~

│ + Nag~mgxikimgxa

HM MVI^XMGNID ┊┨+ Nmcmbrdniþg0 Zrm~mgnid hmc @}mp hm Hi~xrixa hm ca Niuic

│+ ^mnrmxdria y 2 Xm~xila~' A Dgxm Gaxdria d}xaripdha

│Mrrar

HM UDCIHMP │+ Nag~mgxikimgxa Cibrm ┊ ~ig ┨E}mrpd

│ y M~zagxdgma' │Rdzxa

│ Ndzdnihdh hm cd~ Zdrxm~0

│ Db~ac}xa



│

RMT]IÎXA^ ZDRD CD NMCMBRDNIÞG HMC KDXRIKAGIA RMT]IÎXA^ HM MVI^XMGNID'

NAGXMGIHA^0

+ ARILMG HM CD HI^XIGNIAG MGXRM RMT]IÎXA^ HM MVI^XMGNID Y HM UDCIHMP HMC

KDXRIKAGIA'

+ KDXRIKAGIA IGMVI^XMGXM

+ IKZMHIKMGXA ZDRD NAGXRDMR KDXRIKAGIA &hirikmgxm a m ikzmhimgxm~)

Arilmg hm cd hi~xigniþg mgxrm rmt}i~ixa~ hm mvi~xmgnid y hm udcihmp'

Umrmka~ kd~ dhmcdgxm t}m m~ }g zrignizia ga hi~n}xiha mg kdxmrid hm g}cihdh hm kdxrikagia mc hmt}m ga fdy g}cihdh ~ig xmvxa# m~ hmnir ~ig t}m mvi~xd }gd hi~za~iniþg mvzrm~d hmc cmli~cdhar t}m cm

m~xdbcmpnd# ga ~aca mg }gd rmlcd lmgmrdc# ~iga mg nd~a~ m~zmnëeina~ y hmxmrkigdha~4>'

Dfard bimg gigl}gd cmli~cdniþg ~dgniagd nag cd g}cihdh dc kdxrikagia t}m nmcmbrdg zmr~agd~ hmc

ki~ka ~mva' Dgxm m~xd aki~iþg# cd hanxrigd ~m mgnagxrþ dgxm }g hicmkd mg zrm~mgnid hm m~a~

kdxrikagia~? ca~ hmncdrdbd uäciha~ a ci~d y ccdgdkmgxm igmvi~xmgxm~' Zcdgxmdhd~ d~ë cd~ na~d~# cd

mcmnniþg ga mrd h}ha~d' Rm~acumr ca zrikmra mrd erdgndkmgxm igkardc y xmgxdxaria nagxrd cd zrikmrd

eigdcihdh hmc kdxrikagia0 Cd zranrmdniþg# ~m hià# z}m~# t}m ~mkm`dgxm~ kdxrikagia~ mrdg kä~ t}m

g}ca~# igmvi~xmgxm~# narrm~zaghiþ dc `}ri~nag~}cxa Pdnfdrim ~mr mc zrikmra mg eark}cdr mc hi~xigla#

~ml}iha hm~z}é~ mg earkd mgx}~id~xd zar D}bry mx Rdg'

RMT]IÎXA^ HM MVI^XMGNID' MG]KMRDNIÞG' Hm ca mvz}m~xa ~m hmh}nm t}m mc zrikmr rmt}i~ixa hm

mvi~xmgnid hmc Kdxrikagia m~ cd hiumr~ihdh hm ~mva hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~' Mc nd~a m~ hieënic t}m ~m

zrm~mgxm mg cd zränxind# zar m~a cd n}m~xiþg t}mhd ~þca mg mc ndkza hm cd hanxrigd# t}ipä~ ~i mg

zrm~mgnid hm ~} kdxrikagia hm fmrkderahixd ~m zahrëd fdbcdr hm igmvi~xmgnid' Cd hanxrigd fd

dlrmldha dc yd hinfa# ha~ rmt}i~ixa~ hm mvi~xmgnid? mc nag~mgxikimgxa hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ y cd

zrm~mgnid hm cd d}xarihdh# m~ hmnir# hmc @}mp hm Hi~xrixa hm ca niuic a candc hm ca niuic' Ga rm~zmnxa dc

zrikmra# mc Nþhila Erdgné~ ca nag~dlrd mvzrm~dkmgxm dc hmnir mg ~} drxën}ca 4850 "Ga fdy

kdxrikagia n}dgha ga mvi~xm nag~mgxikimgxa"' Mg g}m~xrd cmli~cdniþg ga mgnagxrdka~ }g zrmnmzxa

~mkm`dgxm'

G h b e hi i i c f bi h i i h c h



G h b e hi x i ix c f bi h xi i x x h c h

Cd zrm~mgnid hmc `}mp ~i t}m m~ }g rmt}i~ixa hm mvi~xmgnid t}m ximgm d~ihmra mg cd cmy? mg mc drxën}ca 445

N hmc nþhila niuic'

^mlðg m~xm drxën}ca igmvi~xmgxm ~mrëd mc kdxrikagia nmcmbrdha dgxm }g Gaxdria# a dgxm mc Rmli~xrdhar

hmc M~xdha Niuic hm cd~ zmr~agd~' ^m fd ccmldha d hiemrmgnidr mgxrm cd igmvi~xmgnid hmc kdxrikagia y cd

G}cihdh? t}m deirkdgha t}m kdxrikagia g}ca m~ mc t}m ximgm }gd ~acd m~zmnim ikzmremnxd' Z}m~

dhacmnm hm uinia~# y mc igmvi~xmgxm m~ }gd dzdrimgnid hm kdxrikagia z}m~ ndrmnm hm nimrxa~ mcmkmgxa~

&rmt}i~ixa~ mvxmrga~ a ~acmkgihdhm~) ~ig ca~ n}dcm~ ga z}mhm nagnmbir~m mc dnxa'

IKZARXDGNID T]M XIMGM HI^XIGL]IR MGXRM KDXRIKAGIA G]CA Y KDXRIKAGIA IGMVI^XMGXM'

M~xd ikzarxdgnid m~nribm cd kdgmrd m~zmnidc# mg t}m mc kdxrikagia g}ca z}mhm ~mr g}ca z}xdxiua &drx'

4:<)# t}m m~ dt}éc nmcmbrdha dgxm mc @}mp hm b}mgd em# y nag `}~xd nd}~d hm mrrar d ca kmga~ zar zdrxmhm }ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~# y t}m zrah}nm ca~ ki~ka~ memnxa~ hmc uäciha' Mg ndkbia# mc kdxrikagia

igmvi~xmgxm `dkä~ z}mhm ~mr z}xdxiua gi zrah}nir memnxa dcl}ga'

Axrd hiemrmgnid mgxrm cd g}cihdh y cd igmvi~xmgnid cd mgnagxrdka~ mg t}m cd zrikmrd rmt}imrm

hmncdrdniþg `}hinidc d zmxiniþg hm cd~ zmr~agd~ t}m m~xäg edn}cxdhd~ zdrd hmkdghdrcd# kimgxrd~ t}m cd

igmvi~xmgnid ~þca gmnm~ixd ~mr nag~xdxdhd zar mc @}mp# ca t}m z}mhm fdnmr d ~acinix}h hm n}dct}imr

zmr~agd# d}gt}m mg mcca cd l}ëd }g igxmré~ kmrdkmgxm kardc'

RMT]IÎXA^ HM UDCIHMP'

MG]KMRDNIÞG0 âg rmt}i~ixa~ hm udcihmp hmc kdxrikagia? 4'+ mc nag~mgxikimgxa cibrm y m~zagxdgma?

2'+ cd ndzdnihdh hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~# m~xa m~# cd d}~mgnid hm ikzmhikmgxa~ hirikmgxm~? y mc

n}kzcikimgxa hm cd >'+ earkdcihdhm~ mvilihd~ zar cd cmy' Ca~ m~x}hidrmka~ mg mc arhmg ighindha'

NAG^MGXIKIMGXA CIBRM Y M^ZAGXDGMA'

LMGMRDCIHDHM^0 ^m rmeimrmg d m~xm rmt}i~ixa mc drxën}ca 444 ign' 4 hmc Nþhila Niuic t}m ~môdcd naka

ikzmhikmgxa zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia# mc mrrar# uiacmgnid a kimha lrdum'

MRRAR' ^]^ NCD^M^0 Hinm mc drxën}ca 444 N ign' 4 t}m m~ }g ikzmhikmgxa rmcdxiua zdrd nagxrdmr

kdxrikagia0 "î fd fdbiha mrrar mg cd zmr~agd uiacmgnid a kmhia lrdum ~m rmeimrm d cd ihmgxihdh hm cdzmr~agd hmc axra nagxrdymgxm' Nag mcca m~xd hi~za~iniþg m~xä mg nag~agdgnid nag mc drxën}ca t}m

h c i i h c i i c c c c b



h c i i h c xi i x c c c x x c b

Mvi~xëd mrrar mg cd zmr~agd niuic# n}dgha éc rmndm ~abrm mc nag`}gxa hm dxrib}xa~ t}m hmxmrkigdg mc

c}ldr hm }gd zmr~agd mg cd ~animhdh' Zar m`mkzca# ~i }gd edkicid rm~ihmgxm mg g}m~xra zdë~ zdnxd mc

kdxrikagia hm }gd fi`d nag mc fià hm axrd t}m m~xä mg mc mvxrdg`mra y mg c}ldr hm zrm~mgxdr~m é~xm# ca

fdnm }g dumgx}rmra# bdà mc gakbrm hm cd zmr~agd m~zmrdhd' Naka z}mhm umr~m# ga fdy mg m~xm nd~a

mrrar mg n}dgxa d cd zmr~agd eë~ind'

Cd lmgmrdcihdh hm cd hanxrigd m~xikd t}m xdgxa mc mrrar mg n}dgxa d cd zmr~agd eë~ind naka d cd

zmr~agd niuic uinid mc nag~mgxikimgxa mg mc kdxrikagia' ^m fd hinfa y nag rdpþg# t}m mc dcndgnm hm cd

mvzrm~iþg mrrar ga z}mhm cikixdr~m dc zrikmr nd~a# t}m mg cd zränxind m~ ikza~ibcm t}m ~m zrm~mgxm'

Naka deirkd Hmkacakbm# ~mkm`dgxm mt}iuandniþg ga m~ dhki~ibcm gi naka xr}na mg }gd abrd

xmdxrdc'

N}m~xiþg kä~ hmcindhd m~ cd hm ~dbmr ~i uinid mc nag~mgxikimgxa mc mrrar t}m ignihm mg cd~ n}dcihdhm~

hmxmrkigdgxm~ hmc axra nagxrdymgxm# y mcca# zar cd~ k}y udridhd~ earkd~ mg t}m z}mhd zrm~mgxdr~m# dc

rm~zmnxa# m~ za~ibcm k}cxizcindr ca~ m`mkzca~0 mrrar m~ cd ndcihdh hm fià cmlëxika# mg cd rmciliþg# mg mc

m~xdha niuic# ~m nrmm# t}m cd zmr~agd m~ ~acxmrd# n}dgha mg rmdcihdh m~ hiuarnidhd# mg cd uirligihdh hm cd

k}`mr# mg nrmmr fagrdha m igxdnfdbcm dc axra nagxrdymgxm# n}dgha mg rmdcihdh fd ~}eriha }gd naghmgd

igedkdgxm# mg n}dgxa d cd earx}gd# d ca~ xëx}ca~# mxn'

Nag cd ~acd mg}gnidniþg hm ca~ m`mkzca~ ~m um n}dg rmcdxiua m~ m~xm mrrar' Xmgmka~ mc nd~a hm cd

gdniagdcihdh# cd ézand garkdcm~ mc mrrar mg m~xd ga xmghrëd igec}mgnid# mg ndkbia mg ximkza hm

l}mrrd# ~i rm~}cxd t}m cd gdniagdcihdh hmc nþgy}lm m~ cd hmc zdë~ mgmkila# mc mrrar zahrëd ~mrhmxmrkigdgxm'

Zar cd hiein}cxdh mg zrmni~dr cd n}dcihdh hmxmrkigdgxm ~m mvzcindg cd~ udnicdniagm~ hm cd `}ri~zr}hmgnid

erdgnm~d ~abrm mc zdrxin}cdr' îg mkbdrla# mg ca~ ðcxika~ ximkza~ ~m um }gd xmghmgnid d dnmzxdr m~xm

mrrar naka uinia hmc nag~mgxikimgxa mg nimrxa~ y hmxmrkigdha~ nd~a~'

Zcdgiac y Rizmrx ~a~ximgmg mc rm~zmnxa }gd hanxrigd k}y gaumha~d m igxmrm~dgxm t}m bimg udcm cd zmgd

mg}gnidr' Hinmg m~xa~ d}xarm~0 "Cd hiumrlmgnid~ t}m rmigdg# mg m~xd kdxmrid ~m hmbmg mg lrdg zdrxm

d t}m fd ~iha" kdc ei`dha ~abrm cd xmarëd ki~kd hmc mrrar mg ca~ nagxrdxa~' Mc Nþhila Niuic# fd fmnfa }g

uinia hmc nag~mgxikimgxa acuihdgha cd hanxrigd hm Hagdx "t}m cd rmkixm d cd xmarëd hm cd nd}~d'Xrdbdà~ rmnimgxm~ fdg fmnfa rmuiuir cd ihmd hmc nécmbrm `}ri~nag~}cxa' Mc mrrar ga m~ xakdha mg

nag~ihmrdniþg ~iga n}dgha rmndm ~abrm mc eig m~ hmnir ~abrm mc kaxiua hmxmrkigdgxm t}m fd



nag~ihmrdniþg ~iga n}dgha rmndm ~abrm mc eig# m~ hmnir# ~abrm mc kaxiua hmxmrkigdgxm t}m fd

4°' Mc mrrar t}m rmndm ~abrm mc nag`}gxa hmc m~xdha niuic# a d ca kmga~ ~abrm mc gakbrm# hm xdc

~}mrxm t}m rmumcm }g m~xdha niuic hi~xigxa?

2°' Mc mrrar t}m ignihm ~abrm cd gdniagdcihdh# d) ~i m~ ximkza hm l}mrrd# y m~xd gdniagdcihdh ~m

mgn}mgxrd mgxrm dt}mccd~ hm }g zdë~ mgmkila' b) N}dgha mc mvxrdg`mra m~ hm }gd niuicipdniþg

hmc xaha hiemrmgxm?

>°' Cd ilgardgnid hm }gd naghmgd igedkdgxm a hm }g zd~dha hm~fagra~a# ~i dc kmga~ mc m~za~a

t}m cd iguand zmrxmgmnm d }gd edkicid fagm~xd?

8°' Mc fmnfa hm t}m }ga hm ca~ m~za~a~ m~xä cildha zar uaxa~ rmcilia~a~ a zar }g uëgn}ca mg cd~

þrhmgm~ ~dlrdhd~# kimgxrd~ t}m mc axra m~za~a m~ }g ndxþcina t}m ilgard m~xm uëgn}ca?

=°' Mc fmnfa hm t}m }ga hm ca~ m~za~a~ ~md hiuarnidha# y ~m fd fmnfa zd~dr zar nécmbrm y t}m ~}

nþgy}lm ga fdbrëd nag~mgxiha# mg rdpþg hm ~}~ nrmmgnid~ rmcilia~d~# d nd~dr~m nag }g

hiuarnidha?

5°' Cd ikzaxmgnid nakzcmxd hm }ga hm ca~ m~za~a~ dgxmriarm~ dc kdxrikagia# n}dgha mccd z}mhm

~mr nag~xdxdhd eänickmgxm'

Zar mc nagxrdria# ~m hmbm rmnfdpdr cd g}cihdh n}dgha mc mrrar iguandha m~ }ga hm ca~ ~il}imgxm~0

4' Mrrar ~abrm mc xëx}ca kabicidria mc gakbrm hm zicd# cd arxalrdeëd hmc gakbrm# a dðg mc dzmcciha ~i

ga fdy nage}~iþg lrdum hm ihmgxihdh? mrrar "~abrm cd mhdh hmc nþgy}lm"?

2' Mrrar ~abrm cd gdniagdcihdh e}mrd hm ca~ nd~a~ yd ighindha~'

>' Mrrar ~abrm cd uirligihdh hm cd k}`mr y ~abrm mc m~xdha hm mkbdrdpa'

8' Mrrar ~abrm cd ~dc}h# cd igxmcilmgnid# mc ndränxmr?

=' Mrrar ~abrm cd earx}gd'

Mc Nþhila Dcmkäg mg ~} drxën}ca 4#>>> dnmzxd mc mrrar hmxmrkigdgxm naka }gd nd}~d hm g}cihdh# dc

hmnir "Cd g}cihdh hmc kdxrikagia ~þca zahrä zmhir~m zar mc m~za~a t}m dc ximkza hm cd nagnc}~iþg ~mfd mt}iuandha rm~zmnxa hm cd zmr~agd hmc axra m~za~a a hm n}dcihdhm~ zmr~agdcm~ hm xdc gdx}rdcmpd#

t}m ~i f}bimrd naganiha bimg mc m~xdha hm na~d~ y dzrmnidha bimg mc kdxrikagia t}m nagxrdëd ga ca



t}m ~i f}bimrd naganiha bimg mc m~xdha hm na~d~ y dzrmnidha bimg mc kdxrikagia t}m nagxrdëd# ga ca

~ml}gha ga fdnm dc}~iþg g}m~xrd cmli~cdniþg' Xmgmka~ t}m cd e}mrpd zahrä ~mr eë~ind a kardc#

nag~i~xmgxm m~xd ðcxikd mg dkmgdpd~# y xmgmr ca~ ~il}imgxm~ rmt}i~ixa~0

Dnx}dc# m~ hmnir# m`mrnixdr mc kakmgxa hm nagxrdmr kdxrikagia? lrdum m~xa m~# ndzdp hm zrah}nir }gd

ikzrm~iþg e}mrxm mg }gd zmr~agd hm ~dga `}inia# xakdgha mg n}mgxd cd mhdh# ~mva y naghiniþg?

ig`}~xd# rmt}i~ixa t}m ga nagn}rrirëd ~i ~m dkmgdpd dc nagxrdymgxm nag iginidr cd~ dnniagm~ `}hinidcm~ ~i

ga nagxrdm kdxrikagia' Rmnarhmka~ eigdckmgxm t}m mc xmkar rmumrmgnidc ga nag~xix}ym e}mrpd y t}m

m~ ighiemrmgxm t}m m~xd cd mkzcmm mc axra nagxrdxdgxm a mg xmrnmra'

RDZXA0 Zar ðcxika ~m m~xdbcmnm mg cd cmy Nficmgd t}m "î fd fdbiha rdzxa y mc ximkza hm nmcmbrdr~m mc

kdxrikagia ga fd rmnabrdha cd k}`mr ~} cibmrxdh"'

Mvi~xm rdzxa n}dgha d }gd k}`mr# kmhidgxm cd ~mh}nniþg# cd e}mrpd# ~m cm fdnm dbdghagdr mc faldrzdxmrga zdrd nd~dr~m nag mccd a nag eigm~ hm~fagm~xa~' Hm dt}ë ~m nacilm t}m mc rdzxa z}mhm ~mr hm

ha~ ncd~m~0 rdzxa hm ~mh}nniþg y rdzxa hm e}mrpd'

^m fd ~a~xmgiha t}m ~þca mc rdzxa hm e}mrpd uinidrid mc nag~mgxikimgxa# kd~ ga mc rdzxa hm ~mh}nniþg?

~ig mkbdrla# zdrmnm zrmemribcm ~a~xmgmr t}m mg dkba~ nd~a~ ga mvi~xm nag~mgxikimgxa cibrm y

m~zagxägma# yd t}m cd cmy ga fdnm hi~xigniþg dcl}gd dc rm~zmnxa# n}dgxa zart}m cd cmy dc fdbcdr~m hmc

rdzxa ~m rmeimrm d cd~ ha~ earkd~ t}m éc z}mhm rmum~xir'

2'+ NDZDNIHDH HM CA^ NAGXRDYMGXM^'

IKZMHIKMGXA ZDRD NAGXRDMR KDXRIKAGIA0

D}gt}m cd edn}cxdh hm nagxrdmr kdxrikagia cd~ cmym~ cd~ mvximghdg cibmrdckmgxm d eig hm t}m z}mhm

m`mrnixdrcd mc kdyar gðkmra za~ibcm hm ighiuih}a~# ~ig mkbdrla m~zmnidcm~ kaxiua~ hm kardcihdh a hm

igxmré~ zðbcina igh}nmg d zrafibir ~} nmcmbrdniþg d nimrxd~ zmr~agd~ a mgxrm nimrxd~ zmr~agd~ a d

rakzmr mc cdpa ighmbihdkmgxm earkdha? dnmrnd hm ca n}dc umr~d mc d~}gxa rmcdxiua d ca~ ikzmhikmgxa~#

ca~ t}m ~m hmeigmg hinimgha t}m ~ag hmxmrkigdhd~ nd}~d~ t}m nagearkm d cd cmy m~xarbdg mc

kdxrikagia } and~iagmg ~} dg}cdniþg' Hm m~xa rm~}cxd t}m fdy ha~ ncd~m~ hm ikzmhikmgxa~? }ga~ t}m

nag~i~xmg mg zrafibiniagm~ hm cd cmy zdrd cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc dnxa# zdrd t}m ga mgxrdômg ~} g}cihdh mg

cd fizþxm~i~ hm t}m ~m demnxm d zm~dr hm cd zrafibiniþg d t}m m~xä ~akmxiha? y axra~# t}m nag~xix}ymgnd}~dcm~ mg n}ya uirx}h ~m zrah}nm cd igudcihdniþg hmc kdxrikagia' Ca~ zrikmra~ ~m hmgakigdg

ikzmhikmgxa~ zrafibixiua~ y ca~ ~ml}gha~ hirikmgxm~ a dg}cdxaria~ Gdx}rdckmgxm t}m m~xa~ ðcxika~



ikzmhikmgxa~ zrafibixiua~ y ca~ ~ml}gha~ hirikmgxm~ a dg}cdxaria~ Gdx}rdckmgxm t}m m~xa~ ðcxika~

Nag rmcdniþg d m~xa~ ikzmhikmgxa~# g}m~xra nþhila niuic mg ~} drxën}ca 4:9 hinm? ca~ ikzmhikmgxa~ ~ag

db~ac}xa~# rmcdxiua~ y zrafibixiua~'

Mg mc Drxa' 44: cmmrca0

IKZMHIKMGXA T]M IKZCINDG G]CIHDH

Naka xdcm~ ~m nag~ihmrdg0

4°' Mc hm cd zmr~agd t}m m~xä cildhd zar }g kdxrikagia dgxmriar'

Ximghm m~xa d ikzmhir cd zacildkid ~ik}cxägmd# zart}m }g fmnfa ~mkm`dgxm zar ~mr zraumgimgxm

cm~iua d cd éxind ~anidc ikzmrdgxm mg mc zdë~# ga z}mhm kmga~ hm ~mr muixdha zar cd cmy mg n}dgxa e}mrm

za~ibcm' D m~xm eig zagm# zar }gd zdrxm# }g m~xarba ig~mzdrdbcm zdrd cd nmcmbrdniþg hm g}muakdxrikagia# d cd zmr~agd t}m m~xä cildhd xahduëd zar }g kdxrikagia dgxmriar? y zar axrd# hm dnniþg

zdrd dg}cdr mc t}m d zm~dr hmc ikzmhikmgxa ~m nmcmbrdrm? y m~xa dðg mg cd fizþxm~i~ hm t}m t}img

m~x}uimrm bdà mc rilar hmc ikzmhikmgxa abrdrm hm b}mgd em mg cd nrmmgnid hm fdbmr edccmniha ~i

nag~arxm'

2°' Mc hm zdrmgxm~na mgxrm d~nmghimgxm~ y hm~nmghimgxm~ zar nag~dgl}igihdh a deigihdh cmlëxikd a

icmlëxikd'

>°' Mc hm zdrmgxm~na mgxrm fmrkdga~0 Rdpagm~ hm dcxa igxmré~ kardc y hm nagumgimgnid ~anidc

e}ghdkmgxdg cd zrafibiniþg hmc kdxrikagia mgxrm zrþvika~ zdrimgxm~'

Cd igxikihdh hm rmcdniagm~ t}m mgxrm ca~ nþgy}lm~ gmnm~dridkmgxm ~m m~xdbcmnmg# ga ~m

duimgmg nag mc rm~zmxa y gdx}rdc rm~mrud t}m mc zdrmgxm~na igkmhidxa ikzagm' D~ë# cd

nagnimgnid rmzr}mbd# cd ~animhdh igedkm y cd cmy nd~xild# cd~ rmcdniagm~ ndrgdcm~# an}rrmgxm~

mgxrm ighiuih}a~ hm cd ki~kd edkicid a hm zdrmgxm~na d eig mg ca~ nmrndga~ lrdha~# rmcdniagm~ d

t}m ~m dzcindg mc umrlagpa~a ndcieindxiua hm ignm~xia~d~'

Hm axra cdha# m~ }g fmnfa m~xdbcmniha zar cd nimgnid t}m mc uilar y nagumgimgxm hm~drracca

eë~ina y kmgxdc hm cd rdpd mvilm t}m ca~ mgcdnm~ ~m rmdcipdg mgxrm edkicid~ mvxrdôd~ mgxrm ~ë#

zart}m hm ca nagxrdria# dc ndba hm nimrxa ximkza cd hmlmgmrdniþg y mvxigniþg xaxdc hm cd m~xirzm~m zrah}nmg ighmemnxibcmkmgxm' D cd na~x}kbrm ab~mrudhd mg M}razd zar cd~ edkicid~ gabcm~

h þc c ô c c h i c i e iþ h



h þc c x ô c c x h i c i e iþ h

Mc ikzmhikmgxa zdrd }gir~m mg kdxrikagia zdrimgxm~ nag~dgl}igma~ d eigm~ mg cd cëgmd rmnxd

~ig cikixdniþg hm lrdha~# fd ~iha nag~xdgxm mg cd~ cmli~cdniagm~ zar abrdr hm lrdha~# fd ~iha

nag~xdgxm mg cd~ cmli~cdniagm~ zar abrdr nag xaha uilar rm~zmnxa d ~mkm`dgxm~ }giagm~# ca~

kaxiua~ mg t}m ~m e}ghd cd zrafibiniþg rmcdxiud dc zdrmgxm~na' Kd~ mg n}dgxa d ca~ mgcdnm~

mgxrm ca~ nacdxmrdcm~# ga fd mvi~xiha cd ki~kd }giearkihdh' D~ë ~m ab~mrud t}m mg Iglcdxmrrd# ~m

fd zrafibiha cd }giþg hm xëa~ nag ~abrigd~ a hm ~abrigd~ nag xëa~ y mgxrm n}ôdha~# ~il}imgha

mg m~xa cd~ garkd~ ~mgxdhd~ mg mc cmuëxina t}m m~ }ga~ hm ca~ cibra~ hmc Zmgxdxm}na'

Zmra cd rmlcd kä~ lmgmrdc m~ cd t}m cikixd cd zrafibiniþg d ca~ fmrkdga~ nag~dgl}igma~ t}m m~

cd ~ml}ihd mg g}m~xra nþhila'

Hm kaha t}m ga mvi~xm xrazimpa zdrd t}m ca~ hmkä~ zdrimgxm~ zar nag~dgl}igihdh nacdxmrdc#

naka ca~ zrika~# ca~ xëa~# nag ~abriga~ y ~abrigd~ rm~zmnxiudkmgxm ~m }gdg mg kdxrikagia'+

Xdgxa xrdxägha~m hm d~nmghimgxmkmgxm y hm~nmghimgxm~ naka hm fmrkdga~# cd cmy ga fdnm

hiemrmgnid~ rm~zmnxa d ~i mc zdrmgxm~na m~ cmlëxika a gdx}rdc# zart}m mg m~xa ca t}m zrmudcmnm

m~ cd uap hm cd ~dglrm# t}m ca ki~ka ~m fdnm aër# hmgxra t}m e}mrd hmc kdxrikagia' Zar ca

xdgxa# mc xérkiga gdx}rdc dzcindha mg cd m~zmnidc d cd nag~dgl}igihdh y deigihdh fdy t}m

mgxmghmrca mg ~} ~mgxiha arhigdria# nag zrm~nighmgnid hm ~i mc zdrmgxm~na m~xä a ga

rmnaganiha cmldckmgxm# bd~xdgha nagt}m ~md ca ~}einimgxm gaxaria a t}m rm~}cxm bimg

m~xdbcmniha zdrd t}m cd }giþg ~m xmgld zar ikza~ibcm nagearkm d cd cmy'

8°' Mc hm fakinihia mgxrm mc d}xar a nþkzcinm hm cd k}mrxm hm }ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ y mc nþgy}lm

~abrmuiuimgxm'

Mc eig zrikarhidc hm m~xm ikzmhikmgxa m~ zrmumgir t}m ighiuih}a~ hm uiacmgnid~# zd~iagm~# mg cd

m~zmrdgpd hm }gir~m mg kdxrikagia nag zmr~agd t}m ~m mgn}mgxrd cildhd d axrd nag m~m cdha#

dxmgxm cd uihd hm t}img m~ }g m~xarba zdrd mc calra hm ~}~ hm~ma~' D}gt}m ~m xrdxdrm ga kä~

t}m hm }g nþkzcinm# ~} zdrxinizdniþg mg mc nrikmg# d}g mg mc ~}z}m~xa hm t}m dc nakmxmr~m

é~xm ga dbrildrä dðg kird~ igxmrm~dhd~ rm~zmnxa dc nþgy}lm ~abrmuiuimgxm# ~imkzrm fdrëd

ahia~d cd }giþg t}m ccmudrd d xérkiga nag xdg lrdum dgxmnmhmgxm? kaxiua zar mc n}dc xdkbiég

m~xä zrafibihd'

Zmra ~md t}m ~m xrdxdrm hm d}xar a nþkzcinm rmt}imrm t}m fdyd fdbiha naghmgdniþg `}hinidc



D kä~ hmc m~näghdca t}m ga zahrëd kmga~ hm zrah}nir dc umr }gir~m nagy}ldckmgxm d zmr~agd~

t}m kdgniccdrag cd fagrd hm }g m~za~a a }g fmnfa xdg uix}zmrdbcm naka ca m~ mc dh}cxmria cd

za~ibicihdh hm zahmr ccmldr d cmldcipdr kä~ xdrhm rmcdniagm~ dh}cxmrigd~# zahrëd dcmgxdr mc

t}mbrdgxa hm cd eihmcihdh nagy}ldc' Zar m~xa mgn}mgxra `}~xieindha mc t}m ~m zrafëbdg }giagm~

hm ëghacm ~mkm`dgxm'

Kä~ hmbm dhumrxir~m t}m ca~ xérkiga~ mg t}m m~xä nagnmbiha g}m~xra xmvxa cmldc# ~m

hm~zrmghm z}m~xa t}m dccë ~m fdbcd hm naghmgdniþg# t}m zdrd t}m z}mhd ikzmhir~m mc

kdxrikagia m~ zrmni~a t}m fdyd rmndëha ~mgxmgnid eirkm nagxrd cd m~za~d y ~} nþkzcinm# mg

nd~d~ nrikigdc zar dh}cxmria'

IKZMHIKMGXA^ T]M IKZCINDG G]CIHDH RMCDXIUD0

Xdc légmra hm g}cihdh ximgm c}ldr mg n}dxra nd~a~# ~ag mg memnxa# rmcdxiudkmgxm g}ca~0 Drxa'

444 N'

4'+ Mc kdxrikagia mg t}m }ga a dkba~ nþgy}lm~ fdg nag~mgxiha zar mrrar uiacmgnid a kimha

lrdum'

N}dgha n}dct}imrd hm m~a~ uinia~ nagn}rrmg mg cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia# dcxmrd

e}ghdkmgxdckmgxm cd~ naghiniagm~ garkdcm~ mg t}m mc dnxa hmbm hm~mguacumr~m zdrd lapdr hm

mvi~xmgnid `}rëhind nakzcmxd' Mc mrrar ca ki~ka t}m cd uiacmgnid a mc kimha lrdum# dg}cdr mc

nag~mgxikimgxa hm t}img abrd bdà ~} igec}à# ca t}m ga z}mhm kmga~ hm t}ixdr mcnakzraki~a ~} udcar cmldc# z}m~xa t}m zdrd xmgmrca ~imkzrm m~ gmnm~dria t}m cd uac}gxdh abrm

cibrmkmgxm' Zmra naka mc Zmr`}inia# ~i ca f}bimrm ~m nirn}g~nribm dc hakigia hmc hmrmnfa

z}rdkmgxm zriudha# cd cmy ga hmncdrd cd db~ac}xd igudcihdniþg hmc dnxa# ~ig t}m hm`d drbixria hm

cd zdrxm d t}img cd irrml}cdrihdh demnxd# mc m~xdbcmnmr a ga cd rmncdkdniþg# ~mlðg `}pld~m

nagumgimgxm'

Mg n}dgxa dc mrrar# nagearkm d cd~ mvzcindniagm~ narrimgxm~ mg `}ri~zr}hmgnid# xrdxd~m hm cd

edcxd hm ihmgxihdh hm cd zmr~agd# naka ~mrëd mc nd~a mg t}m mc dnxa ~m nmcmbrdrd nag }gd

zmr~agd hi~xigxd hm dt}mccd nag t}img }ga hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ ~m zrazagëd }gir~m y t}m e}m

haca~dkmgxm ~}~xix}iha zar axrd' Mg mc kaha hm ~mr dnx}dc hm cd~ na~x}kbrm~# mg t}m fdy xrdxa

erdgna mgxrm ca~ e}x}ra~ nag~arxm~# m~ bimg rmkaxd cd za~ibicihdh hm t}m }g mrrar hm ncd~m



2°' Mc hmc cana a hm n}dct}imr zmr~agd t}m zdhmpnd hm igndzdnihdh kmgxdc dc nmcmbrdrca'

Cd can}rd m~ mc m~xdha hm xrd~xarga kmgxdc t}m t}ixd d t}img ca zdhmnm# mc }~a hm cd rdpþg'Muihmgxm m~ t}m zar ikzcindr mc kdxrikagia }g dnxa nagxrdnx}dc# ~m gmnm~ixd t}m t}img ca

umrieind m~xé mg mc cibrm m`mrninia hm ~}~ edn}cxdhm~ kmgxdcm~# z}m~xa t}m ~þca d~ë cd uac}gxdh m~

~}~nmzxibcm hm nrmdr mc uëgn}ca hmc hmrmnfa'

Zdrd cd igud~iþg hmc kdxrikagia nagxrdëha bdà cd igec}mgnid hm cd can}rd# ga ~m gmnm~ixd t}m

fdyd zrm~ihiha hmncdrdxarid hm cd igxmrhinniþg? m~ ~}einimgxm nag t}m ~m zr}mbm t}m mg mc

kakmgxa mg t}m e}m nagxrdëha mvi~xëd ikzmhikmgxa'

Cd igndzdnihdh kmgxdc z}mhm mvi~xir ighmzmghimgxmkmgxm mg cd can}rd# naka mg ca~ nd~a~ hm cd

ihiaxmp# ikbmnicihdh y dcnafaci~i~ka' D~ë# z}m~ n}dgha ~m hild dnmrnd hm dt}mccd hacmgnid# m~dzcindbcm d n}dct}imrd axrd zriudniþg hmc `}inia# ~md zmrkdgmgxm a xrdg~ixarid'

Fdy hm m~zmnidc mg m~xm ikzmhikmgxa# ca ki~ka t}m mg n}dgxa d ca~ t}m zrauimgmg hm mrrar#

uiacmgnid a kimha# t}m nagearkm d g}m~xra hmrmnfa mc kdxrikagia t}mhd rmudcihdha ~ig

gmnm~ihdh hm hmncdrdxarid mvzrm~d# mg mc nd~a hm t}m ca~ nþgy}lm~ zmrkdgmpndg ~ig ~mzdrdr~m

hm }g km~ hm~z}é~ t}m ~m hm~n}brm mc mrrar nm~m cd uiacmgnid# a mc igndzdnixdha rmnabrd

nakzcmkmgxa mc `}inia'

>°' Mc ga xmgmr cd mhdh hmxmrkigdhd mg mc drxën}ca 4:4'

Cd mhdh d zdrxir hm cd n}äc cd zmr~agd m~xä ndzdnixdhd zdrd nd~dr~m ga m~ cd ki~kd mg xahd~

zdrxm~# zart}m mc hm~drracca eë~ina y kmgxdc hmc ighiuih}a hmzmghm mg k}nfa# rm~zmnxa dc

ximkza# y dc z}gxa lmalräeina mg t}m ~m uium' D~ë ~m ab~mrud t}m kimgxrd~ mg ca~ zdë~m~ hmc

garxm# xdc hm~drracca# m~ cmgxa# mg ca~ xrazindcm~ kdrnfdg nag kä~ rdzihmp' D zm~dr hm m~a# mc

zmrëaha lmgmrdckmgxm m~naliha zar ca~ cmli~cdharm~# kmrndha yd zar ca~ rakdga~ m~ cd

z}bmrxdh t}m mg ca~ udragm~ ~m ei`d mg ca~ 4= dôa~ y mg cd~ k}`mrm~ mg ca~ 48 hiemrmgnid hm

ximkza t}m hmzmghm hm cd~ nirn}g~xdgnid~ hm t}m mc hm~drracca hmc fakbrm m~ kä~ cmgxa t}m mc

hm cd k}`mr'

Dgxm~ hm m~d~ ézand~ ig~mg~dxa ~mrëd d}xaripdr cd }giþg# xdgxa zar ndrmnmr xahd uirx}h kmgxdczdrd hdr~m n}mgxd mvdnxd hm cd xrd~nmghmgnid hmc dnxa y hm cd~ abcildniagm~ d éc nag~il}imgxm#

naka dxmghimgha d t}m }ga hm ca~ eigm~ hmc kdxrikagia cd nrmdniþg ga m~ za~ibcm dcndgpdrcd



naka dxmghimgha d t}m }ga hm ca~ eigm~ hmc kdxrikagia cd nrmdniþg ga m~ za~ibcm dcndgpdrcd

]gd nirn}g~xdgnid t}m xdkbiég ~}mcm hmbm xakdr~m mg n}mgxd zdrd xmgmr zar rmudcihdha mc

kdxrikagia# m~ cd hm t}m cd m~za~d rm~}cxm mkbdrdpdhd# dgxm~ hm n}kzcir cd mhdh cmldc zdrd

nd~dr~m' Ca t}m ~m hmbm d t}m }g fmnfa ~mkm`dgxm hm g}m~xrd zcmgdkmgxm cd dzxix}h hmc

kmgar zdrd ccmgdr mc eig hm cd rmzrah}nniþg hm cd m~zmnim'

8°' Mc hm cd ikzaxmgnid eë~ind# zdxmgxm# zmrzmx}d m ign}rdbcm# ikza~ibcm zdrd mc nagnðbixa y

dgxmriar dc kdxrikagia'

Nag~i~xm mg cd ikzaxmgnid# mg cd edcxd hm cd~ gmnm~drid~ naghiniagm~ arlägind~ hm cd zmr~agd

zdrd rmdcipdr mc dnxa lmgmrdhar# ca kä~ nakðg# m~ t}m ~md mc udrþg# mc t}img ximgm mc

ikzmhikmgxa? zmra ~m zrm~mgxdg nd~a~# d}gt}m rdra~ mg t}m m~ cd k}`mr cd mkzmhihd# zar cd

zmremnxd ignarearkdniþg a hm~drracca hm ~}~ þrldga~ rmzrah}nxarm~'

Zdrd cd mvi~xmgnid hmc ikzmhikmgxa t}m é~xm xmgld cd naghiniþg hm zmrzmx}d d ign}rdbcm#

zart}m ~þca d~ë cd }giþg rm~}cxd hm xaha z}gxa ignagumgimgxm zdrd mc nþgy}lm ~dga# z}m~xa

t}m ga fdy za~ibicihdh hm kmkahidr mc kdc nag mc d}vicia hm cd nimgnid'

Naguimgm ighindr t}m mc hmemnxa ximgm t}m ~mr zdxmgxm ga h}ha~a a hm hieënic# nakzrabdniþg'

Rmt}iérm~m dhmkä~# t}m fdyd mvi~xiha dc ximkza hm umrieindr~m mc mgcdnm# z}m~ ca~ dnnihmgxm~ a

mgemrkmhdhm~ za~xmriarm~ t}m zrah}pndg ikzaxmgnid# ga z}mhmg abrdr rmxra~zmnxiudkmgxm

mg nagxrd cd udcihmp hm }g zdnxa gdniha mg naghiniagm~ hm mgxmrd cmldcihdh'

D}gt}m mc xérkiga arhigdria zdrd hmkdghdr cd }gihdh hm }g dnxa a nagxrdxa uinidha nag

g}cihdh# rmcdxiua# zrm~nribm mg 8 dôa~# xandgha d ca t}m zrauimgm hm ikzaxmgnid# mc xérkiga hm

cd zrm~nrizniþg m~ ~acdkmgxm hm }g dôa# zar n}dgxa ikzarxd ga hicdxdr zar k}nfa ximkza cd

ig~ml}rihdh rm~zmnxa d cd udcihmp hmc kdxrikagia? dzdrxm hm t}m hmc fmnfa hm ga fdbmr cd

zmr~agd zmr`}hindhd rmncdkdha mg m~m m~zdnia hm ximkza# t}m mg cd m~zmnim m~ rmcdxiudkmgxm

cdrla# ~m ~}zagm t}m ga igxmgxd fdnmrca zar fdbmr~m nagearkdha nag cd ~ix}dniþg# z}m~ t}m

k}y bimg m~ za~ibcm mc kdxrikagia d}gt}m edcxmg cd~ rmt}mrihd~ zdrd mc dy}gxdkimgxa

narzþrma# zar ga ~mr é~xm db~ac}xdkmgxm ighi~zmg~dbcm zdrd mc nd~a ~imgha d~ë t}m fdy axrd~

mvilmgnid~ hm cd gdx}rdcmpd# naka ~ag cd~ rmcdxiud~ d cd d~i~xmgnid eë~ind y kardc y dc nakmrnia

hm cd~ ihmd~# t}m z}mhmg fdnmr zar ~ë ~acd~ hm~mdbcm~ y dðg gmnm~dridkmgxm d umnm~ cd uihd

nagy}ldc'



Ga ab~xdgxm t}m zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia ga ~m rmt}imrm ighi~zmg~dbcmkmgxm fdbmr

dcndgpdha cd kdyar mhdh# ~m mvilm mc ighindha nag~mgxikimgxa n}dgha an}rrmg kigarëd~# naka

kmhihd zrmh}gnidc mg nag~ihmrdniþg d cd mvzmrimgnid~ y edcxd hm kdh}rmp hm `}inia t}m ~ag hm

~}zagmr mg mc nagxrdymgxm zdrd xakdr }gd hmxmrkigdniþg hm xdgxd ikzarxdgnid rm~zmnxa d ~}

zarumgir'

Dhmkä~ nag rmcdniþg d ca~ zdhrm~ m~m rmt}i~ixa m~ k}y nagearkm nag mc dndxdkimgxa t}m ca~

fià~ cm~ hmbmg ~imkzrm y kä~ xrdxägha~m hm }gd hmxmrkigdniþg hm xdc ndcihdh'

Dc memnxa cd cmy rml}cdhard hm cd~ rmcdniagm~ mgxrm kdhrm# zdhrm m fià~ mg ~} drxën}ca 8

m~xdbcmnm? t}m n}dgha uiudg `}gxa~ ca~ zdhrm~ hmnihiräg xaha ca rmemrmgxm d cd hirmnniþg hmc

kmgar mg earkd nag`}gxd a ~mzdrdhdkmgxm? mg nd~a hm t}m mc fià uiud ~þca nag }ga hm ~}~

zralmgixarm~? d é~xm cm narrm~zaghmrä xakdr cd~ hmni~iagm~ rm~zmnxa d cd hirmnniþg hmc kmgar'

2°' Mc hm cd k}`mr# dgxm~ hm ca~ >:: hëd~ hm cd hi~ac}niþg hmc dgxmriar kdxrikagia'

Rmnaganm zar nd}~d é~xd zrafibiniþg é~xd nagumgimgnid hm muixdr za~ibcm~ nagecinxa~ hm

zdxmrgihdh mgxrm mc zrmnmhmgxm kdriha y mc za~xmriar'

Dc fdbcdr~m hm hi~ac}niþg hmc kdxrikagia ~m nakzrmghm ha~ nd~a~0 n}dgha an}rrm cd k}mrxm

hm }ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ y n}dgha ~m fd hmncdrdha mc hiuarnia t}m ~ag ca~ ðgina~ fmnfa~

zrah}nxarm~ hm cd r}zx}rd hmc uëgn}ca# mg t}m hmbmg xakdr~m mg n}mgxd mg cd m~zmnim' Mg

n}dgxa mc nd~a hm g}cihdh cd cmy cd kmgniagd zar ~mzdrdha dxmghimgha d t}é# n}dgha mccd'An}rrm ga ~m azmrd hi~ac}niþg hmc kdxrikagia# zart}m é~xm cmldckmgxm ga fd mvi~xiha'

Mg mc mumgxa hm t}m f}bimrd zdrxm mg mc xrdg~n}r~a hmc ighindha zmrëaha hm >:: hëd~# cd k}`mr

m~xä mg naghiniagm~ cmldcm~ hm nd~dr~m axrd ump hm~hm t}m ximgm c}ldr m~m ~}nm~a# ~imgha d~ë

t}m mc rm~xa hmc zcdpa t}mhd ~ig ab`mxa z}m~xa t}m yd ga m~ hm xakdr t}m ~m zrah}pnd

nage}~iþg hm zdxmrgihdh'

>°' Mc l}drhdhar a hm n}dct}imrd hm ~}~ hm~nmghimgxm~ nag mc z}zica a cd z}zicd# kimgxrd~ cd~

n}mgxd~ eigdcm~ hm cd l}drhd ga m~xäg ndgnmcdha~'

M~xd m~ }gd ldrdgxëd igxrah}nihd mg eduar hm ca~ f}éredga~ n}ya nd}~dc é~xd hm n}ihdha hmc

ighiuih}a t}m z}himrdg zrmudcmnmr hmc d~nmghimgxm t}m ~} ndcihdh hm l}drhdhar ca~



Kä~ mg mc nd~a hm t}m mc hi~zagmgxm f}bimrm nagnmhiha hm kaha d}xégxina mc zmrki~a zdrd mc

kdxrikagia# mc zmcilra ~m dcmà m~ hm ~}zagmr t}m ca finimrd zar m~zmnidcm~ rdpagm~ y zmremnxa~

naganikimgxa~ hm cd ndcihdh hm fakbrëd hm bimg hmc l}drhdhar'

8°' Cd edcxd hm z}bcindniþg zrmuid a hi~zmg~d hm ca~ mhinxa~ cmldcm~' &drx' 449# 42: N)'

Cd nagumgimgnid hm gaxinidr dc zðbcina mc kdxrikagia t}m ~m igxmgxd ccmudr d ndba d memnxa hm

t}m z}mhd hmg}gnidr~m n}dct}imr ikzmhikmgxa ndzdp hm m~xarbdrca# nag~xix}ym cd nd}~d hm cd

mvilmgnid rmcdxiud d cd z}bcindniþg hm zrancdkd~# zar m~xd earkdcihdh ga m~ hm xdc gdx}rdcmpd

t}m ccml}m d ~mr naghiniþg db~ac}xdkmgxm gmnm~drid? y d~ë ndbm ~} hi~zmg~d d ig~xdgnid hm

zdrxm# n}dgha mc e}gniagdria dgxm t}img ~m xrdkixdg cd~ hicilmgnid~ kdxrikagidcm~ `}pld~m t}m

ga m~ zrabdbcm nagn}rrd mg mc d~}gxa giglðg ikzmhikmgxa'8

>'+ EARKDCIHDHM^ M^XDBCMNIHD^ ZAR CD CMY'

XRÄKIXM^ ZDRD CD NMCMBRDNIÞG HMC KDXRIKAGIA0

+ XRDKIXM^ ZRMUIA^ ZDRD CD NMCMBRDNIAG HMC KDXRIKAGIA

+ XRDKIXM^ ÎK]CXDGMA^ A NAGN]RRMGXM^

+ NDÂ^ M^ZMNIDCM^ HM KDXRIKAGIA

XRÄKIXM^ ZRMUIA^0

M~xdbcmnmrmka~ zrikmra ca~ xräkixm~ zrmuia~# y hm~z}é~ ca~ nagn}rrmgxm~ mg mc kdxrikagia niuic'

Dhmkä~ hm cd Cinmgnid zdxmrgd# mc nag~mà mxn# mvi~xm axra~ xräkixm~ zrmuia~ t}m ~ag xrm~

zrignizdckmgxm0

4' âcinix}h hm ca~ e}x}ra~ nþgy}lm~

2' Mhinxa~

>' Edcxd~ hm hmg}gnid~ hm ikzmhikmgxa~ y hm aza~iniþg dc kdxrikagia'



4'+ Mg mc mvzmhimgxm hmc kdxrikagia niuic cd ~acinix}h earkd cd ndbmpd hmc ki~ka y m~xdrä eirkdha

zar dkba~ nagxrdymgxm~ y ~i dcl}ga hm mcca~ ga z}mhm eirkdr ca fdrä mc axra d ~} r}mla# z}m~ mc

ga ~dbmr m~nribir ga z}mhm ~mr ikzmhikmgxa zdrd ga zahmr nagxrdmr kdxrikagia# mg mccd ~m

fdrä nag~xdr0

d) Ca~ gakbrm~# dzmcciha~# mhdh# zraem~iþg# hakinicia a rm~ihmgnid hm ca~ zdhrm~'

Dnakzdôdräg d é~xd hmncdrdniþg eirkdhd cd zdrxihd hm gdnikimgxa y hm m~xdha hm ca~

nagxrdymgxm~# cd cinmgnid ~i zranmhim~m y cd hi~zmg~d n}dgha ~md gmnm~drid' Mg mc nd~a hm

t}m mc kdxrikagia ~m nagxrdild zar kmhia hm }g dzahmrdha é~xm hmbm ~mr gakbrdha

zar kmhia hm }g zahmr m~zmnidc mg mc n}äc irä hm~ilgdha nag cd zmr~agd t}m fd hm

nmcmbrdr~m mc kdxrikagia# é~xm kdxrikagia m~ udciha ~imkzrm n}dgha m~xm zahmr ga ~m

fdyd gaxieindha dc dzahmrdha mg earkd d}xégxind ~} rmuandniþg dgxm~ hm fdbmrcanmcmbrdha'

Cd ~acinix}h hm kdxrikagia dhmkä~ hm t}m ~m z}mhm fdnmr zar m~nrixa xdkbiég ~m

z}mhm fdnmr umrbdckmgxm &drxa' 44< N)'

2' Ca~ Mhinxa~0

]gd ump zrm~mgxdha cd ~acinix}h zar ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ m~xd ximgm t}m ~mr rdxieindha dgxm mc `}mp#

é~xm kdghdrä d ei`dr mhinxa~ a zrancdka~ zar m~zdnia~ hm t}ignm hëd~# dg}gnidgha cd

zrmxmg~iþg y rmt}mrikimgxa d ca~ t}m x}uimrdg gaxinid~ hm dclðg ikzmhikmgxa zdrd t}m ca

hmg}gnimg# cd z}bcindniþg hm ca~ mhinxa~ z}mhm ~mr hi~zmr~dhd zar cd zrikmrd d}xarihdh

zacëxind hmc hmzdrxdkmgxa ~imkzrm y n}dgha `}pldg zar `}~xd nd}~d iggmnm~drid hinfd

z}bcindniþg# ca~ mhinxa~ ~m kdghdräg d z}bcindr mg xrm~ m`mkzcdrm~ t}m ~m eil}rdg mg mc mhieinia

k}ginizdc a mg cd~ zdrm`d~ kä~ ermn}mgxm~' &drx' 449 N)'

>' Edcxd hm hmg}gnid hm ikzmhikmgxa~ y hm aza~iniþg dc Kdxrikagia'

M~xdbdg mgndkigdhd~ d t}m cd }giþg kdxrikagidc ~m nmcmbrm ~ig naghiniagm~ hm udcihmp'

Zrm~mgxdhd cd aza~iniþg a hmg}gnid ~m hdrä xrd~cdha hm mccd~ d ca~ igxmrm~dha~ zar xrm~ hëd~

nagnmhiégha~m anfa nak}gm~ d m~xa~ y dc aza~ixar a hmg}gnidgxm# zdrd t}m righd cd zr}mbd

t}m d bimg xmgld' Umgniha mc xérkiga ~m rm~acumrä ~i m~ e}ghdhd cd hmg}gnid? y kimgxrd~ ~m

hinxd cd narrm~zaghimgxm ~mgxmgnid# ~m ~}~zmghmrä cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia' &drx' 424 N)'



XRÄKIXM^ ÎK]CXÄGMA^ A NAGN]RRMGXM^'

d) Mc Nag~mgxikimgxa0 Xaha~ ca~ xrdxdhi~xd~ nagxmkzarägma~ ~a~ximgmg t}m mc kdxrikagiadccä# mg ~}~ dcbarm~ ga x}ua gdhd hm nag~mg~}dc ~iga zar mc nagxrdria }g ndränxmr rmdc# y

mg mc nd~a m~xdka~ nakzcmxdkmgxm hm dn}mrha# bd~xd hdrcm }gd a`mdhd d cd fi~xarid# y

mccd'

Ga~ nagh}nirä hm~hm c}mla d m~d deirkdniþg? rmnarhmka~ dc kdxrikagia zar RDZXA mg

ximkza hm cd zraki~n}ihdh# z}m~ mc mcmkmgxa `}rëhina hm é~xm e}m cd za~m~iþg hm cd

k}`mr y ga mc nag~mgxikimgxa mvzrm~a hmc t}m ibd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia'

Za~xmriarkmgxm ~m e}m nag~ihmrdha gmnm~dria mc nag~mgxikimgxa zmra mc

nag~mgxikimgxa hmc nagxrdymgxm hmc n}dc ~m zahëd zrm~nighir~m ~iga mc nag~mgxikimgxahm ca~ zdhrm~# hmgxra hmc n}äc ~m nag~ihmrdbd mglcabdha mc hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~'

Dnx}dckmgxm nag~xix}ym }ga hm ca~ rmt}i~ixa~ m~mgnidcm~ hmbimgha ~mr kdgiem~xdha ighiuih}dckmgxm

zar ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ y abuidkmgxm ~ig uinia~ &haca# mrrar# kimha) cd ~acd mvi~xmgnid hm }ga hm m~xa~

uinia~ ignc}~a nag~xix}ym ikzmhikmgxa rmcdxiua n}yd dcmldniþg dhkixm dg}cdr mc dnxa'

b) Cd Ndzdnihdh0 M~xd z}mhm ~mr0

4' Ndzdnihdh Cmldc

2' Ndzdnihdh Gdx}rdc'

Ndzdnihdh Cmldc0 M~xd rilm ~mlðg cd cmy gdniagdc hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~# cd mhdh mg g}m~xrd

cmli~cdniþg zdrd t}m ha~ zmr~agd~ hm hi~xigxa~ ~mva~ nagxrdildg kdxrikagia m~ cd ~il}imgxm0 zdrd mc

Fakbrm d ca~ 24 dôa~ hm mhdh# y zdrd cd k}`mr d ca~ 46 dôa~ hm mhdh# ~imkzrm y n}dgha ga fdyd

nrmniha cd kdyaripdniþg hm é~xd~ zmr~agd~ d cd~ mhdhm~ dgxm~ kmgniagdhd~' &Drxa' 4:: N)'

Ndzdnihdh Gdx}rdc0 âg fäbicm~ xdkbiég zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia mc udrþg t}m fd n}kzciha

4= dôa~ y cd k}`mr t}m fd n}kzciha 48 dôa~ é~xd m~ cd ndzdnihdh gdx}rdc# &drxa' 4:4 N)'

n) Igmvi~xmgnid hm ikzmhikmgxa~ db~ac}xa~0 M~ hmnir hm cd~ zrafibiniagm~ t}m mg g}m~xrd

cmli~cdniþg m~xäg nagxmkzcdha~ mg mc &drxa' 442 N)' Y ~ag ca~ ~il}imgxm~0



>' Mc hmc l}drhdhar a hm n}dct}imrd hm ~}~ hm~nmghimgxm~ nag mc z}zica a cd z}zicd# kimgxrd~ cd~

n}mgxd~ eigdcm~ hm cd l}drhd ga m~xäg ndgnmcdhd~'

ZRANMHIKIMGXA^0 Mg m~xm xmkd ~acdkmgxm ~m gmnm~ixd nag~}cxdr mc drxën}ca 425 N' zart}m

hinm xmvdxiudkmgxm' î ga f}bimrm aza~iniþg a ~i fmnfd ~m hmncdrd~m ~ig c}ldr# ~m zranmhmrä d cd

nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia# ~môdcägha~m zrmuidkmgxm mc c}ldr# hëd y fard t}m hmbm umrieindr~m' Mc

dnxa ca umrieindrä mc `}mp d zrm~mgnid hm ha~ xm~xila~ y zrml}gxdrä d ca~ nagxrdymgxm~ ~i hm ~} cibrm y

m~zagxägmd uac}gxdh ~m }gmg mg kdxrikagia nagxm~xdgha ndhd }ga hm mcca~ deirkdxiudkmgxm# ca~ hirä

mg~ml}ihd0 "T}m hëd~ }giha~ mg kdxrikagia"'

Xaha ca mvzrm~dha h}rdgxm cd nmcmbrdniþg ~m nag~ilgdrä mg earkd hm dnxd mg mc cibra hm

kdxrikagia t}m ccmudrä mc `}mp y }gd nazid hm é~xd dnxd ~m dlrmldrä dc mvzmhimgxm hm ca~ nagxrdymgxm~

kdghdgha dc `}mp za~xmriarkmgxm drnfiudrca mg cd aeinigd hmc Rmli~xrdhar hmc Hmzdrxdkmgxa' Hmgxra

hm anfa hëd~ d kä~ xdrhdr' &drxën}ca 42<# 426 y 429 N)' Bdà zmgd hm }gd k}cxd m~xdbcmnihd zar mc

xrib}gdc hm dzmcdniagm~'

NDÂ^ M^ZMNIDCM^ HM KDXRIKAGIA0

d' Kdxrikagia zar zahmr drxën}ca~ 96 y 99 N'

b' Kdxrikagia nmcmbrdha mg mc mvxrdg`mra drxën}ca~ 4:># 4:8# 4:= y 4:5 N)'

n' Kdxrikagia Z}xdxiua drxën}ca 4:< N'

nf' Kdxrikagia mg drxën}ca karxi~' Drxën}ca 4>: N'

RMLI^XRA^ HM KDXRIKAGIA^0

Drxën}ca~ =2> dc =26 N'



L]ËD HM M^X]HIA

RMT]IÎXA^ Y XRÄKIXM^ ZDRD CD NMCMBRDNIÞG HMC KDXRIKAGIA

I'+ IGXRAH]NNIÞG0

M~xd l}ëd arimgxdrä dc dc}kga mg mc dzrmghipd`m hm ca~ rmt}i~ixa~ hm eagha y earkd zdrd cd

nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia# d~ë zdrd t}m hiemrmgnimg ca~ rmt}i~ixa~ hm mvi~xmgnid# hm ca~ hm udcihmp? y

m~xa~ hm ca~ hm ~} nmcmbrdniþg' D~ë naka ca~ nd~a~ mg t}m d zm~dr hm dclðg ikzmhikmgxa zdrd

nagxrdmr g}znid~# nmcmbrdha é~xm ~m z}mhm nagudcihdr'


+ Naganmr ca~ rmt}i~ixa~ hm eagha y earkd zdrd cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia'

+ Naganmr mc zranmhikimgxa zdrd cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia'

+ Hi~xigl}ir ca~ rmt}i~ixa~ hm udcihmp hm cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc Kdxrikagia'

+ Mg}kmrdr ca~ ikzmhikmgxa~ zdrd cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc Kdxrikagia'

+ Hmxmrkigdr ca~ nd~a~ mg t}m mc kdxrikagia ximgm udcihmp d zm~dr hm cd mvi~xmgnid hm dclðg

ikzmhikmgxa'

+ ^môdcdr ca~ nd~a~ m~zmnidcm~ hm Kdxrikagia'


<'4' Rmt}i~ixa~ hm eagha y earkd'

<'2' Rmt}i~ixa~ hm udcihmp hmc kdxrikagia'

<'>' Ikzmhikmgxa zdrd cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia'

<'8' Udcihmp hmc kdxrikagia d zm~dr hm cd mvi~xmgnid hm dclðg ikzmhikmgxa'

<'=' Nd~a~ M~zmnidcm~ hm Kdxrikagia'

IU'+ ARIMGXDNIAGM^ ZDRD MC M^X]HIA HMC XMKD0



' A N A ^ ^ ] A 0

2'+ Hild n}äcm~ ~ag ca~ rmt}i~ixa~ zrmuia~# namxägma~ y za~xmriarm~ d cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc

kdxrikagia'

>'+ Kmgniagm y mvzcit}m d}viciägha~m hm m`mkzcieindniagm~# ca~ ikzmhikmgxa~ zdrd nagxrdmr

kdxrikagia mg}kmrdha~ mg mc drxën}ca 44: hm ~} nþhila'

8'+ Rmdcinm cd ki~kd dnxiuihdh kmgniagdhd dgxmriarkmgxm# nag ca~ ikzmhikmgxa~ mg}kmrdha~ mg

ca~ drxën}ca~ 444 y 442 hm ~} nþhila'

='+ Mvzcit}m ca~ nd~a~ mg t}m d zm~dr hm ca~ ikzmhikmgxa~ mc kdxrikagia ~m nagudcihd'

5'+ Mvzcit}m ca~ nd~a~ hm Kdxrikagia~ M~zmnidcm~'

KDXRIKAGIA

NAG^XIX]NIÞG

│Uac}gxdh mvzrm~d hm dkba~ nþgy}lm~'

│ │E}ghdr }gd edkicid'

│ │M~xdbcmnmr nak}gihdh hm uihd zmrkdgmgxm

Mcmkmgxa~ │Ab`mxa │mgxrm }g fakbrm y }gd k}`mr'

hm │ │Dy}hd k}x}d'

Mvi~xmgnid │

│ │Nmrmkagid nmcmbrdhd zar mc @}mp

│âcmkgihdhm~│hm Hi~xrixa hm ca Niuic a Candc

│ │Gaxdria Zðbcina nag 4: dôa~ hm

│ │m`mrninia hmc Gaxdridha'

│Mhdh 46 dôa~ mg cd k}`mr y 24



hm │ ┘┊

Udcihmp │ ┃┊

│ │D}~mgnid hm ikzmhikmgxa~ &Zrafibiniagm~

│Cinix}h │cmldcm~)

│Earkdcihdhm~ │Dgxmriarm~ d cd nmcmbrdniþg'

│ │Namxägmd~ d cd nmcmbrdniþg'

┃┊┊

│+ Mgxrm Gindrdlómg~m~

Rmdcipdha~ │

mg Zdë~ │+ Mgxrm Gindrdlómg~m~ y mvxrdg`mra

Mvxrdg`mra │

MEMNXA^ HMC KDXRIKAGIA

+ HMRMNFA^ Y HMBMRM^ T]M GDNMG HMC KDXRIKAGIA MGXRM CA^ M^ZAÂ^ Y RM^ZMNXA D

CA^ FI@A^'

+ ^MKM@DGPD^ Y HIEMRMGNID^ MGXRM MC KDXRIKAGIA Y CD ]GIÞG HM FMNFA M^XDBCM'

+ CMY RML]CDHARD HM CD^ RMCDNIAGM^ MGXRM KDHRM# ZDHRM^ M FI@A^# DCIKMGXA^'

HMRMNFA^ Y HMBMRM^ T]M GDNMG HMC KDXRIKAGIA MGXRM CA^ M^ZAÂ^ Y RM^ZMNXA D CA^

FI@A^'

HIUMRÎHDH HM MEMNXA^0 Ca~ memnxa~ hmc kdxrikagia ~m hmxmrkigdg hm~hm xrm~ z}gxa~ hm ui~xd~0 d)



HIUMRÎHDH HM MEMNXA^0 Ca~ memnxa~ hmc kdxrikagia ~m hmxmrkigdg hm~hm xrm~ z}gxa~ hm ui~xd~0 d)

Mg mc kdxrikagia xdcm~ hmrmnfa~ ~}b`mxiua~ zrignizdckmgxm ~m kdgieim~xdg mg cd~ edn}cxdhm~

~il}imgxm~0 4' Mc hmrmnfa d cd uihd mg nakðg# nag cd abcildniþg narrmcdxiua hm cd nafdbixdniþg' 2' Mc

hmrmnfa d cd rmcdniþg ~mv}dc# nag mc hébixa ndrgdc narrm~zaghimgxm' >' Mc hmrmnfa d cd eihmcihdh# nag cd

abcildniþg narrmcdxiud ikz}m~xd d ndhd }ga hm ca~ m~za~a~' 8' Mc hmrmnfa y abcildniþg hm dcikmgxa~#

nag cd edn}cxdh hm mvilir d~i~xmgnid y dy}hd k}x}d'

"Cd }gihdh hm cd uihd nagy}ldc y edkicidr zrah}nm cd }gihdh hmc zrm~}z}m~xa haké~xina# ga ~m

hi~xigl}mg ca~ ld~xa~ rmcdxiua~ d }ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ hm ca~ rmcdxiua~ dc axra# ~iga t}m ~m nage}ghmg

mg cd ndxmlarëd ðgind hm ca~ ld~xa~ edkicidrm~ a ndrla~ hmc kdxrikagia' Ga m~ za~ibcm# zar xdgxa# t}m

ndhd }ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ ~azarxm ~}~ zrazia~ ld~xa~ ~iga t}m ximgm t}m nagn}rrir ~acdkmgxm dc

ld~xa xaxdc' Y d}gt}m nm~m cd naguiumgnid hm ca~ nþgy}lm~# ga zar mcca hm~dzdrmnmg gmnm~dridkmgxm

cd~ ndrld~ hmc kdxrikagia? ~i fdy fià~# mc l}~xa hm ~} kdgxmgniþg# n}dgha ga m~xäg mcca~ zrmui~xa~hm }g ~}einimgxm zdxrikagia zrazia# m~ ~imkzrm abcildniþg hm ca~ zralmgixarm~'

B) MEMNXA^ HMC KDXRIKAGIA MG RMCDNIÞG D CA^ FI@A^0 Ca~ memnxa~ hmc kdxrikagia rm~zmnxa d ca~

fià~ ~m dzrmnidg hm~hm ca~ ~il}imgxm~ z}gxa~ hm ui~xd0 d) Zdrd dxrib}ircm~ cd ndcihdh hm fià~ cmlëxika~?

b) Zdrd cmlixikdr d ca~ fià~ gdx}rdcm~ kmhidgxm mc ~}b~mn}mgxm kdxrikagia hm ~}~ zdhrm~? n)Zdrd

ariligdr cd nmrxmpd mg n}dgxa dc m`mrninia hm ca~ hmrmnfa~ y abcildniagm~ t}m ikzagm cd zdxrid

zaxm~xdh'

Dgdcipdrmka~ ~}nm~iudkmgxm ca~ xrm~ memnxa~ nixdha~0

d) Mc kdxrikagia dxrib}ym cd ndcihdh hm fià~ cmlëxika~ a ca~ nagnmbiha~ h}rdgxm mc ki~ka' Mc drxën}ca2:: hi~zagm0 ^m zrm~}kmg cmlëxika~ ca~ fià~ gdniha~0 I) Mvzirdha~ ca~ nimgxa anfmgxd hëd~

~}b~il}imgxm~ d cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia' II) Ca~ gdniha~ hmgxra hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~

~}b~il}imgxm~ d cd hi~ac}niþg hmc kdxrikagia? yd zraumgld é~xd hm cd g}cihdh hmc nagxrdxa# hm k}mrxm

hmc kdriha a hm hiuarnia' M~xm xérkiga ~m nagxdrä mg ca~ nd~a~ hm hiuarnia a g}cihdh# hm~hm t}m hm

fmnfa t}mhdrag ~mzdrdha~ ca~ nþgy}lm~'

b)) Cmlixikdniþg hm ca~ fià~ gdx}rdcm~ zar mc ~}b~mn}mgxm kdxrikagia hm ~}~ zdhrm~' Ca~ drxën}ca~

2>5 d 28> rml}cdg m~xd ikzarxdgxm nag~mn}mgnid t}m mg g}m~xra hmrmnfa ~þca z}mhm abxmgmr~m zar mc

kdxrikagia y ga zar }g hmnrmxa hm `mem hmc M~xdha# naka ~}nmhm# zar m`mkzca# mc hmrmnfa Ixdcidga a

Dcmkäg' Hinm mc drxën}ca 2>50 "Mc ðgina kmhia hm cmlixikdniþg m~ mc kdxrikagia za~xmriar hm ca~

zdhrm~'''''"



z

Kdhrm# Zdhrm m Fià~# ga xakd mg n}mgxd cd ndcihdh hm fià gdx}rdc a cmlëxika# xaha hm nagearkihdh dc

drxën}ca <= hm g}m~xrd Nag~xix}niþg' Zar nag~il}imgxm mc kdxrikagia ~þca uimgm d m~xdbcmnmr }gd

nmrxmpd mg n}dgxa d dc m`mrninia y dxrib}niþg hm cd zdxrid zaxm~xdh# rm~zmnxa hm ca~ fià~'

Mg cd kdyarëd hm cd~ cmli~cdniagm~# mc kdxrikagia ~i zrah}nm memnxa~? zar ca t}m ~m rmeimrm dc zdhrm# ~m

rmt}imrm t}m ~m xrdxm hm fià~ cmlëxika~ zdrd t}m ~m m`mrpd cd zaxm~xdh rm~zmnxiud# nag mc nag`}gxa hm

hmrmnfa~ y abcildniagm~' Mg n}dgxa d cd Kdhrm lmgmrdckmgxm ~m dhkixm t}m xrdxägha~m hm fià~

gdx}rdcm~# d mccd cm narrm~zaghm cd zdxrid zaxm~xdh' Mvi~xm }g ~i~xmkd hi~xigxa nagearkm dc n}dc

xrdxägha~m hm fià~ gdx}rdcm~ ga ~m rmnaganmg ca~ memnxa~ hm cd zdxrid zaxm~xdh# ~iga t}m ~m ~akmxmg

d ca~ kmgarm~ d }gd l}drhd m~zmnidc'

N) MEMNXA^ HMC KDXRIKAGIA MG N]DGXA D CA^ BIMGM^'

CA^ RMLËKMGM^ KDXRIKAGIDCM^0 Nagnmzxa y mg}gnidniþg hm ca~ hi~xigxa~ rmlëkmgm~0 Ca~ nþgy}lm~

mg ~} kakmgxa hm nd~dr~m z}mhmg xmgmr bimgm~ a dht}irirca~ h}rdgxm mc kdxrikagia' D t}iég

zmrxmgmnmräg m~xa~ bimgm~1 T}é zd~drä nag mcca~ }gd ump hi~}mcxa mc kdxrikagia1 î ca~ nþgy}lm~

nagxrdmg hm}hd~# mg t}m bimgm~ zahräg fdnmr~m memnxiua~ zar ca~ dnrmmharm~1' Xahd~ m~xd~

~ix}dniagm~# cþlindkmgxm fdg xmgiha t}m nagxmkzcdrcd~ mc cmli~cdhar# y mcca ca fdnm kmhidgxm mc

m~xdbcmnikimgxa hm }g rélikmg kdxrikagidc t}m `dkä~ z}mhm edcxdr mg mc kdxrikagia y t}m

dna~x}kbrd hmeigir~mcd naka "Mc m~xdx}xa `}rëhina t}m rmlcd ca~ igxmrm~m~ zmn}gidria~ hm ca~

nþgy}lm~ mgxrm ~ë y mg ~} rmcdniagm~ nag xmrnmra~"'

Ca~ rmlëkmgm~ kdxrikagidcm~ dhazxdha~ zar cd~ hi~xigxd~ cmli~cdniagm~ ~ag xdkbiég hiumr~a~' Zmra

e}ghdkmgxdckmgxm z}mhmg rmh}nir~m d nigna d ~dbmr0 mc hm nak}gihdh# mc hm ~mzdrdniþg hm bimgm~# mc

~ig nak}gihdh# mc haxdc y mc hm zdrxinizdniþg hm ldgdgnidcm~' Ca~ hmkä~ rmlëkmgm~ ga ~ag ~iga ca~

mg}gnidha~ nag zmt}môd~ udridgxm~'

RÉLIKMG HM NAK]GIHDH HM BIMGM^0 M~ dt}mc mg t}m xaha~ ca~ bimgm~ t}m ca~ nþgy}lm~ dzdrxdg dc

kdxrikagia a h}rdgxm mc dht}imrmg# zd~dg d nag~xix}ir }gd kd~d a eagha nakðg# t}m zmrxmgmnm d

dkba~ nþgy}lm~ y ~m hiuihmg mgxrm mcca~ }gd ump hi~}mcxa cd nak}gihdh'

Mg cd nak}gihdh }giumr~dc xaha~ ca~ bimgm~ t}m xmgldg ca~ nþgy}lm~ dc kakmgxa hm nagxrdmr

kdxrikagia a ca~ t}m h}rdgxm éc dht}imrdg# ~ig hi~xigniþg dcl}gd# zd~dg d ndcnigdr~m# d earkdr }g

eagha nakðg' Mvi~xm mgxagnm~ }g ~aca zdxrikagia? mc hm cd nak}gihdh' M~xm rélikmg m~xd ikzcdgxdha



Mg cd nak}gihdh rm~xriglihd hm bimgm~ k}mbcm~ y ldgdgnid~ iglrm~dg dc fdbmr ~anidc xaha~ ca~ bimgm~

t}m ca~ nþgy}lm~ dht}imrdg h}rdgxm mc kdxrikagia d xëx}ca agmra~a# y ca~ k}mbcm~ t}m dzarxmg a t}m

h}rdgxm éc dht}imrdg d xëx}ca lrdx}ixa# ~ig hmrmnfa a rmnakzmg~d' ]gindkmgxm ca~ igk}mbcm~

dzdrxdha~ a dht}iriha~ h}rdgxm mc kdxrikagia d xëx}ca lrdx}ixa ximgmg mc ndränxmr hm zrazia~ y t}mhdg

mvnc}iha~ hm cd nak}gihdh'

Mg cd nak}gihdh rm~xriglihd hm ldgdgnid~ mgxrdg d earkdr zdrxm hmc fdbmr nakðg ca~ bimgm~

dht}iriha~ h}rdgxm mc kdxrikagia d xëx}ca agmra~a zar n}dct}imrd hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ y ca~ er}xa~ t}m

zrah}nmg xdgxa ca~ bimgm~ ~anidcm~ naka ca~ bimgm~ zrazia~ hm ca~ nþgy}lm~' Ca~ k}mbcm~ m igk}mbcm~

dzarxdha~ a dht}iriha~ d xëx}ca lrdx}ixa h}rdgxm mc kdxrikagia# ximgmg mc ndränxmr hm zrazia~' M~m

rélikmg ~m mgn}mgxrd ikzcdgxdha mgxrm axra~ zdë~m~# mg Nficm# Drlmgxigd# Mn}dhar# Baciuid# M~zdôd

Memnxa k}y ikzarxdgxm hmc rélikmg hm nak}gihdh m~ cd zérhihd hm ~} ndzdnihdh t}m ~}erm cd k}`mrnd~dhd' Ca~ bimgm~ nak}gm~ ca~ dhkigi~xrd mc kdriha nag edn}cxdhm~ dkzci~ikd~# aggikahd~'

RÉLIKMG HM ^MZDRDNIÞG HM BIMGM^0 M~ hidkmxrdckmgxm az}m~xa dc rélikmg hm nak}gihdh' ^m

ndrdnxmripd zart}m mg éc ga fdy eagha nakðg? ndhd nþgy}lm nag~mrud cd xaxdcihdh hm ca~ bimgm~ t}m

xmgld dc kakmgxa hm nagxrdmr kdxrikagia a t}m h}rdgxm éc dht}imrdg' Mg m~xm rélikmg cd k}`mr ga

zimrhm ~} ndzdnihdh' Cd ~mzdrdniþg z}mhm ~mr xaxdc a zdrnidc# m~ xaxdc n}dgha nakzrmghm xaha~ ca~

bimgm~ hm ca~ nþgy}lm~' M~ zdrnidc n}dgha ~m rmeimrm d dcl}ga~ ~acdkmgxm# nag~mruägha~m cd

nak}gihdh ~abrm mc rm~xa hm ca~ bimgm~' Fdg dhazxdha m~xm rélikmg Iglcdxmrrd# Ixdcid# cd kdyarëd hm

ca~ M~xdha~ hm Garxm Dkérind# Zdgdkä y g}m~xra zdë~ mg ~}~ drxën}ca~ 4=> y 4=8 hmc Nþhila Niuic

uilmgxm'

RÉLIKMG ÎG NAK]GIHDH0 M~ }g rélikmg igxmrkmhia mgxrm mc hm nak}gihdh y mc hm ~mzdrdniþg' Mg

memnxa# dc il}dc t}m mg ðcxika# kdriha y k}`mr nag~mrudg ëgxmlrdkmgxm ~} zdxrikagia? ga fdy eagha

nakðg hm bimgm~' Zmra# d ~mkm`dgpd hmc zrikmra# cd k}`mr zimrhm ~} ndzdnihdh# y cd dhkigi~xrdniþg y

lanm hm xaha~ ca~ bimgm~# nag mvnmzniþg hm ca~ rm~mrudha~# narrm~zaghm dc kdriha' Ca~ bimgm~ hm cd

k}`mr ~m ncd~ieindg mg bimgm~ hm dzarxm y bimgm~ rm~mrudha~' Mgxrm m~xa~ ~m mgn}mgxrdg ca~ hm }~a

zmr~agdc hm cd k}`mr? ca~ dht}iriha~ nag ~} xrdbdà? ca~ t}m }g xmrnmra cm ~il}m nag cd ndcihdh hm

rm~mrudha~ y ca~ t}m mg mc nagxrdxa hm kdxrikagia ~m hmncdrmg xdcm~' Rm~zmnxa hm m~xa~ bimgm~ cd

k}`mr m~ zcmgdkmgxm ndzdp'

Ca~ bimgm~ hm dzarxm ~ag xaha~ ca~ hmkä~ t}m cd k}`mr ximgm mc kakmgxa hm nagxrdmr kdxrikagia a



arilmg mg Rakd y t}m e}m mc dgxmnmhmgxm hmc Rélikmg hm ~mzdrdniþg# m~xä fay mg Erdgna hm~}~a# ~þca

ca dnmzxd Y}la~cduid'

RÉLIKMG HM ZDRXINIZDNIÞG MG CA^ LDGDGNIDCM^0 Zdrd k}nfa m~ é~xm mc rélikmg kdxrikagidc hmc

zarumgir' Hm dn}mrha nag éc h}rdgxm mc kdxrikagia ndhd nþgy}lm nag~mrud cd zrazimhdh# lanm y

dhkigi~xrdniþg hm ~}~ bimgm~ hm n}dct}imrd ncd~m t}m mcca~ ~mdg? zmra hi~}mcxa mc uëgn}ca ~m zrah}nm

iz~a `}rm# }gd nak}gihdh hm bimgm~ earkdhd zar cd~ ldgdgnid~ dht}irihd~ zar ca~ nþgy}lm~ h}rdgxm mc

kdxrikagia# nak}gihdh t}m ximgm }gd uihd k}y meëgmrd# z}m~# xdg zragxa naka gdnm# ~m hi~}mcum

zdrd ca~ memnxa~ hm ~} hiui~iþg' M~xm rélikmg mvi~xm mg ^}mnid# Nacakbid y Erdgnid'

Mg ca~ zdë~m~ hm arilmg cdxiga m~xä kä~ drrdildha mc rélikmg hm nak}gihdh' Cd~ m~xdhë~xind~ drra`dg

}g 6=- zdrd é~xm rélikmg'

]GIÞG HM FMNFA M^XDBCM A NAGN]BIGDXA0

4' Hiumr~ihdh hm xrdxdkimgxa~ `}rëhina~ rm~zmnxa d cd ]giþg hm fmnfa# cd dnxiuihdh t}m hmbm

d~}kir mc hmrmnfa mg rmcdniþg nag cd }giþg hm fmnfa nag~xix}ym d ga h}hdrca# mc zrabcmkd

kardc kä~ ikzarxdgxm hmc hmrmnfa hm edkicid' Zahmka~ hmnir t}m m~ kä~ t}m }g zrabcmkd

zacëxina `}rëhina a hm rml}cdniþg xéngind# m~ e}ghdkmgxdckmgxm }gd n}m~xiþg hm arhmg kardc'

Mc hmrmnfa z}mhm d~}kir hiemrmgxm~ dnxix}hm~ mg rmcdniþg nag cd }giþg hm fmnfa cd~ zrignizdcm~

~mrëdg cd~ ~il}imgxm~0

d) Ilgardr mg ca db~ac}xa cd~ rmcdniagm~ t}m gdnmg hm cd }giþg hm fmnfa hm xdc kdgmrd t}m é~xmzmrkdgmpnd dc kdrlmg hm cd cmy# xdgxa zdrd ga m~xdx}ir nag~mn}mgnid~ `}rëhind~ zar uirx}h hmc ki~ka#

n}dgxa zdrd ga ~dgniagdr gi mg earkd niuic gi zmgdckmgxm hinfd }giþg# ~i ga mvi~xm dh}cxmria'

b) Rml}cdr mvnc}~iudkmgxm cd~ nag~mn}mgnid~ hm cd ]giþg hm fmnfa# zmra ~þca mg rmcdniþg nag ca~

fià~# ~ig zrman}zdr~m hm nag~dlrdr hmrmnfa~ y abcildniagm~ mgxrm ca~ nagn}biga~'

n) Zrafibir cd ]giþg hm fmnfa y ~dgniagdrca bimg ~md hm~hm mc z}gxa hm ui~xd niuic a zmgdc#

zmrkiximgha ignc}~a cd ~mzdrdniþg zar cd e}mrpd hm ca~ nagn}biga~'

h) Rmnaganmr cd ]giþg hm fmnfa y rml}cdniþg `}rëhindkmgxm0 zdrd nrmdr }gd }giþg hm lrdha

igemriar d cd kdxrikagidc# nagnmhimgha hmrmnfa~ y abcildniagm~ d cd~ zdrxm~# zrignizdckmgxm cd

edn}cxdh axarldhd d cd nagn}bigd zdrd mvilir dcikmgxa~ a fmrmhdr mg cd ~}nm~iþg cmlëxikd'



Mh}drha cm riumrmgh Br}~agm# mg ~} kagalrdeëd hmgakigdhd Kdxrikagia Dgäcala &Zar mt}izdrdniþg)

m~x}hid hmxmrkigdhd~ naghiniagm~ t}m hmbm ccmgdr cd }giþg hm fmnfa zdrd t}m ~md xakdhd mg n}mgxd

zar mc hmrmnfa# cd~ n}dcm~ zahmka~ rm~}kir mg ca~ ~il}imgxm~ xérkiga~0

d) ]g mcmkmgxa fmnfa nag~i~xmgxm mg cd za~iniþg hm m~xdha hm ca~ nagn}biga~ zdrd xmgmr mc

gakmg# mc xrdnxdx}~ y cd edkd hm nd~dha~# m~ hmnir# uiuir naka kdriha y k}`mr ikixdgha cd }giþg

kdxrikagidc' ^m hi~n}xm mg cd hanxrigd ~i hmbm fdbmr }gd uihd# mg nakðg nag mc hmbmr hm

nafdbixdniþg'

b) ]gd naghiniþg hm xmkzardcihdh t}m z}mhm ~mr mgxmghihd ikzcindgha nagxig}ihdh# rml}cdrihdh

a h}rdniþg mg cd~ rmcdniagm~ ~mv}dcm~0 a bimg ermn}mgnid# zmrkdgmgnid a fdbixa mg cd~ ki~kd~#

rm~zmnxa d m~xm mcmkmgxa y cd cmli~cdniþg kmvindgd' Rmh}nm mc mcmkmgxa xmkzardc d }gd h}rdniþg hm

nimg dôa~# mg xdgxa t}m mc nþhila niuic hm Nficm mvilm himp dôa~'

n) ]gd naghiniþg hm z}bcinihdh' Cd cmy erdgnm~d hm 4942 rmt}imrm zdrd cd igum~xildniþg hm cd

zdxmrgihdh t}m ~m xrdxm hm }g nagn}bigdxa gaxaria# zar ca xdgxa# cd ncdghm~xigihdh mg mc ki~ka

ikzihm t}m ~m cm xakm mg n}mgxd zdrd m~m memnxa `}rëhina'

h) ]gd naghiniþg hm eihmcihdh'

m) ]gd naghiniþg h ~igl}cdrihdh' M~xd naghiniþg nag~i~xm mg cd mvi~xmgnid hm }gd ~acd nagn}bigd'

e) ]g mcmkmgxa hm ndzdnihdh' M~xm mcmkmgxa nag~i~xm mg mvilir d cd~ nagn}bigd~ cd ki~kd

ndzdnihdh t}m ~m rmt}imrm zdrd nagxrdmr kdxrikagia# zrignizdckmgxm mc hm t}m ~mdg nécibm~ a ~md#

t}m ga mvi~xd mc ikzmhikmgxa hm }g uëgn}ca dgxmriar'

l) Mcmkmgxa kardc' M~xm ðcxika rmt}i~ixa m~ mc t}m ximgm hm~hm c}mla kdyar udcar zdrd t}m mc

hmrmnfa z}mhd xakdr mg n}mgxd mc nagn}bigdxa'

f) Mt}izdrdniþg hm cd }giþg hm fmnfa nag mc kdxrikagia + cd ðcxikd za~x}rd t}m fmka~

zrm~mgxdha# nag~i~xm mg mt}izdrdr d cd }giþg hm fmnfa dc kdxrikagia'

Nagnc}~iþg' Zdrmnm igkardc y m~ndghdca~a ~a~xmgmr t}m cd ]giþg hm fmnfa nag hmxmrkigdhd~

naghiniagm~# ~}rxd memnxa~ `}rëhina~ ~mkm`dgxm~ dc kdxrikagia# naka zrmxmghm mc Nþhila Niuic hmKarmca~# dc hdrcm hmrmnfa d cd nagn}bigd zdrd fmrmhdr y zdrd mvilir dcikmgxa~# a bimg cd ~ac}niþg

hi c h c þhi h X ci c c iþ ä h c i iþ N b i



hi c h c þhi h X ci c c iþ ä x h c xix iþ N b i

nagn}bigdxa? }g rmt}i~ixa hm cd ~igl}cdrihdh zdrd t}m ~aca mvi~xm }gd nagn}bigd y mc e}ghdkmgxa hm

ndzdnihdh zdrd t}m ga kmhimg ca~ ikzmhikmgxa~ t}m ariligdg cd g}cihdh hmc kdxrikagia a bimg t}m

ikzihmg cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc ki~ka? y eigdckmgxm# }gd naghiniþg hm kardcihdh# t}m xahd cmy# mg m~xm

mg~dya hm mt}izdrdniþg hmbm mvilir# ~i xakdka~ mg n}mgxd xaha~ m~xa~ rmt}i~ixa~# ga kä~ zdrmnm t}m

hm~nagapnd# gi hmc kdxrikagia zdrd t}imgm~ ximgmg cd ihmd hmc kdxrikagia naka ~dnrdkmgxa# gi

xdkzana mc rdgla ki~ka t}m mg mc hmrmnfa niuic hmbm xmgmr cd }giþg kdxrikagidc ~abrm cd~ }giagm~

ga kdxrikagidcm~' Y mg ndkbia# calrdka~ }gd ~ac}niþg t}m ga~ zdrmnm `}~xd# zdrd zahmr ldrdgxipdr d

cd k}`mr t}m fd earkdha }gd edkicid# t}m fd ~iha eimc# t}m cm fd hdha fià~ dc nagn}bigdria# t}m ximgm

mc rmt}i~ixa hm ndzdnihdh zdrd }gir~m mg kdxrikagia# cd ki~kd naghiniþg `}rëhind hm cd m~za~d mg

n}dgxa d ca~ hmrmnfa~ t}m z}mhmg mvilir ermgxm dc kdriha y nag rmcdniþg d ca~ fià~'

Gaxm~m t}m ~þca fdy }gd hiemrmgnid earkdc mgxagnm~ mgxrm cd }giþg hm fmnfa y kdxrikagidc# mckdxrikagia ~ikzcmkmgxm hieimrm hm m~xd }giþg mg t}m cd uac}gxdh ~m fd kdgiem~xdha dgxm mc Aeinidc

hmc Rmli~xra Niuic y ~m fd eirkdha }g dnxd# m~ hmnir m~ }gd n}m~xiþg ~ikzcmkmgxm hm earkdcihdh' Mg cd

}giþg hm fmnfa# cd uac}gxdh ~m fd kdgiem~xdha hëd d hëd# nag m~xd umgxd`d ~abrm mc kdxrikagia# t}m

~imgha dc zrignizia }giþg t}m mg n}dct}imr kakmgxa z}mhm hm~xr}ir~m# hi~acumr~m# fd calrdha

m~xdbicihdh m~ hmnir# fdy ~ignmrihdh# fdy m~zagxdgimhdh mg cd }giþg' Y ~i m~d }giþg ximgm ~anidckmgxm

cd ikzarxdgnid hm ~mr bd~m hm }gd edkicid# ~i fd fdbiha fià~# ~i cd nagn}bigd ~m kdgximgm mg }gd

nagh}nxd il}dc d cd hm cd m~za~d# ga umka~ cd rdpþg zar cd n}dc ga umgld cd cmy mg d}vicia hm mccd# d

rmnaganmr hmxmrkigdha~ hmrmnfa~' Zar m`mkzca# mc hmrmnfa d dcikmgxa~# zdrd t}m ga z}mhd ~mr

dbdghagdhd mg n}dct}imr kakmgxa y n}dgha t}imrd mc nagn}bigdria' Mvi~xm yd }gd edkicid earkdhd y

mc cmli~cdhar ga z}mhm zmrkdgmnmr ighiemrmgxm dgxm m~xm fmnfa'=



]GIHDH IV

HIÂC]NIÞG HMC UËGN]CA KDXRIKAGIDC

+ MUAC]NIÞG FI^XÞRIND HMC HIUARNIA MG LMGMRDC Y ZDRXIN]CDRKMGXM MG GINDRDL]D'

+ ZRANMHIKIMGXA ZDRD ABXMGMR CD HIÂC]NIÞG HMC UËGN]CA KDXRIKAGIDC'

+ MEMNXA^ HM CD HIÂC]NIÞG HMC UËGN]CA CMY >6# KDXRIKAGIDC'

+ G]CIHDH HMC KDXRIKAGIA' RMLCD^# CMLI^CDNIAG NAKZDRDHD'

MUAC]NIÞG FI^XÞRIND HMC HIUARNIA MG LMGMRDC Y ZDRXIN]CDRKMGXM MG GINDRDL]D'

Mg mc z}mbca Fmbrma ~m nagnmbëd mc hiuarnia mg mc ~mgxiha hm cd rmz}hidniþg hm cd k}`mr zar mc kdriha'

Mg memnxa mc Hm}xmrþgakia# mg mc umr~ën}ca zrikmra hmc ndzëx}ca VVIU hmnëd "N]DGHA DCL]GA

XAKDRM K]@MR Y ^M ND^DRM NAG MCCD# Î HM^Z]É^ GA CM DLRDHD ZAR FDBMRCM MGNAGXRDHA

DCL]GD NA^D XARZM# CD M^NRIBIRÄ NDRXD HM RMZ]HIA# ^M CM^ MGXRMLDRD MG ^]^ KDGA^ Y

HM^Z]É^ CD HM^ZMHIRÄ HM ^] ND^D"'4<

Mg mc Mlizxa cd ~ix}dniþg hmc kdriha y cd k}`mr mrd nag rm~zmnxa dc hiuarnia k}y hm~il}dc' M~xd xakdbd

xahd ncd~m hm zrmnd}niagm~ zdrd m~ndzdr d cd~ nag~mn}mgnid~ hmc hiuarnia? m~xiz}cdbd k}cxd~# ldrdgxëd~

eih}nidrid~ m fizaxmnd~ t}m mc kdriha hmbëd ~dxi~ednmrcm mg nd~a hm cd r}zx}rd hmc uëgn}ca' Mccd# mg

ndkbia hm`dbd d ~dcua ~} hmrmnfa zdrd zmhir mc hiuarnia n}dgha cm nrmymrd azarx}ga'

Mg cd Ighid cd k}`mr xmgëd hmrmnfa hm dbdghagdr dc kdriha n}dgha m~xm e}m~m }g udldb}gha a }g

uinia~a mkzmhmrgiha a ~m dcm`drm hmc faldr zar cdrla ximkza' Mc kdriha zahëd `}~xieindr mc dbdghaga d

~} k}`mr ðgindkmgxm n}dgha mccd e}mrd m~xéric a himrd d c}p ~aca fmkbrd~'

Mg Lrmnid ~m zahëd ~acinixdr mc hiuarnia zar nd}~dcm~ zrm + m~xdbcmnihd~# mgxrm cd~ nd}~dcm~ ~m

mgnagxrdbd mc k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa hm ca~ nþgy}lm~'

Mg Rakd cd ig~xix}niþg hmc Hiuarnia e}m dhkixihd y rmlcdkmgxdhd cmldckmgxm# d zm~dr hm t}m ga

nagnarhdbd nag cd~ na~x}kbrm~ zrikixiud~ k}y ~mumrd~ d m~m rm~zmnxa' Mc hiuarnia mg Rakd z}mhm

nag~ihmrdr~m nag ha~ earkd~ hi~xigxd~0 d) Rakd Lrdxid0 Mg g}m~xra~ hëd~ m~ mc ccdkdha hiuarniauac}gxdria t}m nag~i~xm naka ~} ki~ka gakbrm ca ighind mg mc hiuarnia zar k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa?



b) Rmz}hidniþg0 M~xm hiuarnia z}mhm ~mr igxmgxdha zar }ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~# dðg ~ig mvzrm~iþg

hm nd}~d' Zdrd t}m cd k}`mr z}mhd igxmgxdr m~xm hiuarnia ~m rmt}imrm t}m ga ~m mgn}mgxrd bdà cd

kdga hmc kdriha'

Cd cmy @}cid hm Dh}cxmrëd# mvilëd t}m mc t}m igxmgxdrd hiuarnidr~m zar kmhia hm cd rmz}hidniþg gaxieindrä

dc axra m~za~a dgxm ~imxm xm~xila~# kmhidgxm }gd dnxd a ~ikzcmkmgxm zar kmhia hm cd zdcdbrd? mg mc

nd~a hm fdnmrca zar dnxd# é~xm ~m cm mgxrmldbd dc axra nþgy}lm zar }g cibmrxa# a ~md zar }g m~ncdua

t}m fdbëd dht}iriha ~} cibmrxdh'

Nag cd nagumr~iþg hm ca~ mkzmrdharm~ Rakd dc Nri~xidgi~ka# ~m ikz}~imrag }gd ~mrim hm xrdbd~ dc

hiuarnia yd t}m# ga mrd za~ibcm ~}zrikirca zar nakzcmxa zar fdbmr drrdildha zrae}ghdkmgxm m~xd

Ig~xix}niþg nag mc m~zërix} hmc z}mbca Rakdga'

Mg ca~ z}mbca~ Rakdga~ mvi~xiþ mc hiuarnia zar k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa y mc rmz}hia mg eduar hmc

kdriha'

Mg mc Hmrmnfa Lmrkägina uika~ t}m h}rdgxm ca~ ~ilca~ VU# VUI cd Ilcm~id Ndxþcind x}ua bdà ~}

mvnc}~iud élihd xaha ca rmcdniagdha nag mc kdxrikagia# z}m~ bimg é~xm hmrmnfa nag~ihmrd dc

kdxrikagia naka }g ~dnrdkmgxa t}m }gm d ca~ nþgy}lm~ hm }gd kdgmrd ighi~ac}bcm' Cd nag~dlrdniþg

aeinidc hm cd ighi~ac}bicihdh hmc uëgn}ca ~m ccmuþ d ndba mg mc nagnicia hm xrmgxa# mg mc ~ilca VUI hm m~m

nagnicia ~m hmà m~xdbcmniha t}m mc zdxrikagia mrd zmrzmx}a m ig~ac}bcm# zmra ~m igxrah}à }gd

ig~xix}niþg dgäcald dc hiuarnia# cd ~mzdrdniþg hm n}mrza~# t}m zar dclðg ximkza e}m dnmzxdha mg

g}m~xrd cmli~cdniþg'

Mc Nþhila hm Hmrmnfa Ndgþgina t}m rilm hm~hm 4946 mg mc ndgag 4446# nag~dlrþ xdkbiég mc kä~

dkzcia rmz}hia dc hiuarnia'

D kmhihd~ hm îlca VUI ~abrmuiga mc dnagxmnikimgxa ccdkdha cd Rmearkd' Kdrxëg C}xmra ~} iginidhar

mrd zdrxihdria hm cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca' Hm~hm m~xm kakmgxa mkzimpd d zrmzdrdr~m }gd rmdnniþg

mg eduar hmc hiuarnia# t}m n}ckigd nag mc dhumgikimgxa hm cd Rmuac}niþg Erdgnm~d' D~ë cd Nag~xix}niþg

hmc dôa II ~mn}cdripþ mc kdxrikagia hmncdrdgha t}m cd cmy ~aca ca nag~ihmrdbd naka }g nagxrdxa'

Nag~mn}mgnid hm é~xm e}m cd hinxdniþg mg Erdgnid hm cd Cmy hm Hiuarnia hmc 2: hm ~mzximkbrm hm 4<92#t}m naka xahd Cmy Rmuac}niagdrid hanxrigdridkmgxm e}m k}y mvdlmrdhd# m~xdbcmniþ mc hiuarnia zar

k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa ^m mvxmghiþ t}m mc ga m~xdbcmnmr m~xd nd}~dc mrd dxmgxdr nagxrd cd cibmrxdh



k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa ^m mvxmghiþ t}m mc ga m~xdbcmnmr m~xd nd}~dc mrd dxmgxdr nagxrd cd cibmrxdh

Mg 4945 ~abrmuiga mg Erdgnid mc rm~xdbcmnikimgxa hm cd Kagdrt}ëd Barbþgind' C}i~ VUIII rm~zmx}a~a hm

ca~ hmrmnfa~ t}m rmncdkdbd cd Ilcm~id ~abrm mc kdxrikagia y hm~ma~a hm drrd~dr nag cd cmli~cdniþg

Rmuac}niagdrid# mrd zdrxihdrid hm dbacir mc hiuarnia# ca t}m nag~il}iþ nag cd drrd~dr hm cd cmy hmc 6 hm

Kdya hm 4645' X}uimrag t}m zd~dr k}nfa~ dôa~ dgxm~ t}m mg Erdgnid ~m rmm~xdbcmnimrd mc hiuarnia#

mcca uiga d d~nmghmr mc 2< hm `}cia hm 4668# nag cd drrd~dr hm }gd cmy t}m ~m hmbiþ dc xrib}ga Kdt}imr'

Za~xmriarkmgxm mg 4695 ~m igxrah}à xdkbiég mg cd Cmli~cdniþg Erdgnm~d cd ^mzdrdniþg hm N}mrza~'

MC HIUARNIA MG CD CMLI^CDNIÞG NAKZDRDHD'

Mg cd dnx}dcihdh cd lrdg kdyarëd hm ca~ zdë~m~ dnmzxdg mg ~}~ cmli~cdniagm~ mc hiuarnia nag hi~ac}niþg

hmc uëgn}ca? ccdkdha Hiuarnia Uign}cdr' Mg M}razd ~þca ca~ rmz}hidg0 Ixdcid y M~zdôd haghm bdà mc

labimrga mg lmgmrdc Erdgna# ~m hmralþ cd cmy hm 2 hm kdrpa hm 49>2# hinxdhd mg ximkza~ hm cdRmzðbcind t}m cd fdbëd m~xdbcmniha' Mg Dkérind ga mvi~xm mc hiuarnia mg0 Drlmgxigd# Nacakbid# Nficm y

Zdrdl}dy' M~ hm g}m~xra igxmré~ ighindr cd~ nd}~dcm~ t}m hdg c}ldr dc hiuarnia mg cd~ hi~xigxd~

Cmli~cdniagm~# naka d~ë ki~ka cd~ kmhihd~ cmli~cdxiud~ t}m ~m fdg xakdha zdrd muixdr t}m ~m fdld }g

db}~a hm éc'

Mg zrikmr c}ldr# ca~ Nþhila~ m~xdbcmnmg nd}~dcm~ hm ndränxmr nrikigacþlina' Mgxrm é~xa~ xmgmka~ mc

dh}cxmria hm n}dct}imrd hm ca~ nþgy}lm~# cd naghmgdniþg hm }ga hm mcca~ zar hmcixa t}m mgnimrrm nimrxd

lrdumhdh mc dxmgxdha nagxrd cd uirx}h? mc dbdghaga hmc faldr? ca~ kdca~ xrdxa~ igemriha~ zar }ga hm

ca~ nþgy}lm~ dc axra? cd nagh}nxd hm~fagm~xd'

Cd rdpþg hm ~mr hm m~xd~ nd}~dcm~ m~ eänic hm nakzrmghmr yd t}m ga z}mhm abcildr~m dc nþgy}lm

iganmgxm d t}m nakzdrxd ~} uihd nag t}img ign}rrm mg cd naki~iþg hm hmcixa~ nak}gm~ a mg dnxa~ t}m

rmz}lgdg d cd kardc'

Axrd~ nd}~dcm~ ~ag cd~ ccdkdhd~ dgxim}légind~' ^m hinm# e}ghdkmgxdgha é~xd~# t}m d~ë naka mc

cmli~cdhar kmhidgxm ca~ ikzmhikmgxa~ zran}rd t}m mc kdxrikagia t}m ~m nmcmbrm ~md ðxic d cd

~animhdh# hmbm dnmzxdr xdkbiég t}m mc uëgn}ca ~m hi~}mcud ~i é~xa~ ikzmhikmgxa~ dzdrmnmg nag

za~xmriarihdh d cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc kdxrikagia' Mgxrm m~xd~ nd}~dcm~ xmgmka~ mc dcnafaci~ka nrþgina?

mc }~a y db}~a hm m~x}zmednimgxm~? cd hmkmgnid y cd ikzaxmgnid a m~xmricihdh za~xmriarm~ dc

kdxrikagia t}m demnxmg d dcl}ga~ hm ca~ nþgy}lm~'

Axrd nd}~dc k}y ikzarxdgxm m~ cd ~mzdrdniþg hm n}mrza~ mg dcl}ga~ zdë~m~ xdcm~ naka Dcmkdgid



Axrd nd}~dc k}y ikzarxdgxm m~ cd ~mzdrdniþg hm n}mrza~ mg dcl}ga~ zdë~m~ xdcm~ naka Dcmkdgid

î hm~z}é~ hm zmrkdgmnmr }g ximkza mg m~xm m~xdha kdriha y k}`mr ig~i~xmg mg hiuarnidr~m# mc @}mp

hmnrmxd mc hiuarnia# z}m~ t}imrm hmnir t}m cd~ hmkmgnid~ hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ mrdg xdg faghd~ t}m ga

xmgëdg axrd ~ac}niþg'

Cd ignakzdxibicihdh hm ndrdnxmrm~ m~ }gd nd}~dc t}m ~aca dnmzxdg nagxdha~ zdë~m~# mgxrm m~xa~

z}mhmg ~môdcdr~m D}~xrid# Lrmnid y cd kdyarëd hm ca~ M~xdha~ Garxmdkmrindga~# ~m xmkm mc db}~a t}m

~m z}mhd fdnmr hm m~xd nd}~dc ndyégha~m d~ë mg }gd erdgnd igm~xdbicihdh hmc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc'

Dcl}gd~ cmli~cdniagm~ naka cd~ hm Mn}dhar# Béclind y ]r}l}dy y cd g}m~xrd m~xdbcmnmg naka nd}~dc mc

hiuarnia# éc k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa hm ca~ nþgy}lm~' ^m fd ccmldha d dhkixir m~xd nd}~dc# t}m axrd~

cmli~cdniagm~ rmz}hidg# iguandgha ca~ hinxdha~ hm cd mvzmrimgnid' ^mlðg m~xd# mc xmgmr t}m iguandr }g

kaxiua hmxmrkigdha ndh}nm d ca~ nþgy}lm~ t}m hm~mdg abxmgmr mc hiuarnia d eiglir rdpagm~# dh}cxmria

kdca~ xrdxa~# mxn'# ca t}m hd arilmg d `}inia~ m~ndghdca~a~' Xaha ~m muixdrëd dnmzxdgha mc hiuarnia zar

k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa'

Cd~ cmli~cdniagm~ t}m dnalmg m~xd nd}~dc cþlindkmgxm zagmg xrdbd~ zdrd muixdr t}m ~m db}~m hm mccd~'

Dc memnxa# hm~z}é~ hm ~acinixdr ca~ nþgy}lm~ mc hiuarnia t}mhdg nixdha~ zdrd }gd d}himgnid zrþvikd

dgxm mc @}mp' î mg cd ~ml}ghd d}himgnid ig~i~xmg mg ~} zrazþ~ixa ~ag g}mudkmgxm nixdha~ d }gd

xmrnmrd y ~i mg é~xd kdgximgmg ~} hmni~iþg ~m hmnrmxd mc hiuarnia' Mc ab`mxa# hm m~xd~ d}himgnid~

~}nm~iud~ t}m hmkardg km~m~ mg nmcmbrdr~m# m~ iguixdr d ca~ nþgy}lm~ d t}a rmecmviagmg y muixdr t}m

mc nag~mgxikimgxa zdrd mc hiuarnia ~md hdha mg earkd irrmecmviud y mg }g kakmgxa hm me}~ndniþg'

Eigdckmgxm xmgmka~ naka kaxiua~ hm hiuarnia# cd uac}gxdh }gicdxmrdc hm cd k}`mr t}m ~aca m~

dnmzxdhd mg ]r}l}dy' Ndrria Xrdxdhë~xd ]r}l}dya `}~xieindgha m~xd za~iniþg hm cd cmli~cdniþg hm ~}

zdë~ hinm t}m mc m~xdbcmnikimgxa hm m~xd nd}~dc ~m hmbiþ d t}m mg cd zränxind mrd k}y ermn}mgxm t}m

kdriha~ igm~nr}z}ca~a~ mvilimrdg d cd k}`mr ighmkgipdniagm~ mg higmra zdrd hdr mc nag~mgxikimgxa

gmnm~dria zdrd hiuarnidr~m' D eig hm muixdr t}m cd k}`mr m`mrnixm mg earkd ignagxracdhd m~xm hmrmnfa

m~xdbcmnm cd Cmli~cdniþg ]r}l}dyd mc zranmhikimgxa hm cd~ hi~xigxd~ nakzdrmnmgnid dgxm mc @}mp t}m

xdkbiég ~m }~d mg mc nd~a hmc Hiuarnia zar k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa'

Mg eig# xaha~ ca~ nþhila~ xrdxdg hm muixdr t}m ~m db}~m hmc hiuarnia' Zdrd m~xm memnxa nagxmkzcdg }gd

~mrim hm kmhihd~ t}m ximghmg d ikzmhir t}m ~m zrazdl}mg' D~ë zar m`mkzca m~ nakðg m~xdbcmnmr cdabcildniþg hmc nþgy}lm n}czdbcm# m~ hmnir# mc t}m zar ~} n}czd hia arilmg dc hiuarnia# hm zdldr }gd

ighmkgipdniþg dc nþgy}lm iganmgxm y hm zmrhmr ca~ ldgdgnidcm~ hm cd ~animhdh nagy}ldc ~i é~xd



ighmkgipdniþg dc nþgy}lm iganmgxm y hm zmrhmr ca~ ldgdgnidcm~ hm cd ~animhdh nagy}ldc# ~i é~xd

Eigdckmgxm mg n}dgxa d ca~ fià~ ~ag mgxrmldha~ dc nþgy}lm iganmgxm ~i dkba~ ~ag n}czdbcm~# d ca~

d~nmghimgxm~ abcilägha~m d ca~ zdhrm~ bdà ~mumrd~ ~dgniagm~ d zrmumr dc n}ihdha y ~}b~i~xmgnid hm

ca~ fià~'

Mg cd cmli~cdniþg nakzdrdhd xmgmka~ t}m hi~xigl}ir ha~ lrdghm~ ~i~xmkd~ hm hiuarnia0

Mc hiuarnia zar ~mzdrdniþg hm n}mrza~ y mc hiuarnia uign}cdr'

Mc hiuarnia zar ~mzdrdniþg hm n}mrza~0 Mg m~xm ~i~xmkd mc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc zmrh}rd t}mhdgha

~}b~i~xmgxm~ cd~ abcildniagm~ hm eihmcihdh# ~}kigi~xrdniþg hm dcikmgxa~# m ikza~ibicihdh hm g}mud~

g}znid~ ~}~ memnxa~ ~ag0 cd ~mzdrdniþg kdxmridc hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ t}imgm~ yd ga m~xdräg abcildha~ d

uiuir `}gxa~ y zar nag~il}imgxm d fdnmr uihd kdxmridc'

Mg g}m~xrd cmli~cdniþg e}m dnmzxdhd é~xm hiuarnia fd~xd cd zrak}cldniþg hm cd cmy Ga' >6 hm Hi~ac}niþg

hmc Uëgn}ca Kdxrikagidc zar uac}gxdh hm }gd~ hm cd~ zdrxm~'

MC HIUARNIA UIGN]CDR0 Cd zrignizdc ndrdnxmrë~xind~ hm m~xm Hiuarnia mg cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca

axarldgha ndzdnihdh d ca~ nþgy}lm~ zdrd nagxrdmr g}mud~ g}znid~' Hmgxra hm m~xm ~i~xmkd zahmka~

fdnmr }gd hiui~iþg bizdrxixd# d ~dbmr0 Hiuarnia Gmnm~dria y Hiuarnia Uac}gxdria' Mc Hiuarnia uign}cdr

gmnm~dria ~m hmnrmxd zar nd}~dcm~# naka cd~ t}m dbarhdka~ nag dgxmriarihdh# ~mdg m~xd~ hm ndränxmr

nrikigacþlina a dgxim}légind~' Mc Hiuarnia uign}cdr uac}gxdria# t}m m~ mc t}m mvi~xm dnx}dckmgxm mg

Gindrdl}d# z}mhm ~mr0 Zar k}x}a nag~mgxikimgxa hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ a zar uac}gxdh hm }gd hm cd~

zdrxm~'5

RM^MÔD FI^XÞRIND HMC HIUARNIA MG GINDRDL]D0 Cmli~cdniþg za~ixiud hmraldhd ndzëx}ca UI# UII y

UIII fd~xd mc drxën}ca 4<> hmc Nþhila Niuic uilmgxm'

ZRANMHIKIMGXA ZDRD ABXMGMR CD HIÂC]NIÞG HMC UËGN]CA KDXRIKAGIDC

d) Zar K}mrxm Gdx}rdc hm }ga hm ca~ Nþgy}lm~0 M~xd nd}~dc kä~ t}m hi~ac}niþg hmc kdxrikagia

m~ hmxmrkigdniþg hmc ki~ka# d~ë ~m hm~zrmghm hm cd hmeiginiþg t}m hd hmc kdxrikagia mc Drx' 98 N# dc

hmnir0 Cd }giþg hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ m~ "ZAR XAHD CD UIHD"# z}m~ d~ë m~xä ighindha t}m nag cd k}mrxm hm

}ga hm mcca~ nm~d mc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc'



b) Zar K}x}a Nag~mgxikimgxa0 M~x}hidr drxën}ca~ 4<8 dc 468 N'

n) Zar Uac}gxdh hm }ga hm ca~ Nþgy}lm~' Cmy Ga' >6'

h) Zar ~mgxmgnid m`mn}xarid t}m hmncdrm cd g}cihdh hmc kdxrikagia' M~x}hidr drxën}ca~

498 dc 496 N'

MEMNXA^ HM CD G]CIHDH HMC KDXRIKAGIA0

Cd g}cihdh `}hinidckmgxm hmncdrdhd azmrd nag memnxa~ rmxradnxiua~# hm~dzdrmnimgha mc nagxrdxa

hmncdrdha g}ca xdgxa mg mc zd~dha naka mg mc zrm~mgxm y xdkbiég zdrd mc e}x}ra'

Dfard bimg# dzcindgha m~xm zrignizia d cd g}cihdh hmc kdxrikagia ~m ~ml}iräg cd~ ~il}imgxm~

nag~mn}mgnid~0

Ga fdg mvi~xiha mgxrm ca~ nþgy}lm~ cd~ abcildniagm~ y hmrmnfa~ nag~ilgdha~ mg ca~ Drxa~' 4=4 y 4=2 N'

Zar ca xdgxa ~i ~m xrdkixd }g zranm~a zar dh}cxmria nagxrd }ga hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ é~xm xmghrä t}m ~mr

~abrm~miha hmeigixiudkmgxm'

Ga fd mvi~xiha ~animhdh nagy}ldc# ~iga }gd ~ikzcm nak}gihdh# z}m~ dt}mccd ~}zagm gmnm~dridkmgxm

cd mvi~xmgnid hmc kdxrikagia' Ca~ fià~ fdbiha~ mg mc kdxrikagia zd~dg d cd ndxmlarëd hm icmlëxika~?

naka z}mhm umr~m ~m zrah}nirëdg lrdum~ zmrx}rbdniagm~ mg cd uihd ~anidc y mg cd edkicid ~i dzcindka~

mg xaha nd~a dc kdxrikagia ca~ zrignizia~ rëliha~ hm cd g}cihdh mg ca~ dnxa~ zdxrikagidcm~0 Cd ~ix}dniþg

hm ca~ fià~# zrignizdckmgxm cd ~ix}dniþg hm ca~ fià~ zrignizdckmgxm ~mrëd hm~kmghrdha m ig`}~xd ydt}m mcca~ zd~drëdg d xmgmr cd ndcihdh hm icmlëxika~' Zar m~xd~ nag~ihmrdniagm~ y mg fakmgd`m d cd

b}mgd em nag t}m ca~ nþgy}lm~ fdg zahiha nmcmbrdr mc kdxrikagia g}ca# ~m fd nrmdha }gd ig~xix}niþg

t}m uimgm d zmcmdr ca~ memnxa~ hm cd g}cihdh n}dc m~ mc kdxrikagia z}xdxiua'

MEMNXA^ HM CD HIÂC]NIÞG HMC UËGN]CA KDXRIKAGIDC'

Hmbmka~ hi~xigl}ir mgxrm ca~ memnxa~ zraui~iagdcm~ t}m ~m zrah}nmg h}rdgxm cd xrdkixdniþg hmc `}inia

hm Hiuarnia y ca~ memnxa~ hmeigixiua~ t}m ~m nd}~dg }gd ump zrag}gnidhd cd ~mgxmgnid m`mn}xaridhd t}m

hi~}mcum mc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc'

d) Memnxa~ Zraui~iagdcm~0



Mvi~xmg cmli~cdniagm~ mg cd~ t}m# naka mg cd ^}ipd ~m hd }g zahmr db~ac}xa dc `}mp zmra t}m ~ig

gmnm~ihdh hm fdnmr mc dn}mrha zrmuia hm dkba~ nag~arxm~# ~i d~ë ca m~xikd nagumgimgxm# hmnrmxm mg

eduar hm }g xmrnmra cd n}~xahid zraui~iagdc hm ca~ fià~? z}himgha fdnmrca d~ë fd~xd n}dgha zar nakðg

dn}mrha hm ca~ zdhrm~ ~m zrmxmghim~m nageidr cd n}~xahid d cd kdhrm# ~i mc `}mp nag~ihmrd t}m m~xd zar

~} xrdbdà# zraem~iþg# kdcd nagh}nxd a hmbiha d nimrxa~ uinia~ nag~xix}yd }g zmcilra zdrd cd mh}ndniþg#

zraxmnniþg a n}ihdha hm ~}~ fià~' Nag }g nrixmria hm kdyar dcx}rd t}m ca~ hmkä~ nþhila~ hmc k}gha#

mc Nþhila Niuic ^}ipd edn}cxd dc `}mp zdrd zd~dr ~abrm mc dn}mrha hm ca~ zdhrm~# z}himgha nageidr cd

n}~xahid d }ga hm ca~ db}mca~ a d }g zdrimgxm a fd~xd xmrnmrd zmr~agd t}m mg ~} nagnmzxa ldrdgxinm cd

mh}ndniþg' Z}mhm zar m`mkzca dnarhdr mc igxmrgdha hmc a hm ca~ fià~ ~i m~xa~ m~xäg mg mhdh m~nacdr'

Xdkbiég m~xd~ kmhihd~ zraui~iagdcm~ udg d rmemrir~m d xakdr nimrxd~ zrmnd}niagm~ n}dgha mg mc

kakmgxa hmc hiuarnia cd k}`mr ~m mgnagxrdrm mg nigxd0 Kmhihd~ xdcm~ naka muixdr cd ~}~xix}niþg hmcigedgxm cd ~}zrm~iþg hmc ki~ka# a fdnmr dzdrmnmr naka uidbcm dc fià t}m ga ca ~md'

Zar ðcxika mc `}mp ~dbm dnarhdr h}rdgxm mc xräkixm hmc `}inia }gd zmg~iþg hm dcikmgxa~ ~}einimgxm#

~mlðg cd~ za~ibicihdhm~ hm ca~ zdhrm~ zdrd mc ~a~xmgikimgxa hm ca~ fià~ y mg ~} nd~a zdrd mc nþgy}lm

dnrmmhar'

MEMNXA^ HMEIGIXIUA^ MG MC @]INIA HM HIUARNIA0

âg m~xa~ hm~hm c}mla ca~ hm kdyar xrdg~nmghmgnid# zart}m ~m udg d rmemrir yd d cd ~ix}dniþg

zmrkdgmgxm mg t}m t}mhdrag ca~ hiuarnidha~ ~}~ fià~ y ~}~ bimgm~ }gd ump m`mn}xaridhd cd ~mgxmgnid'

Zar nag~il}imgxm m~xa~ memnxa~ ca~ udka~ d hiuihir mg0

4' Memnxa~ mg rmcdniþg d cd zmr~agd hm ca~ nþgy}lm~'

2' Memnxa~ mg rmcdniþg d ca~ fià~ y

>' Memnxa~ mg rmcdniþg d ca~ bimgm~ hm ca~ nag~arxm~'

4'Ca~ Memnxa~ mg rmcdniþg d cd~ zmr~agd~ hm ca~ nþgy}lm~0

Ca~ udka~ d ~}bhiuihir0

d) Mg n}dgxa d cd ndzdnihdh zdrd nmcmbrdr g}mua kdxrikagia'



naka mrd muihmgxm d gigl}ga hm ca~ nag~arxm~ cd ndzdnihdh `}rëhind hm nagxrdmr g}mua kdxrikagia'

^m kdgxmgëd mc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc y ~þca ~m ~}~zmghëdg dcl}gd~ abcildniagm~' E}ghdkmgxdckmgxm cd

hm fdnmr uihd mg nakðg# nag cd abcildniþg hm l}drhdr~m eihmcihdh y zar nag~il}imgxm cd ~dgniþg zmgdc

zar mc nd~a hm dh}cxmria mvi~xëd'

Mg g}m~xrd cmli~cdniþg ~m dnalm mc ~i~xmkd hmc hiuarnia uign}cdr# mc n}dc edn}cxd d ca~ nag~arxm~ d

nagxrdmr g}mud~ g}znid~' Mg mc nd~a hmc nþgy}lm udrþg z}mhm igkmhidxdkmgxm nagxrdmr g}mua

kdxrikagia }gd ump t}m nd}~m m`mn}xarid cd ~mgxmgnid' Mg mc nd~a hm cd k}`mr ~m cm ikzihm nagxrdmr

g}mua kdxrikagia xakdgha mg n}mgxd cd za~ibicihdh hm t}m z}himrd m~xdr mkbdrdpdhd# zar ca t}m

hmbmrä hm`dr xrdg~n}rrir mc xérkiga hm >:: hëd~# ~mlðg Drx' 442 N# igna 2' Ca~ t}m ~m nagxdräg ga d

zdrxir hm cd ~mgxmgnid ~iga dgxm~# d zdrxir hm cd ~mzdrdniþg rmdc hm ca~ nþgy}lm~'

b)Mg n}dgxa dc Hmrmnfa hm cd Hiuarnidhd zdrd ccmudr a ga mc dzmcciha hm ~} m~za~a'

Axra memnxa hmc hiuarnia ~m rmeimrm dc }~a t}m cd hiuarnidhd z}mhd fdnmr hmc dzmcciha hm ~} mv+kdriha'

G}m~xra Nþhila Niuic l}drhd db~ac}xa ~icmgnia ~abrm mc zdrxin}cdr' Zmra mg Gindrdl}d ga xmgmka~ cd

na~x}kbrm t}m mvi~xm mg axra~ zdë~m~ hm t}m cd k}`mr nd~dhd dhazxþ h}rdgxm ~} uihd kdxrikagidc mc

dzmcciha hmc m~za~a hm xdc kdgmrd t}m zdrd muixdr nage}~iagm~ rm~zmnxa hm ~}~ bimgm~ ig~nrixa mg mc

Rmli~xra Zðbcina hm cd Zrazimhdh# dht}iriha~ dgxm~ hm nd~dr~m y ca~ t}m dht}imrd h}rdgxm mc

kdxrikagia# d~ë naka zar ca t}m ~m rmeimrm mg lmgmrdc d ca~ dnxa~ `}rëhina~ t}m ccmum d ndba ~m fdnm

gmnm~dria hi~xigl}ir mg m~xa~ zdë~m~ mgxrm mc dzmcciha hm cd k}`mr dgxm y hm~z}é~ hm ~} kdxrikagia'

Ga~axra~ ~ikzcmkmgxm zar na~x}kbrm t}m m~ mg m~xm nd~a e}mgxm hm hmrmnfa dlrmldka~ dc dzmccihahm cd k}`mr nd~dhd mc hm ~} kdriha# hm~z}é~ hm cd zdrxën}cd "hm" zar m`mkzca# ^rd' Kdrxëgmp hm

Emrgäghmp# ca t}m muixd n}dct}imr nage}~iþg mg mc Rmli~xra Zðbcina hm cd Zrazimhdh# mg mc Rmli~xra Niuic

y mg xaha~ ca~ hi~xigxa~ dnxa~ y nagxrdxa~ t}m ccmum d ndba'

Mg ndkbia# mg ca~ zdë~m~ mg t}m cd k}`mr nd~dhd dhazxd mc gakbrm hm ~} kdriha# ~ig nag~mrudr mc

zrazia y ~ig dlrmldr cd zdrxën}cd "hm" z}mhmg zrm~mgxdr~m ~mrid~ nage}~iagm~ dc lrdha hm t}m mg }g

kakmgxa hdha# zar m`mkzca# ca~ bimgm~ hm }gd n}ôdhd hmc ki~ka gakbrm# z}mhdg dzdrmnmr naka

bimgm~ hm cd m~za~d# hdha t}m xdgxa mcca naka ~} n}ôdhd# ccmudg mc ki~ka gakbrm ighiuih}dc a

gakbrm hm zicd y mc ki~ka dzmcciha# a ~md t}m cd k}`mr nd~dhd ~}zrikiþ mc ~}ya y dhazxþ mc hm ~}

kdriha# t}m m~ mc ki~ka t}m mc hm ~} n}ôdhd' Zar m~xa# mc Nþhila Erdgné~ zrafëbm d cd k}`mrhiuarnidhd ~ml}ir }~dgha mc dzmcciha hmc kdriha' Mg mc ki~ka ~mgxiha mg mc Nþhila ^}ipa' Mg mc nþhila



Mgxrm ga~axra~ naka ga fdy hi~za~iniþg mvzrm~d mg mc ~mgxiha dgxm~ ighindha y naka zar axrd zdrxm cd

na~x}kbrm fd ~iha t}m cd k}`mr nd~dhd ga zimrhd ~} dzmcciha y ~ikzcmkmgxm dlrml}m dc ~}ya mc hm ~}

kdriha# m~ muihmgxm t}m mg mc hiuarnia# ~md n}czdbcm# a iganmgxm# zmrhmrä xaha hmrmnfa d ~ml}ir

}~dgha mc dzmcciha hmc mv+m~za~a# z}m~ mcca hmgaxdrëd t}m dðg nagxig}dbd nd~dhd' Mg nag~mn}mgnid# ~i

mc kdxrikagia yd t}mhþ hi~}mcxa# ga fdy rdpþg dcl}gd zdrd t}m cd k}`mr ~ild a~xmgxdgha }g dzmcciha

t}m ga cm zmrxmgmnm' îg mkbdrla# naka gdhd cmli~cd mc Nþhila Niuic dc rm~zmnxa# ga fdbrä ~dgniþg mg

nd~a nagxrdria' ^mrëd kmgm~xmr mg xaha nd~a t}m }gd ~mgxmgnid naghmgd~m d cd k}`mr hiuarnidhd d t}m

yd ga ~il}imrd }~dgha mc dzmcciha hm ~} mv+m~za~a# mg mc ~}z}m~xa hm t}m# ga ab~xdgxm cd aza~iniþg hm

é~xm# zrmxmghimrm nrmdr nage}~iagm~# e}ghdkmgxdckmgxm zdrd lapdr hmc nréhixa hmc mv+kdriha# y mg

xaha nd~a zdrd zahmr ignc}~a nakmxmr mc hmcixa hm edc~mhdh' Kmhidgxm }gd ~mgxmgnid zar `}inia

~ml}iha zar mc mv+kdriha nagxrd cd k}`mr ikzmhër~mca t}m nagxig}drd }~dgha mc dzmcciha hm dt}mc'

n)Mg n}dgxa d ca~ dcikmgxa~ t}m ~m hmbmg dc Nþgy}lm0

G}m~xra Nþhila Niuic mg ~} Drxa' 266 m~xdbcmnmg t}m ~m hmbmg dcikmgxa~ dc nþgy}lm# ca~ n}dcm~ ~m

hmbmräg zraummr hm dn}mrha dc nd}hdc hm t}img ca~ hmbm y d cd~ gmnm~ihdhm~ hm t}img ca~ rmnibm#

xakdgha mg nagxrd cd ndzdnihdh eë~ind y ~ët}ind hmc nþgy}lm t}m ca~ hmbm y hmc t}m cd~ dnrmhixd &umr

cmy >64? drx' 48)'

2' MEMNXA^ MG RMCDNIÞG D CA^ FI@A^0

Ca~ xrm~ memnxa~ zrignizdcm~ hmc hiuarnia rm~zmnxa d ca~ fià~'

M~xa~ memnxa~ ca~ hiuihirmka~ mg xrm~zdrxm~' Cd zrikmrd ~m rmeimrm d ca~ dcikmgxa~ rmcdxiua~ d cd

cmlixikihdh a icmlixikihdh hmc fià hm cd k}`mr hiuarnidhd# a ~ikzcmkmgxm ~mzdrdhd hm ~}

kdriha' Cd ~ml}ghd nakzrmghm ca~ memnxa~ mg n}dgxa d cd zdxrid zaxm~xdh# y cd xmrnmrd ca~

rmcdxiua~ d ca~ dcikmgxa~ hm ca~ fià~'

d' Cmlixikihdh a icmlixikihdh hmc fià hm cd k}`mr hiuarnidhd' Dc memnxa hmbmg hi~xigl}ir~m dgxm hm

xrm~ zmrëaha~ I) ~i mc fià gdnimrm hmgxra hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ ~il}imgxm~ d cd hi~ac}niþg hmc

kdxrikagia hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ &242)'+ II) î gdnimrm hm~z}é~ hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ ~il}imgxm~ d cd

~mzdrdniþg hm fmnfa zmra dgxm~ hm t}m xrdg~n}rrd xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm cd ~mgxmgnid hm hiuarnia y III) î

mc fià gdnimrm hm~z}é~ hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm t}m nd}~m m`mn}xarid cd ~mgxmgnid hm hiuarnia' &2:<)

N'+



M~xd cmlixikihdh ga zahrä ~mr hm~naganihd mg n}dgxa dc kdriha nakzrabägha~m mc dh}cxmria hm ~}

kdhrm y dðg n}dgha é~xd rmnaganimrm mc dh}cxmria y nagem~drm mvzrm~dkmgxm t}m mc fià ga m~ hm ~}

kdriha' Mg m~xm nd~a cd cmy mvilm dc kdriha# t}m hmk}m~xrm t}m hmgxra hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~

dgxmriarm~ dc gdnikimgxa# ga x}ua dnnm~a ndrgdc nag ~} m~za~d d~ë naka hmka~xrdr axra~ fmnfa~ t}m

nagh}pndg d kdgiem~xdr ~} zdxmrgihdh Drx'+ 2:2 N'

^ml}gha Zmrëaha0 M~xm Zmrëaha ~m rmeimrm dc fià t}m gdnimrm hm~z}é~ hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm cd

~mzdrdniþg hm ca~ nþgy}lm~# mg é~xm zmrëaha xmghrmka~ t}m hi~xigl}ir ha~ za~ibicihdhm~0 Z}mhmg

xrdg~n}rrir ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ ~ig t}m ~m zrag}gnim ~mgxmgnid hm Hiuarnia a bimg z}mhm fdbmr~m

zrag}gnidha cd ~mgxmgnid hm hiuarnia# dgxm~ hm t}m xrdg~n}rrd ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ ~il}imgxm~ d cd

~mzdrdniþg hm ca~ nþgy}lm~ d cd ~mzdrdniþg hm ca~ nþgy}lm~' Zar ca xdgxa ndbm cd za~ibicihdh hm t}m mc

fià gdpnd hm~z}é~ hm xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm cd ~mzdrdniþg# zmra dgxm~ hm t}m ~m zrag}gnim ~mgxmgnid hmhiuarnia' A bimg# t}m mc fià gdnimrd yd hm~z}é~ hm t}m ~m hinxþ cd ~mgxmgnid hm hiuarnia zmra dgxm~ hm

t}m xrdg~n}rrdg xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm t}m é~xd nd}~þ m`mn}xarid' Zdrd ca~ memnxa~ cmldcm~# ca ikzarxdgxm

hm t}m mg é~xm ~ml}gha zmrëaha ga fdydg xrdg~n}rriha~ mg mc kakmgxa mg t}m mc fià gdpnd# kä~

xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm zrag}gnidhd cd ~mgxmgnid' Zart}m cd ihmd e}ghdkmgxdc m~ m~xä? d}g n}dgha f}ba

}gd ~mzdrdniþg t}m garkdckmgxm fdnm zrm~}kir t}m yd ga fdbrä cd rmcdniþg ~mv}dc mgxrm ca~

nþgy}lm~ `}rëhindkmgxm ~il}mg }giha~ mg kdxrikagia~# fd~xd t}m# ga umgld cd ~mgxmgnid hmeigixiud y

nd}~m m`mn}xarid# d hi~acumr mc uëgn}ca' Zar ca xdgxa# ~i mc fià gdnimrm hm~z}é~ hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~

~il}imgxm~ d cd ~mzdrdniþg# zmra dgxm~ hm t}m ~m zrag}gnim ~mgxmgnid# muihmgxmkmgxm e}m }g fià

gdniha h}rdgxm mc kdxrikagia hm ~}~ zdhrm~' D ~} ump# ~i mc fià gdnimrm hm~z}é~ hm t}m ~m zrag}gniþ

cd ~mgxmgnid y yd fdbëd xrdg~n}rriha nag mvnm~a mc xérkiga hm xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm~z}é~ hm cd

~mzdrdniþg zmra ga mc hm xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ ~il}imgxm~ d cd hi~ac}niþg# t}m ~þca ~m azmrd zar ~mgxmgnid#

u}mcum m~m fià d ~mr nag~ihmrdha naka gdniha h}rdgxm mc kdxrikagia hm ~}~ zdhrm~' &Drx' 2:: N)'

Dfard bimg# xmghrä mc kdriha t}m hmka~xrdr t}m ga x}ua rmcdniþg ~mv}dc nag ~} m~za~d# d zm~dr hm

m~xdr ~mzdrdha hm mccd# y mg mc `}inia arhigdria narrm~zaghimgxm mg t}m ~md aëha cd kdhrm y d ~} ump mc

fià# d xrdué~ hm ~} l}drhdhar zdrd t}m ~m hmncdrm t}m mc fià ga m~ cmlëxika'

Mg m~xm ~ml}gha zmrëaha' Mc kdriha zahrä hm~naganmr dc fià gdniha hm~z}é~ hm xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~

nagxdha~ hm~hm t}m m~m fmnfa x}ua c}ldr cd ~mzdrdniþg zraui~iagdc# mg ca~ nd~a~ hm hiuarnia y g}cihdh#

zmra cd k}`mr# mc fià a mc l}drhdhar hm é~xm# z}mhm ~a~xmgmr mg xdcm~ nd~a~ t}m mc kdriha m~ mc zdhrm'



t}m rmghir zr}mbd~# y ~i mc kdriha ga calrdré zrabdr m~d ikza~ibicihdh eë~ind# cd zrm~}gniþg hm cd

cmlixikihdh ~m nagumrxirä mg db~ac}xd y mc `}mp hmncdrdrä t}m mc fià m~ cmlëxika' Mg ndkbia# mg mc

~ml}gha zmrëaha# dc ga mvi~xir yd m~d zrm~}gniþg hm cmlixikihdh dkbd~ zdrxm~ m~xäg zranm~dckmgxm mg

mc ki~ka zcdga# dkbd~ ximgmg t}m `}~xieindr mc kdriha t}m ga z}ha mglmghrdr dc fià? cd kdhrm# a mg

~} nd~a mc fià# t}m ~i e}m mglmghrdha zar mc fià# t}m ~i e}m mglmghrdha zar mc kdriha'

Dt}ë mc @}mp xmghrä t}m garkdr ~} nrixmria mg e}gniþg hm cd~ nirn}g~xdgnid~# hm ca~ fmnfa hm cd~

zr}mbd~ t}m ~m righdg' Zar m`mkzca# ~i mc kdriha dnrmhixd~m nag xm~xila~# nag cd nagem~iþg hm cd

k}`mr#t}m yd zdrd m~xm zmrëaha ~i zahrëd xrd~nmghmgnid# t}m mccd fd xmgiha rmcdniagm~ ndrgdcm~ nag

axra fakbrm yd mgxagnm~ fdy }g hdxa t}m zahrä igncigdr dc `}mp d zm~dr t}m mc fià ga e}m

mglmghrdha zar mc kdriha' Naka d ~} ump é~xm zahrä zrabdr t}m hm~hm cd ~mzdrdniþg ga fd xmgiha

~it}imrd za~ibicihdh kdxmridc hm umr d ~} k}`mr? t}m mc hi~xdgnidkimgxa fd ~iha db~ac}xa' Mg xdcm~nd~a~# mc `}mp ximgm t}m dhkixir t}m m~m fià z}mhm ~mr mglmghrdha mg lmgmrdc zar n}dct}imr gakbrm

d}gt}m cd k}`mr nagxig}é nd~dhd# d}gt}m ~} kdxrikagia ga m~xé hi~}mcxa' M~ d~ë naka dkbd~ zdrxm~

hmbmg dnrmhixdr ~}~ zrmxmg~iagm~# y d ~} ump mc `}mp xmghrä t}m udcardrcd~ xakdgha mg n}mgxd cd~

xrd~nmghmgnid~ hm cd~ zdcdbrd~# cd ~mrimhdh hm cd~ ki~kd~# bimg hm~naganmr cd cmlixikihdh hm ca~ fià~#

a zar mc nagxrdria# zdrd rmnaganmrcd' Mg mc nd~a hm h}hd# mc `}mp hmbmrä zagmr ~abrm ca~ igxmrm~m~ hm

ca~ nþgy}lm~ y ~}~ zd~iagm~# mc igxmré~ ~dlrdha hmc fià mg n}dgxa d ~} zdxmrgihdh# d t}m ~}

zrm~}gniþg hm cmlixikihdh ga ~md hm~naganihd'

Xmrnmr Zmrëaha0 Nakzrmghm d ca~ fià~ t}m d cd k}`mr hiuarnidhd x}uim~m hm~z}é~ hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~

hëd~ ~il}imgxm~ d cd hi~ac}niþg hm ~} kdxrikagia' ]g drxën}ca lmgmrdc ga hi~xigl}m mgxrm hi~ac}niþg zark}mrxm hmc kdriha# zar g}cihdh a zar hiuarnia# ~iga t}m mt}izdrd cd naghiniþg `}rëhind hmc fià t}m

gdpnd hm~z}é~ hm xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm hi~}mcxa mc kdxrikagia# zdrd n}dct}imrd d t}img zmr`}hit}mg cd

eicidniþg z}mhmg mg xaha kakmgxa hm~naganmr é~xd' 2:< N'

Mg rmdcihdh xmghrmka~ t}m hi~xigl}ir ca~ nd~a~ mg t}m mc fià gdnimrm hm~z}é~ hm xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hm

k}mrxa mc kdriha hm ~} kdhrm a hm hi~}mcxa mc kdxrikagia zar hiuarnia a zar g}cihdh# mg mc nd~a hm

k}mrxm hmc kdriha# gi ~it}imrd fdy za~ibicihdh hm t}m mc fià hm cd ui}hd z}himrm zrmxmghmr dclðg

hmrmnfa mg rmcdniþg d ca~ bimgm~# dc dzmcciha hmc t}m e}m kdriha hm ~} kdhrm# zar }gd db~ac}xd

ikza~ibicihdh eë~ind hm t}m é~xm f}bim~m mglmghrdha dc fià# yd t}m gdniþ hm~z}é~ hm xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~

~il}imgxm~ d ~} k}mrxm mg ndkbia# mc fià zþ~x}ka t}m m~ dt}mc# gdnm hmgxra hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~

~il}imgxm~ d cd k}mrxm hmc kdriha# ximgm ~imkzrm cd zrm~}gniþg hm cmlixikihdh# zdrd ~mr fmrmhmra#



~ l} m xm~ d d }m xm hm d ha# x m m ~ m z m d z m~} n þ hm ml x hdh# zd d ~m m mhm a#

Mg ndkbia mc fià t}m gdnimrm hm~z}é~ hm xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ hi~}mcxa mc kdxrikagia zar hiuarnia a zar

g}cihdh# ga ~m mgn}mgxrd mg m~d db~ac}xd ikza~ibicihdh eë~ind hm t}m mc kdriha hm cd kdhrm ca~

f}bim~m mglmghrdha# zmra xdkzana ximgm cd zrm~}gniþg hm cmlixikihdh' Zahrä mvi~xir cd zrm~}gniþg hm

fmnfa# naka mg dcl}ga~ nd~a~ hm hiuarnia ga hm g}cihdh# hm t}m ga ~þca hmgxra hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~

hëd~ ~il}imgxm~ d cd ~mgxmgnid# ~iga h}rdgxm dôa~ ~ild mvi~ximgha hm~z}é~ }g nagn}bigdxa mgxrm ca~ t}m

e}mrag nag~arxm~' Zahrä mvi~xir nimrxd za~ibicihdh# m~zmnidckmgxm mg ca~ nd~a~ hm g}cihdh# hm hiuarnia#

hm t}m fdyd xrdxa ~mv}dc mgxrm ca~ t}m e}mrag nþgy}lm~' Zmra m~ é~xd }gd za~ibicihdh f}kdgd t}m cd

cmy ga ud d xakdr mg n}mgxd naka garkd zdrd ~ml}ir ikz}xdgha dc mv+kdriha# mc fià hm cd k}`mr

hiuarnidhd t}m gdniþ hm~z}é~ hm ca~ xrm~nimgxa~ hëd~ ~il}imgxm~ d cd ~mgxmgnid'

b) Memnxa~ mg n}dgxa d cd Zdxrid Zaxm~xdh0

^m cm~ rmkixm d cd cmy rml}cdhard hm Rmcdniagm~ Kdhrm+Zdhrm m fià~ hmnrmxa'+ 4:5='+

Zäl' 4:: d 4:='

n) Memnxa~ rmcdxiua~ d ca~ dcikmgxa~ hm ca~ fià~0

^m cm~ rmkixm d ]gihdh VI nagxmgiha mg m~xm eaccmxa y drxa~' 26> dc 29< hmc Nþhila Niuic'

>' MEMNXA^ MG RMCDNIÞG + CA^ BIMGM^ HM CA^ NAGÂRXM^0 ^m cm~ rmkixm d cd cmy Ga' >6 "Hm cd

hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca zar uac}gxdh hm }gd hm cd~ zdrxm~" Drxa' 44+48+4<+46+ y 22 hm hinfd

cmy'



L]ËD HM M^X]HIA Ga' 9

HIÂC]NIÞG HMC UËGN]CA KDXRIKAGIDC'

I'+ IGXRAH]NNIÞG0

M~xd l}ëd arimgxdrä d ca~ dc}kga~ mg mc m~x}hia hm cd~ nd}~dcm~ hm hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca

kdxrikagidc d eig hm t}m cd~ zagld mg zränxind y nagapnd mc zranmhikimgxa d ~ml}ir zdrd calrdr cd

hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca y hm m~xd kdgmrd m`mrnixdr mg cd uihd naxihidgd ca t}m dt}ë dzrmghdg'


+ Naganmr cd muac}niþg fi~xþrind hmc hiuarnia mg lmgmrdc y zdrxin}cdrkmgxm mg Gindrdl}d'

+ Nakzdrdr cd cmli~cdniþg za~ixiud hmraldhd d cd~ cmym~ za~x+rmuac}niagdrid~ y ~}~ memnxa~0

+ Dgdcipdr cd cmy Hdrëa hm~hm ~} zranmhmgnid'

+ Kmgniagdr mc zranmhikimgxa zdrd abxmgmr cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc zar k}x}a

nag~mgxikimgxa y zar uac}gxdh hm }gd hm cd~ zdrxm~'

+ Hmxmrkigdr ca~ memnxa~ hm cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc'

+ Naganmr cd ig~xix}niþg hm cd ~mzdrdniþg hm n}mrza~ y cd g}cihdh hmc kdxrikagia mg g}m~xrd

cmli~cdniþg y mg cd cmli~cdniþg nakzdrdhd'


HIÂC]NIÞG HMC UËGN]CA KDXRIKAGIDC'

9'4' Muac}niþg fi~xþrina hmc hiuarnia mg lmgmrdc y zdrxin}cdrkmgxm mg Gindrdl}d'

9'2' Cmli~cdniþg za~ixiud hmraldhd y cmym~ rmuac}niagdrid~' Memnxa~'

9'>' Cmy Hdrëa' E}mgxm'

9'8' Zranmhikimgxa zdrd abxmgmr cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc'

9'=' Memnxa~ hm cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc'



9'=' mnxa~ hm d h ~a }n þ hm n} a dx a d '

IU' ARIMGXDNIAGM^ ZDRD MC M^X]HIA HMC XMKD0

Mg rmcdniþg dc ~}b+xmkd 9'4' ~m cm arimgxd t}m rmdcipd }g n}dhra ~igþzxina t}m nagxmgld mg earkdrm~}kihd cd~ hiemrmgxm~ mxdzd~ zar cd~ t}m fd xrdg~ixdha dc hiuarnia' &Hm~hm cd dgxilómhdh fd~xd

g}m~xra~ hëd~ mgxrdr d m~zmnieindr ca~ zdë~m~ mg haghm ~m cm naganiþ)' Ca ki~ka hmbmrä fdnmr mg mc

nd~a m~zmnidc hm Gindrdl}d'

Mg rmcdniþg dc 9'2 ~m cm rmnakimghd cd cmnx}rd hm ca~ ndzëx}ca~ UI# UII fd~xd mc drxa' 4<> y N' y hm~z}é~

ca nakmgxmg mg ~} lr}za hm m~x}hia ~abrm ca~ zra y ca~ nagxrd hm m~xd earkd hm hi~acumr mc uëgn}ca

nakzdräghaca za~xmriarkmgxm nag cd cmy >6 t}m ~m ~}zagm räzihd y meindp'

&Xakdgha mg n}mgxd nag~mn}mgnid~ t}m ~m hmriudrag hm cd~ cmli~cdniagm~ hiuarni~xd~)'

Zar ca t}m fdnm d ca~ ~}b+xmkd~ 9'> y 9'5' ~m cm~ arimgxd cd cmnx}rd ndzëx}ca UIII hmc nþhila niuic y

m~nribdg }g rm~}kmg nag ~}~ zdcdbrd~ hm ca dt}ë mvz}m~xa'

Zar ca t}m fdnm d ca~ ~}b+xmkd~ 9'8 y 9'= ~m cm~ rmnakimghd rm~zaghmr ca ~il}imgxm0

4) N}äcm~ ~ag cd~ earkd~ hm hi~acumr mc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc mg Gindrdl}d'

2) Mvzcit}m mc zranmhikimgxa hm cd hmncdrdniþg hm g}cihdh hmc kdxrikagia1'

>) T}é memnxa~ dndrrmd cd hmncdrdniþg hm g}cihdh hmc kdxrikagia'

8) Mvzcit}m mc zranmhikimgxa hm cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca zar uac}gxdh hm }gd hm cd~ zdrxm~1&Kmgniagm `}mnm~ nakzmxmgxm~? han}kmgxa~ t}m dnakzdômg d cd ~acinix}h? xérkiga hm

mkzcdpdkimgxa? kmhihd~ nd}xmcdrm~# kmhihd~ nag~ihmrdhd~ zdrd cd hi~xrib}niþg hm bimgm~

nak}gm~' Nagxmgiha hm cd ~mgxmgnid hm dzmcdniþg nd~a~ mg t}m mc nþgy}lm hmkdghdha m~xm

d}~mgxm)'

=) M~nribd }gd ~acinix}h hm hiuarnia zar uac}gxdh hm }gd hm cd~ zdrxm~ y cmd~mcd d ~} nakzdômra

hm m~x}hia# naggaxdgxm ~i ccmgd ca~ rmt}i~ixa~ mvz}m~xa~ mg mc drxa' 8 hm cd cmy >6'



5) Mgn}mgxrm > hiemrmgnid~ mgxrm cmy >6 y cd hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca zar k}x}a

nag~mgxikimgxa nagxmgiha mg ca~ drxën}ca~ hmc nþhila niuic'

<) Rmdcinm }g n}dhra nakzdrdxiua t}m nagxmgld ca~ memnxa~ hmc kdxrikagia# hm cd

hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc y ab~mrud n}dcm~ hm m~xa~ memnxa~ zmrkdgmnmg

dðg hm~z}é~ hm hi~}mcxa mc uëgn}ca1'

6) M~nribd brmumkmgxm ca~ memnxa~ hmc hiuarnia mg rmcdniþg d ca~ fià~1'

HIUARNIA LMGMRDCIHDHM^

┃┊┊

│ Hi~ac}niþg hmc uëgn}ca kdxrikagidc hmnrmxdhd

Nagnmzxa │ zar d}xarihdh nakzmxmgxm# zar nd}~d~ za~xmriarm~

│ d cd nmcmbrdniþg hmc Kdxrikagia# m~xdbcmnihd~

│ mvzrm~dkmgxm mg cd cmy'

┘┊┊

┃┊┊

│Xdg rmkaxd naka mc kdxrikagia

│

Fi~xarid │Nd}~d y earkd~ hiumr~d~ mg ndhd n}cx}rd'

│

│Mc Hmrmnfa ndgþgina rmnfdpd mc hiuarnia uëgn}cdr'

┘┊┊



│^m zdrdniþg ~ig rakzmr mc uëgn}ca'

│ ┃┊ ┃┊

│ │Uac}gxdria │Uëd `}hinidc

Ncd~m~ │Uign}cdr │&k}x}a dn}mrha) ┘┊

│ │Zar uac}gxdh hm }gd hm cd~ zdrxm~+cmy

│ │>6 Uëd @}hinidc'

│ ┘┊

│Gmnm~dria &Nagxmgnia~a+Hmraldha)'

┃┊┊

│Hmc Hiuarnia

│^mzdrdniþg ┃┊┊

│ │+ Mvxigl}m cd nafdbixdniþg

│ │+ Zmr~i~xmg ca~ hmkä~ hmbmrm~

│ │ y hmrmnfa~'

Nag~mn}mgnid~│ │+ Ga axarld cibmrxdh zdrd nagxrdmr

@}rëhind~ │ │ axra kdxrikagia'

│ │+ Zmr~i~xm cd Zdxrid Zaxm~xdh'

│Hm~hm mc z}gxa │+ N}~xahid hm ca~ fià~ zdrd mc

│hm ui~xd hm cd│ nþgy}lm ~aca'

│Hanxrigd │+ Ca~ bimgm~ nagxigðdg bdà mc

│ │ rélikmg zdnxdha'



│+ Mvxigl}m mc uëgn}ca nag xaha~ ~}~ memnxa~'

│

│+ Hm`d mg cibmrxdh hm nagxrdmr kdxrikagia'

│

Hmc Hiuarnia │+ Ga ~m zimrhm cd Zdxrid Zaxm~xdh'

Uign}cdr │

│+ Cd n}~xahid ~m hmnihm zar dn}mrha dnmzxdha zar

│ mc `}mp'

│

│+ Hi~}mcum cd ~animhdh nagy}ldc'

Documents

MATRIMONIO, ALIMENTOS Y DISOLUCIÓN DEL VÍNCULO MATRIMONIAL