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mecniereba
giorgi jafariZe
Technology
NANO
NANONANO
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NANONANO
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NANO NANO
NANOgrafeni da nanoteqnologia
rodesac 2010 wlis 5 oqtombers SvedeTis samefo mecnierebaTa akademiam fizikis dargSi no-belis premiis axal laureatebad andrei geimi da konstantine novosiolovi daasaxela, msofli-os samecniero sazogadoeba erTsulovani iyo am gadawyvetilebis mxardaWeraSi.
erTsulovneba orma garemoebam ganapiroba: erTi mxriv, es aris laureatebis mier aRmoCeni-li axali masalis – grafenis – unikaluri Tvisebebi, xolo, meore mxriv, is garemoeba, rom Tavad grafenis aRmoCena TvalnaTeli da utyuari dasturi iyo im teqnologiuri warmatebebisa, rac ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi nanoteqnologiis ganviTarebam moitana.
masalis Tvisebebis damokidebuleba ara marto mis qimiur Semadgenlobaze, aramed, rac bev-rad ufro uCveulo da sainteresoa, damzadebuli nimuSis sivrcul zomebze Tanamedrove mec-nierebis intensiurad ganviTarebadi mimarTulebis – nanofizikis – mimdinare kvlevebis mTava-ri amocanaa.
ra aris nanoteqnologia?
sityva ̀ nano~ berZnulad jujas niSnavs, nanometri ki metris erT memiliarded nawils Sead-gens. wyalbadis atomis zoma 0.1 nanometria, xolo yvelaze wvrili Tmis sisqe – 50000 nm. amrigad, nanoteqnologia materiis im Tvisebebis Seswavlasa da gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, romlebic nanozomis nimuSebSi vlindeba.
gvxvdeba sxvadasxva tipis nanozomis nimuSebi. es SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime atomuri fenisagan Sedgenili firebi (organzomilebiani nanosistemebi), Zalian viwro, nanozomis dia-
metris mqone mavTulebi an atomuri jaWvebi (erTganzomilebiani nanosistemebi), an e.w. nano-klasterebi, atomebisgan Sedgenili grovebi, romelTa zomebi nanometruli masStabisaa.
msgavs obieqtebs, rasakvirvelia, nanoteqnologiuri epoqis dadgomamdec ikvlevdnen ro-gorc fizikosebi, aseve qimikosebi da biologebi. magaliTisTvis sakmarisia masalaTa zedapiris sxva nivTierebis monoatomuri feniT dafarvis qimiuri da fizikuri teqnologiebis an kvazi-erTganzomilebiani organuli metalebis fizikuri Tvisebebis kvleva. Tumca, Cemi azriT, nano-mecnieruli kvlevebis yvelaze ufro efeqturi da saintereso magaliTebi molekulur biolo-giaSi unda veZeboT, sadac genetikuri kodis gadamtani molekula dnm-i tipuri nanoobieqtia, misi diametri 2 nanometria, xolo sigrZe ki – miliardjer meti. ukve 60 welze metia igi mecnier-Ta kvlevis erT-erTi mTavari sagania.
maS, ra aris is mecnieruli da teqnologiuri siaxle, romelic tradiciuli nanomecnieru-li kvlevebis wiaRidan warmoiqmna da principulad axali nanoteqnologiuri epoqis dawyebaze migviTiTebs? sizustisTvis aq davesesxebi prinstonis universitetis leqsikons, romlis Ta-naxmad, nanoteqnologia aris materiis Tvisebebis kontrolirebadi marTvis teqnologia ato-mur da molekulur doneze iseT struqturebSi, romelTa erTi sivrciTi ganzomileba mainc 100 nanometrze naklebia. amrigad, aq mTavari sityvaa teqnologia, anu unari atomur da moleku-lur doneze mizanmimarTulad vmarToT nivTierebebis Tvisebebi. amasTan, Tvisebebis amgvari
andrei geimi da konstantine novosiolovi nobelis premiiT dajildoebaze, 2010
grafenis fenebi, gadaRebuli atomur-Zalovani mikroskopis saSualebiT
grafeni da nanoteqnologia
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densirebul garemoTa fizikaSic, kerZod ki, zedenadobis TeoriaSi. gansakuTrebuli po-pularoba feinmans 1962-1963 wlebSi kali-forniis teqnologiuri universitetis pir-veli da meore kursebis studentebisTvis wakiTxuli zogadi fizikis leqciaTa kursma moutana. am leqciebis rusuli Targmani sab-WoTa kavSirSi 1967 wels gamoica da cota xanSi masStabur kulturul movlenad iqca. es imitom moxda, rom masalis gadmocemiT da sakiTxebis unikaluri xedviT feinmanis leqciebi uaRresad zusti da amave dros sruliad Tavisufali mecnieruli azrovne-bis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens. imis magaliTs, Tu rogor SeiZleba, sruliad standartuli da rutinuli xasiaTis mec-nieruli Sedegebic ki studentebs ise gaac-no da daanaxo, rom maT axlis Ziebis da mecni-eruli codnis Seqmnisas inteleqtualuri Tavisuflebis aucileblobis SegrZneba ga-uRrmavdeT.
amgvari sruliad Tavisufali da amavd-roulad Seuvali simkacris mecnieruli az-rovnebis saukeTeso magaliTia feinmanis mi-er 1959 wels amerikis fizikis sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxuli moxseneba nanoteqno-logiis perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. Tavad ter-mini `nanoteqnologia~ mxolod 80-iani wle-bis bolos gaCnda. atomur masStabSi materi-is Tvisebebze mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli axali SesaZleblobebis unikaluri teqnologiuri perspeqtivebi pirvelma feinmanma dainaxa.
Tavis leqcias feinmani iwyebs Semdegi sityvebiT: `dRes msurs visaubro mecniere-
grafenSi eleqtronebis speqtri, gamoyofili speqtris `relativisturi~ nawili
marTva xom imave dros rTuli molekuluri sistemebis organizaciis da Tvisebebis Ses-wavlis unikalur SesaZleblobebs iZleva! amitom Tanamedrove nanoteqnologia aris rogorc fundamenturi mecnierebebis (fi-zika, qimia, molekuluri biologia, biofi-zika, medicina, farmakologia), ise Tanamed-rove sainJinro-teqnologiuri mecnierebe-bis (sainformacio teqnologiebi, gamoyene-biTi masalaTmcodneoba, nanoeleqtronika) ganviTarebis erTiani safuZveli.
rogorc mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis damoukidebeli dargi, nanoteqnologia Ca-moyalibda bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze, xolo misi warmoSoba uSualod ukavSirdeba gasuli saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi mikroe-leqtronikis da sainformacio teqnologi-ebis ganviTarebas. amrigad, nanoteqnolo-giaze saubris dawyeba albaT sakmaod Sori-dan mogviwevs.
jer iyo sityva – riCard feinmani
nanoteqnologiis pirvel nabijebs xSi-rad udidesi amerikeli Teoretikos-fizi-kos riCard feinmanis saxels ukavSireben. feinmani bolo warmomadgenelia genialuri fizikosebis im jgufisa, ainStainiT dawye-buli da lev landauTi dasrulebuli, ro-melTac Seqmnes XX saukunis fizika da Tana-medrove fizikis TiTqmis yvela dargs Tavi-si gansakuTrebuli kvali daamCnies. feinma-ni 25 wlis asakSi ukve los-alamosSi ̀ atomu-ri bombis~ proeqtSi muSaobda, aris kvantu-ri eleqtrodinamikis erT-erTi Semqmneli, raSic mas 1965 wels nobelis premia mieniWa. masve ekuTvnis fundamenturi Sedegebi kon-
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bis im dargze, romelSic sadReisod jerje-robiT cota ram aris gakeTebuli, magram, principSi, uamravi axlis gakeTeba unda iyos SesaZlebeli. es dargi ar hgavs Cveulebriv fundamentur fizikas im azriT, rom is ar cdilobs ipovos axali, uCveulo elementa-ruli nawilakebi. is ufro myari tanis fizi-kas hgavs, dargs, romelic albaT kidev bevr sainteresos mogviTxrobs nivTierebis, ro-gorc cnobili elementebisgan (atomebis-gan) agebuli rTuli struqturis, Tvisebeb-ze. rac mTavaria, aq uzarmazari perspeqti-vebia, gansakuTrebiT, teqnikuri gamoyene-bis TvalsazrisiT. problema, romelzec minda vilaparako, gaxlavT mcire (atomur, nano)… masStabebze nivTierebis Tvisebebis marTva da am TvisebebiT manipulireba… ar mgonia, rom amis SesaZleblobas fizikis ro-melime kanoni gvikrZalavdes, ubralod, Cven Zalian didebi varT, atomebi ki – Zalian patara. amitomac es advilad ar gamogvdis~. mogvianebiT feinmani dasZens: ̀ vcadoT gavi-azroT, Tu risi gakeTeba mogviwevs, Tuki Se-vecdebiT britanul enciklopediaSi arse-buli mTeli informacia ai, am fanqris wve-ris zomis mexsierebis elementSi movaTav-soT.… maSinve gairkveva, rom informaciis Ca-wera am SemTxvevaSi atomuri masStabis obi-eqtebze unda moxdes (yovel asos da sasven niSans Tavisi atomi an atomebis jgufi unda mivusadagoT!), xolo aseTi teqstis wakiTx-vas ki uCveulo – atomuri mikroskopi das-Wirdeba~. Cemi azriT, nanoteqnologias sa-
fuZveli swored maSin Caeyara, roca fein-manma es sityvebi warmoTqva.
unikaluri mecnieruli intuicia da SorsmWvreteloba gamoavlina feinmanma Ta-vis leqciaSi: man iwinaswarmetyvela bio-molekuluri roboti, ultraTanamedrove eleqtronuli mikroskopi, genuri inJine-ria, wertilovani medikamenturi mkurnalo-bis SesaZleblobani, kvanturi kompiuteri da mravali sxva. feinmanis am leqciaSi ga-moTqmulma ideebma imdenad gauswro Tavis dros, rom amerikis fizikis sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxuli misi moxseneba sruli-ad SeumCneveli darCa samecniero sazoga-doebisTvis da mxolod 33 wlis Semdeg, 1992 wels, ukve nanoteqnologiis aqtiuri ganvi-Tarebis etapze, moiZies da dabeWdes samec-niero JurnalSi.
feinmanis ideebis mecnieruli masStabi-sa da siTamamis srulfasovnad aRsaqmelad SegaxsenebT, rom maSin, rodesac feinmani leqciiT gamodioda, anu gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolos, Tanamedrove naxevar-gamtaruli teqnologiebis umniSvnelovane-si epoqa mxolod pirvel nabijebs dgamda. Tuki stiven spilbergis cnobili filmis `ukan momavlisken~ xerxs gamoviyenebT da gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi gadavinacv-lebT, aRmovaCenT, rom msoflioSi mxolod ramdenime (uzarmazari zomis da usaSvelod Zviri) moqmedi kompiuteria, televizorebi
riCard feinmani
grafeni da nanoteqnologia
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naTurebze muSaobs, tranzistorul tele-vizors SONY-s korporacia mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg – 1960 wels Seqmnis, mikroCipe-bis warmoeba 1965 wels daiwyeba, xolo mik-roprocesorebis Seqmnamde TiTqmis ori aT-wleulia darCenili. personaluri kompiu-terebi, videoekranebi da mobiluri tele-fonebi mxolod jeims bondis Sesaxeb gada-Rebul kinofilmebSi mzaddeba. bil geitsi da stiven jobsi 4 wlisani arian, mark cuker-bergi ki mxold 25 wlis Semdeg – 1984 wels daibadeba...
didi amerikeli fizikosi riCard feinma-ni 1988 wels 70 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. mas ergo bedniereba Tavisi yvelaze ufro Tama-mi mecnieruli winaswarmetyvelebebis – na-noteqnologiuri epoqis dasawyiss moswre-boda.
1982 weli – nanoteqnologiuri epoqis
dasawyisi
nanoteqnologiis epoqis dasawyisad un-da miviCnioT 1982 weli, rodesac Sveicaria-Si, kompania IBM-is ciurixis kvleviTi labo-ratoriis TanamSromlebma gerd biningma da hainrix roerma Seqmnes pirveli maskanirebe-li gvirabuli mikroskopi. es unikaluri mowyobiloba saSualebas iZleva davinaxoT (am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) atome-bi, davadginoT maTi ganlageba sivrceSi. me-tic, mikroskopis Tanamedrove gaumjobese-
buli nimuSebiT ukve atomis eleqtronuli garsebis garCevac SeiZleba. odnav mogviane-biT imave laboratoriaSi biningma da misma TanamSromlebma daamzades maskanirebeli atomur-Zalovani mikroskopic, rac nanozo-mis obieqtebis sruli samganzomilebiani suraTebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. mniSv-nelovania, rom am mikroskopebiT SeiZleba ara marto atomebis danaxva, aramed maTi aReba, erTi adgilidan meoreze gadatana, Semdeg mis gverdiT sxva atomis moTavseba da sasurveli geometriuli formis mqone struqturad dalageba!.. martivad rom vTqvaT, feinmanis ocnebis asruleba – ato-mebiT manipulireba! survilis Sesabamisad nivTierebis ageba da misi Tvisebebis marTva!
maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopis Seqmna SesaZlebeli gaxda fizikis, sainJin-ro da sainformacio-teqnologiur sfero-Si miRweuli warmatebebis erTi amocanis garSemo Sejerebisa da Serwymis Sedegad. es aris atomuri da kvanturi fizikis, zusti meqanikis, programuli da kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofis (rac fizikuri gazomvebis monacemebis vizualizaciis saSualebas iZ-leva) im droisTvis miRebuli uaxlesi mona-cemebis warmatebuli sinTezis Sedegi. bi-ningisa da roeris aRmoCenis mniSvneloba Tavidanve saTanadod Seafasa samecniero sa-zogadoebam da 1986 wels, pirveli Sedegebis gamoqveynebidan ori wlis Semdeg, maT fizi-kis dargSi nobelis premia mieniWaT.
mark cukerbergi
mark cukerbergi (dabad. 14.05.1984) socialur qsel Facebook-is damfuZnebeli.
uiliam bil geitsi (dabad. 28.10.1955) amerikeli biznesmeni, filantropi, investori da kompiuteruli programisti, kompania Microsoft-is damfuZnebeli.
stiven jobsi (24.02.1955–5.10.2011)kompiuteruli industriis wamyvani figura da gamomgonebeli, Apple-is TanadamfuZnebeli, Tav-mjdomare da mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqto-ri.
bil geitsi
stiven jobsi
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grafeni
XX saukunis dasawyisSi ambobdnen, rom kvanturma meqanikam saSualeba mogvca gavigoT da ga-viazroT is, risi danaxvac SeuZlebelia. maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopis Seqmnam ki SesaZ-lebeli gaxada TvalnaTliv davinaxoT da vmarToT is, rac aqamde mxolod maTematikuri formu-lebis saSualebiT Tu gvesmoda.
ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi nanoteqnologiis ganviTarebam SesaZlebeli ga-xada dabali sivrciTi ganzomilebis mqone masalebis miReba da maTi uCveulo Tvisebebis gamoye-neba axali teqnologiebis gansaviTareblad.
aseTi uCveulo Tvisebebis mqone masalis saukeTeso magaliTia grafeni – naxSirbadis atome-biT agebuli organzomilebiani („brtyeli“) kristali. grafeni pirvelad miiRes 2004 wels man-Cesteris universitetis mezoskopiuri fizikis laboratoriaSi laboratoriis xelmZRvanelma, profesorma andrei geimma da imJamad postdoqtorantma mkvlevarma konstantine novosiolov-ma. grafeni naxSirbadis axali alotropiuli mdgomareobaa. is aris erTi atomis zomis siganis mqone kristaluri firi, fiWis tipis kristaluri struqturiT, romlis kvanZebSi naxSirbadis atomebia moTavsebuli.
manCesteris jgufma SeimuSava grafenis firebis miRebis axali efeqturi teqnologia. maTve eqsperimentulad daadastures miRebuli masalis organzomilebiani buneba da pirvelsave eqs-perimentebSi daadgines bevri unikaluri Tviseba, romelic organzomilebianobiT aris ganpi-robebuli. aRmoCenam imTaviTve miipyro mkvlevarTa yuradReba da grafenis Seswavlis saqmeSi erTdroulad CaerTo bevri sxva kvleviTi jgufic. gaCnda uamravi publikacia, romelic grafe-
pirveli Canaweri, ganxorcielebuli qsenonis at-omebis mowesrigebuli ganlagebiT nikelis zeda-pirze
gerd biningi (marcxniv) da hainrix roeri maT mier kons-truirebul atomur-Zalovan mikroskopTan erTad
wyalbadis atomSi eleqtronuli orbitale-bis suraTi, gadaRebuli gvirabuli mikros-kopis saSualebiT
nis unikaluri Tvisebebis damadas-turebel axal Sedegebs aCvenebda. daiwyo `grafenis bumi~ – teqno-logiurma korporaciebma Tavian-Ti finansuri da kvleviTi resur-sebi grafenis kvlevebze mimarTes. samecniero Jurnalistebma ki co-
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ta naCqarevad, magram arcTu usafuZvlod, sazogadoebas ̀ grafenis eleqtronikis~ axa-li epoqis dadgoma auwyes.
Tavad sityva „grafeni“ axali ar aris. es termini pirvelad gamoiyena germanelma qi-mikosma hans-peter boemma 1962 wels grafi-tis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi struqturuli elementis – organzomilebiani naxSirbadis fenis aRsaniSnad.
grafiti yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili masalaa. misgan aris damzadebuli im fanqris gulic, romelsac xatvis an weris dros viye-nebT. grafiti samganzomilebiani fenovani struqturaa, romelic Sedgeba erTmaneT-Tan sustad dakavSirebuli grafenis Sreebi-sagan. fanqriT werisas es fenebi wydeba gra-fitis ZiriTad masas da qaRaldze rCeba fan-qris wveris traeqtoriis aRmweri kvali. es kvali, garda grafitis sqeli natexebiT mo-niSnuli da advilad dasanaxi ubnebisa, aseve Seicavs mcire zomis erTi an ramdenime ato-muri fenisagan Semdgar, TvaliT da Cveu-lebrivi mikroskopiTac uxilav natexebs. am areebis dasanaxad saWiroa uaxlesi eleqt-ronul-sxivuri an maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopi.
grafenis teqnologia amgvari `uxilavi~ nakveTebis Seswavlas da teqnologiaSi maT gamoyenebasac gulisxmobs. uaRresad rTu-li amocanaa, jer erTi, moamzado iseTi fena, rogoric saWiroa, mere am (erTi atomis sis-
qis!) fenis meqanikuri, eleqtruli, siTburi Tu sxva fizikuri Tvisebebi daadgino! mxo-lod dRes, nanoteqnologiis epoqaSi, rode-sac nanoskopiis uaxlesi miRwevebis safuZ-velze ukve SegviZlia davinaxoT atomebi, Se-saZlebeli gaxda aseTi sruliad fantasti-kuri fizikuri eqsperimentebis Catareba.
vidre grafenis, rogorc masalis unika-luri Tvisebebis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, sasurvelia dabalganzomilebiani sisteme-bis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli erTi zogadi da fundamenturi xasiaTis sirTule aRvniS-noT. saqme isaa, rom bunebas ar uyvars (am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT) dabalganzomi-lebiani sistemebi! samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, samganzomilebiania da bunebac, romelic am samganzomilebian samyaroSi mo-qmedebs, mxolod samganzomilebian mdgrad sistemebs qmnis. organzomilebiani krista-luri sistemebi TavisTavad ar Cndeba, xolo xelovnurad Seqmnilebi aramdgradia da Cve-ulebriv an male iSleba mcire zomis klas-terebad, an gardaiqmneba Cveulebriv samgan-zomilebian kristalur struqturebad.
miuxedavad amisa, organzomilebiani atomuri fenebi, rogorc kristalis zeda-pirze xelovnurad dafenili monoatomuri struqturebi, ukve naxevar saukuneze meti xania fizikosebis intensiuri kvlevis sa-gans warmoadgens. aseTi sistemebis mdgra-dobas, Cveulebriv, safeni ganapirobebs.
maskanirebeli gvirabuli mikroskopis moqmedebis suraTebi
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grafenis aRmoCenamde idealuri organzo-milebiani sistemebis mimarT interess mxo-lod Teoretikosi fizikosebi iCendnen. organzomilebiani samyaro maT Tavisi uCve-ulo Tvisebebis simdidriT izidavda. am TvalsazrisiT arc grafeni, rogorc organ-zomilebiani struqturis kerZo magaliTi, warmoadgenda gamonakliss da misi, axla uk-ve eqsperimentulad dadgenili, ramdenime gansakuTrebuli Tviseba nawinaswarmetyve-lebic ki aRmoCnda adreul Teoriul gamo-kvlevebSi. am Teoriulma gamokvlevebma uaRresad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa, vina-idan eqsperimentuli Sedegebis da Teoriu-li gaTvlebis SesaniSnavi Tanxvedra aRmoC-nda is mTavari argumenti, romelic adastu-rebs grafenis, rogorc axali masalis, uni-kalur organzomilebian bunebas. davZen, rom yovelive Tqmuli kidev erTi SesaniSna-vi dadasturebaa zogadi debulebisa – lama-zi maTematikuri konstruqciebi da modele-bi, raoden formaluradac ar unda gamoiyu-rebodes Tavidan, sabolood mainc povebs realizacias bunebaSi.
atomur-Zalovani mikroskopis saSualebiT spi-lenZze rkinis atomebis dalagebiT, iaponuri ie-roglifebiT dawerili sityva ̀ atomi~
grafenis, rogorc masalis, gansakuTre-buloba naxSirbadis atomebis unikalur qi-miur TvisebebSi imaleba. sxva atomebisgan agebuli analogiuri firebis miReba jer ver xerxdeba. naxSirbadis atomis gamorCeu-loba ukve grafitis TvisebebSic Cans. gra-fitSi naxSirbadis atomebi Zalian mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli imave fenaSi mdebare me-zoblebTan da bevrad ufro sustad aris Se-Widuli mezobel fenaSi mdebare naxSirba-dis atomebTan. amis Sedegia is, rom fenebi advilad srialebs erTmaneTis mimarT, ra-sac fanqriT weris dros Cvenc viyenebT. Se-sabamisad, sakmaod advilia grafenidan fe-nebis gamocalkevebac. es ukiduresad mar-tivi meTodi gamoiyenes geimma da novosi-olovma grafenis misaRebad. grafitis didi zedapiridan nawilis asatkecad maT aiRes yvelasTvis `skoCis~ saxeliT cnobili webo-vani firi. Semdeg atkecili nawili imave proceduriT isev gayves SuaSi da aseTi Tan-mimdevrobiT ganagrZes moqmedeba manam, sa-nam (hoi, sakvirvelebav!) `skoCiT~ gancalke-vebis arcTu ise bevri proceduris Semdeg zedapirze miRebuli narCenebis Sesabamisi mikroskopis saSualebiT SeswavliT grafe-nis erTi, ori an ramdenime fenisagan Sedge-nili sakmaod farTo areebi ar dainaxes.
erT-erT adreul interviuSi konstan-tine novosiolovi grafenis aRmoCenis
istoriis kidev ufro saintereso da iumo-riT savse detalebsac ixsenebda. manCeste-ris universitetSi, inglisis universitete-bis umravlesobis msgavsad, miRebulia pa-raskevs saRamos, 5 saaTze, mTeli jgufis Sekreba, Cais sma, samuSao kviris Sedegebis Sejameba da momavali kviris gegmebis gan-xilva. vinaidan geimis laboratoriis Tanam-SromelTa umravlesoba ruseTis, CineTisa da indoeTis moqalaqeebi iyvnen, romlebic Cveulebriv SabaT-kvirasac muSaobdnen, la-boratoriaSi es `rituali~ formalur xasi-aTs atarebda. paraskeobiT savaldebulo Ca-is smisTvis minimaluri SemoqmedebiTi dat-virTva mainc rom mieca, geimma am Sexvedrebs `Cais smis procesSi fantastikuri ideebis gansaxilvelad mowveuli seminari~ daarqva. is Tavis axalgazrda TanamSromlebs mouwo-debda yofiliyvnen maqsimalurad Tavisu-fali, SemoqmedebiTi, gza miecaT fantazii-saTvis da seminarebze gansaxilvelad Semoe-tanaT uCveulo da, rac mTavaria, ordRiani (momaval SabaT-kviraze gaTvlili) kvlevi-Ti proeqtebi. 2004 wlis zamTris erT-erT
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wvimian paraskevs seminarze dagvianebiT Se-mosul erT-erT kolegas, romelic labora-toriaSi grafits ikvlevda da misi zedapi-ris mtvrisgan gasawmendad xSirad `skoCs~ iyenebda, xelSi eWira gadasagdebad gamza-debuli ukve gamoyenebuli `skoCis~ firi. paraskevis amocanac novosiolovma iqve das-va: ̀ SeviswavloT gadasagdebad gamzadebuli `skoCis~ zedapirze moxvedrili atkecili naxSirbadis struqturebi~. amboben, pirve-live gamokvlevebis Sedegebi imdenad sain-tereso iyo, rom orSabaTidan mTeli labo-ratoria ukve grafenis Tematikaze iyo ga-darTuli. ase daiwyo XXI saukunis teqnolo-giaSi axali – grafenis epoqa.
rom davasruloT saubari grafenis mi-Rebis wesze, unda aRvniSnoT, rom `skoCis~ zedapirze damagrebuli grafeni jer kidev ar warmoadgens organzomilebian sistemas.
msgavsi, atkeciT miRebuli an/da xelovnu-rad sxva kristalebis zedapirebze dafeni-li, organzomilebiani struqturis mdgra-dobas dafenili atomebis safenis atomeb-Tan urTierTqmedeba uzrunvelyofs. Tu es kavSiri Zlieria, maSin SegviZlia miviRoT ma-Rali xarisxis monofena, magram aq sxva wina-aRmdegoba Cndeba – safenis zemoqmedeba Zlierad cvlis Tavad dafenili atomuri fenis Tvisebebsac, ris Sedegadac sistemis organzomilebiani Tvisebebi ikargeba. am di-lemidan gamosavalia momzadebuli monofe-nis safenidan `frTxilad~ acla, Cvens SemT-xvevaSi –`skoCis~ zedapiridan. `frTxilad~ niSnavs qimiuri gziT, risTvisac grafenis dafenil fenas Tavis safenTan erTad iseT qimiur naerTSi aTavseben, romelSic safeni (`skoCis~ firi) gaixsneba, xolo dafenili naxSirbadis atomebi – ara. amis Sedegad sa-feni qreba da siTxeSi rCeba Sewonili gra-fenis fenebi, rac Semdgom ukve SeiZleba sxva zedapirze davafinoT.
grafenis gansakuTrebuloba swored mi-si Zalian mdgradi struqturaa. siTxeSi Se-wonil mdgomareobaSi is didxans ar iSleba klasterebad, rac sxva sasurvel masalaze misi dafenis saSualebas iZleva. am gziT pir-velad miRebuli grafenis firis zomebi mi-limetris measedsac ki ar aRemateboda. amis Semdeg, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, gra-fenis miRebis teqnologia imdenad daixvewa, rom dRes faqtobrivad nebismieri zomis firebis warmoebaa SesZlebeli.
ra aris grafenis unikaluri Tvisebe-
bi?
pirvel rigSi, es aris zomebi: grafeni naxSirbadis monoatomuri fenaa da is Cven-Tvis cnobil masalaTa Soris yvelaze Txe-lia – misi sisqe Tmis Reris sisqeze milion-jer ufro mcirea.
miuxedavad amisa, grafeni uaRresad mtkice masalaa: gaWimvis deformaciis mi-marT is imave zomis foladze 200-jer ufro mtkicea. amave dros grafeni elastikuricaa da advilad iRuneba. rac kidev ufro sak-virvelia, is myifec aRmoCnda! Tuki grafe-nis fenas Tanabrad davawvebiT, is minasaviT mcire namsxvrevebad daiSleba. aseTi mra-valnairi da urTierTgamomricxavi meqani-kuri Tvisebebis gamo grafeni mimzidveli komponenti xdeba axali kompozituri masa-lebis misaRebad.
grafenis fenebi grafitSi
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grafeni SesaniSnavi gamtaria, masSi gamavali denis maqsimaluri simkvrive aTi aTasjer uf-ro maRalia, vidre spilenZSi. garda amisa, gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi metalebisagan, grafenSi denis gadamtan efeqtur nawilakebs (myari tanis fizikaSi maT kvazinawilakebs uwodeben) uCveu-lo, relativisturi tipis speqtri axasiaTebT, rac grafenis sruliad uCveulo eleqtrul Tvi-sebebs ganapirobebs. upirveles yovlisa, grafenSi denis gadamtani kvazinawilakebi TiTqmis ar ganibnevian minarevebze, rac arsebiTad aumjobesebs sistemis gamtarobas. garda amisa, kvazina-wilakebs ar gaaCniaT inertuloba, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis grafenis, rogorc gadamrTvelis, moqmedebis sixSires.
meore mniSvnelovani gansakuTrebuloba is aris, rom grafenze gare eleqtruli potencia-lis zemoqmedebiT, romelic grafenis fenaSi eleqtronebis ricxvs cvlis, SesaZlebelia denis gadamtani kvazinawilakebis bunebis Secvlac. Tu eleqtronebis ricxvs gavzrdiT, maSin denis gadamtani uaryofiTad damuxtuli nawilakebi iqneba, xolo Tu SevamcirebT – dadebiTad da-muxtuli nawilakebi. es grafenze dafuZnebuli eleqtronikis ganviTarebis axal, unikalur Se-saZleblobebs iZleva.
grafenis eleqtruli Tvisebebi ukve gaxda eleqtronikisa da sainformacio teqnologiebis mimarTulebiT momuSave jgufebis intensiuri kvlevis sagani. 2009 wels milanis politeqnikuri universitetis jgufma Seqmna elementaruli kompiuteruli sqema, romlis Semadgeneli nawilia
kobaltis atomebi, moTavsebuli platinis zedapirze
grafenis transformatori
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grafenis tranzistori. ukve 2010 wels ki korporacia IBM-is q. iorkTaunSi (aSS) gan-lagebuli kvleviTi centris TanamSrom-lebma 100 gigaherci sixSiris da 240 nano-metris zomis grafenis tranzistoris (erT milimetrSi 4000 aseTi tranzistori moTav-sdeba!) Seqmnis Sesaxeb ganacxades.
grafenis gamoyenebis kidev erTi pers-peqtiuli mimarTulebaa displeebi da elas-tikuri ekranebi. rogorc vTqviT, grafeni kargi gamtaria, magram is amave dros gamW-virvalecaa. es ki ukve sruliad axal pers-peqtivebs iZleva grafenis gamWvirvale el-eqtrodis gamoyenebisTvis iseT displeebSi, romelTa moqmedeba kontaqturi wesiT (maga-liTad, xelis dakarebiT) xdeba.
mokled rom vTqvaT, 2004 wlis erTi wvi-miani paraskevis saRamos manCesterSi dawye-buli saqme, romelic 6 wlis Semdeg nobelis premiiT aRiniSna, masalaTmcodneobasa da
nanoteqnologiebSi didi – grafenis epoqis dasawyisad unda ganvixiloT.
socialuri ganviTarebis istorias Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom axali epo-qis dasawyisisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi umniSvnelovanesi ekonomikuri da socialu-ri winsvlis faqtors xSirad samecniero-teqnologiuri xasiaTis aRmoCenebi warmo-adgens. erT-erTi arsebiTi teqnologiuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic kargad mijnavs erTmaneTisgan ganviTarebis sxvadasxva do-neze arsebul epoqebs, aris materiis Tvise-bebze zemoqmedebisa da kontrolis unari. amis saukeTeso magaliTs uZvelesi xanis is-toriis periodizacia gvaZlevs – qvis xani-dan brinjaos xanaSi, xolo Semdeg – brinja-os xanidan rkinis xanaSi. aseTi magaliTebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria ganviTarebuli bu-nebismetyvelebis epoqa – XV saukunidan mo-yolebuli periodi. XIX saukuneSi teqnolo-
IBM-is ofisi iorkTaunSi
`skoCis~ firis daxmarebiT grafenis miReba
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giuri winsvla, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSi-rebuli iyo qimiis ganviTarebasTan, axali elementebis aRmoCenasTan, cota mogviane-biT ki – radiaciulobis movlenis damzeras-Tan. XX saukuneSi teqnologiebSi garRveve-bi ganapiroba kvanturi meqanikis Camoyali-bebam, atomuri fizikis da kvanturi qimiis warmatebebma, kondensirebul garemoTa kvanturi fizikis ganviTarebam, rasac mohy-va Tanamedrove kvanturi masalaTmcodneo-bis Seqmna.
ueWvelia, rom XX saukunis bolo aTwle-uli da XXI saukunis dasawyisi axali sain-formacio teqnologiebis epoqis dasawyi-sia, nanoteqnologiebi ki – am axali epoqis Camoyalibebis Tanamdevi procesi. Cveni moTxrobili ambavi atomuri mikroskopebis Seqmnis da misi saSualebiT grafenis aRmoCe-nis Sesaxeb magaliTia imisa, rom gamoyenebiT kvlevebze orientirebul laboratoriaSi miiReba fundamenturi mniSvnelobis iseTi
Sedegebi, romelTac gansazRvres mTeli Ta-namedrove sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis ganviTarebis Semdgomi aTwleulebi.
Tanamedrove fundamenturi da gamoyene-biTi mecnierebis erTianobis dasturs iZle-va ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavloba-Si fizikaSi gacemuli nobelis premiebis Ca-monaTvalic. miniWebuli 30 premiidan 15 ar-is kondensirebul garemoTa fizikaSi, xolo aqedan 12 – uSualod nanoteqnologiasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebisTvis, romlebic bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarda.
didi bednierebaa, rom Cveni axalgazrda mkiTxveli am saintereso da Sinagani drama-tizmiT savse procesebiT datvirTuli epo-qis Tanamedrovea da aqvs SesaZlebloba Ta-vad gaxdes axali teqnologiuri epoqis Seq-mnis ara marto damkvirvebeli, aramed mona-wilec ki.
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