MENTAL TOUGHNESS AND MTQ48

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Peter Clough & Doug StrycharczykHull University & AQR

DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE, WELLBEING & POSITIVE

BEHAVIOUR in EDUCATION

What is MENTAL TOUGHNESS?

“A personality trait which determines in large part how people deal with challenge, stressors and pressure ....

irrespective of prevailing circumstances”

It’s universal – it’s applicable in many walks of life.

Is it important? Yes! Performance – explains up to 25% of the variation in attainment

Behaviour – more engaged, more positive, more “can do”

Wellbeing – more contentment, better stress management , less bullying

Transition – Aspirations - Retention – Employability

The mentally tough person does find it easier to succeed. However it is self awareness which is the key here.

OriginsIt has origins in the world of the academic and the practitioner.

Resilience - Health psychology - Commitment, control – a passive concept

Hardiness - Commitment, control + challenge – becoming proactive

Dienstbier - Physiological toughening = psychological toughening

Sports Psychology - MT can help lesser athletes beat more able athletes - Often mentioned but poorly defined

Finally Dr Peter Clough @ The University of Hull

Defined MT in useful detail & added a fourth dimension – Confidence

The Four C’sMental Toughness has 4 components:

Challenge

Control Commitment

Confidence

Which combine to provide an overall measure of Mental Toughness

Think of these as aspects of mindset.

The Four C’sWhen using the MTQ48 measure scores are reported on a 1

– 10 Sten Scale. MT is normally distributed.

Stens 1,2 & 3 – “Low” scores – 16% of population

Stens 8,9 & 10 – “High” Scores– 16% of population

Stens 4 – 7 – Typical or normal scores – 68% of population

Mental Sensitivity is the opposite of Mental Toughness.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Commitment

“stick-ability”. Describes to what extent you will “make promises” and the extent to which you will keep those promises.

Those promises can be made to others or to themselves.

When asked to do something to a target by a certain time & date do you instinctively think:I’ll go for that and I’ll do what it takes orI’ll never manage that – I’ll look stupid when I fail.

Commitment

How do those “Low” in commitment typically behave?

Will avoid setting goals and targets –failure will expose them as “failures”

Exams, tests, assignments are threatening

Goals & targets are intimidating to them

Give up easily and find a reason for it

Will try to ignore goals and targets

Distract attention from the goal – “ I would have done it but I did this other thing/ was asked to do something else, etc”

Often respond to the last person to ask them to do something

Commitment

How do those “High” in commitment typically behave?

Will translate goals and targets into “pictures of success” & plan for attainment.

Exams, tests, assignments are welcomed

Set targets for themselves - pbs

Work hard and go for it.

Excited by measures, goals and targets

Commitment

Are there “downsides” for those “High” in commitment?

Can overcommit!

Can fail to see that others aren't motivated in the same way.

May “manage by numbers”

May miss doing things that are equally important or more pressing.

One reason why poorly planned performance often fails

Commitment

Are there “upsides” for those who aren't “high” in commitment?

Control

“Can do”. Describes to what extent you believe you shape what happen to you and manage your emotions when doing it.

There are two components :Life-ControlEmotional Control

When asked to do something , is your default response:I can do it …. without needing to check if it is possibleI’ll stay in control of my emotions

Life Control

How do those “Low” in life control typically behave?

They are fatalists – things happen to them

Do one thing at a time – panic when overloaded

Blame others and circumstances for failures

Tend to focus on why things cant be done

Cup half empty

Life Control

How do those “High” in life control typically behave?

Believe they make difference

Happily multi-task

Good at planning & organisation

Will try to ignore goals and targets

Cup is half-full. Everything is possible.

Work hard to clear blockages

Problems exist – they are there to be handled

Life Control

Are there “upsides” for those who aren’t “High” in “Life Control”?

Emotional Control

How do those “Low” in emotional control typically behave?

Reveal their emotional state to others

Deal poorly with criticism or negative feedback

Feel things happen to them

Get down when things go wrong

Can lose it when provoked or annoyed.

Emotional Control

How do those “High” in emotional control typically behave?

Manage their emotional response to situations

Difficult to provoke or annoy

Deal well with difficult people

Mask anxiety – maintain poise

Deal well with bullying behaviour

Emotional Control

Are there “upsides” for those who aren’t “High” in “Emotional Control”?

Resilience

Resilience is often defined as a function of Control & Commitment.

Resilience represents the ability to deal with an adverse situation and still complete some or all of what you had set out to do.

Mental Toughness broadens this concept by adding two more components – Challenge and Confidence. This introduces a more pro-active element.

Challenge

“drive”. Describes to what extent you challenges, change, adversity & variety as opportunities or as threats.

When asked to do something significant or challenging is your immediate response to say:That’s great – I look forward to whatever emerges orOh no! I like things the way they are – I'm frightened by what might happen.

Challenge

How do those “Low” in challenge typically behave?

Hate change and variety of any sort.

Don’t like shocks & surprises

Hate new places; people; subjects, bosses, etc

Respond poorly to competitive types

Risk averse

Avoid effort and anything which attracts attention

Challenge

How do those “High” in challenge typically behave?

Like challenge

Easily bored – will seek change - may provoke change

Like problem solving

Work hard & smart

Risk orientated

Readily volunteer

Challenge

Are there “upsides” for those who aren’t “High” in challenge?

Confidence

“Self Belief”. Describes to what extent you believe you have the ability to deal with what will face you and the inner strength to stand your ground when needed.

There are two components :Confidence in AbilitiesInterpersonal Confidence

When doing something and you face a problem, is your default response:I have the capability to plough on?I’ll deal with those who get in my way?

Confidence in Abilities

How do those who have “Low” confidence in abilities typically behave?

Will be reluctant to express a view in discussion or debate

Low self belief. Not confident that they know subject matter even they you do.

Inner belief missing – need others to build that.

Unsure whether they have grasped a subject or not – feel they are still missing something

Confidence in Abilities

How do those who have “High” confidence in abilities typically behave?

Don't need others to tell them they can do it or to encourage them.

Happily to engage in discussion even if it takes them into the unknown

Can believe they are right .. Even when they are wrong

Little or no need for external validation.

Confidence in Abilities

Are there “upsides” for those who aren’t “High” in confidence in abilities?

Interpersonal Confidence

How do those “Low” in interpersonal confidence typically behave?

Back down quickly when challenged

Will allow others to dominate debates – even when they are more knowledgeable and more expert

Will have difficulty dealing with assertive people

Wont ask questions in group settings

Will accept criticism even when its not deserved

Interpersonal Confidence

How do those “High” in interpersonal confidence typically behave?

Will argue their corner – especially if they believe they are right

Will gets their own way – even when others may have a better case

Wont allow others to orally dominate

Will have a “go” and enter a conversation.

Will often provide a full response to questions

Interpersonal Confidence

Are there “upsides” for those who aren’t “High” in Interpersonal confidence

The Four C’s – a summary Control - I really believe I can do it - I can keep my emotions in check when doing it

Commitment - I promise to do it and will set goals - I will do what it takes to keep those promises

Challenge - I can see the opportunity - I am motivated to do it

Confidence - I believe I have the ability to do it - I can argue my corner if I need to

Together these give rise to Mental Toughness

THE MODEL – its fit with current thinking

Introduces the ideas of Fixed MindsetFlexible Mindset

Introduces the ideas of Learned HelplessnessLearned Optimism & Happiness

THE MODEL – its fit with current thinking

Introduces the ideas of Talent MythPurposeful practice

Introduces the ideas of Hardiness

THE MODEL –current thinking

One observation is that all models have, as a core concept, the requirement to work hard as well as work smart.

There is a recognition that the West might have a technological advantage but the third world is catching up quickly but is doing this with a better work ethic.

“Success is 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration” Benjamin Franklin

THE MODEL – its application in Education

One observation is that all models have, as a core concept, the requirement to work hard as well as work smart.

There is a recognition that the West might have a technological advantage but the third world is catching up quickly but is doing this with a better work ethic.

“Success is 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration” Benjamin Franklin

This applies to educators, coaches as well as students

THE MODEL – case studies Halewood College , UK – links to performance, bullying,

career aspirations and gender discrimination!

Flegg High School, UK – dealing with disruptive students

Oldham Schools, UK – supporting students from socially and economically deprived backgrounds

Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE – Emiratisation & aspirations

Hult International Business School – optimising learning and employability

Scottish Colleges & Hull University – student retention and employability

The next level of validation of the MTQ48 University of Western Ontario – examining mono-zygotic and Di-

zygotic twins – establishing a genetic component University of Basle – examining adolescent behaviour – dealing with

anxiety, sleep. Etc University of Lincoln – relationship with Emotional Intelligence

Universities of Parma & Modena & Reggio – Brain Scan studies providing a biological explanation

& on-going studies in the Gulf, US, Australia and , of course, Hull.

Side view

Rear view

How do you measure Mental Toughness and what can you do about it?

Measuring Mental Toughness MTQ48 Questionnaire

Normative, valid and reliable measure

On-line format (can print off questionnaires)

Easy to use

On-line facility also helps to manage data

Short inexpensive licensed user training (2 days)

3 versions:

1. Occupational (all ages)2. Young persons (age 11- 17)3. on its way –early years (age 3- 5) and junior school (age 7 – 10)

Mental Toughness DevelopmentThe Mental Toughness model is a fairly complete process

Understanding – the model provides a structure around which to assess an important requirement for performance and wellbeing.

Diagnosis – the measure enables diagnosis, assessment and measurement at a useful level – the 4Cs

What are my issues? What are their implications? What will I seek to develop/improve? Where is it best to start?

Interventions – ability to direct interventions better and to select appropriate interventions –works with any intervention strategies.

Evaluation – the ability to measure change and to relate it to action.

Mental Toughness DevelopmentInterventions fall into 6 broad areas:

1 Positive thinking – affirmations, think three positives, turning negatives into positives, etc

2 Visualisation – guided imaging, using your head to practice, etc

3 Anxiety Control – relaxation techniques, breathing, etc

4 Attentional Control – focus, dealing with interruptions

5 Goal setting – SMART, balancing goals, how to deal with big goals, etc

6 The test itself + feedback – people respond to the feedback

Plus Biofeedback – monitoring self, guiding selection and adoption of tools and techniques

These all help to develop the capability to deal with stress, pressure and challenge and, where

appropriate, to cope with these.

Mental Toughness Development- Positive Thinking

affirmations,

think three positives,

turning negatives into positives,

self talk

thought stopping

looking at role models

what will I do tomorrow?

attitude ladder

The underlying principle - we are what we think.

Mental Toughness Development- Visualisation

guided imagery

pink elephant

change your environment

target practice

penalty shoot out

The underlying principle - We can imagine success or we

can imagine failure and we can learn from that.

Mental Toughness Development- Anxiety Control

control distraction

controlled breathing

muscular relaxation

ear tap

smiling and laughing

self hypnosis

sleep

anchoring

The underlying principle Psychological responses such as fear

& worry have a physiological consequence Controlling those

physiological response can help us to manage the mental responses.

Mental Toughness Development- Goal Setting

smart goals

balancing goals

setting milestones

The underlying principle Give meaning and direction as

well as fuel and energy to achieve objectives & approach

new challenges.

Mental Toughness Development- Attentional Control

minimising interruptions

concentration

stork stand

shut out distractions

The underlying principle Focus, sustained attention and concentration, enables us to work

better and for longerInterruptions and distractions

undermine that capability

Mental Toughness Development- the issues

Do we actually make individuals tougher or do we equip sensitive people with the tools and techniques that the tougher use? Does it matter?

Is it the tool; the coach or the recipient? What do we do about the mentally sensitive – they can perform well. The MT perform

more easily and do get a better deal. The MS can learn MT behaviours. Self awareness is the key – which is why this this is so well suited to coaching and

mentoring

Mental Toughness DevelopmentKogan Page

Any Questions?

Performance Perform better in exams ands tests

Produce better coursework

Achieve more – cover more subjects

Work harder

Competitive

Studies show that up to 25% of the variation in an individuals performance on tests can be explained by their mental toughness

Behaviour More positive – “can do”

More likely to respond positively to change

More likely to engage – will volunteer for activities

More likely to accept responsibility

Better disciplined - attendance

Wellbeing Deal better with stress and pressure

Sleep better!

Less likely to develop mental health issues

Can relax even after the most challenging time

Report much less bullying behaviour

Less likely to consciously adopt bullying behaviour

Aspirations & Employability More ambitious

Set higher standards

More confident

Adopt a competitive approach

Deal better with redundancy

More likely to get a job

Transition

Deal better with

New schools, colleges and universities

New courses

New tutors

New experinces

Moving to the workplace

Completion on Time and on Target

More stick-ability – will complete programmes

Better at project management

Take setbacks and change in their stride.

Visualisation - Demonstrating the link between the psychological and the physiological

You can close your eyes or keep them

open. Listen carefully to the description you

are about to hear.

Visualisation - Demonstrating the link between the psychological and the physiological

Have you started to salivate?

Most people do. This shows the link

between the mind and the body

Visualisation

seeing success

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7n6NhV4CaiU