Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Metateori ve Araştırma
Prof Dr Remzi ALTUNIŞIK
Düşünme Metodolojisinin Gerekliliği
O Bir araştırma alanındaki gelişmenin ilk adımı sözkonusu alanda teori oluşturmada ve uygulamalı araştırmalarda titiz bir düşünme metodolojisinin (thinking methodology) kullanımına bağlıdır. Bilim felsefesi böyle bir metodolojinin oluşturulmasında temel teşkil edebilir.
Metateori (Metatheory)
O … “is the science of science or the investigation of investigation”
O … involves the careful appraisal of methodology of science, and the philosophical issues involved in the conduct of science.
O … isconcerned with topics such as;O The operationalization of scientific concepts O the logic of testing theoriesO The use of theoryO The nature of causalityO Procedures for making predictions
Metatheory is …
O The investigation, analysis and description ofO The technology of building theoryO The theory itselfO The utilization of theory
O is not concerned with CONTEXT of scientific activity, but rather with the CONCEPTUAL PROCEDURES of science.
Some Values of Metatheory
O helps correct and systematize existing philosophical outlook.
O provides scientist with greater conceptual clarity, help them avoid confusions between concepts
O help scientist by sensitizing them to make specific assumptions
O Minimize dogmatismO Help scientists to appreciate the limitations of their
instruments.O Sharpens research strategyO Sensitize scientist to methodological issuesO Keeps scientist intellectually restless and dissatisfied
In sum;
Metatheory helps … O in raising the fundamental scientific
and philosophical questionsO in asking them in the right waysO disclose conceptual sickness and
prescribes treatment for itO widen the horizon of researchO
What does a scientist do?
A scientist endeavors Oto describe, Oto order, Oto record (measure) them, Oto understand and Oto explain them.
His motivation is the desire to be able to predict
new phenomena and control the phenomena through influencing the phenomena.
Scientific Method
O is a set of procedures for establishing and connecting general laws about events and for predicting events yet unknown.
O But there is a controversy about what constitutes the appropriate procedures for scientific method.
Alternative Models of Scientific Methodology
O The Baconian modelO The Harvey ModelO Bunge’s formulation
Baconian Model of Scientifi Inquiry
Perceptual experiences
Unordered facts
Definition classification measurement
Ordered facts
Inductive generalizations
Laws and theory construction
Explanation Kaynak: David Harvey, Explanation in Geography, p.34, 1969.
An alternative route to scientific explanation (Harvey Model)
Perceptual experiences
Image of the real world
A priori model (formal representation of the
image)
Hypotheses
Experimental design (definition, classification, measurement)
Data
Verification procedures(statistical tests etc.)
Laws and theory construction
Explanation
Successful
Unsuccessful
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
8 Main Steps In the Application of the Scientific Method (Mario Bunge)
1. Ask well-formulated and likely fruitful questions2. Devise hypotheses both grounded and testable
to answer the questions3. State assumptions4. Derive logical consequences of the assumptions5. Design techniques to test the assumptions6. Test the techniques for relevance and reliability7. Execute the tests and interpret the results8. Evaluate the truth claims of the assumptions
and the fidelity of techniques9. Determine the domains in which the
assumptions and the techniques hold, state the new problem raised by the research
A Research Cycle (Bunge)
New body of
available knowled
ge
Body of available
knowledge
ProblemHypothesi
s
Test technique
Evidence
Testable consequence
s Evaluation of
Hypothesis
New Problem
Kaynak: Mario Bunge, Scientific Research, Vol. 1, p.9
Rules for adequate execution of research cycle
O State your problem precisely and in the beginning specifically.
O Try definite and somehow grounded conjectures rather than non-committal or wild hunches- risk hypothesizing definite relationships among clear-cut variables.
O Subject your assumptions to tough tests rather than the soft ones.
O Do not pronounce true a satisfactorily confirmed hypothesis – regard it as partially true.
O Ask why the answer should be as it is and not otherwise.
In short,
O Baconian model is the position of raw empiricist.
O Harvey model introduces the concepts of initial image of the real world structure and experimental design.
O Also Harvey model is more explicit in the treatment of positive and negative feedback.
O Bunge model emphasizes the notion of testable hypotheses and creation of new problems as the outcome of the research process
DeGroot’s cycle of empirical scientific inquiry (5 phases)
O Phase 1- ObservationO Phase 2 – InductionO Phase 3- DeductionO Phase 4 – TestingO Phase 5 - Evaluation
Fiegel’s criterion for scientific activities
O Objectivity (inter-subjective testability)O Minimization of personal or cultural biasO Testability
O Reliability (dictinguishing opinion from well substatiated belief)
O Definiteness or precision (definition of concepts and operationalisation issues and the validity of concepts)
O Coherence or systematic structureO Comprehensiveness or scope of knowledge
(Generalizability)
Scientific research
O as the effort to assess existing relevant knowledge and to extend it to concepts and testing integrated hypotheses through the acquisition and analysis of meaningful data, and the critical evaluation of the original concepts and premises.
A Paradigm of Research Process
Dissemination of research
information
Making predictions
Providing explanation
Engaging in necessary
control activities
Evaluation of and learning from
results
Organizing and analyzing data in
relevant ways
Concept formation and specification of
hypothesis
Acquisition of meaningful data
Assessment of relevant existing
knowledge
Contribution to knowledge
1 2 3
45
6
7
8
9
Types of Research in Marketing
O Resource/literature reviewO Hypothesis testingO Instrumental investigationO Descriptive investigationO Exploratory research
The Logic of Scientific Research
O Assessment of existing relevant knowledge
O Concept formation and specification of hypotheses
O Acquisition of meaningful dataO Organizing and analysing data in
relevant waysO Evaluation
Basic Research Activities
Concept formation and hypothesis configuration specification
Acquisition of meaningful data
Evaluation of and learning from
results
Organizing and analyzing data in
relevant ways
Deductive logic
Interpretation
Measu
rem
en
t an
d A
naly
sisIn
du
ctiv
e log
ic
Basic Research Activities…
O These basic research activities need not all performed by all researchers and research practice.
O But for progress to be made in a field of inquiry or for a given problem area these activities must be performed.
Structure and Goals of Scientific Inquiry
Explanation(Açıklama)
Prediction (Tahmin)
Control (Kontrol)
Concepts(Kavramlar)
Propositions(Önermeler)
Theories (Teoriler)
Thanks…
