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7/23/2019 Microb Divers Lecture 1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/microb-divers-lecture-1 1/21
Microbial Diversity
Lecture 1
Nunuk Priyani
7/23/2019 Microb Divers Lecture 1
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Why study MD
• Microbes: The Earth Engine – Capable o e!ploiting a vast range o
energy sources and thriving in al"ostevery habitat
– #or $ billion years "icrobes %ere theonly or" o lie on Earth
– &t is esti"ated that '() o living
protoplas" on this planet is "icrobial – *epresent the richest "olecular and
che"ical diversity in nature
–
Without M+ all lie on Earth %ould cease
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• Microbes : ,iological #rontier – ,ecause M+ are s"all- they are least
kno%n
– Current evident suggest that theyperhaps 1.' "illion species o ungi e!ist
yet only ') are described – #or bacteria- up to 1 "illion species o
bacteria- yet only /.1(( are described in,ergey0s Manual.
– gra" o typical soil contain about 1billion o bacteria- but only 1) o thosecould be cultured
–
Most "icrobes re"ain to be discovered
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The 2alue o MD•
Diverse M+ are essential to asustainable biosphere:
• ble to recycle nutrient
•Produce and consu"e gasses thata3ect global cli"ate
• Destroy pollutant- treat %aste
•4sed or biological control o plantand ani"al pest
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&n advance ,iotechnology
•
pplying process carried out by M+hu"an have been success to solveproble" in :
• griculture and #ood production
• 5u"an health
• Environ"ental 6uality
• &ndustry
• With develop"ent in "olecular biologyand genetic o3er great pro"ise todevelop the potential o MD
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Microbial Diversity
• Morphological Diversity
• Metabolic diversity
•
Environ"ental Diversity• Phylogenetic Diversity
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*evie% on +rganis"Diversity
• Era o ristoteles
• &nventory o Microscope
•
Classi7cation by 5aeckel• Classi7cation by *obert Wittacker
• Ne%est "ethod developed by Carl
Woese 189(s based on 1; r*N
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Haeckel, 1866
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Carl WoesePhoto by Jason Lindsey,U. Ill. Aluni !a"a#ine
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You are here
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
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Some Lessons from the Big Tree:
- $hree ain relatedness "rou%s,&ucarya, 'acteria, Archaea.
- (ri"in is on the bacterial line o)descent* &ucarya and Archaea arerelated to the e+clusion o) 'acteria.
- Chloro%lasts and itochondria are o)
bacterial ori"in.
- $he eucaryal nuclear line o) descentis as old as the archaeal line.
-
e-uences are identi)iers o)or"aniss you don/t need to cultureto identi)y00
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!akin" ense o) e-uences*!olecular Phylo"eny
1. Ali"n se-uences so that hoolo"ous2 residuesare 3u+ta%osed.
4. Count the nuber o) di))erences bet5een %airs o)
se-uences this is soe easure o) e7olutionarydistance2 that se%arates the or"aniss
. Calculate the tree2, the relatedness a%, that ost
accurately re%resents all the %air5ise di))erences
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• The major organelles, mitochondria and
chloroplasts, are of bacterial ancestry.
• The biological clock, the rate of sequence-change, is
not constant. You can’t date the deep past by
sequences.
• The sequence-based framework is a quantitative
articulation of biodiversity most biodiversity is
represented by microbial organisms.
• The sequence-based framework means that
microbial organisms can be identified without the
traditional requirement for culture
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Eukaryotic cell Origin
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What is the lowest taxon?
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In Addition
• Eubacteria commonly come in three forms:
coccus, rod, spiral
•
Archaebacteria hae many shapes• Eubacteria mostly: autotroph, heterotroph,
pathogen
•
Archaea : autotroph, heterotroph, non pathogen
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references
• !he big three and other stuff: "ohn #pear,
$niersity of %olorado
• &riorities for 'icrobial (iersity )esearch:Workshop at 'ichigan #tate $niersity
• &rokaryotes and the origin of 'icrobial
(iersity, *en+amin %ummings &ublisher