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1 Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan Huang (黃慶璨) Office: Room 111, Agronomy Hall Tel: (02) 33664454 E-mail: [email protected]

Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Page 1: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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MicrobiologyMicrobial Metabolism IICatabolism & AnabolismChing-Tsan Huang (黃慶璨)Office: Room 111, Agronomy HallTel: (02) 33664454E-mail: [email protected]

Page 2: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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CatabolismEnergy Release and ConservationProvide materials for biosynthesisAmphibolic pathways

AnabolismUse of Energy in BiosynthesisTurnoverCarefully regulated

Page 3: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Amphibolic Pathways

Page 4: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Source of Energy for MicroorganismsChemolithotrophyChemoorganotrophyPhototrophy

Chemical Energy

Work

Page 5: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Chemoorganotrophic CatabolisnRespiration

Fermentation

AerobicRespiration

AnaerobicRespiration

Page 6: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Chemoorganotrophic MetabolismAerobic respiration

using oxygen as exogenous electron acceptoryields large amount of energy, primarily by electron transport activity

Anaerobic respirationusing molecules other than oxygen as exogenouselectron acceptorsyields large amount of energy, primarily by electron transport activity

Fermentationusing endogenous electron acceptoroften occurs under anaerobic conditionslimited energy made available

Page 7: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Overview of Aerobic Catabolism

Page 8: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Carbohydrate Catabolism: Glucose PyruvateGlycolysis

Most commonAlso called Embden-Meyerhof pathwayOccurs in cytoplasmicmatrix of both procaryotes and eucaryotesGeneration of NADHATP synthesis via substrate-level phosphorylation

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+

Page 9: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Carbohydrate Catabolism: Glucose Pyruvate

3 Glucose-6-P + 6 NADP+ + 3 H2O

2 Fructose-6-P + Glyceraldehyde-3-P + 3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 6 H+

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

provide NADPH as source of electrons4-carbon sugar for aromatic amino acid synthesis and 5-carbon sugar for nucleic acid synthesis and CO2acceptorAerobic or anaerobic

Page 10: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Carbohydrate Catabolism: Pyruvate CO2

TCA (tricaboxylicacid) cycle or Citric acid cycle orKreb’s cycle

FunctionProvide carbon skeletons for use in biosynthesis

AerobicUse O2 as e-

acceptor

Page 11: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Electron Transport

Electron donors: NADH (3 ATPs) FADH2 (2 ATPs) Electron acceptor:Oxidative phosphorylation:process by which energy from electron transport is used to make ATP

Electron transport chainin the inner membrane of the mitochondrionin the bacterial plasma membrane

Wolinella succinogenes is a nonfermenting bacterium with fumurate as its sole carbon source. It undergoes anaerobic fumerate respiration.

Page 12: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Carbohydrate Catabolism: Glucose CO2

Page 13: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Fermentations

Page 14: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Carbohydrate Catabolism: Pyruvate CO2

FermentationNo exogeneous e-

acceptorUse organic molecules as e-

acceptorATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation

Anaerobic

Page 15: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Lipid CatabolismLipid Fatty acid + Glycerol

Fatty acid β-oxidation

Page 16: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Protein and Amino Acid CatabolismProtease

Hydrolysis of protein to amino acidsDeamination

Often occurs by transamination

Page 17: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Principles Governing BiosynthesisMacromolecules are synthesized from limited number of simple structural units (monomers)

Many enzymes used for both catabolism and anabolism

Catabolic and anabolic pathways are not identical, despite sharing many enzymes

Breakdown of ATP coupled to certain reactions in biosynthetic pathways

Catabolic and anabolic pathways use different cofactors

Large assemblies (e.g., ribosomes) form spontaneously from macromolecules by self-assembly

Page 18: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Energy Trapping: Photosynthesis

Light reactionlight energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy

Dark reactionreduce or fix CO2 and synthesize cell constituents

Oxygenic

Anoxygenic

Page 19: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Light ReactionEucaryotes & Cyanobacteria

Green & Purple Bacteria

PMF

Reversed e- flow

Page 20: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Photosynthetic Fixation of CO2Autotrophs obtain energy by trapping light during photo-synthesis or by oxidizing or reduced inorganic e- donorsCalvin, Calvin-Benson,

reductive pentosephosphoraltion cyclein eucaryotes, occurs in stroma of chloroplastin cyanobacteria, some nitrifying bacteria occur in carboxysomes

6 RuBP + 6 CO2

12 PGA

6 RuBP + Fructose 6-P

Carboxylation

Reduction

Regeneration

Page 21: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Synthesis of Pyruvate to GlucoseGluconeogenesis: Heterotrophs synthesize sugars by reducing organic molecules

Glucoeogenesis Glycolysis

Page 22: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Synthesis of Sugars and PolysaccharidesGluconeogenesis

synthesize glucose and fructose from noncarbohydrate precursors

Sugar nucleoside diphosphatessynthesis of other sugars , polysaccharides, and bacterial cell walls

ATP + glucose 1-P →ADP-glucose + PPi

(glucose)n + ADP-glucose →(glucose)n+1 + ADP

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Synthesis of Amino AcidsPrecursor metabolites used as starting substrates

carbon skeleton is remodeledamino group and sometimes sulfur are added

Nitrogen addition to carbon skeleton is importantpotential sources of nitrogen: ammonia, nitrate, or nitrogen

Page 24: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Synthesis of Amino Acids

Oxaloacetate

Phosphoenolpyruvate

α-ketoglutarate

Page 25: Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & …cthuang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/microbiology/metabolism-2-ppt.pdf · Microbiology Microbial Metabolism II Catabolism & Anabolism Ching-Tsan

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Lipid SynthesisTriacrylglycerols & phospholipidsFatty acid synthesis

ACP: acryl carrier protein