..

, 210406 210400

2011

621.395 .. : . : , 2011. 392 .:.

ISBN . , . . . , , /, . EWSD, Alcatel 1000S12, AXE-10 . . , 210400 210406 . 210401 , , , . . 9. . 86, .: 92 . , () 9.02.2011, . 1311.

ISBN

.. , 2011

.............................................................................................................5 1. .................................7 1.1 .........................................................7 1.2 .............................................................18 1.3 .......................31 1.4 ..................................41 1.5 ................................................45 1.6 ...............................56 1.7 ...............................................65 1.7.1 , .................................65 1.7.2 ...........................................................................73 1.8 - , ...................................................................................81 1.9 1............................................................90 2. .........................92 2.1 .................92 2.1.1 .............................................92 2.1.2 ......99 2.2 ..........................................................................................108 2.3 , EWSD..................................................................................115 2.3.1 EWSD ......115 2.3.2 ...122 2.4 , ALCATEL 1000S12 ................................................................128 2.5 , AXE-10 ................................................................................133 2.6 ........141 2.7 2..........................................................156 3. .....................157 3.1 3.2 ..157 , .....................................................................................................168 3.2.1 , .........................168 3.2.2 .......................175 3.2.3 , ...................................183 3.3 .....................................192 3.3.1 , ..........................192 3.3.2 QNX ...............203 3.3.3 .. ..........................................................................................................211 3.4 ...............218

3

3.5 ..........................................223 3.6 ...........229 3.6.1 EWSD ...........................................................................................................229 3.6.2 EWSD......234 3.6.3 ..........................................243 3.7 CHILL.............................250 3.8 3..........................................................265 4. ...........................................................................................266 ..........................................................................................................266 4.2 ..................................................................281 4.3 ........................................................................292 4.3.1 .................................................292 4.3.2 .......................................302 4.4 ........................................................................314 4.5 4..........................................................323 5. ............324 5.1 5.2 ..........................................................324 .........................................................................................334 5.3 ..................................343 5.4 ................................................................350 5.5 .................366 5.6 5..........................................................371 4.1

...................................................................373 ............................................380 , , , . , , , , . , , .4, .2 .13 . 4 29 2004 . 98- .

4

210400 210406 . 210401 . , , , , , . : ; -: -, ; ; , ; , , , ; , , ; , ; CHILL; 5

; . 1 , , , . , . 1 . 2 , , , . , . 3 , . . CHILL. 4 , , . 5 .

6

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, . - , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , - , . . () , , () , . . , () , , , . , , - . . , 100 000 . , . , 8

, , 1597190 ISO/IEC 11179 1. (, ) . , .. , , () . , . . , , , , ( IEEE 12207). , . , , , , . , . , . . / .9

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, , () / . (), . , . , , . , , . . () , (. 1.3). , . () . . , , . . , , , , . , . , () , 12

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: , , () , , . (, ), , . , , . , , . , . : , ; , ( ); , . , , [4]. . , . , , . . , , , () . - , , (, , ) ( ) .14

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, , . . , , ; , , , . , , , . , , /. . , , , /, . 518402001, , . . , , , , , . , , . .17

1.2

, ISO 15704, .. . IEEE 1471 , , , , . () , , , . (), [12]. () , , , . , , , , , , . () . , . , [3,5,36,47,48,50,66]. 1946 (von Neumann) , , . ,18

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R1

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. 1.15 CISC Intel 80x86

Intel 80x86 . , , , . 4 , . , . , , . , NOT ( ), = 1111011w, w , . OR = 000010dw, d , , ; w . () 3 . Mod R/M , . mod , , mod = 00, reg1 ; mod=11, reg1 . ,39

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1946 . , , - . , . , , , ( , , ) . ,41

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, , , , . () , , , , , ( ). 4 64 16- , 32- 4 ( Intel Pentium) : ; ( ); ; , ; , , , , . , , , . . (). . 1.18 [3].47

. 1.18

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. 1.19 -

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. . - , - . . 1- (), . 1- . 2- . 3- , , , . , : , 64256 . / ( ) 1 5 . 1- L1 1632 , L1 1 . 2- L2 256 512 , 6 , L2 320 . 3- L3 24 , Itanium2 Tukwila ( 2010 .), 30 ( 10 ). 4 1 , 40 (2060 ). ([79]. 243,) IBM POWER5 (P5) 52

1,9 - L1 1 , - L2 13 , - L3 87 , RAM 220 . , . , , . , , , 15 . -, . : - ( , write through). , . . - (write back), -. . -. () . . . () 53

. - () , . . . , 1 , , 48 , , 0,570,7 2. . , , - . . ( 90% ) 10% . , , , : . . , , , D . 1.19. , , . - S (shared) , , - , - .54

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. 1.20 1-, 2- 3-

- L1 L2; L2 L3. . 1.20 (Flinn), SISD (Single Instruction Single Data) 55

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. , , . , , , , , , . , . (.. ), . , , -. , , , , . , -, , / . , , , , , , . , , . , 59

. () , - [34]. , , , , . , . () , Ethernet, HDLC, X.25. ATM, IP, . otorola MC683xx, MPC8xx, AMD Am186CC, Intel IXA IXP 2XXX, Intel IXP 4XXX. C V.3x, V.9x. , (digital signal processor, DSP) , , . - , , , [6,7,90]. () . , , /. Texas Instruments TMS 320, Analog Devices ADSP 21xxx, Motorola DSP56xxx, Motorola DSP96xxx. ( , ) , . 60

GSM, CDMA . . , , . () , embedded processor [36]. , / , , . , : , .. ; , , ; ; ; . , , , c /. , , Wolf, Tomas (, 2003) . 1.21. . 1.21 , , , 61

. 1.21

. , , , . , , , . , , , 62

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. FPGA , , , , (). FPGA - , , . FPGA , . , . , , , . / . . , , rDPA , . , . , . , , -. . [4,43, 47,48,70,91], .64

1.7

1.7.1 , , ISO/IEC, IEEE, . , , , . , [19] . , . . (), , . . , (200 /, 64 /, 1 /). 1.3. () [38,53] , , . , , , . , 1.3.

65

1.3 () / 1 [8, .66] (FXO) (FXS) (S/T ) (U) V .. ( ). V5 (Ethernet) xDSL 2048 / ( ) 2048 / ( Y) STM-1 ( ) PDH ( ) (WDM) , IP , (MPLS)

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, . , , , , , . , , /. . , NIC 2586891. () . . - . , , , . . , . , , . , . , . (), , 68

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Ethernet , . , . , , , . () , / , - , : , () ; ; ; , , , ; ( , , ); (/ / ). / . (). . , PDH [49], Intel LXT-332 (. . 1.22). Intel70

LXT-332 1544 / 2048 /.

. 1.22 E2

: - HDB-3, B8ZS; . - G.703 c , ; , ; , ; ; ;71

. LXT-332 - : , . , , LXT-332, , . . , . , LXT-332 , , . . ( ) . : , , , . LXT332 , . 1 215-1 (32767) . . LXT332 . . 1.22 PDH NRZ72

. , , . 4 . , . , , - , /. . . 1.7.2 , , /. , . , , , . () , , () . , . , . .73

(network processor) [80] , , , . , . , . (), . . , . (engines, microengines), , . . , [25] (protocol processors) (. . 1.23).

. 1.23 -

74

() . , , : ; (QoS); , . . 1.23 , VxWorks, embedded Linux, . , RISC, VLIW, c EPIC (. 5). VLIW, (). RISC- , /, , , . . , IP- IP IP-, . , , , . , . 75

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/, , QoS. 5. QoS / . 6. / . - . ..3,4,5 , . . , , OC-192/10 /, , , 35 . /, (3- ) . , . , , . Intel IXP1200, , , . IXP1200 : , , . 232 , . 77

32- IXP1200 IP-. ( ) , [25]. , , 18 . . IXP1200 3 , 1,5 /. , IBM PowerNP IBM, , 16 , 7 , . IBM PowerNP 133 , 20 . PowerPC. Gigabit Ethernet 2,5 25 . IBM PowerNP . PowerNP . . , Ethernet . : DMA . .78

, . . . . (SILTD) 7 EWSD v10 [83] (. . 1.24). SILTD 7 CCNC EWSD v10 254 SILTD. SILTD 2 7. SILTD . 1.24 : MUXS ; 54 / ( ANSI) 64 / ( ETSI) ; 4,8 /; / CCNP CP113; 7 . SILTD , , .

79

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/ () [4,33] () , -, , , 81

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, / . /. . ( ). /, . 1.26.. 1.26 -

IN PORT REG . OUT REG PORT. , , . (/ ) , , / , . , , 64 , 32 , 0 32-1 (=1024) , 32 641 /. , , . READ () WRITE () , () /. , - 84

. , . - . / , . / , . /: - ( ); ( ); DMA. - , , , , , /. , , (. 3.2.3). , , . , DMA . DMA , , . , (). DMA 85

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, DMA, DRQ (DMA Request), DMA. DMA DMA, HRQ (Hold DMA Request) . , HRQ, , , HDLA (Hold Acknowledge) DMA . DMA DACK1DACKN (DMA Acknowledge) , .86

; DMA AEN (address enable), , . DMA . , DMA DRQ AEN; . DMA , . () /. , , , - . - , , , / . / , , / /. - / . , . - Intel 80321 c RISC- [68].87

- . 1.28. - .

. 1.28 - - Intel 80321

(core) 80321 Intel Xscale ( ARM, . 5.3), 600 , - 32 32 , - 2 . - . , - ( . 5.1). Intel 80321 128- . 5.2.88

-. (Internal Bus) 64 200 , - . DMA (DMA Controller) PCI . DMA ( ), , , . DMA (core) 80321; 232 Internal Bus 264 PCI. Internal Bus 1600 /; PCI PCI-X 1064 /. , ATU 80321 PCI. ATU PCI 80321. , PCI Intel XScale, . / 4 . , MU PCI 80321. . . DDR PC200 DDR SDRAM. , ECC. (peripheral bus interface unit, PBI) 80321, 89

PCI / PCI. - (flash memory) , . PBI 80321 /. PBI 32- 33, 66 100 . , AAU 80321 , (XOR). (performance monitoring unit, PMON) , 80321. 14 , . , . , SSP 7,4 1,84 . - (), , . - , NIC, Ethernet-, . , - , DMA, , , . 1.91.

1

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90

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91

2. 2.1

2.1.1 . - ( ), - , . . . , , , , ( ). . , , , , . , . . , () . [1] , .. : ( Connect!,92

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.

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106

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. , . , . , . . , , , . . [10,54], 3. . : ; . 3; ; /.109

, . , . , . , , , . , , . , 50% , 50% . , , 50% .. . , . . . , , . , . . , , . , , . 110

, () , , . , . . , . . . , . Alcatel 1000 S12 ( Alcatel, , ) EWSD ( Siemens, ). C&C08 ( Huawey, ) 40 / E1 . , . . , .. 111

, . () . , . , 12 , 8 , , , , . , , , . , , / , , . . , / , 125 . , . 48 . , , . , 112

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ATM - . () PCIExpress, , 2,5 / . , . , . , 7 X.25 [1]. . 2.3 , EWSD

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. , , , . . , . EWSD Siemens AG, . , EWSD [8,70], EWSD CP113c [32]. CP113c : , , , , , . , , Net Manager Siemens. , . CP113 /CR . 2.7. , , . 2.7 , . CP113c.116

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() , BAPM , . BAPS . BAPM BAPS 50% , . , 80% . 95%, 5% . 117

. BAPM BAPS. BAP . BAP EPROM 4 . CAP . BAP IOC CAP . - IOC (DLU, LTG, MB, SN, OMT, MDD) CP113. IOC 12 IOP. / IOP , , IOC. B:IOC , 32- , IOP IOC. () , B:CMY CAP, BAP, IOC CMY. B:CMY 32 /, 16 . , , . : 32- ; 8 ; 2 ; 32- ; 8 ; 16 BAP, CAP, IOC CMY.118

CMY , , , , , , , , CP113. CMY 64 512 . CMY , 0 3; 16 64(128) . () . CMY 16 , - . , CMY , 0 (CMY0) 1 (CMY1). , , , (stand by). , . CP113c Motorola MC68020, MC68040. RISC .. (). 14 . MC68040 25 ; 32 ; 32 ; 66 ; - L.2 8 . , . IO MC 68040 16 , IOP 32 . IOP 128 . 5 , 1 170 000 /.119

MC 68XXX, CP113c (v.10). MC68020 [11,88] 32- , C68 Motorola, IOP. MC68020 . MC68020 256 . MC68020 . 68020 MC68020 MC68020. , , (023). MC68020, 68020: MC68020 32- (32- 32- , ), 4 ; 32- ; ; 68XXX; ; ; ; ; (18 ); , , (8 ), (16 ), (32 ), - (4 ). MC68040 32- , BAPM/BAPS, CAP, IOP. 120

MC68040 : IU, MC68030; , FPU; , MMU; / IMU; , DMU; (). IU ( ) , , , FPU , . FPU , IU, IU, IU. (IMU, DMU) . / , IU, (IMU , DMU ) , : MMU, 128- 4- . IMU, DMU, IU . 68040 FPU MMU, MC68040. MC68040, MC68LC040, 68040 : - 68; 32- ; 4121

; , ; , MC68030; FPU ( MC68040); (IMU, DMU) MC68040; ; ; ; 32- ; ( ) ; 4 ; 18 7 . , 13 . CP113 . 2.3.2 B, IOC [83] . (. . 2.8) ( ), . , PEX, .. BAP, CAP IOC , .122

. 2.8 - PEX

PU 68040, , . : ; CI; PU0 PU1. . PU0 PU1 --. , , PU0 PU1 , (, IOC) B:CMY. 25(16) . , LMY 32 64 , DRAM. LMY , 123

PU, , , . , FEPROM PEX PEX, BIOS . CI B:CMY, IOC. , . , , 113 . 64, 128 256 . CP113 CMY. B:CMY CMY () (. . 2.9) [76].

. 2.9 CMY

124

125 , 500 . ; - . B:CMY, ; EWSD. B:CMY0 B:CMY1. 0 0 15- ECC 4 7-; 1 16 31- ECC 0 3- (. . 2.9) . 0 1 ECC; B:CMY0 B:CMY1. , . 2.9, : , CMYC , CMYM (. . 2.10). CMYC , CMYM . . B:CMY CMY CMYC . B:CMY CMY CMYC CMYC CMYM. CMYC 125

, .

. 2.10 CMYC

CMYC . / CMYDIO , , ASIC. : B:CMY ; B:CMY0 B:CMY1 , ; .126

ECC ; CMY CMYM. , . , , , , . . , ECC / ASIC . CMYMFC CMY, /. 113c. , / CMYC : ; ; B:CMY. CMY CMYC CMYM. CMYC : B:CMY ; CMYM CMY . CMYM . 127

: , , ASIC; CMYDIO, ASIC CMYC CMY. CMYM ; CMYC . CMYM : ECC ; ; ECC ; ECC , 0 1, CMYC CMYM. CP113c , 3.2.3. 2.4 , Alcatel 1000S12

ITT, . 1978 System 1240 (ITT 1240). 1985 Alcatel 1000 S12 Alcatel (). Alcatel 1000 S12 [8] , , 128

. Alatel 1000 S12 . DSN. . 2.12, DSN .

. 2.12 / S12

DSN , , .129

. Alatel 1000 S12 : , ; ( , ); , ; , , , . . . , , (. . 2.13). , . , , , . . Alcatel 1000 S12 , .

130

}

. 2.13

() , , . , (). , DSN 4096 /c. . , . ACE TCE . , . , Alcatel 1000 S12 , TCE ACE . Intel 8086, Intel 80386, Intel Pentium Intel 80486. , 16 , () , TI 131

. . , P&L. , : 10 RS232 ; / 7 , , , SCSI; ; , . : SCSI; RS232; V.24/V.28; V.24. MCU, DMCA CLMA , . Alcatel 1000 S12 : 1. , TCE . 2. Alcatel 1000 S12 , , , , , 132

, . 3. DSN . 4. , , . 5. DSN , , . Alcatel 1000 S12 . 2.5 , AXE-10

-10 Ericsson (), Nikola Tesla (). AXE-10 . AXE APZ, .2.14 [8]. APZ . -10 : . APZ , : , , ;133

: AST D CSR - ETC RPA SP RPBC SPM ST 7

STC TSM RPBC SPM ST 7 STC TSM

. 2.14 AXE-10

, RP , ;134

, ; , SP -, (- , , . , AXE-10 DP, . DP , , . DP . AXE-10 , , , , . RP 16 . TSM, ETC, . EM . CP, RP, SP , , . , RPBC, , .. , . CP . STC CP , RPA SP - . AXE-10 . , , : ;135

; ; , ( , , ) , ; , , . APZ , - . , . 2.15 . , CP. CP , . ( -) , . CP . CP . CP 800 000 . -10 CP , , . CP APZ 212 . 2.15.

136

. 2.15 - APZ 212

(), . CP . 2.15 , , , , . . APZ 212 , , , . , , , . 16- , 128 , 137

4. , . CP CP, . CP- CP-B . , 6 16- . . CP- CP-B, CP, . RP, , .. RP , RP . 512 . CP, RP SP . , , , . , : , ; ; , ;138

; ; . - . 2.16. 5 , , : ; ( ); .

. 2.16

( ) . - , 139

. , , , DP, . , . 32 RP. RP . . (STC) (STR), 64 /c. SP - -10 . , 32, 25 () 32 . SP : AXE-10 ; AXE-10 SP; c ; . SP - : -, ; AXE-10 , , ; ;140

G.703, G.704, V.24/V.28, V.35, V.11(V.36) X.25, FTAM, Ericsson MTP; -10 TCP/IP Ethernet. , AXE-10 . , , . . , . AXE-10 , , 2.6

, , . ( , ) . ( ) , , , ( 27.00289). , . 141

, ( ), . , . , / , ( 27.31095). : .. ; ; , 50% . . , , , . , . . , . , , , [60]. 142

, t, P(t), T:

P (t ) = e t1 T = P ( t ) dt = ,0

m N t

(2.1) (2.2)

(2.3)

m , t, N t; . ( ) , , . - . , =10-610-8 1/, , : T = 106108 . , . , , () . . , 50% . . , Siemens 143

CP113 1 300 . . () , . , , , , (, ). . : (, ). () , . , . , .. . , , , , m- (. . 2.17).P 1(t)

Pi(t) Pi(t) Pi(t)

P n(t) P n(t) P n(t)

P1(t)P 1(t)

. 2.17

144

, . 2.17 , . ; , .. , , .

P (t ) . 2.17 [20]:

P ( t ) = 1 (1 pi ( t )) m i =1

n

(2.4)

n ( , ); m ( ) ;

pi (t) i- m- t. , ( ), , , (). .. . . . / . , , . , , .145

, m ( m=2), . ( 8 000 ) . , . , m = 34 , , .. . , . 50/50 .. 50% , 50% . , . , , . . .. , . , , /, (. . 2.18).

146

P 1(t) P 1(t) P 1(t)

P i(t) P i(t) P i(t)

P n(t)P n(t) P n(t)

. 2.18 -

. . 2.18., P (t ) , :

P (t ) = [1 (1 pi (t ))m ] .i =1

n

(2.5)

. CP113 CP113 (. . 2.19).

. 2.19 - CP113

, . :

PCP113 (t ) = PCCG (ti ) PBAP (ti ) PB:CMY (ti ) PCMY (ti ) PIOC / IOP (ti ) (2.6)147

PCP113 (t ) CP113 ;

PCCG (ti ), PBAP (ti ), PB:CMY (ti ), PCMY (ti ), PIOC / IOP (ti ) CP113; ti i- ; , (2.5):

P ,BAP,B:CMY ,CMY ,IOC / IOP (ti ) = 1 (1 eiti )2 , CCG

(2.7)

i i- (CCG, BAP, B:CMY, CMY, IOC/IOP); m=2 . 2.19. . l , h , (. . 2.20). , lh .

. 2.20 ()

, , 148

. . 100% () . , 100%, , . , .. . n+1, n , 1 . n+2, n+3 .. , , 72 . . 2.20, , , , h . m m = (l h)/h. Pc (t) . 2.19 [18,69]:

P (t ) = C p (t ) ( 1) j Ci j p0j (t )i =0 i l l i 0 j =0

l h

i

(2.8)

Cli =

l! i !( l i ) !

(2.9)

( ) T , :

T =

P ( t ) dt 0

1

0

h + i,i=0

lh

1

(2.10)

0 ().149

, lh = 2..3 . , ( ) . n+1 . n+1 CP113c BAPMBAPS. , . m =

m0 / n, m0 , , n , . :

P (t ) = e

0t

(0t )i i! i =0m

(2.11)

( ) T :

T=

m +1

0

(2.12)

. . , .. , , , [46]. , 150

. , , . , . . , /, (, ). , - . - . , , ( , .). , . , , . , / , . , . , BAPM BAPS. , . . 151

- . , . , . - , , . 2.2 [82]. 2.2 () 7 ( ) ( ) 3 30 82 2 x 105 5 1000

. , . . . EWSD 2 1000 .152

. , . - . , , . , , , . . : ; , , ; ; . , , , 153

: (, ) ; , , (middleware); . , , , - . , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , - . . . 154

, () () , . . , : , PI . , EEI , . , CSI . , . - , HCI . , ISI , . ISI 155

. , . . 2.71. 2.

2

. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. . 6. ? 7. ? 8. ? 9. Alcatel 1000S12? 10. ECC? 11. / CP113c EWSD? 12. AXE-10? 13. EWSD AXE-10 ? 14. ? 15. . 16. ?

156

3. 3.1

. , , . , , , , . , . , , , . . , , , , . , ( ) , , . , , , . , .. , 157

. , . , - .. , , , ( IEEE 1471 Std. 2000). ( 20 ), , - . . . 3.1. , , , . , . , () . , . 1 , , , , . . , 158

, . . , 1 .. .

. 3.1

159

. . 1- , , . 1 . 1 2. 1 . 2 . /kernel, . , . . 2 /, , , 1 2. 2 , , CDR, , . 2, , 1. , . 2 160

. 2 1, . . 2 3. 3 . /kernel, , . ( ) . , , . 3 , , , , 2. , ; , 2. SSP , TMN. . 3.1 . . , . , 161

. 518402001, , . , , . . , , , . , , , . , kernel, , . Kernel , : ; (, -, ); / ; / /; . , .. , . , 162

, . , Intel x86/Pentium . , , , , /. . , , [8,19], , - , - . , . , Linux, - , Intel x86/Pentium, Motorola 68xxx, ARM . . , , , , , . , , . , , , . , (, ), 163

, . , . . : / ; . , , . (initialization). , , , . / , , , . . , , , . . / , . , . 164

, , . . , , . , . () . (generic program) , APS. , , . () (application program) , , . : ; ; ; ; . , 165

() . . /, , /, . . , . ( , , - , ) , . , , / , .. . . , , . , , , , IP- , , , .. ( ) , , , 166

, .. . . , . SSP (Service Switching Point), SNMP, Centrex .. , . , (CDR-), . . . () . ( , ), , , [9,32]. (kernel), , , . , , 167

, . , . , , - . . , . . , . . - . , .. . , . 3.2 ,

3.2.1 , . 168

. () . , . , , , , . , , , , /, . , , -, , , , . . : ; ; ; . . . . , . , / .169

. , . () , . , , . , , , / . . . , , . . , , . . ( ), , . , 3.0, , , , . . . / , 170

. , , , , , . . . , , . , , () , (), . , . , . . , . , . . . . , (scheduling). 171

, . , , , , , . . , . , . (thread). , , . , . , , , , . , . , , : ( ) ; ( ) , , ; , 0. ( ) ; ,172

. , . , . , , . . . ; ; ; , ; , (, , /). , , FIFO. . , , , , . . . : 1. . 2. , , , . 3. , , . 4. , , . 5. , . 173

. , . . . , , , , . , . . . : ; - ; ; , ; ; . ( -). . , 5ESS ( AT&T Network Systems International, ) 174

. , - , -. , , . , NEAX61 ( NEC, ) c RTOS UNIX. RTOS , , , , . UNIX , . , 5ESS . NEAX61 .. RTOS , , UNIX . . , , . 3.2.2 , , . , . 3.2 [25,33,61,65]. .175

. . , . . .

. 3.2

, , . , , . , , , . , . , , . .. 176

. , . . , , . . , , . . , , . , . . , . , . , , . , , 177

, . . . () . , . . . , , , . () , , , . , / /. () , , , , - . , / , . () 178

. , UNIX, VAX/VMS, . , . , 3.3. . , , , MS-DOS. . , , . , , . .. . . , , - , , . , , , : , ; 179

, /, ; . , , , , . . , , , . , . , . . . , . , , , . .. , - , 180

. () . . 3.3.

. 3.3

, . , . , 5ESS . UNIX-RTR ( ), , 3B20D . . , :181

; ; , ; , . [59]. , () () . . 3.3, , . , . , . , , . , 5ESS . , . 182

RX-UX/VR NEAX-61, RTOS UNIX. RX-UX/VR , , : ; ; , ; / . , , . 3.2.3 , 5030492, , . 1597190, , . . . . [55]. ( 0, ) . , , , 183

, -, , , , . , , , , , . , . . . . , . , , . , , . .. , . , , , . , , , .184

, .. () . , . () . , : , ; . . , . , . , . , . . , . . , ( ) , . , , , . 185

, PIC. , . , IRQ . , , INTA (interrupt acknowledgement). () , . , , . , , . . . , . , . , , , , . , , , . , , . . , 186

. . , , , . , , , . EWSD, . , CP113, . CP113, , . CP113 . . ( ), DLU ( ), GP LTG ( ) . GP CP113 . , [70], . , , , . . , /.187

, (), . CP113 , . , . - . . , ( ) EWSD. EWSD 8 ( 0 7), 7 , 0 . , , , , . CP113 . , : 1 . . CP113 , ( , ) . , , . 2 . . : , ;188

; , ; , , , (. . 3.1). 3.1 CP113 CP113 7 6 15 B:CMY 14 . 13 5 12 ( ) 4 11 10 9 CP113 3 8 IOC BIOS 7 2 x x 6 5 / CP 1 4 / 3 IOP:UNI 2 IOP:MB 1 / 0 IOP 0 CP113, / .

3 . 0 7. 189

, . , , . 2.3.1, BAP CAP : CI. . () . CI, , : CI PU :; CI PU; / ; () . ( ) ( ). : , ( ); () (communication area, ) . CMY 16- ; 16- , 16 . 2.7. 190

(. . 3.4).

. 3.4 C

9 0. 9 CMY CA. CMY, . CA 9 CMY 0. , .. 0 ( 4). 9 B:CMY 0, 4. 4 . 0 4 XXXX . , 191

. , CP113, LMY . , , . , , 3 5 , , , . , . , . , . 3.3

3.3.1 , , , , . (real time processing), 1597190 , ( ) , . . - , . . , 192

, - . , [10,23,25]. , IEEE POSIX 1003.1a : . , , , , 10 100 , 100 1000 , 1 3 ([1], . 228). . , , , . , . , , , , . , , , . , ( ) . . , . , , , . 193

, () . POSIX Portable Operating System Interface, [26]. POSIX (Richard Stallman) , [61]. , POSIX , , . POSIX . . , (kernel) . , . . , . , , . , . , RISC - , .194

, POSIX. POSIX IEEE (, ), ANSI ( ), ISO ( ), IEC ( ) Open Group ( , 200 ). POSIX IEEE Std. 1003.x: IEEE 1003.1a OS definitions ( ) , , , , , , FIFO. IEEE 1003.1b Realtime Extensions ( ) , , , / /, , . , 32- . IEEE 1003.1 Threads () , , . IEEE 1003.1d-1999 , , IEEE 1003.21 , , , , , . , - .195

. , . , . , , , , . , . . Cisco IOS [15], . : , . ( ), . , flash-. , . () . Cisco IOS . . , , 196

. , Cisco IOS , () . , Cisco IOS , , . . , . , Cisco IOS .. . . , , . - . , . - - , . - - . . . , () . 197

, , , . , . , , . . , . , , , , . - 2000, 2.0 3.0. 2000 ( , www.niisi.ru) Intel RISC. 2000 POSIX 1003.1 , , . . 2000 . , , /. , . (). . , 198

/, , . 2000 , / . . , . , , /, , , . , . 2000 - . : , . , , . .. , . . 199

. .. , . , , . , . , (, , ). , , , , . , . 3.5 [10,25].

. 3.5

( 200

) , . . , . , 2000. , . . (- , [62]) , , . , . , . . . . ( ) . QNX 201

3.3.2 , , , Linux 2.6. [63], Linux 2.6 , (. 3.6).

. 3.6 Linux 2.6

. Linux 2.6, , , . . , . . , Linux .. , . 202

. , , Linux, . . . RTLinux, Real-Time Application Interface Xenomai. . QNX, LynxOS, OS-9, VxWorks/Tornado, Windows CE, UNIX-RTR, Virtuoso ( ). QNX . 3.3.2 QNX QNX Software Systems (QSSL, www.qnx.com) Research In Motion RIM, . , - (-32), - (), . . , . . - , QNX , 30/32, , , , IP- . Cisco IOS XR, QNX Neutrino, Cisco Systems CRS-1. 203

92 / OC-768c/STM-256c. 1152 ( ) , 40 / . Cisco Silicon Packet Processor (SPP) ASIC. QNX, Neutrino 6.3, [51,58], . (microkernel) (. . 3.7).

. 3.7 QNX

( ). , , , , , , 204

. 10 . , IPC. : ( POSIX); ; ; (); () ; . . , . , . QNX . . , , . , , , , . QNX ; , . . , , . QNX (READY) . 205

, . . QNX Neutrino 6.3 256 . , , . READY- , : , , IPC. , . . . , . () () QNX : (FIFO scheduling) . (round-robin scheduling) , , (time slice), . (sporadic scheduling) () . . 206

() , . , . QNX 4-x lock Period(), lockPeriod() , , . , setprio(). ( ) , . , 32- 16- . TCP/IP. POSIX, , open(), read(), write(). , open() : 1. . 2. open() .. , . 3. , . . . QNX . , , , . , 207

send(), receive(), reply(). , send(), QNX 4.3 : send (pid, smsg, rmsg, smsg_len, rmsg_len), pid , ( ); smsg ( ) rmsg ( , ) smsg_len ; rmsg_len , . , QNX Neutrino . QNX . ( QNX 4.x) SIGPWR , Ctrl-Alt-Del shutdown. QNX Neutrino FLEET (fault tolerance), (load-balancing). QNX Neutrino QNX IEEE 1003.1a, IEEE 1003.1b, IEEE 1003.1c, IEEE 1003.1d 2001 . QNX Neutrino : ; ; OpenGL .. ; ; TCP/IP v4, TCP/IP v6, IPsec; Java208

J9 ( IBM), Webshere Embedded Environment, Java2 Mobile Edition ( Sun Microsystems/Oracle, ); ; USB 2.0; 4 ; Java, . QNX Neutrino 6.X , . 3.8.

. 3.8 QNX Neutrino 6.2

IPC . Ethernet TCP/IP. .3.8 209

. . , ( ), . QNX, . (Proc) , . (Proc) , , . . . (Fsys) . Fsys , , FAT, FAT32, NTFS, UNIX. . , / , , , . (Dev) . - , / . . . (Net) QNX IP- ( ). . 3.8 , , , , /, . . 210

, . , . , . . 5. . 3.8 : POSIX; ; ; . . 3.3.3 [2]. , RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems). , , . RTEMS , OAR (On-line Applications211

Research Corporation), . . - , www.rtems.com. OAR , . RTEMS GNU (GNU General Public License). TCP/IP RTEMS FreeBSD, - . RTEMS Linux (UNIX). RTEMS (deeply embedded segment), . (, ), (). , RTEMS , , . RTEMS POSIX 1003.1b, TCP/IP, FreeBSD, : UDP, TCP, FTP, HTTP. RTEMS . www.gnu.org. RTEMS , . RTEMS :212

() ; ; , , ; , , , ; ; . RTEMS 255 . , . , , . - , . RTEMS . ( ) MC68EN360 Motorola. SNMP, [21]. SNMP- (. 3.9) , .

213

. 3.9 SNMP RTEMS

, RTEMS, SNMP- : SNMP (MIB II); SNMP- SNMP; RS-232; 214

; (, ..) . : Init , ; TimerSrv , , ; SNMPSrv SNMP UDP; ConsoleSrv IP-; TerminalSrv . , 32- MC68EN360, , , . RS-232, IP, . Ethernet, SNMP , NMS. RTEMS SNMP : , , , , . , RTEMS TCP/IP, 215

. RTEMS; QNX, SNMP. . / , . . , () . . . , . ( ) , . . , , , . : , , ; , / , . . : , , / . . , . RTEMS. RTEMS 216

. . , ( ) . . RTEMS , . RTEMS . RTEMS . , IP , 16 10. , , , . , 270 . , . , IP- . , .

217

3.4

2.2 , , . , . , SMP (symmetrical multiprocessing) , , , . SMP , , , . SMP , , , . , . SMP , , CP113c. . . . , . . SMP- , . 218

, . , , . , . , . SMP- . . SMP , . , ( ) . . ( 256 ), ( ) . PCIExpress. , , . , . , SMP-, , , , , SMP. SMP . , SMP , -, . , , 219

0 1. . , - . -. (. . 3.10). QNX Neutrino.

. 3.10

, 2 . 3.10, , - i, i 2, 2 -. i , , , 220

-. . , , AMP (asymmetrical multiprocessing), . , , . , , . .. NEAX61. . . . . SILTD EWSD. SILTD (), 7. Reception Part , , SILTD . CCNP, 3 ( 7). , 3221

7 , , ( ), ( ), . Transmission Part . , , -. Link State Part Retrieval Part. Retrieval Part 3 . Congestion Part SILTD; Signaling Information Busy . , SILTD. ( ) EWSD Congestion Part . , . Maintenance , , , SILTD. Administration . SILTD , 3.1.222

3.5

. . . : , ; , . ( , , ), . . / , . , . , , . , (, MML) , , . 223

. , ([40], c.12). T. Ostrand, E. Weyuker, 2002 [62] , 1 16 1000 . (A. Chou, 2001), 2 75 1000 , 37 . , , Linux 15 , Windows XP 2 , ( 85%) . , . . -, , ; ; , , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , , : , , ( , , ), [56]. [82], , , , 1 224

3 . . , - , , . , . , , . [82]. [62]. , (kernel) . , . . , , (read only). , , . . . . , , 225

, , . , , . QNX , . , , IPC . , /. . / , , , MMU. , ( ), . , / . , , . , , , . , , , , read, write, 226

; . ( ), TCP/IP, . , , . . , . , . 10% , , . , , . , . . , . , . , , , . ; . . , 227

. . CHIIL, 3.7. : . . , . - . , : , . , , . , , . , . 228

; . , . , EWSD. 3.6

3.6.1 EWSD EWSD - . EWSD CP113, GP LTG, DLUC DLU. , CP113. CCNC 7 (EWSD v15) [82]. [8,70]. EWSD , EWSD. EWSD CHILL [9,74,82], C, . EWSD : APS, CP113 229

MP ( SSNC EWSD v15) ; , FEPROM EWSD. APS CMY . APS () ; APS , , . EWSD . , , . , CHILL, : ; ; ; ; . EWSD, , 1000 . , FEPROM. FEPROM EWSD, . . EWSD ISO 9000-2000. 230

: ; ; ; (, ). . , , : ; ; , ; , ; . : , , ; ; ; ; . EWSD, , 231

1 ( Siemens). : ; ; , .. . , ; (.. ). . EWSD . : ; ; . 57 -. EWSD , . EWSD . EWSD : ; ( SDL-, , ); , ; EWSD; ;232

; / . EWSD (. . 3.11) (processing platform), CP113, .

. 3.11 EWSD CPU

. (capsule). , . 233

/ . , SPU. SPU . SPU , , SPU. SPU . . , - CP113. , , - ; SPU. . . , . 3.11. 3.6.2 EWSD EWSD - . (kernel OS) . BAP CAP . EWSD , , . IOC IOP , . 234

, BAP/CAP. EWSD . : EWSD . . . , () . () , . 7 , 0 . 0. 0. - . . . , , , . CP113 . CMY, BAP CAP, . , 235

. : , ; ; , ; CMY LMY. . CP113c. , : , -; ; , LIB113. , . EWSD APS 3.2, EWSD v10. . - EWSD , , , - (, / ). CMY LMY BAPM. LMY BAP,CAP IOC.

236

3.2. CP113c / SY.GENLIST SY.INSTALL SY.TASKLIST SY.SEMILIB SY.LOADLIB.LA SY.LOADLIB.MA SY.LOADLIB.CA SY.PSW.Txxx SY.PSW.T098 SY.SIMP CA.SU.UCHA CA.ST.UCHA CA.TR.UCHA TCA.CA.xxx LG(LQ).LOGx PW.LOG AM.ALARM () , , (, ) , ( ) CP113 , CP113 ( SY.TASKLIB) , ( ) CP113 , .. EWSD , , EWSD. , ( EWSD) , 7 CCNC , CCNC ( ) EWSD EWSD EWSD , . .

HF.ARCHIVE

237

LIB113 , / CMY LMY. , LIB113. (), , , . , , , TASKLIB, SEMILIB, LOADLIB , 3.2. , . EWSD. , . () . , . EWSD 16 , . , . 1 6 8 13 . 0, 14 15 . 7 . 3.3. , 238

, . , . 3.3. CP113c / 15 14 , ( ).13 - . . /. , (OA&M-) (CALLP) OA&M-

8 12

7 26 1

. , . , , () , . ( ) (), . / 239

, () . , . ; . (), . , , , () . . , , . EWSD . EWSD. ( 30 2 ) . , , , . , , : , , / ; , , , . , . . 240

. ( ), , . 3.3.2 QNX, , EWSD ready-to-start ( ), ready-to-execute ( ). . , . ( ) 7 EWSD. ( ) . . , . , , , . MP (main processor) 7 CPU. CPU / MP. CPU. , CPU. . CPU 241

SPU , . , SPU , CPU. , , CPU, . , , , . , . , CPU. CPU . FIFO. 7 . , CPU . CPU. CPU . CPU . CPU , CPU . . , , 16 CPU. CPU .242

3.6.3 . , , EWSD . , . : ; ; ; ; /; . : 7; . : , , ; ; ; ; . , , . , . , . 243

. , , . . , , , , . , , . (, ) . , MML. , , ; . , , , , . , . . . CP113 7 . , - , . CP113 CMY , , . CP113 . .244

GP LTG , . . LTG CP113. LTG, , CP113. DLU . DLU GP LTG. DLU . MP (EWSD v15) CCNC 7 (EWSD v10) , 7. , EWSD ( , , ), . APS . , , . (ODAGEN). , EWSD. ODAGEN (, ) , . . ODAGEN MML-. APS CMY CP113. CMY , . MML-.245

, EWSD . STAT SSP ( MML). . 3.12.LXUNI/A39075D0290/RUSCPZ1V10340757/013 06-03-19 03:07:22 3563 OMT-01/SAMUNI 3080/02056 STATSSP; EXECD UNIT OST UNIT OST UNIT OST ---------------------------------------------------BAP-0 SPR BAP-1 MAS CAP-0 PLA CAP-1 PLA CAP-2 PLA CAP-3 PLA CAP-4 PLA CAP-5 PLA CAP-6 PLA CAP-7 PLA CAP-8 PLA CAP-9 PLA IOC-0 ACT IOC-1 ACT IOC-2 PLA IOC-3 PLA CMY-0 ACT CMY-1 ACT BCMY-0 ACT BCMY-1 ACT IOPMB-32 ACT IOPMB-33 ACT IOPMB-40 ACT IOPMB-41 ACT IOPMB-42 ACT IOPMB-43 ACT IOPUNI-0 ACT IOPUNI-1 ACT IOPTA-0 ACT MDD-0 ACT MDD-1 ACT MTD-0 PLA MOD-0 *MBL OMT-0 *UNA OMT-1 ACT END JOB 3563

. 3.12 CP113 [ ]

CP113. . 3.12. CP113 (). , , CMY . MBL (maintenance blocked) .. . , , MOD 246

, . , . , () , , () . . 3.12 OMT-0 , UNA (unavailable) .. STAT SSP OMT-0 , . . , MML . , . , . 3.12 IOC-0, IOC-1, BCMY-0, BCMY-1, CMY-0, CMY-1, / IOP:MB, IOP:UNI, IOP:TA, OMT-1, MDD-0, MDD-1 .. ACT (active). , BAP. () , BAP (master, MAS) BAP (spare,SPR) - . MAS SPR, SPR MAS. , BAP, UNA. , spare, BAP (MAS) . , CAP0CAP9 . 3.1.2 , PLA, planning. CP113 , . .247

EWSD , . . : ; . . , . 3.13.

. 3.13

, ( ) ( ). [7] . . SEND , . , 248

() . CAST, SEND, , , () . CAST . RECEIVE . RECEIVE_CASE . . 3.13. S1: . S2: SEND . B1: . E1: RECEIVE . B2: , . , . , , . 3.7. . , () . , 249

. , . . , CHILL. 3.7 CHILL

, , . A,B,C,,Z; 0,9; @,$,#. , GO TO, MOV, ADD. , GO TO , MOV , ADD . ; ; . . , . , . ( ), . , ( ) 250

, , . , , . , , . , , . . - ( ) , , . , . . , - - , . . . , 0 1, , . , 0 1 . , . , . , 251

. , . ; , .. /, . , . : ; ; . : ; ; ; , , . , () , . , 1.1. , , (. 19781-90). 252

, , , . , (, ) , . . , , . , ( , ), . , , . , , . . . , [28] Intel Pentium. . , , . - , 19781-90, . , , , , . . , , , . , 253

, . , WHILE IF, . , . - , , . - , , . , , . , (, .), . C , , . .. , . , , , . , , . , , , .254

, : ; , ; , , . : , ; ( ); . CHILL . . Ada [75]. CHILL - Z.200 CHILL , 1999 , CHILL [9], CHILL [89]. CHILL 1975 , Z.200 CHILL 1980 , CHILL 1988 1999 1989 CHILL ISO/IEC Standard 9496. CHILL 255

EWSD (Siemens, ), System12 (Alcatel, /), Linea UT (Italtel, ). CHILL : ; ; ; ; ; . CHILL , . , CHILL , . , , , , . CHILL / (locations) . , , , () . . . , 256

, . , , (, ), . , , . CHILL : , , ; ; ; ; - , ; . CHILL . , CHILL, . 3.14 [89]. 3.14 line_allocator . . . , , . . MODULE 2 , .. . 2 . , , . , ( . 3.14 ).257

1 line_allocator: 2 MODULE 3 SEIZE line_process, line, occupied, unoccupied, 4 search,connect, accepted; 5 GRANT line_allocator_process; 6 line_allocator_process: 7 PROCESS (); 8 NEWMODE states = SET(free, busy); 9 DCL next_state states := free, lno INT := 0; 10 line(lno) := START line_process(lno); 11 DO FOR EVER; 12 CASE next_state OF 13 (free): RECEIVE CASE SET sender; 14 (occupied): 15 next_state := busy; 16 (search): 17 SEND connect(sender) TO line(lno); 18 SEND accepted TO sender; 19 next_state := busy; 20 (else): -- Consume any other signal 21 ESAC; 22 (busy): RECEIVE CASE SET sender; 23 (unoccupied): 24 next_state := free; 25 (search): 26 SEND rejected TO sender; 27 (else): -- Consume any other signal 28 ESAC; 29 ESAC; 30 OD; 31 END 32 line_allocator_process; 33END 34line_allocator;. 3.14 CHILL

, , , , .. . , 258

. END 33, 34 , line_allocator. 3 SEIZE , , line_allocator, . . , , , , , , , . SEIZE , , , , : line_process ; line ; occupied ; unoccupied ; search ; connect ; accepted . 5 GRANT , line_allocator_process line_allocator. 6 line_allocator_process . 7 PROCESS () , () line_allocator_process. , . . , , . () , , , .259

31 END , 32 line_allocator_process. . DO FOR EVER ( 11) OD ( 30), . 8 30 line_allocator_process. , CHILL . 8 NEWMODE states () SET. states , CHILL. states := , SET. SET , free busy . 9 DCL next_states ( ). states, 8 . 9, next_states free, lno INT, lno INT. lno 0, lno INT:=0. 10 DCL; . line (lno) , . START. START line_process. line_process lno . line(no):=START line_process(lno) , line_process line(no). , line_process . 260

, , . , , line(no). .. START 11 30. 11 30 DO FOR EVER OD. , 12 29 . next_state, states. busy 19, free 24. . CASEESAC 12 29. , , ( ) next_states. next_states free (. 9). next_states . CASE . CASE- (free) 13 (busy) 22. , , CASEESAC. CASE , :, , CASE next_states. next_case (free).261

, next_states states := free. 13 CASE-, (free). RECEIVE CASE ( CASE ). sender c RECEIVE CASE SET sender. sender INSTANCE. sender. sender . CASE (occupied) / 14 (search) 16 (else) 20. , . (else) ESAC 21 (free) 22 (busy). . . . . sender line(no). , , , , / , . , , sender, / , , .. . next_state . , 262

, .. . / , .. . , . 13 14 (occupied) , sender ( 13), next_states busy 15. (search) sender 16. , SEND . 17 SEND connect sender. sender , .. . sender TO, line c (lno). , connect sender line_process(lno). , 18, sender accepted . SEND. 19 next_states busy lno. . , 13 19 (occupied) (search) sender. (occupied) , (free) (busy). (search), , line(lno) connect sender, 18 sender . 19 next_state:=busy.263

20 (else) , , sender, CASE-. , 21 (else) 13 20. CASE- (busy) 22. . sender . 23-24 (unoccupied) sender. (unoccupied) , next_states free 24 (search) 25. , SEND. 27 SEND rejected TO sender, . . 27 (else) 22 26. CHILL . , . , , . line_allocator. , , SEIZE GRANT. . , -, sdl2chill, 264

SDL CHILL[81]. , , , .

3.8

3

1. , . 2. ? 3.