MicroStation và ứng dụng trong công tác biên tập bản đồ địa hình tỷ lệ 1:5000

Khoa Cng ngh Thng Tin Trng i Hc M-a Cht

H Quang Sng_ Tin Hc Trc a K48 1

LI M U

Hin nay, cng ngh tin hc l mt trong nhng cng ngh mi nhn ca th k 21 v c ng dng trn hu ht cc nghnh. Mi hot ng trn cc lnh vc khoa hc k thut, t nhin v x hi ca con ngi c th c m hnh ha, a vo lu tr x l trn my tnh. Cc h thng qun l thng tin, cc c s d liu tr nn thnh nhng cng c c lc phc v cng tc qun l nh nc, nghin cu khoa hc, iu hnh cc hot ng kinh t

Cc gii php v cng ngh thng tin trong nhng nm gn y c hon thin nhanh chng. Nhu cu ng dng cc tin b k thut tin hc vo cc ngnh ngy cng nhiu, tp trung vo cc lnh vc: xy dng c s d liu (gm thu thp thng tin, x l v qun l thng tin), s ha v bin tp bn .

Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca nn cng ngh thong tin dn n s ny sinh cc nhu cu v truy cp, lu tr, hin th v x l d liu mt cch nhanh nht, kp thi nht m vn m bo chnh xc theo yu cu. Do i vi cc bn v tp bn c thnh lp theo phng php truyn thng ngy cng tr nn lc hu do Khng p ng ni cc yu cu ra. Ngnh bn trong thi i cng ngh thong tin p ng c cc nhu cu ca thi i, chnh l bn s hay cn gi l bn my tnh. Cho n nay c nhiu phn mm thnh lp bn du nhp vo nc ta gim cng sc lao ng v nng cao nng xut, cht lng ca bn . H phn mm Intergraph trong c MicroStation l mt phn mm tr gip thit k (CAD) v l mi trng ha rt mnh cho php xy dng xy dng, qun l cc i tng ha th hin cc yu t bn . MicroStation cn c s dng lm nn cho cc ng dng nh Geovec, IrasB, MSFC, Mrfclean, Mrfflag chy trn n. Trong MicroStation vic thu thp cc i tng a l c tin hnh mt cch nhanh chng n gin trn c s bn c thnh lp, thng qua thit b qut v cc phn mm cng c phc v cng tc qun l mt cch c hiu qu. Vi nhng chc nng a dng nh nu trn, MicroStation c ng dng trong cng tc thnh lp bn rt ln. c bit l trong cng tc bin tp bn s a hnh. Xut pht t , ti thc hin n tt nghip vi ti: MicroStation v ng dng trong cng tc bin tp bn a hnh t l 1:5000 .



Ni dung c trnh by trong 69 trang nh my vi tnh v c b cc nh sau:

M u Chng 1. Bn a hnh. Chng 2. MicroStation Chng 3. ng dng MicrStation trong cng tc bin tp bn a

hnh 1:5.000. Kt lun Ti liu tham kho 1. Nguyn Trng San, o Quang Hiu. Trc a c s tp 1 + 2 nh

xut bn xy dng 2002. 2. MicroStation Reference guide. 3. MicroStation Users guide. 4. Quy nh k thut s ha bn a hnh t l 1:2.000, 1:5.000,

1:1.0000: 1:25.000. Tng cc a chnh 2000. 5. Phng n k thut thit k thnh lp bn 1:5000 khu vc m

than Khnh Ha. Cty. Trc a bn . 6. Bi Tin Diu, Bi ging bn hc (phn bin tp v trnh by

bn ). 7. Nh Th Xun, Bn a hnh, Nh xut bn i hc quc gia H

Ni. 8. Hng dn cn bn v k thut s ha v bin tp bn vi b

phn mm MicroStation v mapping office, Vin nghin cu a chnh. 9. Cc o c v bn nh nc, Quy phm thnh lp bn a

hnh t l 1/500, 1/1000, 1/2000, 1/5000, 1/10000, 1/25000. 10. PGS.TS Trn Trung Hng, Trnh by bn , Nh xut bn Giao

thng vn ti.



M C L C LI NI U...1 Ti liu tham kho ......2 MC LC......3 CHNG 1. BN A HNH....5 1.1.GII THIU CHUNG V BN A HNH.5 1.1.1.Khi nim chung v bn a hnh..5 1.1.2.Bn a hnh...5 1.2. C S TON HC CA BN A HNH........9 1.2.1.T l....9 1.2.2. C s trc a.......................................................................................10 1.2.3. Php chiu bn (map projection)............10 1.2.4. Li Ta .14 1.2.5. Chia mnh v danh php bn .14 1.3 BIU DIN CC I TNG TRN BN A HNH............16 1.3.1 Cc a vt nh hng.........17 1.3.2 H thng thy vn....17 1.3.3 Cc im dn c...17 1.3.4 ng giao thng.....18 1.3.5 a Hnh...............................................................................................18 1.3.6 Thc vt....21 1.3.7 a gii hnh chnh..21 1.4 QUY TRNH THNH LP BN A HNH BNG CNG NGH NH S...21 1.4.1 Gii thiu chung...21 1.4.2 S quy trnh.....22 1.4.3 Mc ch yu cu tng bc...23 CHNG 2. MICROSTATION ......27 2.1 GII THIU CHUNG......27 2.2 CC CHC NNG CA MICROSTATION...29 2.2.1 Gii thiu chung v MicroStation....29 2.2.2 C c Modul ......31 2.3 CC THAO TC TRN MICROSTATION.....43 2.3.1 Lm vic vi cc Design file...43 2.3.2 Cu trc file (.dgn), khi nim level........45 2.3.3 i tng ha (Element).....46 2.3.4 Cc thao tc iu khin mn hnh....47 2.3.5 Cch s dng cc phm chut..48 2.3.6 Cc ch bt im ( Snap mode)..49 2.3.7 S dng cc cng c ca MicroStation...49 2.3.8 Thit k k hiu dng im v pattern.....51 2.3.9 Thit k k hiu dng ng.......52 2.3.10 S dng cc font ting vit trong MicroStation.....57



2.3.11 Thit k bng mu..59 CHNG 3. NG DNG TRONG CNG TC BIN TP BN A HNH T L 1:5000...61 3.1 MC CH CNG TC BIN TP..61 3.2 CC KIU D LIU.......61 3.3 QU TRNH BIN TP BN .....62 3.3.1 Tm v sa li cc i tng....62 3.3.2 Bin tp v trnh by bn .68 3.4 THC NGIM CNG TC BIN TP BN A HNH 1:5000 KHU VC M THAN KHANH HOA THUC TNH THI NGUYN. .........69

3.4.1 c im tnh hnh khu vc thc nghim. ......69 3.4.2 Quy nh v bin tp bn s gc Khnh Ha 2.......71 3.4.3 Kt qu thc nghim....74 KT LUN......75



CHNG 1 BN A HNH

------------- 1.1 GII THIU CHUNG V BN A HNH

1.1.1 Khi nim chung v bn a hnh Bn a hnh thuc loi bn a l c chung t l 1:100.000,

c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh kinh t quc dn. c im quan trng ca bn a hnh l c ni dung phong ph, chi tit v c chnh xc cao. Do vy, bn a hnh c s dng gii quyt nhiu nhim v khc nhau trong thc tin v trong nghin cu.

Vic s dng bn rt phong ph a dng, song c th quy vo nhng phng hng sau:

- c bn tm hiu chung v lnh th, tm hiu mt vi hin tng no (c im, v tr, quy lut phn b ca hin tng ...) hoc phn bit i tng su hn. c bn trong phng v cng c th dng bn nhn i tng thc a, lm ngi dn ng.

- Dng bn o tnh, ly s liu, kho st s b, lp d n quy hoch cng trnh, thit k, vch k hoch pht trin kinh t, vn ha hay nghin cu, phn tch su sc hn, ton din hn nhm pht hin nhng quy lut mi ca t nhin hoc kinh t, x hi.

- Bn a hnh c thnh lp phc v cc cng tc nh: Quy hoch, d on s pht trin, khai thc ti nguyn khong sn, qun l, phn tch khoa hc v so snh, s dng trong gio d v.v

1.1.2 Bn a hnh Bn a hnh l bn v thu nh dng a hnh, a vt trn mt t ln giy theo mt quy tc ton hc v t l nht nh da trn c s nhng s liu o c ngoi thc a kt hp vi cng tc trong phng. Tu theo t l v mc ch s dng bn m ngi ta c th b bt, lc i hoc thm vo mt s cc yu t a hnh, a vt. Nu phn loi theo ni dung bn th bn c chia lm hai loi bn a l chung v bn chuyn . Bn a hnh thuc loi bn a l chung. Ni dung ca bn a hnh bao gm cc yu t nh: a vt nh hng, h thng thu vn, h thng giao thng ng dy thng tin lin lc, khu vc dn c, cc yu t a hnh, lp ph thc vt, th nhng, ranh gii hnh chnh chnh tr. Trn bn ny th cc yu t c biu th vi mc v ngha ngang nhau. Tu thuc vo t l bn m chng s c s dng trong cc mc ch khc nhau. - Cc bn a hnh t l nh ( 1:100.000 1:1000.000): Cc bn ny thng c dng lp k hoch thit k s b cc cng trnh ln, phc v cho vic kho st a cht, giao thng v mt s lnh vc khc. Ngoi ra n cn lm nn c s a l phc v cho bn chuyn



- Cc bn a hnh t l trung bnh (1:25.000 1:100.000): Cc bn ny dung quy hoch v t chc cc vng kinh t, quy hoch rung t, kho st thit k cc cng trnh thu li, quy hoch v chn tuyn ng st, ng b, ngoi ra n cng c th phc v cho vic thnh lp cc bn chuyn - Cc bn t l ln ( 1:10.000): Cc bn ny dng thit k mt bng cc khu cng nghip, cc thnh ph, phc v cho kho st thit k, thm d a cht, tnh ton khi lng t o p, tr lng khong sn. n cn lm c s cho bn a chnh

Tu thuc vo mc ch s dng ca bn m s c cc yu cu ring nhng nhn chung cc bn u yu cu: - Bn cn phi r rng, d c, cho php nh hng nhanh chng ngoi thc a. - Cc yu t biu th trn bn cn phi y , chnh xc. Mc y v t m phi ph hp vi mc ch s dng ca bn v c im ca khu o v. chnh xc ca vic biu th cc yu t ni dung cn phi ph hp vi t l bn . - Cht lng bn phi cao c th bo qun, lu tr c lu di.

Bn a hnh c s dng vo rt nhiu mc ch khc nhau v vy n cng mang nhiu ngha khc nhau: - V gio dc : Bn l mt gio c trc quan khng th thiu c trong cng tc ging dy mt s mn nh: a l, lch s - Bn l mt ti liu mang tnh php l rt cao. c bit trong

ngoi giao chnh tr. - V qun s, quc phng: Bn c ngha ht quan trng trong

lnh vc ny (c bit l pho binh). Da vo bn ngi ta c th xc nh c mc tiu, ch ra hng tin cng phng ng

- V sn xut v nghin cu khoa hc: Bn l mt ti liu khng th thiu th hin hin trng v tng pht trin, quy hoch trong tng lai. Chnh v vy m bn l ti liu khng th thiu trong cng tc xy dng. Ngoi ra n cn l nn c s a l thnh lp cc bn chuyn phc v cho cc ngnh khoa hc khc.



Mt s quy nh trong thnh lp bn a hnh: - Quy nh v khong cao u ca ng bnh : Khong cao u

ca ng bnh ph thuc vo t l bn cn thnh lp (bng 1.1)

Khong cao u (m) TT T l bn Nh nht Trung bnh Ln nht 1 1:2000 0.5 1 2 2 1:5000 1 2 5 3 1:10000 2.5 2.5 5 4 1:25000 2.5 5 10 5 1:50000 10 10 20 6 1:100000 20 20 40 7 1:200000 20 20 40 8 1:500000 50 50 100 9 1:1000000 50 100 200

Bng I.1 Quy nh khong cao u ng bnh .

- Sai s trung bnh ca v tr im a vt biu th trn bn gc so vi v tr im khng ch o v gn nht khng c vt qu 0.5mm vng ng bng hoc vng i v 0.7 mm vng ni cao (tnh theo t l bn ). Khi thnh lp bn xy dng c bn, xy dng theo quy hoch v xy dng nh nhiu tng th sai s trung bnh ca v tr tng h gia cc a vt quan trng khng c vt qu 0.4 mm (theo t l bn ). - Sai s trung bnh v cao ca ng bnh , cao ca cc im c trng a hnh v im ghi ch cao biu th trn bn gc so vi im khng ch cao gn nht c quy nh trong cc qui phm o v bng nh hng khng (bng 1.2)

Khong Sai s trung bnh v cao (tnh theo khong cao u) Cao u

(m) 1:500 1:1000 1:2000 1:5000 1:10000 1:25000 0.25 1/4 1/4 - - - -

0.5 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/3 - -

1 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 -

2.5 - - - 1/3 1/3 1/3

5 - - - - 1/2 1/2

10 - - - - - 1/2

Bng 1.2 Sai s trung bnh v cao cho php ca ng bnh , im

c trng a hnh, im ghi ch cao.



i vi cc khu vc n khut, m ly, bi ct khng n nh cc sai s trn c th tng thm 1.5 ln.

- Sai s gii hn ca v tr im a vt v sai s cao ca ng bnh , im ghi ch cao, im cao c trng c qui nh bng 2 ln sai s nu trn. Cc bn c kim tra phi c sai s ln nht khng vt qu sai s gii hn, s lng sai s c gi tr bng sai s gii hn khng c vt qu 10% tng s cc trng hp kim tra v cc sai s trong mi trng hp khng c mang tnh h thng.

- S lng im c trng a hnh v ghi ch cao trn 1 dm2 bn khng t hn 10 im khi o v vng ni v 15 im i vi vng ng bng, vng i. Trong trng hp c bit nh khi o v cc vng dn c dy c, vng c a hnh bin i u v c quy lut th s lng im nu trn cng c th gim bt nhng cng khng c t hn 8 im khi o v vng ni v 10 im khi o v vng ng bng vng i.

- trong phng php o nh, cc ni dung bn u c o v trc tip t cc nh o v c nh hng trong h to trc a trn c s cc im khng ch tng dy. V vy chnh xc ca cc im khng ch tng dy phi cao hn chnh xc ca ni dung bn t nht l mt cp. Trn c s ny, tu theo yu cu c th ca chnh xc ca im khng ch tng dy. Thng thng, nhng yu cu ny c qui nh trong qui phm o v nh hng khng (bng 1.3).

- Sai s gii hn ca im khng ch tng dy ch c php bng 2 ln sai s trung bnh ghi trong bng nu trn, vi ln xut hin ti a l 5% trng hp. i vi cao ca cc im tng dy vng n khut cho php s ln xut hin ti a l 10%.

Sai s trung bnh cao(Tnh theo khong cao u ng bnh

Vng o v

Sai s trung bnh mt phng (tnh theo

t l bn ) 0.5m-1m 2m 2.5m 5m 10m

Vng ng bng 0.35mm 1/5 1/4 1/4 Vng i 0.35mm 1/4 1/3 Vng ni 0.50mm 1/3 1/3

Bng 1.3 Sai s trung bnh cho php ca to v cao im khng ch nh.

Cc yu t ni dung bn a hnh c chia thnh 7 nhm lp theo 7

chuyn l: C s ton hc, Thy h, a hnh, Dn c, Giao thng, Ranh gii v Thc vt. Cc yu t thuc mt nhm lp c v thnh mt file ring. Trong mt nhm lp, cc yu t ni dung li c sp xp theo tng lp. C s ca vic phn chia nhm lp v lp l cc qui nh v ni dung bn a hnh trong "K hiu bn a hnh t l 1:500; 1:1000; 1:2000



v 1:5000" ban hnh nm 1995. Cc yu t ni dung bn thuc cc nhm lp khc nhau c v thnh cc tp tin khc nhau. Ni dung chnh ca cc nhm lp qui nh nh sau:

Nhm lp "C s ton hc" bao gm khung bn , li km, cc im khng ch trc a, gii thch, trnh by ngoi khung v cc ni dung c lin quan.

Nhm lp "Dn c" bao gm ni dung dn c v cc i tng kinh t, vn ho, x hi.

Nhm lp "a hnh" bao gm cc yu t dng t, cht t, cc im cao.

Nhm lp "Thy h" bao gm cc yu t thy vn v cc i tng lin quan.

Nhm lp "Giao thng" bao gm cc yu t giao thng v cc thit b ph thuc.

Nhm lp "Ranh gii" bao gm ng bin gii, mc bin gii; a gii hnh chnh cc cp; ranh gii khu cm; ranh gii s dng t.

Nhm lp "Thc vt" bao gm cc yu t rng cy, cc khu cy trng, hoa mu, cy n l, cy c th

1.2 C S TON HC CA BN A HNH Bao gm cc yu t: t l, c s trc a, php chiu bn , khung

bn , b cc bn , phn mnh v chia mnh

1.2.1 T l T l bn l mt yu t ton hc xc nh mc thu nh ca cc

i lng tuyn tnh khi chuyn t b mt Tri t (Ellipxoid) ln mt phng bn . T l bn l t s gia chiu di on thng Sb trn bn v chiu di thc St ca n trn thc a, k hiu l 1: Mb.

td

bd

bd S

S

M=

1

Bn a hnh c thnh lp theo cc t l 1:2.000, 1:5.000, 1:10.000, 1:25.000, 1:50.000 v 1:100.000.

- Phn bit: + T l chnh ca bn phn nh mc thu nh di trn b mt t ln bn ni khng c sai s chiu hnh (o = 1).

+ T l s c xc nh bng mt phn s, c t s l mt v mu s thng l mt s chn th hin s ln c thu nh trn bn ca mt on s so vi khong cch S ngoi thc a.

+ T l ch c th ha t l s bng li: 1cm trn bn ng vi bao nhiu m (km) trn thc a.

+ T l thc (thc t l thng, thc t l xin). + T l ring : T l bn ln hn hoc nh hn t l chnh, khng phn nh chnh xc mc thu nh ca bn so vi thc a.



1.2.2 C s trc a Da vo h thng li to mt bng, H to De_ct, Gauss,

UTM. cao chun ca nh nc: Everest, Sn, H Tin. im khng ch trc a, li khng ch: l h thng cc im nh

nc c chnh xc cao, cc im ny c ta v cao v thuc li cp hng nh nc.

Hin nay nc ta ang s dng h ta VN-2000. H ta ny s dng php chiu UTM, ellipxoid WGS-84, im gc ta quc gia: im N00 t ti Vin nghin cu a chnh thuc B ti nguyn v mi trng. Ellipxoid WGS-84 c kch thc: - Bn trc ln : a = 6378137.0 m - dt : 1 : 298.257223563 - Tc quay quanh trc w = 7292115.10-11 rad/s H ta VN-2000: * H thng khng ch ta bao gm:

- Li ta nh nc hng I, II, II, IV. - Li to c s tng ng vi li ta nh nc hng III. - Li ta gii tich cp I, II. - Li tam gic nh, ng chuyn kinh v cp I, II.

* H thng khng ch cao bao gm: - Li cao nh nc hng I, II, III, IV. - Li cao k thut. - Li cao o v.

1.2.3 Php chiu bn (map projection): S sp t mt cch c h thng cc kinh tuyn v v tuyn, m t b

mt cong ca hnh cu theo mt phng. Xc nh s lin h v khng gian gia v tr trn tri t v mi quan h ca chng vi nhng khu vc khc trn mt phng bn . L mt nhiu hn mt khu vc trn tri t (v ln, khong cch, phng hng, hnh dng).

H.1



Trong quy trnh thnh lp bn a hnh ngi ta s dung hai php chiu c bn l php chiu Gauss v UTM: nc ta nhng bn c t l 1:500.000 c thnh lp theo php chiu Gauss hoc UTM. S dng mi chiu 6o i vi nhng bn c t l 1:10.000, mi chiu 3o i vi nhng bn c t l >1:10.000.

Php chiu bn l s th hin (nh x) b mt thc ca tri t ln mt phng thng qua mt cng thc ton hc xc nh:

X = f1(,) Y = f2(,)

Trong : + X, Y l ta phng ca 1 im trn mt phng. + , l ta a l ca mt im bt k trn b mt tri t. + f1, f2 l hm n v, lin tc v hu hn trong phm vi bn th hin. Tng ng vi mi hm f1, f2 chng ta s c cc php chiu bn khc nhau. Tng ng vi mi mt php chiu bn s c 1 mng li kinh v tuyn c v trn mt phng. chnh l li chiu bn .

1. Php chiu Gauss: c thit lp vo nhng nm 1820-1830. L thuyt ca php chiu ny c ph bin rng ri ln u tin vo nm 1866. Sau , php chiu c Kruger nghin cu v hon thin vo nhng nm 1912-1919. T n nay php chiu c mang tn Gauss-Kruger. Vit Nam chng ta quen gi php chiu ny l php chiu Gauss. Trong php chiu Gauss, b mt Elipxid Tri t c biu din theo tng mi kinh tuyn. Theo v , mi ly t cc ny n cc kia, cn theo kinh , mi s rng hp tu theo tng ca sai s khi cng cch xa trung tm ca mi v tu theo d dng ca vic tnh ton sai s. Nu ly mi ko di theo 3 kinh th trn cc bin ca mi chiu, sai s chiu di trn xch o t c 1/3200; khi mi ko di 6 kinh th sai s ln nht bng 1/750; sai s cc v trung bnh nh hn nhiu. B mt ca Elipxid Tri t c chia ra cc mi c s kinh bng nhau: 60 mi 6 hoc 120 mi 3. S mi c tnh bt u t kinh tuyn Greenwich.

y l php chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc. Kinh tuyn gia l ng thng. Cc kinh tuyn cn li l ng

cong, chiu lm hng v kinh tuyn gia. Lnh th Vit Nam nm trn 2 mi 6 c kinh tuyn gia l 105 v 111. l cc mi 18, 19. Xch o l mt ng thng, vung gc vi kinh tuyn gia . Cc v tuyn u l nhng ng cong, chiu lm hng v pha cc gn vi v tuyn hn. Kinh v tuyn i xng nhau qua kinh tuyn gia hoc qua xch o. Php chiu khng c bin dng v gc. T l di khng i trn kinh tuyn gia v c gi tr bng 1 ( Hng s k=1). T l ny khng i trn cc cp ng thng song song vi kinh tuyn gia v i xng nhau qua kinh tuyn gia.

Ti mi mi c h thng to vung gc ring. Gc to ca mi mi l im giao nhau ca xch o vi kinh tuyn gia ca mi .



trnh c to m, ngi ta li gc to v pha Ty ca kinh tuyn gia 500 km. Php chiu c s dng nhiu trong cc trng hp thit k bn c s hiu. Bn a hnh ca nhiu nc trn th gii u dng php chiu ny. H to H Ni 72 s dng php chiu Gauss vi Elipxid Kraxpxki (1940) cho ton cu.

a = 6378245 m ; = 1/298,3 2. Php chiu UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator): c xy

dng da trn nn tng ca php chiu hnh tr ngang Mercator (Transverse Mercator - TM). Php chiu ny cn c gi l php chiu Gauss-Boag. Php chiu c qun i M a vo s dng nm 1940. V c bn th php chiu ny ging vi php chiu Gauss, ch khc h s k ca php chiu UTM l 0,9996 trong khi h s k ca Gauss l 1. Vit Nam, chng ta s dng c h s k = 0,9999 i vi mi 3 cho bn a hnh t l ln.

Trong php chiu UTM, b mt Elipxid Tri t c chia ra thnh 60 mi theo chiu kinh tuyn; mi mi 6. Mi u tin c nh s 1 t kinh tuyn 180 Ty n 174 Ty. Cc v tuyn c ly t 80 Nam n 84 Bc. Lnh th Vit Nam nm trn 2 mi 6 c kinh tuyn gia l 105 v 111. l cc mi 48 v 49.

Ti mi mi c h thng to vung gc ring. Gc to ca mi mi l im giao nhau ca xch o vi kinh tuyn gia ca mi . trnh c to m, ngi ta li gc to v pha Ty ca kinh tuyn gia 500 km.

y l php chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc. Kinh tuyn gia l ng thng. Cc kinh tuyn cn li l ng

cong, chiu lm hng v kinh tuyn gia. Xch o l mt ng thng, vung gc vi kinh tuyn gia. Cc v tuyn u l nhng ng cong, chiu lm hng v pha cc gn vi v tuyn hn. Kinh v tuyn i xng nhau qua kinh tuyn gia hoc qua xch o.

Php chiu khng c bin dng v gc.T l di ti kinh tuyn gia nh hn 1 (H s k = 0,9996). T l di l khng i (k = 1) trn hai ng thng song song v i xng nhau qua kinh tuyn gia v cch kinh tuyn gia 180 km. T l bin dng nh hn mt trong khong gia hai ng khng bin dng v ln hn ngoi Qun i M s dng php chiu ny cho bn qun s. hai ng .

Php chiu c s dng nhiu trong cc trng hp thit k bn c s hiu. Bn a hnh ca nhiu nc trn th gii u dng php chiu ny.

Li chiu UTM ca qun i M, tu theo tng khu vc khc nhau dng Elipxid khc nhau. Phn t lin khu vc Vit Nam (trc nm 1975) tnh theo Elipxid Everest (1930).

a = 6377276 m; = 1/300,8



Hin nay, bn a hnh Vit Nam c thnh lp trong H VN2000, vi php chiu UTM theo th Elipxid WGS-84 nh v ph hp vi lnh th Vit Nam.

y l php chiu tr ngang ng gc i xng do cc bn qun i M (A.M.S) s dng c tn l U.T.M, so vi thnh lp bn cc khu vc trn ton th gii. Nh vy v bn cht php chiu U.T.M v php chiu Gaus-Kruger l nh nhau. im khc nhau c bn gia chng l t l chiu mo trn kinh tuyn trc ca cc mi chiu 6. Trong php chiu UTM mo= 0,9996, cn i vi php chiu Gauss-Kruger l mo=1.

Php chiu UTM dung mi chiu 6 nhng cch nh s th t mi chiu c khc vi php chiu Gauss-Kruger. y kinh ca kinh tuyn trc ca mi chiu th n c xc nh bng cng thc:

Lo = ( n 30 )*6 3 S th t mi chiu c tnh t ty sang ng k t kinh tuyn c

kinh 180. Kinh tuyn gc quc t Grinuych( Greenwich) l bin gii ca hai mi chiu s 30 v 31.

Php chiu UTM dng cc k hiu ring.

a. Phn bc bn cu b. Phn nam bn cu

H.2 Trong h ta vung gc phng ca mt mi chiu , tung c

k hiu l N, honh c gi l E. trnh cc ta m, trn phn bc bn cu ngi ta thm vo

hng s Eo= 500 km cho honh , cn phn nam bn cu thm hng s Eo = 500 km cho honh v hng s No = 10000 km cho tung . Php chiu UTM dung t l chiu trn kinh tuyn trc mo = 0.9996 nhm mc ch gim bin dng chiu di cc vng bin xa kinh tuyn trc nht , nhng vn gi nguyn phm vi mi chiu l 6 theo kinh .



1.2.4 Li Ta Li ta a l (cn gi l li kinh v tuyn) dng xc nh

ta a l ca cc im trn bn (, ). Hnh dng ca n ph thuc vo c im ca li chiu.

Li ta vung gc cn gi l li vung, li km, dng xc nh ta vung gc ca cc im , li ca n l nhng ng thng song song vung gc vi nhau. Kinh tuyn gia l trc X, xch o l trc Y.

trnh gi tr m, ngi ta di trc Y v pha ty 500km, cho nn khi tnh phi tnh y + 500km.

1.2.5 Chia mnh v danh php bn S cn thit phi phn mnh bn T l bn cng ln biu hin phm vi cng nh, ngc li t l

cng nh biu hin phm vi cng ln. Nhng trong thc t mun lm t bn t l ln cho mt khu vc rng ln, cn phi c nhiu mnh ghp li vi nhau. Mi mnh bn c mt tn gi (danh php bn ) tng ng vi h thng phn mnh.

Vic phn mnh bn phi tho mn iu kin: v tr mi mnh bn trong dy t l phi c tnh ton cht ch. Tn gi mi mnh bn trong h thng phi tng ng vi kch thc, t l v v tr t bn ngoi thc t.

Bn a hnh c t l ln nn mun thnh lp bn cho mt khu vc rng ln cn phi c nhiu mnh, khi cn ta ghp chng li vi nhau. Mi mnh bn c tn gi tng ng (danh php bn ) trong h thng phn mnh. Bao gi cng c s tng ng gia danh php bn , din tch khu vc, gii hn khung ca bn trong h thng. Mi php chiu Gauss hay UTM u c cch phn mnh ring.

1. H thng phn mnh v danh php bn (Gauss). * Nguyn tc chia mnh: C s chia mnh bn l t t bn 1:1.000.000 T bn ny

l do chia tri t thnh tng mi, mi mi cnh nhau 6o kinh v tng i, mi i cch nhau 4o v.

-Theo chiu kinh tuyn: chia b mt tri t thnh 60 mi nh s t 1- 60, rng mi mi l 6. th t cc di c nh s ln lt bt u t kinh tuyn 180 174 Ty l mi s 1, 174 168 Ty l mi s 2 di 60 t 174 180 ng. Theo chiu v tuyn t xch o tr v hai cc, c 4 chia thnh mt ai c nh s th t bng ch in hoa A,B,C,D,

-T bn 1:500.000 c chia t t 1:1.000.000 ra lm 4 mnh. Danh php c thm vo ch Latinh. Vd: F-48-D. C kch thc 3o kinh 2o v.



- T bn 1:200.000 c chia t t 1:1.000.000 ra lm 36 mnh. Danh php c thm vo s La m. Vd F-48-XXXVI. C kch thc khung 1o kinh 40 v.

- T bn 1:100.000 c chia t t 1:1.000.000 ra lm 144 mnh. Danh php c thm ch s. Vd: F-48-144. C kch thc khung 30 kinh 20 v

- T bn 1:50.000 c chia t t 1:100.000 ra lm 4 mnh. Danh php c thm vo ch ci la tinh. Vd F-48-144-D. C kch thc khung 15 kinh 10 v.

- T bn 1:25.000 c chia t t 1:50.000 ra lm 4 mnh. Danh php c thm vo ch thng. Vd F-48-144-D-d. C kch thc khung 730 kinh 5v.

- T bn 1:10.000 c chia t t 1:25.000 ra lm 4 mnh. Danh php c thm ch s. Vd F-48-144-D-d-4. C kch thc khung 345 kinh 230v.

- T bn 1:5.000 c chia t t 1:100.000 ra lm 256 mnh (16 ngang v 16 dc) mang danh php l F-48-144-(256) (chia theo quc t). Tuy nhin v Vit nam c v thp, t bn c chiu ngang rng , tin cho vic o v to bn 1:5.000 c chia t t 1:100.000 ra lm 384 mnh (chiu ngang 24 v chiu dc 16 phn). Danh php l F-48-144-(384). Cch chia mnh bn tng ng vi kch thc v gii hn khung c tm tc theo bng

Gii hn khung T l

Danh php

Kch thc khung

K V

2. H thng phn mnh v danh php bn (UTM) T 80o v nam n 84o v bc c chia lm 20 khu, mi khu c chiu

ngang 6o kinh v 8o v. T nam ln bc c k hiu bng 20 ch ci in hoa CDEFGHJKLM - NPQRSTUVWX. Khng dng cc ch ci A, B, Y, Z, I v O. Mi kinh tuyn c nh s t 1 n 60 bt u t 180o v pha ng. Nh vy cc nc ng Dng nm trong 48P, 49P, 47Q, 48Q v 49Q

1:1.000.000 1:500.000 1:200.000 1:100.000 1:50.000 1:25.000 1:10.000

F-48 F-48-D F-48-XXXVI F-48-144 F-48-144-D F-48-144-D-d F-48-144-D-d-4

6o x 4o 3o x 2o

1o x 40 30 x 20 15 x 10 730 x 5

345 x 230

102o - 108o 105o - 108o 107o - 108o

107o30 - 108o 107o45 - 108o 107o5230 -

108o 107o5615 -

108o

20o - 24o 20o - 22o

20o - 20o40 20o - 20o20 20o - 20o10 20o - 20o5

20o - 20o230



Chia mnh theo UTM Mi khu ton chia thnh nhiu phn khu hnh vung cnh 100 km

v dng ch ci in hoa nh s. T 1:100.000 c kch thc 30 x 30, c nh s ring khng lin

quan n t 1:1.000.000. V d t 1:100.000 ca H ni l 6151 c 61 l k hiu ct, 51 l k hiu hng

K hiu ct = 2(L - Lo) - 1 K hiu hng = 2(B + Bo) Trong :

L: kinh ng bin khung pha ng ca t bn 1:100.000 B: v ng bin pha bc ca t bn 1:100.000 Lo = 75o v Bo = 4o

- T 1:100.000 c chia ra t 1:50.000 ( 6151-II) v 1:25.000 (6151-IV-SE).

1.3 BIU DIN CC I TNG TRN BN A HNH Cc yu t ni dung cn phi th hin trn bn a hnh l: cc

im khng ch trc a (cc a vt nh hng), h thng thy vn, giao thng, dn c, a hnh, thc vt, ranh gii hnh chnh chnh tr. Tt c cc yu t trn u phi th hin trn bn a hnh bng k hiu quy c v ghi ch cc c trng v s lng. ngoi ra cc yu t u phi tri qua qu trnh tng qut ha.

Bn a hnh phi r rng, y , cho php nh hng nhanh chng thc a. Ni dung phi c chnh l, cp nht thng xuyn. phi c chnh xc cao.

* V tr mt bng chun 0,5mm theo t l bn . * V tr mt bng nhng vt khc 0,75mm. * Sai s cao cho php t n h (h l khong cao u)



1.3.1 Cc a vt nh hng l cc i tng c trong khu vc, cho php ta nhanh chng xc

nh v tr chnh xc ca n trn bn . C th l cc ta nh cao tng, nh th, cc cy c lp.. c bit chng ta cn phi th hin chnh xc v tr cng nh ghi ch cao ca cc im khng ch trc a c trong khu vc.

1.3.2 H thng thy vn Cc yu t thy h c biu th mt cch t m, c th trn bn a hnh bao gm:

- Ao h, sng ngoi, bin. - ng b nc v ng mp nc. - Lm r tnh cht bi: ct , b dc ng, dc thoi, ng ng

su - Sng:

Biu th thnh nhnh hon chnh, ph lu nhn hn 1cm trn bn c th b. Lm r chiu di, rng, su, tc dng chy, sng c nc thng xuyn hay theo ma. Ghi ch tn sng ng chiu cao v kiu ch qui nh, ghi ch nh hng t bn v hng v a hnh cao, cch 15 cm hay ch

ngoc th nhc li. ghi ch sng (5: rng; 2,7: su) vn tc dng chy.

Biu th rng thc t 1:10.000 1:25.000 1:50.000 1:100.000

- 1 nt - 2 nt khng

theo t l. - 2 nt ng t

l

< 3m 3m --> 6m

>6m

15m

>15m

30m

>30m

60m >60m

Trn bn , sng c th hin bng mt hay hai nt ph thuc vo rng ca sng v t l bn . Yu t ph: ghnh thc bn , bn ph, n bin, bi ct c th hin theo k hiu.

V d

Sai s mt bng (m) h (m) Sai s cao (m)

1:10.000 1:25.000 1:50.000

5 --> 7,5 12,5 --> 18,75 25 --> 37,5

2 5

10

0,25 1 - 2 1,25 - 2,5 - 5 2,5 - 5 - 10



1.3.3 Cc im dn c Cc im dn c l mt trong cc yu t quan trng nht trn bn

a hnh. Cc im dn c c c trng bi kiu c tr, s ngi v ngha hnh chnh chnh tr ca n.Cc im dn c c th hin trn bn a hnh bng ghi ch tn ca n.

Cc im dn c - Cc cng trnh cng nng nghip ( nh my, cng trng, nng

trng). - Cc cng trnh vn ha cng cng (bnh vin, trng hc, n cha). - im dn c. Trn cc bn cng t l cng ln th s biu th cc

im dn c cng t m: + T l ln (>1:25.000) ghi ch loi vt liu. + T l TB (1:50.000 --> 1:100.000) ghi ch tng khu ph vi quy hoch ng hnh dng. +T l 1:500.000 ch biu th im dn c.

1.3.4 ng giao thng

Mng li giao thng oc th hin chi tit hay khi lc ty thuc vo t l bn .

- ng st: rng ng ray, ga. - ng b: ng nha, , t ln, t nh, mn - Ty t l c mc chi tit khc nhau. - Cng trnh ph, cu ga. thuyt minh cht liu, chiu rng.

Ngoi ra trn bn a hnh cn phi th hin r cc ng dy thng tin lin lc: ng dy din thoi, din bo, trm in thoi, tm v tuyn Cc ni dung ny ch biu th khi chng nm ngoi khu dn c.

1.3.5 a Hnh 1. Th hin a hnh bng ng bnh a hnh l s tng hp li lm, a dng ca mt t. biu hin

a hnh ca mt vng t ln trn bnh , bn , ngi ta dng nhiu phng php khc nhau, ph bin nht v mang nhiu u im nht hin nay l Phng php ng bnh . ng bnh l ng ni nhng im c cng cao, l giao tuyn gia mt phng nm ngang v a hnh. biu din a hnh bng ng bnh , ngi ta lm nh sau: Tng tng ct a hnh bng nhng mt phng nm ngang (mt thu chun) song song cch u. Khong cch gia cc mt thu chun l khong cao u k hiu h. Chiu cc giao tuyn gia mt thu chun v a hnh ln mt phng nm ngang (nu thnh lp bnh ) v ln elipsoid (nu thnh lp bn ) ta c cc ng bnh .



Ta c mt s nh ngha sau : - Tng cao: Phn a hnh nm gia 2 mt ct song song. - Khong cao u: Khong cch thng gc gia hai mt ct song song (h). - Gin cch : Khong cch nm ngang gia hai ng bnh .

2. Tnh cht ng bnh ng ng mc c mt s tnh cht sau y:

- Tt c cc im nm trn cng mt ng bnh u c cao bng nhau trn mt t.

- Tt c cc ng bnh phi lin tc d trong hay ngoi bnh , bn . - Cc ng bnh khng th ct nhau. - vng t thoi, cc ng bnh ct xa nhau. vng t dc cc ng bnh st nhau. - Bn t l ln: 1 khong cao duy nht, khng t mu cc tng cao. - Bn t l nh: nhiu khong cao u, v t mu cc tng cao (Phng php ng ng tr-phn tng mu).

- Cc loi ng bnh : c bn, ci, gia ph. Phi hp th hin: im cao, nt ch dc, k hiu vch ng, b l, vc khe, m ly.

3. Khong cao u Trn bn , mun tm khong cao u ta ly hiu s cao gia 2

ng bnh k nhau. Mun tm gin cch ta o khong cch thng gc vi 2 ng bnh . Khi chn khong cao u h, ta cn c vo yu cu sau: - T l bnh , bn : T l cng ln, khong cao u cng nh. - c trng a hnh: i vi vng i ni khong cao u ln hn vng ng bng.

- chnh xc v mc chi tit ca cng trnh s xy dng: Mc chi tit v chnh xc cng cao, khong cao u cng nh.



V d:

4. Xc nh khong cao u theo cng thc Inhop : Gc nghing ln nht. M: Mu s t l.

5. chnh xc chnh xc ca ng ng mc chu sai s t ngoi v ni nghip.

Theo cng thc Koppe:

mh = a + b. tg

a: Sai s ngoi nghip: o c, sai s cao im b: Sai s ni nghip : chuyn v, ni suy

Cng thc Viduep tnh sai s cao:

mh= 0.19 h + 0.00016M x tg aTB

trong : aTB: dc trung bnh 6. dc dc a hnh c tnh bng cng thc:

tg = h/a

h: Khong cao u. a: gin cch. : gc ng.

T l h (m)

min TB Max

1:2.000

1:5.000

1:10.000

1:25.000

1:50.000

1:100.000

0.4

1

2

5

10

20

1

2

2.5

5

10

20

2

5

5

10

20

40



7. Dng a hnh - a hnh ni. - a hnh lm. - ng phn thy. - T thy. - Yn nga. - Sn dc u. - Sn dc khng u. - Sn li. - Sn lm.

1.3.6 Thc vt Trn bn a hnh ngi ta biu th cc loi rng, bi cy, vn

cy, n in, rung, ng c, ct, t mn, m ly. Ranh gii cc khu vc ph v t ai c biu th bng cc ng chm, din tch bn trong ng vin ta t cc k hiu quy c c trng cho tng loi t hoc thc vt. ranh gii ng vin phi chnh xc, r nt, th hin r rang nhng ch ngot c ngha nh hng. thc ph, t ai phi biu th mt cch t m v nu ln c cc chi tit c trng.

1.3.7 a gii hnh chnh Ngoi ng bin quc gia, trn cc bn a hnh cn phi th hin

a gii ca cc cp hnh chnh. c th l: - T l > 1:50.000: ranh gii Quc gia, Tnh, Huyn, x. - T l < 1:100.000 ranh gii Quc gia, Tnh, Huyn, khng biu hin

ranh gii x. Cc ng ranh gii phn chia hnh chnh, chnh tr i hi phi th

hin r rang, chnh xc.

1.4 QUY TRNH THNH LP BN A HNH BNG CNG NGH NH S

1.4.1 Gii thiu chung Sn xut bn a hnh bng nh s l mt gii php u vit do

nhiu li th ca n: chi ph thp, tc nhanh, tnh kh thi cao nhng vng xa xi ho lnh i li kh khn, sn phm a dng phong ph. Cng ngh ny ngy cng c ng dng rng ri, nht l trong sn xut bn t l ln, do trnh pht trin ngy cng cao ca cng ngh nh v GPS v cng ngh tin hc. C 2 phng php chnh sn xut bn t nh hng khng: 1. Phng php o nh phi hp S dng nh s c nn chuyn v ta bn v cc i tng a vt . Phn dng t (a hnh) c o v chi tit ngoi thc a. Phng php ny cn chi ph ln hn v tnh kh thi km hn nht l ti



nhng khu vc a hnh phc tp. Phng php ny c dng khi phm vi khu o khng qu ln, i li d dng hoc trong nhng trng hp yu cu chnh xc cao tng i ln.

2. Phng php o nh lp th Tt c cc yu t dng t (a hnh) v a vt u c o v trn

nh bng phng php xy m hnh lp th. Phng php ny c s dng ph bin hn do n khng mang nhng nhc im nu ca phng php trn. 1.4.2 S quy trnh

o KCMB cao

o v dng t, thy h Trn trm o v nh s

Chun b, Thu Thp, phn tch nh gi t liu: Bn , nh v cc t liu khc, Lp PAKTKT

Nn nh trc giao

S ha ni dung bn trn bnh nh

ng gi, giao np

on c ni nghip

iu v ngoi nghip

Lp bnh nh

Kim tra, nghim thu SP

Tng dy

Lp m hnh s cao

Bay chp nh HK, qut phim, in nh

Bin tp bn s gc



1.4.3 Mc ch yu cu tng bc 1. Cng tc bay chp nh y l cng an u tin trong quy trnh sn xut. Yu cu k thut

c bn l t l nh, ph dc, ph ngang v phm vi chp nh phi m bo thit k.

ph dc 60% m bo cho bt k im no trn mt t cng c mt t nht 2 nh c th thc hin khu o v nh nh m t. ph ngang 20% m bo cho 2 tuyn bay lin k c th lien kt c vi nhau trong qu trnh tng dy. Cc ch s ny nu qu ln s lm gim hiu qu kinh t m khng lm tng chnh xc o v.

T l nh cng ln ( cao bay cng thp) th chnh xc o v cng cao nhng chi ph cng ln v ngc li. Vic chn t l chp nh l gii bi ton ti u, nhm t mc ch: chnh xc m bo yu cu v chi ph thp nht.

2. Xc nh ta tm nh Mc ch ca vic xc nh ta tm nh l: + Gim chi ph sn xut ( khu o khng ch nh). + Tng cng chnh xc o v bn . + Tng tin thi cng. + Tng cng tnh kh thi cho nhng khu vc kh khn nguy him. Vi 1 my thu GPS trn my bay, 1 my thu GPS di mt t, thu

tn hiu ng thi, qu trnh hu x l s cho ra kt qu l ta tm chp nh. Vi khu vc vng than, nh c cng ngh xc nh ta tm nh, s lng im khng ch nh gim t 150 im xung ch cn 29 im.

3. o khng ch nh Cc im khng ch nh thng l a vt r nt trn nh nh gc rung, ng 3 ng mn, gc sn v.v.. v phn b cc gc khu o, cc u tuyn bay. N c ng cc ngoi thc a, chch v v s trn nh. Cc im ny hu nh khng th s dng thay th im khng ch phc v o c ngoi nghip do v tr khng thch hp, mt tha v khng thng hng vi nhau. im khng ch nh ch tn ti n thi im kim tra nghim thu, thm nh xong cng trnh. Ta cao ca im khng ch nh thng c xc nh bng GPS. Cc im gc ca li khng ch nh l im ta v cao nh nc.

ph dc

ph ngang

Tuyn bay 1 ->

Tuyn bay 2 ->



4. iu v Khu iu v c nhim v cung cp mi thng tin nh tnh cho bn

. C nhiu cc thc hin iu v nh: Gii on nh trong phng, tn dng cc thng tin ca bn c, thu thp v s dng ti liu ca cc c quan chuyn ngnh (bn giao thng, s li in, danh mc a danh a gii hnh chnh, bng k s h dn c v.v..), v iu tra ngoi nghip.

5. Tng dy Trc y cha c cng ngh nh s, cc t phim nha (cn gi l

nh tng t) c dng kim chm chch im, sau a ln my quang hc o ta nh ri a vo tnh ton. Ngy nay vi cng ngh nh s, phim nha c a vo my qut chuyn dng, chuyn thnh nh s phn gii cao (qut phim), sau file nh s c a ln my tnh loi mnh c h thng nhn lp th (trm nh s - Image Station) chch im, my tnh t ng o ta nh, ghi d liu v chuyn sang tnh ton bnh sai.

6. o v Khi cha c cng ngh nh s, o v nh c thc hin bng my

nh ton nng. tng cp phim nha trn c cc im chch tng dy c ta cao ( 4 im trn 1 m hnh) c lp vo khay phim. H thng quang hc cho php nhn m hnh trong khng gian 3 chiu, a tiu o (tng t nh cc mia hoc gng trong o ngoi nghip) n mt im a hnh hoc a vt bt k nhn ngay c ta XYZ ca n trn thanh c s. My cn c bn v v bt v c hc v tc thi cc i tng a hnh a vt ln giy.

Hin nay vi cng ngh nh s, cng on o v c thc hin trn trm nh s, thao tc nhn v v gn ging trn my ton nng. Vi kch c my gn nh, sn phm o v l dng s c th d dng sa cha, bin tp v in n.

Trm nh s l mt my tnh loi mnh, c b nh ln v tc x l cao, c ci t thm:

+ Phn cng: Card mn hnh chuyn dng cho php hin th mn hnh theo ch lp th (stereo), knh lp th v chut 3D. chut thng (mouse) dung thay i v tr mt ca tiu o, chut 3D dung thay i cao ca tiu o trong m hnh khng gian 3 chiu.

+Phn mm: Cc phn mm chuyn dng phc v o nh, tnh ton tng dy, lp m hnh s cao, nn nh.

Hot ng ca trm nh s l hin th ng thi 2 nh ca mt cp nh lp th trn mn hnh theo nguyn l phn cc (lun phin th hin, m bo mi cnh c hin th vi tn s > 25 Hz), cng lc thao tc vin eo knh lp th v mi mt s ch nhn thy 1 nh, nh to cm gic nhn thy khng gian 3 chiu. Tiu o (c vai tr nh mia hoc gng ngoi thc a) l mt chm sng c th di ng n mi v tr v mi cao trong phm vi m hnh. V tr khng gian XYZ ca tiu o c tnh ton v hin



th tc thi v c ghi li khi c lnh. C th dung tiu o chm im nh o chi tit hoc dung tiu o v trc tip cc an thng, ng a tuyn, ng bnh , cc ng cong v.v.. m t dng t hoc m t mt a vt no .

7. V m t dng t Dng t c th hin trn bn bng ng bnh v cc im

cao. Thng thng, trong o v bn t l ln khng trc tip v ngay bnh m trc ht v m t chi tit mt t, sau lp m hnh s cao ri ni suy ng bnh . Khi mt t c th c m t theo 2 cch tng ng vi 2 loi m hnh s cao ph bin

+ M hnh GRID: Biu din mt t bng mng li vi cc mt li u nhau. mi im c mt cao Z. Dng ny n gin nhng m t mt t khng linh hot.

+ M hnh dng TIN: Biu din mt t bng mng li cc im phn b khng u. Mt im ty thuc vo mc phc tp ca a hnh. N c u im m t dng t rt linh hot.

C th v m t mt t theo 2 loi m hnh trn. C 2 loi ny u cho php ni suy bnh hoc s dng nn nh, tuy nhin trong thc t thng s dng m hnh TIN v tnh hiu qu linh hot ca n.

Trong qu trnh v m t, mt cc im cao l rt ln, ngoi ra cn c cc ng t gy (ng sn ni, ng khe ni, ng chn ni v.v..) nn d liu gc ny th hin dng t chnh xc hn l cc ng bnh trn bn . V th m khi sn xut bn s, ngi ta thng lu tr li file m t gc (hoc gi l file DTM gc) s dng cho cc yu cu sau ny.

-V m t a vt: Cc a vt nh nh ca, ng x, sng sui c th v bng 2 cch:

+ V trc tip trn m hnh khng gian 3 chiu. + S ha trn nn nn.

M hnh GRID M hnh TIN



Cch th nht cho chnh xc mt phng cao hn do n khng chu tc ng ca sai s nn nh, nht l cc vng i ni c chnh cao ln. Vi cc bn t l ln nh 1/ 2.000 v 1/5.000, thng s dng theo cch ny v a vt.

8. Nn nh Nn nh nhm mc ch a mt tm nh b bin dng do nhiu

nguyn nhn tr thnh tm nh khng cn bin dng v nm ng h ta yu cu. Kt qu nn l nh trc giao (orthophoto). Hnh v di y m t cng vic ny.

9. Bin tp bn Cc sn phm ca khu o v cha phi l bn m l sn phm th,

v d: ng bnh gy khc, ch s khng ng phng ch v c, mu sc k hiu cha ng quy nh, cc i tng an xen chng ln nhau v.v.. Khu bin tp gii quyt trit cc vn ny to ra t bn ng quy chun.

Nn nh trc giao

Php chiu xuyn tm Php chiu thng gc (ortho)

A

A A

A



CHNG 2 MICROSTATION

-------------- 2.1 GII THIU CHUNG Mapping Office l mt h thng phn mm mi nht ca tp on InterGraph bao gm cc phn mm cng c phc v cho vic xay dng v duy tr ton b cc i tng a l di dng ha bao gm: IRASC, IRASB, MSFC, GEOVEC. Cc file d liu dng ny c s dng lm u vo cho cc h thng tin a l hoc cc h qun tr d liu bn . Cc phn mm ng dng ca Mapping Office c tch hp trong mi trng ha thng nht l MicroStation to mt b cng c mnh v linh hot phc v cho vic thu thp v x l cc i tng ha. c bit trong lnh vc bin tp v trnh by bn , da vo rt nhiu cch tnh nng m rng ca MicroStation cho php ngi s dng t thit k cc k hi dng im, dng ng v dng pattern. m rt nhiu cc phng php trnh by bn c coi l rt kh x dng i vi mt s phn mm khc (Mappinfo, AutoCAD, Coreldraw, freehand), li c gii quyt mt cch d dng trong MicroStation. Ngoi ra cc file d liu ca cc bn cng loi c to da trn nn mt file chun (seed file) c nh ngha y cc thng s ton hc bn , h n v o c tnh theo gi tr tht bn ngoi thc a lm tng gi tr chnh xc v thng nht gia cc file bn .

Sau y l mt s khi nim v cc ng dng c th ca tng phn mm trong cng on s ha v bin tp bn . MICROSTATION. MicroStation l mt phn mm tr gip thit k (CAD) v l mi trng ha rt mnh cho php xy dng, qun l cc i tng ha th hin cc yu t bn . MicroStation cn c s dng lm nn cho cc ng dng khc nh Geovec, Irasb, MSFC, Mrfclean, Mrfflag chy trn . MicroStation c s dng s ha cc i tng trn nn nh (raster), sa cha, bin tp d liu v trnh by bn . MicroStation cn cung cp cng c nhp, xut (import, export) d liu ha t cc phn mm khc qua cc file (.dxf) hoc (.dwg). IRASB Irasb l phn mm hin th v bin tp d liu raster di dng nh en trng v c chy trn nn ca MicroStation. Mc d d liu ca ca IrasB v MicroStation cng c th hin trn cng mt mn hnh nhng n hon ton c lp vi nhau. Ngha l vic thay i d liu phn ny khng nh hng n d li ca phn kia.



IRASC IrasC l phn mm hin th v x l d liu raster di dng nh mu v c chy trn nn ca ca MicroStation. GEOVEC Geovec l mt phn mm chy trn nn ca MicrStation cung cp cc cng c s ha bn t ng cc i tng trn nn nh en trng vi nh dng InterGraph, mi mt i tng s ha bng Geovec phi c nh ngha trc cc thong s ha mu sc, lp thong tin. Khi i tng ny gi l Feature. m mt Feature c mt tn gi v m s ring. Trong qu trnh s ha cc i tng Geovec c dng nhiu trong vic s ha cc i tng dng ng. MSFC

MSFC (MicroStation Feature Collection) Modul chp php ngi dng khai bo v t cc c tnh ha cho cc lp thong tin khc nhau ca bn phc v cho qu trnh s ha, c bit l s ha trong Geovec. Ngoi ra MSFC cn cung cp mt lot cc cng c s ha bn trn nn MicroStation. MSFC c s dng: to bng phn lp v nh ngha thuc tnh ha cho i tng Qun l cc i tng trong qu trnh s ha. Lc im v lm trn ng i vi tng i tng dng ring l. MRFClean

MRFClean c vit bng MDL (MicroStation Development Language v chy trn nn ca MicroStation. MSFClean dung : Kim tra li t ng, nhn din v nh du v tr cc im cui t do bng mt k hiu (ch D,X,S). Xa nhng ng, im trng nhau. Ct ng: tch mt ng thnh hai ng ti im giao vi ng khc. T ng loi cc a tha c d di nh hn Dangle_fator nhn vi tolerance.

MRFFlag MRFFlag c thit k tng hp vi MRFCclean, dng t ng hin th ln mn hnh ln lt cc v tr c li m MRFClean nh du trc v ngi dung s s dng cc cng c ca MicroStation sa. IPLOT IPLOT gm c Iplot Client v Iplot Server c thit k ring cho vic in n cc tp tin .dgn ca MicroStation. Iplot Clien nhnh cc yu cu in trc tip ti cc trm lm vic, cn Iplot server nhn cc yu cu in qua mng. Do vy trn my tnh ca bn t nht phi ci t Iplot Client. Iplot



cho php t cc thng s in nh lc nt, th t in cc i tng thng qua tp tin ddieeuf khin l pen-table.

2.2 CC CHC NNG CA MICROSTATION

2.2.1 Gii thiu chung v MicroStation MicroStation l mt phn mm pht trin t CAD vi mc ch tr

gip vic thnh lp cc bn hoc bn v k thut. u im c bn ca MicroStation so vi CAD l cho php lu cc bn v bn v thit k theo nhiu h thng ta khc nhau. Ngoi ra MicroStation c giao din ha bao gm nhiu ca s, menu, bng cng c v nhiu chc nng khc rt tin li cho ngi s dng.

1. Khi ng v thot khi MicroStation Khi ng MicroStation: Kch hot biu tng ca MicroStation trn

mn hnh Program Manager. Ca s MicroStation Manager xut hin, chn tn file cn m (hoc tn file mi), sau chn Ok.

Thot khi MicroStation: Chn menu file, sau chn exit. Hoc cng c th g vo t exit trn ca s lnh ca MicroStation.

2. Giao din trong MicroStation MicroStation cho php giao din vi ngi dung thng qua ca s

lnh Command Window, cc ca s quan st, cc menu, cc hp hi thoi v bng cng c.

Ca s lnh Command Window: hin th cho ta tn file m ta ang m, ngoi ra trn ca s lnh cn c su trng vi ni dung sau:

- Status: Hin th cc thng bo v yu t chn. - Message: Hin th cc thuc tnh hin thi ca yu t. - Command: Hin th tn ca lnh ang c thc hin. - Frompt: Hin th thao tc tip theo cn thc hin. - Input: Thng dng g lnh hoc vo tham s cho lnh t

bn phm. - Error: Hin th cc thng bo li.

Input Field

Command Field

Status Field

Error Field

Fromp

Message Field



Mi mt cng c no trong MicroStation thng c th thc hin bng nhiu phng php: T biu tng ca ca cng c, t menu, t ca s lnhty thuc s la chn ca ngi s dng. Nhng d s dng phng php no th thng tin v lnh va thc hin cng c th hin trn ca s lnh Command Window. Cc lnh trong MicroStation ni chung thng gm hai bc: Bc th nht nhm xc nh yu t cn thao tc, bc th hai khng nh (hoc hy b) lnh cn thc hin. Nu bc th hai ta hy b lnh th lnh s khng gy ra tc v g. Vic quan st ca s lnh thng xuyn trong qu trnh thc hin cc lnh s gip ta thao tc nhanh chng v khng mc phi sai st.

* Menu chnh ca MicroStation c t trn ca s lnh. T menu chnh c th m ra nhiu menu dc trong cha rt nhiu chc nng ca MicroStation. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu menu c t cc ca s hi thoi xut hin khi ta thc hin mt chc nng no ca MicroStation.

* Ca s quan st View: L ni ta quan st v thc hin cc thao tc ha cn thit. C th m cng mt lc ti a 8 ca s View. C th di chuyn v tr hoc thay i kch thc ca cc ca s View nh i vi cc ca s Window thng thng.

* Bng cng c: L tp hp ca cc chc nng ta thng s dng trong qu trnh thnh lp bn , bn v. Bng cng c chnh thng c t ng m khi ta khi ng MicroStation. Trong trng hp bng cng c chnh khng xut hin trn mn hnh th c th n li n.

* Cc thao tc iu khin mn hnh: Cng c dng phng to, thu nh hoc dch chuyn mn hnh c b tr gc di bn tri ca mi ca s (Window).

- Update: V li ni dung ca ca s mn hnh . - Zoom in: Phng to ni dung. - Zoom out: Thu nh ni dung. - Window ares: Phng to ni dung trn mt vng. - Fit View: Thu ton b bn v vo trong mn hnh. - Pan: Dch chuyn ni dung theo mt hng nht nh. - View previous: Quay li ch mn hnh lc trc. - View next: Quay li mn hnh lc trc khi s dng lnh View

previous. * Bn chut chun s dng trong MicroStation l bn chut 3 phm

vi cc chc nng: - Phm bn tri l phm Data dng xc nhn mt lnh hay mt yu

t no . - Phm bn phi l phm Reset dng hy s xc nhn mt lnh hay

mt yu t no . - Phm gia l phm Tentative dng t chut vo ng v tr no

.



Nu bn chut ang s dng l bn chut hai phm th phm Data v phm Reset gi nguyn v tr nh trn cn phm Tentative c s dng bng cch n ng thi hai phm Data v Reset.

Vi b cng c lm vic y v mnh, giao din li rt thun tin cho ngi s dng, MicroStation c ng dng rt ln trong trc a bn . Song nu ch c MicroStation ng c lp th kh nng ng dng ca n b hn ch rt nhiu. Chnh v th MicroStation lun c s dng lm nn cho cc phn mm khc nh IrasC (s dng nn nh, lm sch nh v mt s ng dng khc), Geovec ( chuyn vector ha bn t ng), MSFC (s dng qun l cc lp thng tin trn bn bng cch thit lp cc Feature)To nn mt b cng c linh hot phc v tt cho vic s ha v bin tp bn .

2.2.2 Cc Menu Trong MicroStation cc menu chnh c t trn cc ca s lnh. T

menu chnh c th m thm nhiu menu dc trong c cha rt nhiu chc nng ca MicroStation. Mi mt menu dc c mt chc nng ring, phn ny cung cp mt s khi nim v chc nng ca cc menu chnh v menu dc.

1. File menu File menu gm nhng mc cho s to, m, ng file thit k v nhng

th vin cell, lm vic vi nhng file tham kho (reference file), nhp v xut file, in v kt thc mt chng trnh MicroStation.

1. New: M hp hi thoi to mi mt file thit k(Create Design

file), s dng to v m file nh file thit k ang hot ng.



2. Open: M hp hi thoi m file (Open Design File) s dng m mt file thit k tn ti hoc mt file khc trong danh sch nh hot ng file .

3. Close: ng file thit k ang hot ng v m hp hi thoi qun l file ca MicroStation (MicroStation Manager).

4. Save As: M hp hi thoi ghi file sang tn khc (Save design as). S dng ghi file c chp sang tn khc nh trong th mc khc hoc sang kiu d liu khc, nu tn khc c chn th file c thnh file hot ng.

5. Compress Design: Nn file thit ang hot ng b ton b cc yu t c xa.

6. Save settings: Ghi li cc gi tr c t trong file thit k ang hot ng. La chn ny ch cho php nu (save setting on exit) c u tin l off, la chn ny cng cho php ta ghi gi tr t ti nh, n khng t ng ghi li khi ri khi file ang thit k. Ghi li cc gi tr c t bao gm gi tr iu khin hp hi thoi v cu hnh ca ca xem (View..).

7. sReference: M hp hi thoi Referenss Files settings s dng hiu chnh gia cc file lin quan v chn cng c ca n.

2. Edit menu Edit menu gm nhng mc cho s hy v lm li nhng s thay i

ti file thit k hoc mt file text. N cng c nhng mc cho s ct v dn text, nh ngha v ngng nhng nhm, kha v khng kha nhng i tng.

1. - Undo: Undo l hy b thao tc v trc . Cng c ny c s

dng khi phc li mt thao tc sai. - Undo other > to mark: hy b thao tc v c thc hin trc khi

nh du l mt tp hp.



- Undo other > all: hy b tt c cc thao tc bn v ghi bn trong hy b m.

2. Redo: Hy b thao tc va undo. 3. Set mark: t mt s nh du bn trong hy b m, sau k tip

v thao tc c th ph nhn. 4. Cut: Chuyn hoc ct nhng i tng c la chn v t chng

vo b nh t gin k tip. 5. Copy: Sao chp mt i tng c la chn ti b nh t s k

gin tip. 6. Paste: Sao chp ni dung t b nh ti ni thit k. 7. Paste Special: p dng cho mt khun dng mn hnh c bit ti

ni dung ca clipboard. 8. Show clipboard/ Hide Clipboard: Trnh din ni dung b nh hoc

ng ca s b nh hin ra. 9. Group: Cng c phn t c chn vo trong mt nhm cho s

thao tc nh mt thc th n. 10. Ungroup: Khng lin kt nhng nhm i tng c chn na. 11. Lock: Kha nhng i tng c la chn. 12. Unlock: Tho nhng i tng c kha. 13. Find/Replace Text (SE): Tm ch trong i tng ch v thay th

n bng ch khc . 14. Select

- Select all: La chn tt c cc i tng trong file thit k. - Select none: Hy b vic la chn tt c cc i tng trong file

thit k. - Select by Attribute: La chn hoc nh v nhng i tng da

vo thuc tnh ca i tng (kiu, lp, k hiu). 15. Links: Lin kt v bo tr nhng mi lin kt DDE. 16. - Edit > Insert Object: M mt ng dng t t nhng i tng

vo trong file thit k hin hnh. - Edit > Object Links: Cp nht, b gy hoc thay i ngun ca

mt lin kt. - Edit > Outline OLE Objects (SE): lin kt nhng im sng v gn

vo i tng. - Edit >Objeck > SE: M, son tho, la chn lin kt hoc gn

vo i tng.



3. Element Menu Menu Element gm chng mc cho php iu khin nhng thuc

tnh, nhng phn t c t trong thit k:

1. Attribute: M hp hi thoi Element Attibute s dng iu khin

nhng thuc tnh ca i tng t trong thit k (lp, kiu ng, mu, rng).

2. B-spline: M hp thoi b-spline setting, c s dng iu khin thuc tnh B-spline c bit ca B-spline t trong thit k.

3. Cell: M hp th vin cell (cell library) s dng to, duyt v kch hot cell.

4. Dimensions: M hp thoi Dimension Settings, t c th t cc c tnh s dng trong vic o kch thc.

5. Multi-lines: M hp thoi Multi-line iu khin hoc nh ngha cc i tng multi-line c t trong thit k.

6. - Tags > Define: M hp thoi Tag Sets s dng to, son tho, chuyn ri nhng Tag c nh ngha.

- Tags > Generate Templates: Pht sinh bng bo co mu file ca Tag.

- Tags > Generate Reports: Pht sinh mt bng bo co gn Tag t phn t v nhng thuc tnh ca phn t ha.

7. Text: M hp thoi Text s dng t font ch, chiu cao, rng ca ch v iu khin thuc tnh Text-specific ca ch c t trong thit k.

8. Information: S dng xem hoc thay i nhng thng tin thuc tnh ca mt i tng v d liu tng quan lin quan n phn t .



4. Setting menu Setting menu gm nhng mc cho s xem li v thay i nhng s

thit t c bit ca non-element.

1. Manage: Xut hin bng select Settings (styles.stg) s dng la

chn nhm i tng v lin h vi cc thanh cng c nu c hoc c th s dng nh ngha, sa cha, xa nhm i tng.

2. AccuDraw: Sp xp hp l ha qu trnh bn v. 3. Color Table: Xut hin bng mu (color Table), s dng duyt

v sa i mt sao chp ca bng mu hin thi. bng mu m hin thi c gn vi file thit k hoc nu khng l gn lin vi bng mu mc nh (bn trong).

4. Database > Dialog: Qun l c s d liu ca nhng nhm lin quan n s lin kt.Database > Connext: M hp thoi Connext to Database s dng ni ti kho d liu t bn trong MicroStation.

- Database > Disconext: S dng tch ri t kho d liu bn trong MicroStation.

- Database > Set up: S dng to, xem li v sa cha MSCATALOG v cng c s dng to v tho bng trong kho d liu c ni.

- Dessign File: M ra hp thoi Dessign File Setting s dng thay i, sa cha file thit k.

6. Level > Manage: M hp thoi Level Manage s dng iu khin cc i tng bng lp t file d liu hin hnh v gn file tham kho. Trong hp thoi ny ta c th:

- t lp hin hnh. - Sa i lp k hiu t file d liu hin hnh hoc gn file tham

kho. - Lm hu hiu hoc v hiu ha s trnh din ca lp k hiu. - Gn tn cho lp v nh ngha mt cu truc lp. - Gn hoc tch file tham kho.



- Level > Display: M hp thoi View Level gm 63 lp c s dng iu khin s trnh din ca cc i tng bng lp hoc t lp hin hnh.

- Level > Symbology: S dng thay i k hiu. - Level > Names: S dng gn tn cho lp v nh ngha mt cu

trc lp. - Level > Usage: Xem li cch dng ca lp v kiu i tng trong

file thit k hin hnh. 7. - Locks > Full: t kha v la chn kiu Fence. - Lock > Toggles: m hp thoi Locks T, s dng bt hoc tt

locks. 8. - Camera > On: Bt Camera t mt ca s view. - Camera > Off: Tt Camera t mt ca s view. - Camera > Setup: t ch v v tr cho mt camera t ca s view v

bt camera cho ca s view . - Camera > Move Camera: Di chuyn ch ca camera t t tiu ca

camera ti mt i tng v di chuyn xung quanh t ca s view khc ang tn ti ca i tng.

- Camera > Move Target: Di chuyn camera m khng di chuyn ch ca camera- tng t ti ch ng trong mt v tr v nh du camera ti nhng mc tiu khc.

- Camera > Lens: t gc v tiu c ca thu knh t ca s view. 9. - Rendering > General: M hp thoi Rendering setting, c s

dng iu chnh tr li nhng s thit t. - Rendering > View attributes: t thuc tnh cho nh to ra.

- Rendering > Source Lighting: iu khin s sp xp t v cu hnh ca nhng cell ngun.

- Rendering > assign Materials: Gn s liu cho nhng phn t trn mt level vi mt mu nht nh.

- Rendering > Define Materials: To hoc thay i s liu t Tool box. 10. - Snaps > Button Bar: Xut hin thanh Snap Mode gm nhng

biu tng c s dng bt im (Snap to Element) nhm lm tng chnh xc cho qa trnh s ha trong trng hp mun bt dim Data vo ng v tr cn chn.

- Snaps > Nearest: Con tr s bt vo im gn nht trn element. - Snaps > Eypoint: Con tr s bt vo im nt gn nht element. - Snaps > Midpoint: Con tr s bt vo im gia ca element. - Snaps > Center: Con tr s bt vo tm im ca i tng.



- Snaps > Origin: Con tr s bt vo im gc ca cell. - Snaps > Intersection: Con tr s bt vo im ct nhau gia hai

ng giao nhau. - Snaps > Tangent: p mt phn t tip xc vi mt phn t khc - Snaps > Tangent From: p mt phn t tip xc vi mt phn t

khc vi im c nh tip gip. - Snaps > Perpendicular: p mt phn t tin thng ti mt phn t

khc. - Snaps > Perpendicular From: p mt phn t sao cho ng line m

bn ang t thng gc ti phn t ti im th. - Snaps > Parallel: p mt phn t song song ti mt phn t hin

hu. - Snaps > Through Point p mt phn t chuyn xuyn qua mt im

c bit v mt thng thit k. - Snaps > Point On: p mt i tng bt u hoc kt thc trn

mt phn t trong file thit k. 11. View attribute: Xem thuc tnh ca mt di tng cho. 5. Tools Menu Tools menu gm nhng mc m v ng nhng hp cng c.

1. Tools Boxes: M hp thoi v c s dng m v to ra

nhng hp cng c chuyn dng. 2. Tools Settings: c s dng xem li v iu chnh nhng s

thit t cho cng c c chn. 3. Primary: M hp hi thoi Primary Tools Bar. Hp thoi ny cha

cc thanh cng c c s dng v iu khin thng xuyn v c mc nh n l



- Standard: M hp thoi Standard Tools b. Hp thoi ny cha ng nhng biu tng m cho php truy cp nhanh t nhng n chn ko.

4. Main > Main: d dng, thun tin trong thao tc. MicroStation cung cp

rt nhiu cng c (drawing tools) tng ng nh cc lnh. Cc cng c ny hin trn mn hnh di dng cc biu tng v (icon) v c nhm theo cc chc nng c lin quan thnh nhng thanh cng c (tool box), cc thanh cng c thng dng nht trong MicroStation c t trong mt thanh cng c chnh (Main tool box) v c rt gn dng cc biu tng. Thanh cng c chnh t ng m mi khi ta bt MicroStation v ta c th thy tt c cc chc nng ca MicroStation trong . Ta c th dng chut ko cc thanh cng c con ra thnh mt Tool box hon chnh, hoc chn tng icon trong tool thao tc. Khi ta s dng mt cng c no th tool s dng s l hin thi v chuyn thnh mu sm. Ngoi ra i km vi mi cng c c chn l hp Tool setting, hp ny hin th tn ca cng c v cc phn t thng s i km (nu c).

5. 3D: M hp thoi 3D-B-splines Tool Bar. 3D-B-splines Tool Bar trong MicroStation SE cung cp kh nng truy cp ti tt c cc cng c trong Curves tool box v 3D Tools box ca MicroStation 95. (Trong hp Curves tool box c nhng cng c s dng v ng curves, 3D Tools box cung cp cng c c kh nng truy cp nhanh t cng c 3D v iu khin tm nhn).

6. Annotate: M hp Annotate Tool box, thanh cng c trong hp ny c s dng t k hiu (biu tng).

- Annotation > Drafting Tools: Thanh cng c ny c s dng n gin ha v tiu chun ha s xp t nhng tieu , phn t

- Annotation > XYZ text: Cho php bn nhp, xut v gn nhn nhng im ta ca file thit k 2D hoc 3D.

7. Auxiliary Coordinates: M hp Acs Tool box, thanh cng c trong hp ny c s dng nh ngha v thao tc mt h thng ta ph (ACS)- mt h ta bn nh ngha m khc mt phng thit k v tm nhn ca nhng h thng to .

8. Database: M hp Database Tool box, Thanh cng c trong hp ny c s dng thit lp, xem li, bo co v nhng s kt ni c s d liu loi b v trnh by nhng thuc tnh c s d liu trong..

9. - DD Design: Thanh cng c trong DD Design box s dng to kch thc cell.

- DD Design > Attach Element: thanh cng c ny c s dng xy dng mt cung (arc), line string, shape.

- DD Design > Constraint: c s dng p dng nhng s rng buc ti nhng xy dng.



- DD Design > Model: Thanh cng c trong hp Model khi c s dng phi hp vi nhng cng c trong Constaint tool box, s to ra cell iu khin kch thc gia tng.

- DD Design > profile: c s dng phc tho mt mt ct v chuyn i mt line string.

10. Drop: B gy nhng phn t phc tp thnh nhng phn t n gin hn v loi b nhng im lin kt gia nhng phn t.

11. Engineering Link: Cung cp nhng cng c xut bn khun dng file MicroStation ca n n nhng khun dng file nh khun dng ngn ng lm m hnh thc, o, khun dng vect n gin (SVF), khun dng file Meta th my tnh.

12. Isometric: S dng trnh by nhng mi quan h 3D trong thit k 2D.

13. Match: c s dng t thuc tnh phn t ca mt phn t trong file thit k (hoc 1 reference file), lm cho d dng t nhiu phn t vi nhng phn t c cng thuc tnh nh nhng phn t hin hu.

14. Multi-line joints: S dng xy dng nhng im ni ti nhng ch giao nhau, ch ct nhauca multi-line v sa i nhng thnh phnca multi-line.

15. Redline: S dng gn v tch bng tay file Redline. 16. Reference Files: c s dng : - Gn file thit k tham kho ti file thit k hin thi. - Tch file thit k tham kho t file thit k hin thi. - iu khin s xy dng v tr, t l, nh hng ca vic gn file

thit k tham kho. 17. View Control: S dng iu khin tm nhn. 18. Close Tool Boxes: s dng ng nhng hp cng c. 6. Utilities Menu



1. Key-in: M kha trong Window, c s dng duyt, xy dng v vo key-in. Nu Key-in ca mt ng dng n (MicroStation hoc la chn MDL) l trnh din th thanh tiu s xc nh ng dng.

2. MicroStation Link (SE): Duyt mng ton cu. 3. HTML Author (SE): To mt file HTML t mt th vin cell, lu

tr tm nhn file thit k, v m c bn hoc nh chp nhanh ca file thit k. CellSelector: tm v t mt cell. 4.Text Glossary: Xy dng v t Text s dng thng thng v

nhng t hp ca text. 5. - Image > Save: Ghi ni dung ca mt vng nhn trong mt file

nh raster. - Image > Capture: Bt mt nh hoc mt phn ca nh ca mn hnh. - Image > Convert: Chuyn i mt file Raster t mt khun dng m

trc tip c h tr bi MicroStation n mt khun dng m cha c h tr trc tip bng MicroStation.

- Image > Display: Trnh din ni dung ca mt file raster trong mt ca s.

- Image > Movies: Dch chuyn mt vng nh. 6. - Render > Wiremesh: m phng, trnh din mt Wiremesh. - Render > Hidden Line M phng, trnh din mt ng n np. - Render > Filled Hidden Line: M phng, trnh din mt ng n

np y. - Render >Constant: M phng, trnh din mt m hnh bng khng

i. - Render > Smooth: M phng, trnh din mt m hnh bng trn. - Render > Phong: M phng, trnh din mt m hnh bng 3D

(Phong). 7. Auxiliary Coordinates: t tn, ghi, gn hoc xa mt h thng ta

ph (ACS) hoc la chn nhng cng c ACS. 8. Saved Views: t tn, ghi, gn hoc xa views. 9. Archive: Lu tr file hoc m v san tho file lu tr.

10. Generate Section: To mt ct (section). 11. Install Fonts: Nhng font c chn t th vin font hoc i tn

v nh li s font. 12. MDL Application: Load hoc khng load mt ngn ng pht trin

ng dng ca MicroStation. 13. - User Command > Run: Kch hot mt lnh s dng.

- User Command > Edit UCM Index File: Son tho ch s file s dng mt lnh.

14. Reat Macro: To v m c bn ca MicroStation bng thao tc t vo trong capturing.

15. End Macro: Dng vic ghi mt ch th v m c bn MicroStation.



16. Macros: Chy, son tho hoc sa li mt v m c bn MicroStation.

7. Workspace Menu Workspace menu gm nhng mc t ch u tin, nt ty bin

v nhng hm kha giao vic.

1. Prefernces: Cho ngi dng mt s hon ho t thao tc chng

trnh, b nh s dng, xut hin mn hnh. 2. Configuration: M hp thoi thay i bin s. 3. Customize: M hp thoi s dng ty bin nhng hp cng c

v menu. 4. Function Keys: M hp thoi s dng son tho v ghi hm

kha menu. 5. Button assignments: Nhng nt Reassigh cng ging nh nt Data,

Tentative v Reset. 6. Digitizing: t s iu khin t bng digitizing. 7. About Workspace: Xc nh thnh phn trang lm vic hin thi. 8. Window menu Window menu gm nhng mc m v ng view, iu khin s

sp t ca view v nhng ca s khc trn mn hnh.

1. Open/Close > dialog: M hp thoi m t ta c th m hoc

ngmt ca s view.



2. Open/Close > : M hoc ng mt ca s view.

3. Cascade: Chng xp nhng ca s view ln nhau sao cho it nht thanh tiu c r rng.

4. Tile: Thu xp nhng ca s view m m khng gi ln nhau. 5. Arrange: Thu xp nhng ca s view m bt c ni no v bt k

hnh dng no. 6. Groups: Ch nh nhng nhm ca nhng ca s view cho hiu

qu hn m v s sp t. 7. : Tm ca s ang dng. 9. Help Menu Help Menu gm nhng mc s dng nhng tr gip trc tuyn (

mt trnh tin ch tr gip sn c trn mn hnh khi ang dng mng my tnh hoc mt chng trnh ng dng).

1. Contents: La chn nhng mc cn gip t Lists ca Topics. 2. Search for Help on...: Tm kim s gip trn bt c ch no

hoc tm kim nhng ch m cha ng vn bn xc nh. 3. How to Use Help: c nhng ch dn s dng s gip 4. Tool Tips: Thanh cng c cho php hoc v hiu ha nhng tool

tip. 5. Tracking: Cho php hoc v hiu ha. 6. Product Support: La chn mt ti liu cn gip t mt danh

sch sn c. 7. Key-in Browser: c hng dn t s h tr ca MicroStation. 8. About MicroStation: Kim tra s phin bn ca MicroStation v

tn ca nhng file thit k.



2.3 CC THAO TC TRN MICROSTATION Phn ny cung cp mt s khi nim c bn v cu trc mt file d

liu trong MicroStation v hng dn thc hnh mt s thao tc c bn khi lm vic vi MicroStation, bao gm:

a. Lm vic vi cc design file b. Cu trc ca mt design file c. i tng ha d. Thao tc iu khin mn hnh e. Cch s dng cc phm chut f. Cc ch bt im g. S dng cc cng c trong MicroStation h. Thit k k hiu dng im v pattern i. Thit k k hiu dng ng j. S dng cc font ting vit trong MicroStation. k. Thit k bng mu

2.3.1 Lm vic vi cc Design file File d liu ca Microstation gi l design file. MicroStation ch cho

php ngi s dng m v lm vic vi mt design file ti mt thi im. File ny gi l Active Design file. Nu m mt design file khi c mt Design file khc ang m sn, MicroStation s t ng ng file u tin li. Tuy nhin c th xem (Tham kho) ni dung ca cc design file khc bng cc tc ng n cc file di dng cc file tham kho (Reference file). Mt design file trong MicroStation c to bng cch copy mt file chun gi l seed file. 1. Cch to Design File

1. Khi ng MicroStation xut hin hp thoi MicroStation Manager.

2. T file chn New xut hin hp thoi Create Design file. 3. nh tn file vo hp text Files: v d Dia_hinh.dgn 4. Chn Seed file bng cch bm vo nt select xut hin hp

thoi Slect seed file. 5. Chn ng dn n tn th mc v tn seed file cho bn ca

mnh. V d file gauss-108.dgn s l seed file c chn cho bn Dia_hinh.dgn. 6. Bm phm OK xa hp thoi Select seed file.

7. Chn th mc cha file bng cch nhp i vo cc hp th mc bn hp danh sch cc th mc. 8. Bm phm OK xa hp thoi Create Design file.



Cch th hai to mt file mi khi ang lm vic vi mt design file bng cch t file menu ca ca s lnh chn New xut hin hp thoi Create Design file. tip tc t bc 3 tr i.

2. Cch m mt Design file di dng Active design File Cch 1: Chn th mc cha file v tn file t hp hi thoi

MicroStation Manager bm OK. Cch 2: 1. T thanh Menu chn File chn Open xut hin hp hi thoi

Open design file. 2. T list file of Type chn (*.dgn) nu cha c sn. Khi tt c cc

file c ui (.dgn) s xut hin trong hp danh sch tn file. 3. Chon th mc cha file bng cch nhp i vo cc hp th mc

bn hp danh sch cc th mc. 4. Chn tn file. 5. Bm nt OK. 3. Cch m mt Design file di dng mt Reference File. 1. T thanh Menu chn file chn Reference xut hin hp thoi

Reference Files.



2. T thanh menu ca hp hi thoi Reference file chn Tools chn Attach xut hin hp hi thoi Attach Reference File.

3. Chn th mc cha file bng cch nhp i vo cc th mc bn hp danh sch cc th mc.

4. Chn tn file. 5. Bm phm OK xa hp hi thoi Attach Reference files. Khi

chn hp thoi Reference s xut hin tn file va chn. 6. Phm Display c nh du khi mun hin th file. 7. Phm Snap c nh du khi mun s dng ch bt im i

vi Reference file. 8. Phm Locate c nh du khi mun xem thng tin ca i tng

hoc copy i tng trong Reference. Cch ng mt Reference file: Trong hp thoi Reference file chn

tn file cn ng chn Tools chn Detach. 4. Cch nn file (Compress Design file). Khi xa i tng trong Design file, i tng khng b xa hn

m ch c nh du l xa i tng. Ch sau khi nn file th cc i tng c xa mi c loi b hn khi b nh. Qu trnh nn file s lm cho b nh ca file b gim xung. T thanh menu ca MicroStation chn file chn Compress Design.

5. Cch lu tr di dng mt file d phng (Save as, back up). MicroStation t ng ghi li d liu sau mi ln thay i file active.

V vy ngi s dng khng cn ghi li d liu sau mi ln ng file active hoc thot khi MicroStation. Tuy nhin phng cc trng hp bt trc ngi s dng nn ghi li file d liu di dng mt file d phng bng cch thay i tn file hoc phn m rng ca file.

Cch 1: T thanh Menu ca MicroStation chn File chn Save as. 1. Ghi li file bng cch thay i tn file nhng gi nguyn phn

m rng l dgn. 2. Chon th mc cha file (C th trong th mc c) bng cch nhp

i vo cc hp th mc bn hp danh sch cc th mc. Cch 2: T ca s lnh ca MicroStation nh lnh Backup sau

bm Enter trn bn phm. MicroStation s ghi li file active thnh mt file c phn m rng l (.back), tn file v th mc cha file gi nguyn.

2.3.2 Cu trc file (.dgn), khi nim level D liu trong file DGN c tch ring thnh tng lp d liu. mi mt lp d liu c gi l mt level. Mt file DGN c nhiu nht 63 level. Cc level ny c qun l theo m s t 1 63 hoc theo tn ca level do ngi s dng t. Cc level d liu c th hin th (bt) hoc khng hin th (tt) trn mn hnh. Khi tt c cc level cha d liu c bt mn hnh s



hin th y ni dung ca bn v. ta cng ng c th tt tt c cc level tr level ang hot ng gi l Active level l level cc i tng s c v trn .

1. Cch t tn level 1.T thanh menu ca MicroStation chon Settings chn Level

chn Name xut hin hp thoi Level Names. 2. Bm nt Add xut hin hp thoi Level name. 3. Number: m s level. 4. Name: tn level (nh hn hoc bng 6 k t) 5. Comment: gi thch thm v tn, c th hoc khng (nh hn hoc

bng 32 k t). 6. Bm nt OK.

2. Cch t tn level thnh active level Cch 1: T ca s lnh ca MicroStation nh lnh lv= sau bm phm Enter trn bn phm.

Cch 2: Chn m s level t phm level trn thanh Primary. T thanh Menu ca MicroStation chn tools chn Primery xut

hin thanh Primary. Bm vo phm Active level (phm th hai t tri sang phi) xut hin bng 63 level ko chut n m s level cn chn.

3. Cch bt, tt level Cch 1: T c s lnh ca MicroStation nh lnh on= sau bm phm ENTER trn bn phm bt level cn hin th. Trong trng hp mun bt nhiu level mt lc th m s hoc tn ca level cch nhau mt du ,. Mun tt cc level thay on bng of.

Cch 2: T bn phm bm Ctrl+E xut hin hp View levels. Cc level bt l cc vung c bi en, cc level tt l cc vung c mu xm. Mi ln bm con tr vo mt vung no , vung s i ch t xm sang en hoc t en sang xm. Sau khi chn xong level cn tt, bt bm phm Apply.

2.3.3 i tng ha (Element) 1. Khi nim i tng (element) Mi i tng ha xy dng ln design file c gi l mt

element. Element c th l mt im, ng, vng hoc mt ch ch thch. Mi element c nh ngha bi cc thuc tnh ha sau:

+ Level: 1- 63 + Color: 1- 255 + Line Weight: 1- 31



+ Line style: 0 - 7, custom style + Fill color: cho cc i tng ng vng t mu.

Cc kiu i tng (element type) s dng cho cc bn s. 2. Kiu element th hin cc i tng dng im

- L 1 Point = Line (on thng) c di bng 0. - L 1 cell (mt k hiu nh) c v trong MicroStation. mi cell c nh ngha bi mt tn ring v c lu tr trong mt th vin cell (Cell library).

3. Kiu element th hin cc i tng dng ng - Line: on thng ni gia hai im. - Linetring: ng gm mt chui cc on thng ni lin nhau. (s

on thng < 100). - Chain: l mt ng to bi 100 on thng ni lin nhau. - Complex String: s on thng to nn ng > 100.

Ch : cc element c kiu l Chain v Complex String, MicroStation khng cho php chn thm im vo ng.

4. Kiu element th hin cc i tng dng vng - Shape: l mt vng c s on thng to nn ng bao ca vng

ln nht bng 100. - Complex Shape: l mt vng c s on thng to nn ng bao

ca vng ln hn 100 hoc l mt vng c to t nhng line hoc linestring ri nhau..

5. Kiu element th hin cc i tng dng ch vit - Text: i tng hadng ch vit. - Text Node: nhiu i tng text c nhm li thnh mt element

2.3.4. Cc thao tc iu khin mn hnh Cc cng c s dng phng to, thu nh hoc dch chuyn mn hnh

c b tr gc di bn tri ca mi mt ca s (window). Uplate: v li ni dung c s mn hnh .

1. Zoom in: phng to ni dung. 2. Zoom out: Thu nh ni dung. 3. Window area: phng to ni dung trong mt vng. 4. Fit view: thu ton b ni dung ca bn v vo trong mn hnh. 5. Pan: dch chuyn ni dung theo mt hng nht nh. 6. View previous: quay li mn hnh lc trc. 7. View next: quay li mn hnh lc trc khi s dng lnh View

previous.



Ch : S dng cc lnh iu khin mn hnh khng lm gin on cc lnh ang s dng trc .

2.3.5 Cch s dng cc phm chut Khi s dng chut s ha trn mn hnh ta s phi s dng thng

xuyn mt trong ba phm chut sau: Data, Reset, Tentative. 1. Phm Data c yu cu s dng trong cc trng hp sau - Xc nh mt im trn file DGN (v d: khi v i tng hoc

chn i tng). - Xc nh c s mn hnh no c chn (v d: khi s dng lnh

fit view hoc update mn hnh). - Chp nhn mt thao tc no (v d nh xa i tng). 2. Phm Reset c yu cu s dng trong cc trng hp sau - B d hoc kt thc mt lnh hoc mt thao tc no . - Tr li bc trc trong nhng lnh hoc nhng trng trnh c

nhiu thao tc. - Khi ang thc hin d mt thao tc v thc hin kt hp vi thao tc

iu khin mn hnh, th mt hoc hai ln bm phm reset s kt thc thao tc iu khin mn hnh v quay tr li thao tc ang thc hin d ban u.

3. Phm Tentative c yu cu s dng trong trng hp bt im (Snap)

Cch t quy nh cho cc phm chut: T thanh menu ca MicroStation ta chn Workspace chn Button

assignments xut hin hp hi thoi Button Assignments.

1. Chn mt phm chc nng (v d chn phm Data). 2. Dch chuyn con tr xung phn Button Definition area. 3. Bm phm chut (v d phm tri) mun s dng lm phm chn

(data). Nu chut ch c hai phm th mt trong ba phm chc nng (thng l phm Tentative) s phi dung cng lc hai phm chut. 4. Bm nt OK.



2.3.6 Cc ch bt im (Snap mode) tng chnh xc cho qu trnh s ha trong nhng trng hp

mun t im Data vo ng v tr cn trn, phm Tentative s c dng a con tr vo ng v tr trc. Thao tc gi l bt im (Snap to Element). Cc ch chn la cho thao tc bt im gm:

Nearest: con tr s bt vo v tr gn nht trn element. Keypoint: con tr s bt vo im nt gn nht element. Midpoint: con tr s bt vo im gia ca element. Center: con tr s bt vo tm im ca i tng. Origin: con tr s bt vo im gc ca cell. Intersection: con tr s bt vo im ct nhau gia hai ng giao

nhau. Chn Snap mode bng mt trong hai cch sau: 1. T thanh menu ca MicroStation chn Settings chn Snap

chn mt trong nhng ch trn. 2. T thanh menu ca MicroStation chn Settings chn Snap

chn Button Bar xut hin thanh Snap Mode chn mt trong nhng biu tng tng ng vi cc ch chn trn.

2.3.7 S dng cc cng c ca MicroStation d dng, thun tin trong thao tc. MicroStation cung cp

rt nhiu cng c (drawing tools) tng ng nh cc lnh. Cc cng c ny hin trn mn hnh di dng cc biu tng v (icon) v c nhm theo cc chc nng c lin quan thnh nhng thanh cng c (tool box), cc thanh cng c thng dng nht trong MicroStation c t trong mt thanh cng c chnh (Main tool box) v c rt gn dng cc biu tng. Thanh cng c chnh t ng m mi khi ta bt MicroStation v ta c th thy tt c cc chc nng ca MicroStation trong . Ta c th dng chut ko cc thanh cng c con ra thnh mt Tool box hon chnh, hoc chn tng icon trong tool thao tc. Khi ta s dng mt cng c no th tool s dng s l hin thi v chuyn thnh mu sm. Ngoi ra i km vi mi cng c c chn l hp Tool setting, hp ny hin th tn ca cng c v cc phn t thng s i km (nu c).

Thanh cng c v i tng dng ng, tuyn (Linear Element Tools).

Thanh cng c v i tng dng im.



Thanh cng c v i tng dang vng (polygons Tools)

Thanh cng c v ng trn, ellipses.

Thanh cng c v v sa cc i tng dng ch.

Thanh cng c v k hiu dng cell.

Thanh cng c tri k hiu dng vng.

Thanh cng c dung copy, dch chuyn tng t l hoc quay i

tng.

Thanh cng c sa cha i tng.

Thanh cng c dng lin kt cc i tng ring l thnh mt i tng hoc ph b lin kt .



Thanh cng c tnh ton cc gi tr v khong cch hoc ln ca i tng.

Thanh cng c chn i tng.

Cng c xa i tng.

2.3.8 Thit k k hiu dng im v pattern Cc k hiu dng im v pattern c to thnh cc cell v cha

trong cc th mc cell ring cho tng loi v tng t l bn khc nhau. Kch thc cc cell khi thit k tnh theo n v o chnh MU (master unit). Trong qu trnh thit k k hiu ngi s dng phi bit s dng mt cch kt hp v hi ho cc cng c, cc chc nng gip v chnh xc i tng ca MicroStation.

Cell type: c hai kiu cell chnh Graphic v point. Cc thuc tnh ha ca mt cell dng graphic c t khi v k hiu, trong khi cc gi tr thuc tnh ca mt cell dng point s c t ti thi im v cell. Trc khi thit k mt cell ngi s dng phi to hoc m th vin s cha cell v k hiu to k hiu thnh cell.

1. To mi mt th vin cha cell (cell library) 1. T thanh menu ca MicroStation chn Element chn cells

xut hin hp thoi cell Library. 2. T thanh menu ca Cell library chn File chn New xut

hin hp thoi Creat Cell Library. 3. Chn seed file cho cell Library bng cch bm vo phm Select. 4. Chn th mc cha file. 5. nh tn th vin cell vi phn m rng l (.cel) trong hp text

files. 6. Bm OK. 2. To mi mt cell 1. M hoc to mi cell library cha cell. 2. v k hiu. 3. Bao fence quanh k hiu va v. 4. Chn cng c Defien Cell origin.



5. Bm phm Data vo im t k hiu. 6. Trong hp cell Library bm phm Create. xut hin hp thoi

Creat New cell. 7. nh tn cell vo hp Text Name (nh hn 6 k t).

8. nh phn gii thch tn cell vo hp text Desciption (< 27 k t). 9. Chn kiu cell. 10. Bm phm Creat. 3. Xa mt cell Khi th vin cha cell 1. T hp hi thoi cell Library. 2. Chn cell. 3. Bm phm Delete. 4. Sa i mt cell 1. T hp hi thoi cell Library. 2. Chn cell Bm Edit xut hin hp hi thoi Edit Cell

information. 3. nh tn cell mi v phn m rng v hp text Name v

Description. 4. Bm phm Modify.

2.3.9 Thit k k hiu dng ng Cc k hiu dng ng c thit k di dng l cc kiu ng

custom. Cc kiu ng dng biu th cc i tng dng ng ca bn c cha trong th vin kiu ng (line style library) hay cn gi l file resource. Cc file resource bt buc phi lu trong th mc:

\\win32app\ustation\wsmod\defaut\symbol\*.rsc. Trong file resource mi mt k hiu dng ng c nh ngha bao

gm tn k hiu, tn ny c gn mt kiu nh ngha ng. C 3 kiu nh ngha ng:

a. Kiu Stroke pattern: ng c nh ngha di dng l mt nt t v mt nt lin c chiu di c xc nh mt cch chnh xc (n v tnh theo n v chnh MU), lc nt ca cc nt lin cng c xc nh mt cch chnh xc, mu sc ca ng s c nh ngha ty theo ngi s dng.

a. Kiu poin symbol: Mi chui k hiu nh gi l cc poin symbol (c to ging nh to cell) t dc theo chiu di ca i tng, khong cch gia cc k hiu c xc nh chnh xc (theo n v o chnh) da trn chiu di ca cc nt lin ca mt ng dng stroke pattern.

c. Kiu compound: Kiu ng ny c to nn t s kt hp bt k cc kiu ng no vi nhau. Kiu ny thng c s dng khi to cc k hiu dng ng va th hin cc nt v cc k hiu nh tri dc theo ng.

Ty vo hnh dng v cch th hin cc k hiu dng ng m cc k hiu c to da trn mt trong 3 kiu ng trn.



1. To mi mt th vin kiu ng (line style library) 1.Bt cng c Edit line stype trong thanh Primary Tools xut hin

hp hi thoi Line style Editor.

2. T thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor chn file chn New xut hin hp hi thoi Creat Line Style Library. 3. nh tn th vin mi vo hp text files. 4. Khng thay i ng n. 5. Bm phm OK tt bng hi thoi Creat Line Style Library. 6. lu li th vin chn File chn Save. 2. M mt th vin kiu ng (line style Library) 1. Bt cng c Edit line style trong thanh Primary Tools.

2. Chn File chn Open xut hin hp hi thoi Open Line Style Library chn tn th vin kiu ng bn hp danh sch tn.

3. Bm phm OK. 3. To mi mt ng kiu Stroke 1. M hoc to mi mt th vin cha kiu ng. 2. Xc nh bc lp ca ng v cc gi tr di, rng ca mi

nt gch. V d: Kiu ng mn ca bn a hnh 1/50.000 c bc lp

gm mt nt gch t. di ca nt gch lin s = 1mm*50.000. di ca nt gch t s = 0.8 mm*50.000. 3.T thanh menu c hp hi thoi Line Style Editor chn Edit chn Creat chn Stroke Pattern xut hin dng ch New stroke component bn hp text component.



2. nh tn m t kiu ng thay th cho dng ch New stroke component.

3. Bm phm Add trong phn stroke patternddeer nh ngha nt gch u tin. 4. Bm con tr chn nt gch.

5. Nhp gi tr di ca nt gch vo hp text Leghth (= di nt gch khi in ra giy* vi mu s t l bn ).

6. Chn kiu ca gch nt (Dash l nt lin, Gap l nt t). 7. Nu mun t rng ca nt gch lin (lc nt), chn with l full

nhp gi tr lc nt vo hp text Start v End. 8. t tn cho kiu ng bng cch : t thanh menu ca hp hi

thoi Line Style Editor chn Edit chn Creat chn Name xut hin dng ch Unname.

9.T thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi line style Editor chn file chn Save ghi li kiu ng .

4. Cch to mi mt ng kiu point symbol a, C ch to. 1. M hoc to mi mt th vin cha kiu ng. 2. Xc nh bc lp ca ng, kch thc v hnh dng k hiu to

ng, khong cch gia cc k hiu ging nhau. Vi d: Kiu ng danh gii thc vt ca bn 1:50.000 c bc lp

l mt k hiu hnh trn, ng knh = 0.2mm*50.000; khong cch gia cc k hiu =0.8mm*50.000.

3. V k hiu ng. 4. Bao fence quanh k hiu. 5. nh ngha im t k hiu bng cng c Defien Cell origin. 6. Chn k t va to vo th vin ng bng cch: T ca s lnh ca MicroStation nh lnh Create symbol, tn symbol

sau bm phm Enter trn bn phm.

Khi thy xut hin dng nhc Symbol add to line dtyle library, ngha

l k hiu chn vo th vin kiu ng. 7. To ng Base line (ng nn) kiu stroe pattern t k hiu.

bc lp ca ng ny l mt nt lin c di bng khong cch gia cc k hiu ging nhau.

Bng cch: T thanh menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor chn Edit chn Create chn stroke pattern xut hin dng ch New stroke component nh tn ng base line thay th cho dng ch



New stroke component thc hin t bc 4-8 nh phn to mi kiu ng stroke.

8. T thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor chn Edit chn Create chn Point xut hin dng ch New stroke component nh tn m t ng thay th cho dng ch New stroke component. b, Chn v tr t k hiu. Trong hp hi thoi Line Style Editor.

1. Chn origin khi mun t mt k hiu vo im bt u ca ng. 2. Chn End khi mun t mt k hiu vo cc im cui ca ng. 3. Chn Vector khi mun t k hiu vo cc im t trn ng. 4. Nu mun t k hiu di u theo mt khong cch nht nh

bm vo phm Base stroke pattern chn kiu ng chun xut hin hp hi thoi Base stroke pattern cha cc kiu ng stroke.

5. Bm phm chut vo kiu ng chun cho k hiu cn to. 6. Bm phm OK. c, Cch chn k hiu. - Bm chut vo thanh Base line trc khi chn k hiu. - Bm phm select chn k hiu. - Xut hin hp thoi Select Point Symbol. - Bm chut to k hiu cn to. 5. Cch to mi mt ng kiu compound 1. M hoc to mi mt th vin cha ng cn to. 2. To cc ng component (xem to ng kiu stroke v point

symbol). 3. T thanh Menu ca hp Line style Editor chn Edit chn Creat

chn Compound xut hin dng ch New Compound Component bn hp Component.

4. Thay tn m t ng cn to thay th cho dng ch New Compound Component bn hp component.

5. Trong hp Sub-Component bm phm Insert.



xut hin hp hi thoi Select Components.

6. Dng con tr chn tng ng thnh phn ca ng cn to mt sau bm phm OK.

7. t v tr cho cc ng thnh phn theo chiu dc to khong cch cho cc ng bng cch: t bng danh sch cc ng thnh phn trong hp Subcomponent chn ng cn thay i v tr nhp gi tr v tr cho ng vo hp text offset.

Gi tr v tr c th l m hoc dng ty vo v tr tng i ca subcomponent vi tm ng.

8. t tn cho kiu ng bng cch: t thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor chn Edit chn Create chn Name xut hin dng ch Unname bn hp Name > nh tn -ng thay th cho dng ch Unname.

9. T thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor chn File chn Save ghi li kiu ng .

6. t tn cho kiu ng T thanh menu ca hp hi thoi line style Editor chn Edit chn Create chn name xut hin dng ch Unname bn hp text Name nh tn ng thay th cho dng ch Unname.

7. Cch xa mt kiu ng thnh phn 1. Bn hp danh sch ca Component chn tn ng thnh phn cn

xo. 2. T thanh Menu ca hp hi thoi Line style Editor chn Edit

chn delete xa kiu ng thnh phn . 8. Cch xa mt kiu ng 1. Xa cc ng thnh phn to ln ng (xem phn tr

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MicroStation và ứng dụng trong công tác biên tập bản đồ địa hình tỷ lệ 1:5000