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Kenny Liao
Senior Project Manager
Keysight Technologies
Millimeter Wave Component Testing for
Automotive Radar
(元件測試) 毫米波汽車雷達元件測試解決方案
Automotive Radar Seminar
汽車雷達設計與測試研討會
Sep.21-22, 2016, Taiwan
Page
Agenda
– Automotive Radar Market, Evolution and Challenges
– mmWave Measurement Solution Introduction
– mmWave Tranceiver Measurement including Noise Figure
– Keysight Advantages
2
Page
Autonomous Driving Car
– Self Driving Car Can Make…
• Safer world with 90% fewer car accidents
• More productive life from less traffic congestion and driving time
• Better energy efficient transportation Better environmental benefits
• More efficient car-sharing and car-utility
• More investments and newer business models
• And, more
3
Potential Benefits and Forecasts
Page
– Sensors
• Radar
• LIDAR
• Cameras
– Wireless connections
• 2/3/4G and coming 5G
• 802.11p WAVE / DSRC
– Automotive high speed serial buses and Car Ethernet
• BroadR-Reach, MOST150
• CAN/CAN FD, FlexRay, CXPI, and etc.
– Navigation systems
– Processors
– More
Autonomous Driving Car
4
Enabling Technologies
Page
– Sensors
• Radar
• LIDAR
• Cameras
– Wireless connections
• 2/3/4G and coming 5G
• 802.11p WAVE / DSRC
– Automotive high speed serial buses and Car Ethernet
• BroadR-Reach, MOST 150
• CAN/CAN FD, FlexRay, CXPI, and etc.
– Navigation systems
– Processors
– More
Autonomous Driving Car
5
Enabling Technologies & Keysight Design and Test Solutions
Page
Making Roads Safer with
360 Degree Vision!
Real Collision
Protection
Blind Spot
Monitoring
Automotive RadarExamples Applications
Adaptive Cruise
Control
Auto Emerging Braking
/ Pre-tensioning
Seatbelts
Stop & Go
6
Lane Change
Assist
Making Autonomous Driving
Possible!
Page
Automotive Radar
7
Example of 77GHz Radar System
Page
Automotive Radar
8
AWG PSG mmWave Source Module
mmW Signal Generation with simulated signals
mmW Signal Analysis with FMCW modulation
mmW Smart Mixer
UXA
Scope
Radar Target Simulator
Example of 77GHz Radar System &
Keysight Design and Test Solutions
Automotive Radar
Verification &
Production Test
Page
˙E-band Signal Generation & Analysis ˙77GHz PCB Array Antenna
Automotive Radar
Measurement Example
9
Page
Keysight Automotive Radar Solutions
“Over Your Design and Test Lifecycle”
PNA Network Analyzers
Banded mmW Solution
E-Band Power Sensor and MeterS-Series Oscilloscope X-Series Signal Analyzer
E8267D PSG Vector
Signal Generator
ADS / SystemVue Simulation SW
From Design Simulation, Wide Bandwidth mmWave Signal Generation &
Analysis, Precise Power and Component Measurements to
Manufacturing Tests
M8190A Arbitrary
Waveform Generator
Radar Target Simulator (RTS)
Architecture / Design
Development Validation & Mfg.
89600 VSA SW with
FMCW option
Signal Studio for
Pulse Building
Signal Source
Analyzer
PXI Modular VSA/VSG/Digitizer
/Network Analyzer
Keysight
Value #1
10
Page
Automotive Radar
Radar Design and Test Software Platforms
11
PC & Embedded
Application Software
Programming
Environments
Electronic Design
Automation Software
Productivity
Software
Keysight Software
leveraging instrument
capabilities
Page
• Max Power: +20dBm e.i.r.p.
• Range: SRR (30m, 150deg FOV), MRR (70m, narrower FOV)
• Resolution: NOT GOOD (~75cm)
• Sensor Size: MEDIUM
• Applications: BSD, LCA, RCTA, ACC support, AEBS, STOP&GO
• Max Power: +50dBm e.i.r.p.
• Range: LRR (250m, 17-30deg FOV), MRR (60m, 56deg FOV)
• Resolution: OK LRR (100cm,1deg), MRR (25cm, 4deg)
• Sensor Size: SMALL
• Applications: ACC, AEBS, STOP&GO,
BSD, LCA. RCTA
77GHz ETSI EN 301 091 (since 1998)
76GHz to 77GHz
BW = 1GHz max
(500MHz Japan)
BW = 500-800MHz typ.
24GHz ISM NBETSI EN 302 858 (since 2011)
24.05GHz to 24.25GHz
BW = 200MHz max
BW = 100-200MHz typ.
79GHzETSI EN 302 264 (since 2009)
77GHz to 81GHz
BW = 4GHz max
BW = 1-2GHz typ.
Time201520052000 2010
• Max Power: -41dBm / MHz e.i. r.p. (i.e. -11 dBm / GHz)
• Range: SRR (30m, 120deg FOV), MRR (80m, 16deg FOV)
• Resolution: GOOD SRR (20cm, 2deg), MRR (20cm, 0.6deg)
• Sensor Size: MEDIUM
• Applications: BSD, LCA, RCTA, ACC support, AEBS, STOP&GO
• Max Power: -3dBm / MHz e.i.r.p. (i.e. +27dBm / GHz)
• Range: SRR (30m), MRR (80m)
• Resolution: VERY GOOD (4cm to 8cm)
• Sensor Size: SMALL
• Applications: PEDESTRIAN, URBAN, CITY
Enhanced AEBS & PRE-CRASH
- improved target resolution and tracking
- faster reaction times- reduced false alarm rates
Freq
122GHzETSI EN 302 264 (since 2009)
122GHz to 123GHz
BW = 1GHz max
BW = ?GHz typ.
• Max Power: +20dBm / MHz e.i.r.p.
• Range: VERY SRR (~3m)
• Resolution: VERY GOOD (1mm to 1cm)
• Sensor Size: VERY SMALL (8mm x 8mm SMD Package)
• Applications: PEDESTRIAN & PARKING, INDUSTRIAL
DISTANCE, SPEED, ANGLE, MATERIAL
24GHz UWBETSI EN 302 288 (since 2005)
22Hz to 26.65GHz
BW = 4.65GHz max
(until 2013+4yr for Europe)
24.25GHz to 26.65GHz
BW = 2.4GHz max
(until 2018+4yr for Europe)
BW = 1.5GHz typ.
Frequencies and Major ApplicationAutomotive Radar
Page
Automotive Radar – 24Ghz 79GHz Transition
13
Page
Automotive Radar – 24Ghz 79GHz Transition
14
Comparison of sensor performance showing key parameters
Range resolution, Angular resolution, Doppler resolution
Source: CEPT Report 37
Page
Automotive Radar Applications
Typical Automotive Radar System
Automotive Radar Transmitter Module
(Freescale)
Typical FMCW Automotive Radar Module Design
Digital
Control
MM Tx
MM Rx
DAC AMP
AMPADC
VCO
LPF
AMP
LNA
Millimeter Section
AMP
Analog Section
Xn
Automotive Radar Receiver Module
(Freescale)
15
Page
Automotive Radar ApplicationTest Challenges – Digital Control Section
• Modulation & Phase Noise – both need to be verified to ensure sensor
provides required range, velocity and target identification/separation
performance.
• Protocol – ensure communication bus compliance to CAN, CAN-FD,
FlexRay, Ethernet (BroadR-Reach) standards
• Complex real-world environment scenarios, includes multiple moving
targets, multi-scattering RCS, unwanted clutter and interference.
16
Page
Automotive Radar ApplicationTest Challenges – Millimeter Wave and Analog Section
• Frequencies – include 24GHz , plus 77GHz and 79GHz mmW.
• Bandwidth – from 100MHz up to 2 GHz BW at mmW.
• Power – need to validate both wanted power levels plus unwanted
emissions against ETSI conformance specifications (e.g. ETSI EN 302 264
for 79GHz).
• Increased Levels of Integration integrated amplifier and antenna
structure
• Reduction in cost move to Si Ge components for the front end
17
Page
Automotive Radar Component Testing
Analog / Microwave Component Test
MM Tx
MM Rx
DAC AMP
AMPADC
VCO
LPF
AMP
LNA
Millimeter Section
AMP
Analog Section
Xn
18
Page
Automotive Radar Component Testing
Flexible signal routing
• Internal signal combiner
- Use for IMD, Hot S22, phase versus drive measurements
- Easily switch between one and two source measurements
• Front panel jumpers to access couplers and receivers
- Add high-power components for power amplifier
measurements
- Add reference mixer for mixer/converter measurements
• Rear-panel signal routing with mechanical switches
- Add signal-conditioning hardware like filters, amplifiers
- Add other test equipment to extend suite of measurements
Key Features Enabling Testing
19
Page
Automotive Radar Component Testing
4-Port 13.5/26.5 GHz PNA-X Options 419, 423, 029
Noise source used
for calibration only RF jumpers
Receivers
Mechanical switch
CR3
Test port 1
R1
Test port 4
R4A D
rear panel
Pulse generators
1
2
3
4
Source 1
OUT 1 OUT 2
Pulse
modulator
Source 2
OUT 1 OUT 2
Pulse
modulator
Test port 2
R2
B
Noise receivers
10 MHz -
3 GHz
3 –
13.5/
26.5
GHz
To receivers
LO
+28V
Test port 3
Signal
combiner+
-
Impedance tuner for noise
figure measurements
J9J10J11 J8 J7 J2 J1J4 J3
35 dB 35 dB 35 dB
35 dB
65 dB
65 dB 65 dB65 dB
20
Page
Automotive Radar Component Testing
Page
21
Single Connection Multiple Measurements
Active Device
Characterization
Using PNA-X
5 channel setup with full calibration. No need to connect or disconnect between measurements.
S-parameters + pulse profile + IMD + gain compression + noise figure. Total time: 5.1s
Previous ATE system took >186 s with less accuracy. PNA-X result: more accurate and ~ 37x faster
Ch1: Standard S-parameters. 201 pts, 2-port cal, 1 kHz IFBW. 500 ms
Ch6: Pulse profile (S21), 401 pts, 2-port cal, using internal pulse gens/mods, 5 MHz IFBW. 33ms
Ch3: Fastest & most
accurate amplifier gain
compression. 101 pts,
src/rcvr/mismatch cal
correction. 10 kHz IFBW.
450ms.
Ch2: Two-tone IMD using
internal broadband
combiner and two internal
sources. 101 pts, src/rcvr
cal, 100 Hz IFBW. 950ms
Ch4: Fastest and most
accurate amplifier noise
figure measurement.
101 pts, source-corrected
NF cal, 1 kHz IFBW.
2700 ms
Page
Automotive Radar Component Testing
Millimeter Wave Component Testing
Millimeter wave Devices Millimeter wave Measurements
• Passive Devices
• Amplifiers
• Mixers
• Semiconductors
• Antennas
• Materials
MM Tx
MM Rx
DAC AMP
AMPADC
VCO
LPF
AMP
LNA
Millimeter Section
AMP
Analog Section
Xn
• S-Parameters (N-Port,Differential )
• Absolute power
• Gain compression
• Pulsed measurements
• Material parameters
• Time domain
22
Page
Automotive Radar Component testing Application Example for 77 GHz Automotive Component test
G
S
G
S
G
G
S
G
S
G
IN
GSGSG
100um
OUT
GSGSG
100um
V1
GSGSG 150um
V2
V3 V4
GSGSG
150um
RF
GSGSG
100um
OL
GSGSG
100um
PPGPP 100um
(Z-probe)
DC
GSGSG 100um
80 GHz Power Amplifier 80 GHz Mixer
23
Page
Agenda
– Automotive Radar Market, Evolution and Challenges
– mmWave Measurement Solution Introduction
– mmWave Tranceiver Measurement including Noise Figure
– Keysight Advantages
24
Page
Basic mm-wave System Architecture
–Network Analyzer is the
measurement engine.
–Optional Test Set Controller
interfaces to modules
–THz Frequency Extenders
provide frequency conversion
and signal coupling
Vector Network Analyzer
Millimeter Wave Test Set controller
Frequency
Extenders
Device under test
Frequency
Extenders
Frequency
Extenders
Frequency
Extenders
25
Page
PNA / PNA-X Network Analyzer
Key Enabling Features:
• 26.5 /43.5/50/67GHz versions
• Configurable Test set options
• Rear panel RF / LO Output
• Rear panel direct IF Access
• Test set controller interface
• Frequency Offset Capability
• Dual, spectrally pure sources with low phase noise
• Integrated pulse measurements
• Source Power Calibration & Receiver power leveling
• Broadband match corrected power Calibration
Keysight N5247A 4-Port PNA-X
26
Page
Millimeter Wave Test Set Controller
• Provides LO & RF distribution to modules
• Provides DC power to modules
• 2-port (N5261A) and 4-port (N5262A) versions
• Flexible setup: measure multiple bands
• Mixer Measurements without external Sources
• Easily switch between PNA/PNA-X and mm-wave mode
PNA / PNA-X
SplitterRF Sw IF Switch Pwr
Ctl
LOSrc1
Isolators
IO
RF Sw
Src2 IF x 5
Millimeter Wave Frequency Extenders
RF x 4 LO x 4 IF x 8 Pwr x 4
Four Port N5262 A Test Set Controller
27
Page
Millimeter Frequency Extenders
• Broadband Extenders: 10M-110GHz
• Banded Extenders: 50 GHz ... 1 THz WR 15 50 – 75 GHz
WR 12 60 – 90 GHz
WR 12E 56 – 94 GHz
WR 10 75 – 110 GHz
WR 6 110 – 170 GHz
WR 5 140 – 220 GHz
WR 3 220 – 325 GHz
WR 2.2 325 – 500 GHz
WR 1.5 500 – 750 GHz
WR 1.0 750 – 1.1 THz
x NRF in
LO
in
Ref
IF
Test
IF
Mwave Test
PortRF RF
LO
Banded Frequency Extenders
28
Page
Millimeter Wave Configurations
• Two Basic families Broadband or Banded Waveguide solutions
4-port Broadband 4-port Banded
29
Page
Broadband Single Sweep System
Single-sweep over 10MHz-110GHz
2-port & 4-port options
Uses 67GHz PNA & PNA-X
DUT Interface = 1mm coax
Features:
• Built-in Kelvin Bias Tees
• Broadband source leveling down to -70 dBm
• True differential Measurements
• Integrated Pulse measurements
• Mixer measurements
• Spectral Power Measurements
30
Page
Banded Waveguide SystemBands cover 50 GHz to 1THz
2-port & 4-port options with a Test Set Controller
2-port Option without a Test Set Controller
Uses 26.5/40/50/67GHz PNA & PNA-X
DUT Interface = waveguide
Features:
• Source Power leveling up to 1.1 THz
• True differential Measurements
• Integrated Pulse measurements
• Mixer measurements
• Spectral Power Measurements
Configuration With Test Set Controller Configuration Without Test Set Controller
(Direct Connect)31
Page
mm-wave Measurements
• Passives
• Amplifiers
• Mixers
• Semiconductors
• Antennas
• Materials
• S-Parameters (N-port,
Differential, Translated)
• Absolute power
• Gain compression
• Pulsed measurements
• Material parameters
• Time domain
mm-wave Devices mm-wave Measurements
32
Page
mm-wave Compression Setup
33
Page
mm-wave Compression Measurements
• Calibrate
• S-Parameters
• Source Power
• Receiver power
• Stimulus
•Sweep source power
• Measure
• S-Parameters
• Absolute power
• Compression
S-Parameters vs. Freq
Power & Compression vs. Power in
45dB power sweep at 98 GHz
34
Page
mmWave True Differential Measurement
Broadband or Banded
35
Page
mm-wave Mixer Measurements: Fundamental LO
RF Input
77 – 81 GHz LO Input
78 - 82 GHz
IF Output 1 GHz
Fundamental
Mixer
36
Page
mm-wave Mixer Measurements: Harmonic LO
RF Input
75-110 GHz
LO Input
9.35 GHz - 13.75 GHz
IF Output
100 MHz
Harmonic Mixer
IF = 1/6 * RF
LO= 1/8 * RF
37
Page
mm-wave Mixer MeasurementsTest Device: WR10 Module
75-110GHzRF
IF
9.4-13.8GHz
LO
• Calibrate
• S-Parameters
• Source Power
• Receiver power
• Stimulus
•Sweep the LO power
• Measure
• Match
• Power
• Conversion Loss
Conversion Loss vs. Freq
Input Power vs. FreqInput Match vs. Freq
Conversion Loss vs. LO power
38
Page
mm-wave Pulse Measurements
39
Page
Pulse: Measurement
• Calibrate
• S-Parameters
• Source Power
• Receiver power
• Stimulus
• Pulse generation
• RF Pulse modulation
• Swept frequency or power
• Measure
• S-Parameters
• Absolute power
• Pulse waveform
100us pulse power waveform at 98GHz
40
Page
mm-wave IM Spectrum Measurements
41
Page
mm-wave IM Spectrum Measurement
• Measurement Setup
• Assign Measurement class
• Set Path configuration to Thru path
• Setup the port power to correct
• Stimulus
• Set start and stop frequency
• Measure
• Input and output Spectrum
42
Page
New Feature: mmWave SA mode
Only 1 minute sweep with a 300 Hz RBW, and no RX
spurs
43
Page
Calibration Interfaces
• Probe calibration
• Specific probe calibration software
• Uses basic and advanced cal methods (e.g. LRRM)
• Uses on-wafer cal standards
• Materials measurement calibration
• Specific materials measurement calibration software
• Uses basic and advanced cal methods (e.g. Gated-
Reflect-Time)
• Uses special free-space cal standards
•Waveguide calibration
• Uses basic calibration methods (SOLT, TRL)
• Uses rectangular waveguide calibration standards
44
Page
Calibration Types
• 1-port Cal
• Short / Offset-Short / Match(1)
• 2-port "TRL-style" Cal
• TRL = Thru / Reflect / Line
• LRL = Line / Reflect / Line
• TRM = Thru / Reflect / Match(1)
• LRM = Line / Reflect / Match(1)
•2-port "SOLT-style" Cal
• Short / Offset Short / Match(1) / Thru
(1) Where "Match" is either a Load, Offset Load, or Sliding Load.
45
Page
Power Calibration
46
Page
Power CalibrationComponents to calibrate
• Source Cal
• Measures source output power
• Results in accurate output power at the
calibrated level
• Receiver Cal
• Measures receiver at calibrated power level
• Results in accurate, fast power measurements
• Receiver Leveling Loop
• Uses calibrated receiver to measure source
power
• Servo's the source to provide accurate output
power
Pout
Pin
Pout
level
Software
47
Page
Agenda
– Automotive Radar Market, Evolution and Challenges
– mmWave Measurement Solution Introduction
– mmWave Tranceiver Measurement including Noise Figure
– Keysight Advantages
48
Page
SCMM of E-band Tx/Rx measurement: Customer Need
– A UK customer wanted to test an E-Band
Transceiver
• DUT is an E-band mm-wave to IF Rx
down-converter, and
• An IF to E-band mm-wave Tx up-
converter
• WR-12 Waveguide/SMA
• 6-port dut
• For Production.
x8
LO
x8
LO
Tx
Rx
12 GHz
9 GHz
84 GHz
74 GHz
9 GHz
4 GHz
49
Page
Customer Requirement
– Rx Path
• Noise Figure required
• 74 GHz in, 4 GHz IF
• Gain of Rx 20dB, NF 7dB
Tx Path
• High power output on Tx +26dBm
• Gain, Compression, LO Feedthrough,
Return Losses
• 12 GHz IF in, 84 GHz out
• Tx Detector voltage measurement
•Tx/Rx module with separate paths, but single
connection required
• Manufacturing, so test time under 4 mins per unit
• Customer supplied fixture and software control
50
Page
Outstanding Problems
1. There is no commercial solution for Noise Figure
measurement on a mm-wave device
2. Tx high power output, requires attenuator to
protect mm-wave head, BUT we also need to
measure Return Loss?
3. How do we measure in both Rx and Tx
directions, with a single connection?
51
Page
Keysight SolutionNoise Figure at mm-wave
• Use a system with a 4-port
PNA-X & Test Set Controller
• Actually need to measure
Noise Power at 4 GHz IF
• Set up separate channels to
measure DUT Converter
Gain and Noise Power
• Fully error corrected Scalar
Conversion Gain and Scalar
NF
• Use on-board Equation
Editor to calculate NF on a
3rd Trace
52
Page
Keysight SolutionCan we measure Return Loss through Attenuators?
• A Low Power path was
created, to measure the
Return Loss and a High
Power path with
attenuation to measure
saturated power and
compression
• Mechanical switching to
switch in/out High Power
path
• Novel de-embedding
used to de-embed the
attenuator
OML, Tx25dB
PAD
WG Straight
Fixture
OML, Rx
WG
Switch,
manual
Low Power
Path
High
Power
Path
DUT
53
Page
PNA-X mmWave Solution
Splitter
Ext LO In
Tx Detector Out
Analog In PNA_X can measure:
1. mm-wave Noise
Figure
2. Gain &
Compression
3. IMD’s
4. Spurs
5. Return Loss
6. Detector
How do we measure as a single connection?
54
Page
Rx Measurements
Single Connection
• Return Losses
• IF Spurs
• Gain Compression
• Noise Figure
55
Page
Tx Measurements
Single Connection
• Return Losses
• Gain Compression &
I/P, O/P Power
• IF Spurs
56
Page
Test System
57
Page
Conclusions
– E-Band mm-wave transceivers are becoming commercialized and
as a result components are being tested in Production
– The typical measurements are very demanding, and are not typically
done on VNA’s
The PNA-X system will measure all parameters
including mm-wave NF, with Error Correction.
The customer can now make all these
measurements on a device in under 4 minutes,
compared to 15-20 minutes manually
58
Page
Agenda
– Automotive Radar Market, Evolution and Challenges
– mmWave Measurement Solution Introduction
– mmWave Tranceiver Measurement including Noise Figure
– Keysight Advantages
59
Page
Keysight mmWave Advantages
• Complete mmWave measurement solutions for passive
and active devices (PA, LNA, converters)
• Best performance in accuracy, dynamic range, stability
• Best calibration techniques (S-parameter and power cal)
• Best application support
60
Page
Complete mmWave measurement applications
• S-parameters
• Absolute power
• Gain Compression
• IMD
• True mode differential
• Mixer measurement
• Pulsed measurement
• Spectrum analyzer mode
• Time domain
• Noise figure for down-converters
• Transceiver
For passive and active devices (amplifier and mixer)
61
Page
Key Feature and Spec Comparisons
Feature PNA-X 110Power Level Control
and Source Power Calibration
Fully traceable source power calibration using the NIST
traceable Power Sensors from Keysight
Calibration Method Use a patented weighted least squares offset short
method of Calibration
On-Wafer Application Fully integrated fixturing and ISS standards from Solution
Partner Cascade
Mixer measurement Fully supported
True Differential Measurements Built-in True Mode Stimulus Mode with 4 port
Settable Power Range Typically > 50 dB at 110 GHz
Lowest Settable Power -50dBm to with 0.1 dB accuracy
Leveled Power Accuracy < 0.1 dB
Dynamic Range (@110 GHz) (10 Hz
IFBW)
Typically > 100 dB
Stability 0.1 dB and <0.3 degree per degree C
62
Page
Power Flatness – We are best
Group/Presentation Title
Agilent Restricted
Month ##, 200X
Agilent PNA-X 110 GHz Solution
Less than 0.1 dB over 24 hr. with
receiver leveling
Different power meter calibrations are available to enhance power accuracy at the desired reference plane (to usually ~0.1 dB for short
periods of time). Flat power calibrations (using the appropriate W1 adapter depending on the sensor) are available. Different power
meters/sensors are required depending on the frequency range (above or below 70 GHz). Power level is user-selectable when within the
power adjustment range of the internal source. Other power levels are then arrived at by offset transfers. A linear power calibration is
performed over a range of power levels for use in power sweep mode and is performed at a specified frequency or frequency range. Both
calibrations are performed using an external power meter over the dedicated GPIB port.
63
Page
Power Flatness at -50 dBm - Still Excellent
Group/Presentation Title
Agilent Restricted
Month ##, 200X
64
Page
Power Sweep – More accurate control wider range
• No compression of the receiver when at max power .
• Tuned receiver is used to maintain source power level, more accurate detection of power hence output power
• The linearity and range of the receiver detection method is key to the allowing the broader range of power sweep.
• Allows for the use of a power table for power calibrations up to 1.1 THz .
Keysight Power sweep range > 50 dB at 98 GHz Showing Gain
Compression Measurement
65
Page
Car PCB Performance Verification in Taiwan
66
Page
Thank You
67