Minggu 2--Kod Tangan II

8/7/2019 Minggu 2--Kod Tangan II

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Minggu 2

Apply and practice the basic manual

code English and American signlanguage is born

20.7.2010


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What is sign language


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American sign language

In spoken language, different sounds created by wordsand tones of voice (intonation) are the most important

Sign language -sight is the most useful tool.

uses hand shape, position, and movement; bodymovements; gestures; facial expressions; and othervisual cues to form its words.

own rules for grammar, punctuation, and sentence

order. evolves as its users do,

allows for regional usage and jargon.


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speakers often signal a question by using aparticular tone of voice,

ASL users do so by raising the eyebrows and

widening the eyes, tilting their bodies forwardwhile signaling with their eyes and eyebrows.

may choose from synonyms to express commonwords.

changes regionally, Ethnicity, age, and gender are a few more factors

that affect ASL usage and contribute to its variety.


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feature signals and actions which need notnecessarily have a relationship to what they arereferring

Nor are they a visual version of an oral language. well-developed grammar and can efficiently

discuss or debate on various types of abstract aswell as precise topics.

Common linguistic features of deaf signlanguages are extensive use of classifiers, a highdegree of inflection, and topic-comment syntax.

http://everything2.com/title/Manually+Co

ded+English


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American Sign Language (ASL) vs. Signed English (SE)

The basic signs for words are the same; (SE) a sign is executed for everyword in a sentence whereas American Sign Language seeks to convey aconcept.

For example, if I were to sign I have two sisters in Signed English, Iwould make a sign for each word. In ASL, I might make the signs fortwo and sister and then point to myself, conveying the thought two

sisters, me. Signed English is used most often in a classroom setting where sentence

structure is being emphasized.

A.S.L. is used in settings where the focus is on the thought or message.As a classroom teacher of the hearing impaired, I have used both.

utilize tense or in making use of articles, conjunctions, and prepositions.They don't hear it to learn it incidentally, and when we "talk" in ASL,those parts of speech are generally not present. Therefore, SignedEnglish is used to introduce students to sentence structure.


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Initialized signs

are another tool for teaching as they help studentsdifferentiate between words that can be represented byone single sign.

For instance, one sign can mean car, bus, or truck. But by

using a C when car is made, a B when bus is made,and a T when truck is made, the signer can increase theexpanse of vocabulary introduced.

Initialization can or cannot be used in ASL, although oftenit is not. For the purpose of these lessons, signs will be

introduced in families. There is indeed a unit where thesigns for family members are introduced using thesentence I have a sister, I have a brother, etc. Thismethod seems to best lend itself to an online course.


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Manually coded English system

generic descriptive term for a variety of visualcommunication methods expressed throughthe hands.

MCE does not have its own grammar orsyntax;

follows the word order ofspoken English.

can successfully be used with SimultaneousCommunication

frequently found in educational settings,


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Types of Manually Coded English

Finger spelling

SEE1

SEE2

Sign Supported Speech (SSS), SimultaneousCommunication or Sim-Com

LOVE

Signed English Siglish

CASE

PSE/ 'Contact Sign

Rochester method

Cued Speech


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Fingerspelling

26 different signs

Every word is spelled

first 'point of contact' for a hearing person before learning a sign language.

for some proper nouns, or when quoting words or short phrases fromEnglish.

a very slow

deafblind settings (see tactile signing)

Exclusive fingerspelling has a place in the history of deaf education; in theUS it is known as the Rochester Method (see below). Elderly deaf peoplein the UK and Australia may also use a lot of fingerspelling as a result oftheir education.

different regions use different manual alphabets to represent English atwo-handed system is used in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, andone-handed systems are used in North America (see ASL alphabet),Ireland (see Irish Sign Language), Singapore and the Philippines. Both oneand two handed alphabets are used in South Africa.


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SEE1

1966 by a deaf teacher named David Anthony,

all compound words are formed as separate signs

places the signs for butter and fly in sequential order.

uses the same sign for all homonyms - the same sign is used to sign blueand blew.

Many gestures from ASL are initialized in SEE1 - the ASL sign for have issigned with the H handshape in SEE1.

Grammatical markers also have signs of their own, including the -ingending and articles such as the, which are not typically included in ASL.

The verb "to be" is unique in SEE1 - is, am, and are are signed in the sameway, again using initialization.

SEE1 is occasionally referred to as Morphological Sign System (MSS), and ithas also been adapted in Poland into Seeing Essential Polish.


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SEE2

SEE2 was developed by Gerilee Gustason in1972.

offshoot of SEE1, many features of SEE2 areidentical to that code system.

Initializations and grammatical markers arealso used in SEE2, but compound words with

an equivalent ASL sign are used as the ASLsign, as with butterfly.

SEE2 is also used in Singapore.


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Sign Supported Speech

involves voicing everything as in spoken English, whilesimultaneously signing a form of MCE.

The vocabulary, syntax and pragmatics of English are

used, with the MCE signing serving as a support for thereception of speech.

Signs are borrowed from the local deaf sign languageand/or are artificial signs invented by educators of thedeaf.

The terms SSS and Sim-Com are now often usedsynonymously with Total Communication (TC), thoughthe original philosophy of TC is quite different.


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LOVE

Developed by Dennis Wampler,

quite similar to SEE1 in construction.

LOVE is written using the notation systemdeveloped by William Stokoe.


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Siglish

Signed English (occasionally referred to asSiglish) uses ASL signs in English word order,

only 14 grammatical markers.

The most common method of Signed Englishis that created by Harry Bornstein, whoworked on the Gallaudet Signed English

Project to develop children's books written inboth illustrated signs and written English.


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CASE

combines the grammatical structure used in

Signed English with the use of concepts rather

than words,

one of the more common forms of MCE, and

has been used in both interpreter training

programs and mainstreamed deaf education.


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Rochester method

involves fingerspelling everyword.

It was originated by Zenas Westervelt in 1878,shortly after he opened the Western New York

Institute for Deaf-Mutes (presently known as theRochester School for the Deaf).

Use of the Rochester method continued untilapproximately the 1940s, and there are still deafadults from the Rochester area who were taughtwith the Rochester method. It has fallen out offavor because it is a tedious and time-consumingprocess to spell everything manually.


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Cued Speech

Cued Speech is unique among forms of MCE inthat it does not use gestures that are equivalentto English words. Instead, Cued Speech uses eighthandshapes - none of which are derived from ASLhandshapes - to represent consonants, and fourhand placements around the face to representvowel sounds. R. Orin Cornett, who developedCued Speech in 1966 at Gallaudet University,

sought to combat poor reading skills among deafcollege students by providing deaf children with asolid linguistic background.


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Cued Speech mustbe combined with mouthingof words, as it is an aid to differentiating soundsthat look identical on the lips. Just asspeechreading is a difficult process, Cues are notreadily understood without mouthing becausethey may represent as many as ten sounds. CuedSpeech handshapes, combined withspeechreading, have made it easier for many deaf

children to learn English. Cued Language hasbeen adapted for use in several countries aroundthe world.


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Pidgin sign language

The only form of MCE that incorporates ASLlinguistic features, PSE is a contact language andis sometimes referred to as Contact Sign. PSEdrops the initalizations and grammatical markersused in other forms of MCE, but retains basicEnglish word order. ASL features often seen inPSE include the listing of grouped items and therepetition of some pronouns and verbs. Because

of PSE's standing as a bridge between twodistinct languages, it is often used differently byeach individual based on their knowledge ofspoken English and of ASL.


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Research:

What Is Learnable in Manually Coded English Sign Systems?

Applied Psycholinguistics, v13 n3 p313-40 Sep 1992

Examines whether manually coded English(MCE) sign language systems are learnable.

Reading achievement and expressive English

skills of deaf students educated using only aMCE sign system were examined.

Deaf students had expressive English skills

comparable to hearing students in respect tosyntactical and lexical skills but were deficientin inflectional morphological skills


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Minggu 2--Kod Tangan II