miron fircxelani saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis

miron fircxelani

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis

axali sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva

wardgenilia doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

Tbilisi, 0175, saqarTvelo

17 aprili, 2012 weli

©saavtoro ufleba, miron fircxelani, 2012

II


energetikisa da telekomunikaciis fakulteti

Cven, qvemore xelis momwerni vadasturebT, rom gavecaniT miron

fircxelanis mier Sesrulebul sadisertacio naSroms dasaxelebiT:

“saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba

da danergva” da vaZlevT rekomendacias saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis energetikisa da telekomunikaciis fakultetis

sadisertacio sabWoSi mis ganxilvas doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad.

17.04.2012 weli

xelmZRvaneli:

recenzenti:

recenzenti:

recenzenti:

III


2012 weli

avtori: fircxelani mironi

dasaxeleba: saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali

sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva

fakulteti: energetikisa da telekomunikaciis

akademiuri xarisxi: doqtori

sxdoma Catarda:

individualuri pirovnebis an institutebis mier zemomoyvanili

dasaxelebis disertaciis gacnobis mizniT moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi misi

arakomerciuli miznebiT kopirebisa da gavrcelebis ufleba miniWebuli

aqvs saqarTvelos teqnikur universitets.

avtoris xelmowera

avtori inarCunebs danarCen sagamomcemlo uflebebs da arc

mTliani naSromis da arc misi calkeuli komponentebis gadabeWdva an

sxva raime meTodiT reproduqcia dauSvebelia avtoris werilobiTi

nebarTvis gareSe.

avtori irwmuneba, rom naSromSi gamoyenebuli saavtoro

uflebebiT dacul masalebze miRebulia Sesabamisi nebarTva (garda im

mcire zomis citatebisa, romlebic moiTxoven mxolod specifiur

mimarTebas literaturis citirebaSi, rogorc es miRebulia samecniero

naSromebis Sesrulebisas) da yvela maTganze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas.

IV

reziume

warmodgenili naSromi eZRvneba saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis

ganviTarebis istoriis Seswavlas, Catarebuli reformebis teqnikur-

ekonomikuri Sedegebis analizs, marTvis axali sistemebis damuSavebasa

da SemdgomSi maTi danergvis SesaZleblobas.

saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergetikis ganviTareba TiTqmis im

droidan iwyeba, roca civilizebulma qveynebma (evropam, amerikam)

daiwyes am mimarTulebiT ganviTareba. es faqti gulisxmobs qarTveli

kacis did dainteresebas teqnikuri siaxleebisadmi da Tu masStabebi

mTel qveyanaze vrceldeba, es ukve eris midrekilebis niSan-Tvisebaa.

Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs, eleqtroenergetikisadmi mudmivad

mzardi moTxovnileba, romelic pirovnebis, sazogadoebisa da TviT

saxelmwifos keTildReobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tanamedrove

msoflioSi eleqtroenergetikiT uzrunvelyofa nebismieri qveynisTvis

erT-erTi mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. aqve xazi unda gavusvaT

im faqts, rom msoflios energetikuli resursebi TandaTan ileva.

alternatiuli wyaroebis migneba da gamoyeneba jer kidev

gadauwyvetelia. qveynis eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofa erovnuli

usafrTxoebis erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli nawilia. rogorc

cnobilia eleqtroenergias aqvs rogorc moxmarebis pirdapiri

daniSnuleba, aseve igi warmoadgens Semosavlis udides wyaros.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi swored am ori mimarTulebiT aris aqtualuri

eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba.

samuSaos mizans warmoadgens, saqarTvelos eleqtro energetikaSi

marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva. am Temis kvleva

sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiTaa aqtualuri, kerZod:

a) sworad iqnas gaanalizebuli saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi

Catarebuli reformebis Sedegad daSvebuli Secdomebi da Sedegebi;

b) gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces qveynis energousafrTxoebas;

g) eleqtroenergetikaSi Camoyalibdes marTvis da finansirebis

axali modeli, rac Seqmnis pirobas, uaxloes weliwadSi,

aTvisebul iqnas axali simZlavreebi (saSualod 3000 megavatis

farglebSi);

d) eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva (SesaZleblobis farglebSi)

daeqvemdebaros Tavisufali bazris principebs. eleqtroenergiis

gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi (konstituciis me-3 muxlis

Tanaxmad) moxmardes rogorc saxelmwifo biujets, aseve kerZo

mesakuTres aqciebis procentuli sakuTrebis mixedviT da dargis

ganviTarebas;

e) Camoyalibdes administraciuli marTvis axali modeli da

kadrebis momzadebis axali sistema;

kvlevis obieqts da sakvlev masalas warmoadgens: saqarvelos

eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis amsaxveli Semdegi ZiriTadi

indikatorebi: usafrTxoeba, axali simZlavreebis aTviseba,

V

energetikuli sawarmoebis (generaciis, eleqtrosistemis ganawilebis)

da momxmareblebis finansuri urTierToba, administrirebis forma,

maRali kvalificiuri inJinris momzadeba, arasaxelmwifo sapensio

fondis Seqmna. sakvlev masalad gamoyenebuli iqna:

“saqenergos” saarqivo masalebi; postsabWoTa periodSi

Catarebuli reformebis Sedegebi; saqarTveloSi ucxouri kompaniebis

Semosvlis Sedegad ganviTarebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebis

amsaxveli dokumenturi masala; dargSi amJamad arsebuli mdgomareobis

analizis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi. msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis

energetikuli ganviTarebis amsaxveli magaliTebi da sakuTari

gamocdileba. kvlevis meTodad gamoyenebulia: aRweriTi, teqnikuri da

struqturuli kvlevis meTodebi.

naSromis mecnieruli siaxle mdgomareobs, saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSavebaSi, rac

gulisxmobs: saqarTvelos energosistemis usafrTxoebis normebis

gazrdas; axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis meTodikis Camoyalibebas;

Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis axali

meqanizmis Seqmnas; administraciuli marTvis axali wesis SemoRebas;

energetikuli sawarmoebis maRalkvalificiuri kadrebiT

uzrunvelyofas da Rvawlmosil energetikosTa arasaxelmwifo sapensio

fondis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas.

naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba: kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli

siaxleebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. modelirebis Sedegad

miRebuli meTodebis danergva, erTmniSvnelovnad zrdis ama Tu im

energetikuli sawarmos efeqtianobas da mTlianad, energosistemis

qmedunarianobas. kerZod, pirvel rigSi moxdeba qveynis SigniT arsebuli

eleqtroenergiis deficitis aRmofxvra. warmoebuli da miwodebuli

eleqtroenergiis Tavisufali bazris principiT realizeba, (rac umetes

SemTxvevaSi iwvevs Sida bazarze tarifis Semcirebas), Sesabamisad

gasayidi eleqtroenergiis moculobis gazrds. anu mogebuli rCeba,

rogorc gamyidveli (am SemTxvevaSi energetikuli sawarmoebi: generacia,

eleqtrosistema, sadistribucio kompaniebi), aseve myidveli (mosaxleoba,

mcire da msxvili mewarmeebi).

naSromis struqtura Sedgeba: Sesavalisagan, 6 Tavisagan,

daskvnebisagan, literaturis mimoxilvisagan, gamoyenebuli samecniero

literaturisa da sakanonmdeblo bazis wyaroTa nusxisagan, Seicavs

cxrilebs, grafikebsa da sailustracio sqemebs. naSromi Seicavs 161

nabeWd gverds.

SesavalSi dasabuTebulia sakvlevi problemis arCevani,

gansazRvrulia kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi, xazgasmulia naSromis

mecnieruli siaxle, misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba.

pirvel TavSi, ganxilulia qveynis energetikis ganviTarebis sawyisi

etapebi, aRwerilia pirveli eleqtrosadgurebis, qvesadgurebis da

eleqtrogadacemis xazebis mSeneblobis da eqspluataciaSi gaSvebis

VI

istoria. detalurad aris naCvenebi, Tu rogori tempebiT viTardeboda

dargi. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia saqarTvelos, rogorc qveynis da misi

saukeTeso Svilebis miswrafeba dargis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aRwerilia

calkeuli obieqtebis mSeneblobis, simZlavreebis aTvisebis da

gamoyenebis amsaxveli masalebi. ganxilulia miRweuli warmatebebis

safuZvlebi.

aseve yuradReba gamaxvilebulia oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis Semdgom

Catarebul reformebze. axsnilia reformebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

Sedegebi. ram gamoiwvia reformebis Catarebis aucilebloba, arsebobda

Tu ara sakanonmdeblo baza. daxasiaTebulia reformebis buneba.

dakonkretebulia reformebSi uSualod monawile organizaciebi.

warmodgenilia reformebis xarvezebi. yvelaferi es mimarTulia iqiTken,

rom uaxles momavalSi, saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi dainergos

marTvis axali sistema.

meore TavSi, warmodgenilia saqarTvelos energosistemis

usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi. vrclad aris ganxiluli ZiriTadi

usafrTxoebis safuZvlebi. kerZod, ra resursebi gaaCnia saqarTvelos

energosistemas, romel wyaroze (hidro, qvanaxSiri) dayrdnobiT unda

ganviTardes momavali eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba. rogoria

saqarTvelos, rogorc kavkasiis regionis erT-erTi mTavari “moTamaSis”

ekonomikuri, geopolitikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri ganzomilebebi.

ramdenad usafrTxoa mezobeli qveynebis gavlenebisgan daculi. aqvs Tu

ara sarTaSoriso bazrebTan xelmisawvdomobis perspeqtiva. SeuZlia Tu

ara sakuTari resursebis xarjze daikmayofilos Sida moTxovnebi, Tu

importze izrunos, anda piriqiT, eqneba Tu ara momgebiani eqsportis

ganxorcielebis saSualeba.

mesame TavSi, ganxilulia axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis

optimaluri variantebi, Seswavlilia saqarTveloSi axali simZlavreebis

aTvisebis xelisSemwyobi pirobebi, SerCeulia reliefi da mdinareebi,

sadac unda warimarTos pirveli rigis eleqtrosagurebis mSenebloba.

damuSavebulia hidroresursebis aTvisebis upiratesoba da SesaZlo

mosalodneli dadebiTi Sedegebi. yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli

saerTaSoriso normebis dacvaze da im mosaxleobis socialur,

ekonomikur da ekologiuri zaralis anazRaurebaze, romlebic

hidrosadgurebis mSeneblobis Sedegad SeiZleba dazaraldnen.

warmodgenilia axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis Sedegad miRebuli

Teoriuli monacemebi.

meoTxe TavSi, damuSavebulia energetikuli sawarmoebis Semosaval-

gasavlebi, momgebianoba. sawarmoebis sakuTrebis formebi. konkurenciis

xelisSemSleli pirobebi. Tavisufali bazris uaryofis mizezebi.

TviTRirebulebis dadgenis meTodebi. SemosavliT da gasavliT nawilSi

xarjebis moculoba. tarifis sididis gansazRvra moxmarebuli

kilovatsaaTebis mixedviT energetikuli sawarmoebis wilobrivi

(procentuli) marJa saerTo tarifSi. saxelmwifo biujetSi Senatani

Tanxebis moculoba, sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis SemTxvevaSi.

VII

warmodgenilia maqsimumi mogebis miRebis optimaluri varianti.

ganxilulia eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis sxadasxvaa sqemebi da

yovelive amis safuZvelze SemoTavazebulia elenergiis realizaciis

axali sistema - kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis saxiT,

romelic STambeWdavad aCqarebs eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis

tempebs, aqve naCvenebia sazogadoebis didi nawilis aqtiuri monawileoba

am procesebSi, rac qveyanaSi saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis sawindari

xdeba.

mexuTe TavSi, Seswavlilia arsebuli energetikuli

administraciebis marTvis meqanizmi. ganxilulia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

movlenebi. sawarmos winsvlis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi. yovelive amis

gaTvaliswinebiT Camoyalibebulia (administrirebis) marTvis axali

sistema, romelic SromiTi amxanagobis warmomadgenelTa aqtiur

TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs. ganxilulia am axali sqemis upiratesoba,

rogorc mesakuTresTan urTierTobaSi, aseve saerTod, mogebis da

ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. marTvis srulyofis mizniT damatebiT

SemoTavazebulia xarisxis marTvis sistemis danergva, rac kidev erTi

garanti xdeba, ama Tu im sawarmos winsvlis.

meeqvse TavSi, ganxilulia energetikuli sawarmoebis sakadro

politikis sworad Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. axsnilia inJiner-

teqnikuri personalis daniSnuleba. maTi swavlebis da maRali donis

codnis miRebis xelSemwyobi pirobebi. warmodgenilia swavlebis da

dafinansebis axali formebi. samuSaoze miRebis wesebi. profesionalad

Camoyalibebis etapebi, maT Soris samecniero samuSaoze gadasvlis

normebi. yovelive amaSi gansazRvrulia saxelmwifos, kerZo mewarmis da

saswavleblis movaleobebi da uflebebi. am Tavis erT-erT Rirsebas

warmoadgens Rvawlmosil energetikosebze zrunva, kerZod

damuSavebulia Teoria (modeli) arasaxelmwifo, sapensio fondis Seqmnis

da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. es Teoria sakmaod sainteresoa da saWiroebs

praqtikul cxovrebaSi, rac SeiZleba male danergvas. ganxilulia

msoflios sxvadsxva qveynebis magaliTebi da amis safuZvelze

Camoyalibebulia qarTuli (gansxvavebuli) varianti. mTlianobaSi

yvelaferi es qmnis energetikuli sawarmoebis (organizaciebis)

ganviTarebis myar safuZvels. kerZod, axsnilia rom: qveyanaSi arsebobs

tradicia; axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis SesaZlebloba; Tavisufali

bazris damkvidrebis aucilebloba; energetikuli dargis Sida da gare

usafrTxoebis dacvis realoba; damuSavebulia administraciuli marTvis

axali forma; axali kadrebis aRzrdis swori meTodika da yovelive amis

Semoqmedi (inJiner-teqnikuri) personalis dafasebis SesaZlebloba.

warmodgenili sakiTxebis praqtikulad danergva drois ambavia.

amas gvkarnaxobs sxvadasxva (am dargSi) ganviTarebuli qveynebis

gamocdileba. saqarTvelo sxva gziT ver wava. dargis, qveynis da

sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris keTilganwyobas cxadia didi

mniSvneloba aqvs. es Serwyma, rac ufro male moxdeba, miT ufro

daCqardeba dadebiTi Sedegebis miReba.

VIII

ABSTRACT

The project work" Production and introduction new managerial system of Georgian energy" consists of: title page, pages for signatures, pages of the copyrights, short contents-summary on two languages, exhibits of the schemes and drawings, the main text, entering, list of the used literature, estimations, conclusion. The General aspects of the work are discussed in entrance part: urgency of the subject, purpose and problems of the study, practical importance of the study, scientific novelty, innovation revealed in the course of studies (the model, methodic), explanation of the possibility of using the introduction result, reached in the course of studies, in practice. The acting indicators of the power system were worked out on base of the international experience. The weak sides were revealed in power system, which were disturbing normal operation in this sphere. As a result of studies was revealed that after disintegration of the general power system, the reforms, made in sphere of the power system, had many defects. As a result: the power was twice lower in the 90-th. Financial losses have increased to more than milliard dollars, covering of indebtedness on salary of engineer-technical personnel stayed insolvable problem nowadays, process of buying-selling of electric powers is realized in monopoly , the system of tariff is formed only in interests of the companies-sellers that disgruntles the simple consumers, partly act the old methods and the forms of administration, which don't provide the real preparing of the young personnel and worthy pension for the old energy workers. The Production to electric powers, its transmission, distribution -sale is rather complex process. It needs system approach-each of the section must be created and transformed into united system. For this purpose, the different stages of the development of energy in country was studied, also analyses the experience of the other countries. The positive and negative moments were revealed during the work, the new legal concept was also worked out. The scientific, legal, economic and technical ideas were used in project, also the concepts and features, as well as comparing analysis and methods of systematizations and categorizations. The normative basis of the study is formed by international and national normative acts, conventions, agreements, other legislative acts of the commissions on energy, constitution of Georgia, civil code, the ''Law on Energy and Natural Gas'', resolutions of government, resolutions adjusting national commission, the Law "On producing", the Law "About checking of the producers' activity", the other laws and resolutions. During the studies were revealed the positive and negative sides of working of energy producers, analyses the results of the reforms and worked out list of activities, which is necessary to conduct. The scientific novelty is in production of new managerial system, development of theories about safety of the Georgian power system, mastering the new methods of the new powers, new scheme of administrative control of energy production, principle of free market in electric powers, advantage of the selling structure, new methods of preparing specialists, creation of non-government pension fund for workman of energy, also possible improvements of the powers and social-economic situation of population in the mountain region and etc. Probability of the positive effect is so great that factor of the risk is practically expelled. Practical use of new system needs time. It depends on government, skilled personnel, working in the sphere of energy and certainly, the support of society. The system of power energy must be well developed, because lots of things depend on it. The price of products decreases or increases covering the expenses on electricity. The electric power is useful not only for development of industry it is also useful for development of military-production complex. Modern powerful military technology uses much electric powers. The electric power became the integral part to our lives. The daily life of the person seems impossible without electric power. (It is used on direct purpose and as the best source of the income).

IX

miZRvna

eZRvneba saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebaSi monawile yvela

Rvawlmosil energetikoss. gansakuTrebiT, “mamebi”-s Taobas.

momaval Taobebs vusurveb saqarTvelos energetikis mzard

ganviTarebas, sakuTari ojaxebis da mTeli eris sakeTildReod.

X

Sinaarsi

Sesavali ....................................................................................................................................... 16

1. Temis aqtualoba .................................................................................................................. 17

2. naSromis mizani ..................................................................................................................... 18

3. kvlevis obieqti .................................................................................................................... 18

4. naSromis mecnieruli siaxle ................................................................................. 19

5. naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba .................................................................... 19

6. naSromis struqtura ........................................................................................................ 19

literaturis mimoxilva ..................................................................................................... 20

Tavi I. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis miRwevebi, Catarebuli

reformebi da Sedegebi

1.1 saqarTvelos el. energetikis ganviTarebis sawyisi etapebi .. 26

1.2 gardaqmnebis mokle mimoxilva ............................................................................36

1.3 privatizaciis Sedegebi Telasis magaliTze ......................................40

1.4 eleqtro energiis gamanawilebeli kompania “PA-consulting”-is muSaobis Sedegebi ............................................................................................... 44

1.5 saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazris Sesaxeb ……... 46 pirveli Tavis daskvna ............................................................................................... 48

Tavi II. saqarTvelos energosistemis usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi

2.1 usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi ................................................................................... 51

2.2 aris Tu ara srulyofili usafrTxoebis garantiebi ........................... 56

2.3 msoflios energoresursebis maragebi ................................................................... 61

2.4 energomwarmoebeli, energomomxmarebeli da energosatranzito

qveynebis klasifikacia ........................................................................................................... 62

2.5 saqarTvelos energo resursebi ................................................................................... 64

meore Tavis daskvna .......................................................................................................................... 70

Tavi III. axali simZlavreebi

3.1 axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis optimaluri variantebi

saqarTveloSi .................................................................................................................................. 73

3.2 ra Sedegebia mosalodneli axali eleqtrosadgurebis aSenebis

SemTxvevaSi ......................................................................................................................................... 76

3.3 aris Tu ara saqarTvelos konstituciis me-3 muxlis "i" punqtis

cvlileba saWiro? ..................................................................................................................... 78

3.4 eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis socialur-ekologiuri da

ekonomikuri aspeqtebi ............................................................................................................ 82

3.5 ra pirobebSi SeiZleba aSendes mcire hesi ..................................................... 84

3.6 rogori iyo mcire hidroeleqtrosadgurebis balansi

saqarTveloSi 1989 wlis mdgomareobiT ............................................................. 88

3.7 el. energetika – mTis mosaxleobis gadarCenis wyaro …………........... 91

3.8 vin SeiZleba daafinansos eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba... . . .95

mesame Tavis daskvna ....................................................................................................................... 95

XI

Tavi IV. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis axali forma

4.1 energetikuli sawarmoebis Semosaval-gasavali ........................................... 98

4.2 marTvis axali wesebis pirobebSi eleqtroenergiis miwodebis da

anazRaurebis sqemebis ganxilva .................................................................................. 107

4.3 eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi marTvis

axali wesebis pirobebSi ..................................................................................................... 111

4.4 ganmartebebi kerZo struqturis (S.p.s., k.s.s) saqmianobis Sesaxeb

......................................................................................................................................................................... 114

4.5 kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis finansuri wyaroebi ................................. …121

4.6 saaqcio sazogadoebis yidva-gayidvis procesis specifika .. ..... 122

meoTxe Tavis daskvna ........................................................................................................................123

Tavi V. energetikuli sawarmoebis marTva

5.1 energetikuli sawarmos (organizaciis)

marTvis axali sqema ................................................................................................................. 125

5.2 SromiTi koleqtivis daniSnuleba, mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi misi

monawileobis aucilebloba ............................................................................................ 127

5.3 SromiTi amxanagobis Camoyalibebis wesebi ..................................................... 129

5.4 ras SeiZleba velodoT SromiTi amxanagobis, rogorc institutis

amoqmedebis Sedegad ................................................................................................................. 130

5.6 marTvis struqturaSi pirovnebis roli da samuSao pirobebis

Seqmnis aucilebloba ............................................................................................................. 133

mexuTe Tavis daskvna ...................................................................................................................... 138

Tavi VI. energetikuli sawarmoebis sakadro politika

6.1 axali kadrebis aRzrdis meTodika, marTvis axali wesebis

pirobebSi ........................................................................................................................................... 140

6.2 dasaqmeba ............................................................................................................................................ 143

6.3 dafinanseba ..................................................................................................................................... 144

6.4 Rvawlmosil energetikosTa dafaseba ................................................................ 145

6.5 sapensio aqtivebis gamoyeneba da marTva ......................................................... 150

meeqvse Tavis daskvna .................................................................................................................... 152

saerTo daskvna ......................................................................................................................................... 155

sqolioebis nusxa ................................................................................................................................... 157

gamoyenebuli literatura ......................................................................................................... 158

XII

cxrilebis nusxa

1. cxrili 1.1 – gverdi 28











XIII

naxazebis nusxa

1. naxazi 1.1 – gverdi 36







8. naxazi 4.3. – gverdi 115



XIV

madliereba

mecnieruli naSromis Seqmna mxolod, romelime erTi pirovnebis, an

Taobis damsaxureba ver iqneba. rogorc andazaSia: „wina kaci ukanasi

xidiao“, swored es principia mecnieruli muSaobis mTavari

warmmarTveli Zala. mas Semdeg rac erTiani (sabWoTa) energosistema

daiSala, saqarTvelos energetikaSi mravali sirTule gaCnda. yovelive

amaze maSindel energetikosTa Soris cxare kamaTebi imarTeboda, azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba sWarbobda. saWiro iyo saRi azrovneba, romelic

mecnierul kvlevaze iqneboda damyarebuli. erT-erTi aseTi msjelobis

dros saqarTvelos g. CogovaZis saxelobis energetikisa da energetikul

nagebobaTa institutis mecnier-TanamSromlebma, momces winadadeba

damewyo seriozuli samecniero muSaoba, romelic pasuxs gascemda

dargis winaSe dasmul rTul sakiTxebs. imTaviTve mxarSi dgoma da

daxmarebis gaweva aRmiTqves energetikosebma, maT Soris: momavalma Cemma

xelmZRvanelebma, (aw gansvenebulma) pr. robert xaCaturianma da pr.

demur ComaxiZem (romelTac Zala da energia ar daiSures naSromis

srulyofilad damuSavebis procesSi). agreTve, pr. irakli RuduSaurma,

t.m.k. d. zubitaSvilma, t.m.k. n. CixlaZem, t.m.k. n. cabaZem, prof. g. xeliZem,

t.m.d. g. WumburiZe, t.m.d. i. bijamovma; t.m.k. g. lekiSvilma, prof. r.

arvelaZem, prof. a. yubaneiSvilma, t.m.k. r. pataraiam, t.m.k. g.

kikvilaSvilma, t.m.k. m. Tofuriam, t.m.k. g. gigiberiam, teqnikuri

universitetis enrgetikisa da telekomunikaciis dekanatis,

departamentis da kaTedrebis TanamSromlebma, profesor-maswavleblebma:

d. laoSvilma, g. maxaraZem, m. naWyebiam, g. yifSiZem, g. arabiZem, i.

lomiZem, n. samsoniam, d. jafariZem, m. gudiaSvilma, T. jiSkarianma, T.

muselianma, S. nemsaZem, m. ruxvaZem, m. sulaZem, g. amyolaZem, g.

WunaSvilma, m. koxreiZem, g. nacvliSvilma, r. CixlaZem. damsaxurebulma

energetikosebma: T. yifianma, T. mamiaSvilma, g. mayaSvilma, S. zarandiam,

g. yiasaSvilma, n. uflisaSvilma, T. TxeliZem, m. qandariam, g. jafariZem,

v. metrevelma, j. yaraSvilma, e. xomerikma, v. jafariZem, b. koJoriZem, e.

CiCuam, i. valiSvilma, v. kapanaZem, l. CantlaZem, b. gabuniam, s. baxturiZem,

saproeqto institutis „gidroproeqtis“ TanamSromlebma a. WiTanavam, n.

emuxvarma, v. jafariZem, o. gogiCiZem, o. feraZem, j. axalaiam. maTTan

yoveli Sexvedra iyo msjelobis da konsultaciis saukeTeso saSualeba.

mudmiv mxardaWeras vgrZnobdi saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli

akademiis mTianeTis problemaTa Semswavleli komisiis (romlis wevric

var) wevrebis mTeli Semadgenlobis: akademikosebis T. onianis, n.

WiTanavas, l. Ciqavas, a. gamyreliZis, m. gigauris,

m. saluqvaZis, doqtorebis b. goiSvilis, m. cicqiSvilis, g. aglaZis, l.

fruiZis, k. arabulis, e. wereTlis, j. xanTaZis da sxvebis, romelTac

Seqmnes winapiroba gamekeTebina naSromis aprobacia farTo auditoriis

winaSe.

XV

gansakuTrebuli madloba minda movaxseno saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis reqtors prof. arCil frangiSvils, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis prezidents akad. T. gamyreliZes.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis marTvelTa sabWos, mis

Tavmjdomares s. zumburiZes, eleqtrosistemis mTel koleqtivs,

romelTac momces saSualeba naSromSi dasmuli sakiTxebi srulyofilad

damemuSavebina.

dasasruls, madlobs vuxdi yvela im adamians, vinc garkveuli

wvlili Seitana aRniSnuli naSromis damuSavebaSi.

16

Sesavali

Tanamedrove epoqaSi, energetikis ganviTarebis aqtualu-

robidan gamomdinare, mecnieruli kvleva da swavleba ganisaz-

Rvreba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra dadebiTi Sedegebis momtani unda

iyos saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebisaTvis. nebismier qveyanaSi da

maT Soris, saqarTveloSi dargTaSorisi ganviTarebis safuZvels

energetika da misi sworad marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba

warmoadgens. sistemis Seqmna mecnierul doneze damuSavebuli

energetikuli programebis danergvaze da praqtikul gamoyenebazea

damokidebuli. dargis aqtualobidan gamomdinare mas saxelmwi-

foebrivi mniSvnelobis funqcia eniWeba. kanonmdebelma saqar-

Tvelos konstituciaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia

energetikis dargis gansazRvrebas da igi Seiyvana strategiul

dargTa nusxaSi: citata: “mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles

saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas miekuTvneba: ...i)

erTiani energetikuli sistema da reJimi” [1]

saqarTvelos energetikaSi mecnieruli kvlevis aucilebloba

ganapiroba im gansakuTrebulma movlenam, rasac sabWoTa sistemis

daSla da mis adgilze damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmna

mohyva. yovelive aman cxovrebis wesis Secvla moiTxova, anu

Seicvala sakuTrebis forma. aqedan gamomdinare, Seicvala TviT

dargTa marTvis sistemac. sabWoTa sistema, anu rogorc mas

uwodeben sabWoTa kavSiri (romelic 15 mokavSire respublikisagan

Sedgeboda) ZiriTadad damyarebuli iyo sakuTrebis saxelmwifo

sistemaze. amitom, energetikac erTian saxelmwifo energosistemas

warmoadgenda. erTiani energosistemis daSlam da sakuTrebis

formis Secvlam es dargi mZime pirobebSi Caagdo. faqtobrivad,

moxda “axali Rvinis Casxma Zvel tikebSi”, rac gaumarTlebeli iyo

da Sedegebmac ar daayovna. energetikuli meurneoba moiSala,

simZlavreebi gaCerda, finansuri uzrunvelyofa savalalo

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. sakadro momzadebis done dros Camor-

Ceboda. yovelive es uaryofiTad aisaxa damoukidebeli qveynis

ganviTarebaze. marTalia, Seiqmna kanoni eleqtroenergetikis

Sesaxeb, Camoyalibda eleqtroenergetikisa da gazis mareguli-

rebeli struqtura, magram yovelive aman dadebiTi Sedegebis

miReba srulad uzrunvelyo. TiToeul maTganSi Zveli sabWoTa

sistmis gavlena ufro dominirebda, vidre siaxle. arsebuli

sistemis uaryofiT Tvisebas reformebis formaluri mxare

ganapirobebda. qveynis energetikis flagmanma “saqenergom” da

gansakuTrebiT misma administraciam, drois moTxovnebi ver

daakmayofila. teqnikuri dargis marTva politikurma struq-

turebma (municipalitetebma, gamgeobebma, saministroebma da a. S.)

17

itvirTes. maT ver uzrunvelyves saTanado mmarTvelobiTi sistemis

Seqmna da dargis Semdgomi ganviTareba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, energetikis sferoSi ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis cvlilebam momTxovni garemos – bazris mdgoma-

reobis cvlilebasTan migviyvana. Zveli mesakuTris (saxelmwifos)

adgilze Cndebian axali mesakuTreebi – kerZo gamanawilebeli

kompaniebi. mesakuTre xdeba ZiriTadi energetikuli politikis

gamtarebeli, rac mTlianobaSi uaryofiTad moqmedebs dargis

ganviTarebaze. kerZo kompaniebis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi

mowyobis forma ar unda qceuliyo dargis ganviTarebis Semafe-

rxebel garemoebad. dRes msoflios mravali qveyana “energetikul

SimSils” ganicdis. Tanamedrove mecnierebis mTavari amocanaa

iseTi energetikuli resursebis moZieba, romelic ekologiurad

gamarTlebulia da uzrunvelyofs momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis

dakmayofilebas. es ki iTxovs marTvis axali sistemis damuSavebasa

da danergvas. dargSi mudmivad mzardi moTxovnebis dakmayofileba,

mxolod swori reformebis gatarebis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli.

1. Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs, eleqtroenergetikisadmi

mudmivad mzardi moTxovnileba, romelic pirovnebis, sazo-

gadoebisa da TviT saxelmwifos keTildReobasTan aris dakav-

Sirebuli. Tanamedrove msoflioSi eleqtroenergetikiT uzrunve-

lyofa nebismieri qveynisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan problemas

warmoadgens. aqve xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom msoflios

energetikuli resursebi TandaTan ileva. alternatiuli wyar-

oebis migneba da gamoyeneba jer kidev gadauwyvetelia. qveynis

eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofa erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT-

erTi mTavari Semadgeneli nawilia. rogorc cnobilia eleq-

troenergias aqvs rogorc moxmarebis pirdapiri daniSnuleba,

aseve igi warmoadgens Semosavlis udides wyaros. Tanamedrove

msoflioSi swored am ori mimarTulebiT aris aqtualuri

eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba.

saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergetikis damoukidebeli ganviTa-

reba kidev ufro aqtualuria imis gamoc, rom sabWoTa sistemis

daSlis Semdgom energosistema TiTqmis izolirebul mdgoma-

reobaSi aRmoCnda. mas ar gaaCnia sakuTari gazi da mazuTi.

amdenad, mTavari yuradReba gadatanili unda iqnas hidrore-

sursebze da naxSiris aTvisebaze. aris Tu ara es ori komponenti

sakmarisi da Tu aris ra uzrunvelyofa unda hqondes mas.

postsabWoTa sivrceSi energetikis ganviTarebis srulyofili

koncefciis Camoyalibeba bevrma qveyanam jer kidev ver SeZlo,

rac TiToeuli qveynis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli faqtoria.

gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens. amdenad, saqarvelos

18

eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba-

danergva namdvilad rom saWiro da aqtualuri Temaa.

2. samuSaos mizans warmoadgens, saqarTvelos eleqtro-

energetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba da danergva. am

Temis kvleva sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiTaa aqtualuri: a) sworad

iqnas gaanalizebuli saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi Catare-

buli reformebis Sedegad daSvebuli Secdomebi da Sedegebi; b)

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces qveynis energousafrTxoebas;

g) eleqtroenergetikaSi Camoyalibdes marTvis da finansirebis

axali modeli, rac Seqmnis pirobas, uaxloes weliwadSi,

aTvisebul iqnas axali simZlavreebi (saSualod 3000 megavatis

farglebSi); d) eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva (SesaZleblobis

farglebSi) daeqvemdebaros Tavisufali bazris principebs.

eleqtroenergiis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi

(konstituciis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad) aqciebis procentuli

sakuTrebis mixedviT, moxmardes rogorc saxelmwifo biujets,

aseve kerZo mesakuTres da dargis ganviTarebas; e) Camoyalibdes

administraciuli marTvis axali modeli da kadrebis momzadebis

axali sistema; v) Sejerdes saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva mosazrebebi. rac garanti gaxdeba

saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis dacvisa da saxelmwifo

biujetis Sevsebisa. mxareTa Soris mizanSewonilia Sedges

mecnierul doneze Camoyalibebuli azrTa gaziareba-Sejereba,

samoqmedo gegmis Camoyalibeba da marTvis axali sistemebis

damuSaveba. am sistemis praqtikuli gamoyeneba. yovelive

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare saWiro gaxda dargis ganviTarebis

Seswavla sam sxvadasxva droSi: sabWoTa periodi, reformebis

periopdi da dRevandeloba.

3. naSromis kvlevis obieqts da sakvlev masalas warmoadgens:

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis amsaxveli

ZiriTadi indikatorebi: usafrTxoeba, axali simZlavreebis

aTviseba, energe-tikuli sawarmoebis (generaciis, eleqtrosistemis

ganawilebis) da momxmareblebis finansuri urTierToba,

administrirebis forma, maRali kvalificiuri inJinris momzadeba,

arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmna. sakvlev masalad

gamoyenebul iqna: “saqenergos” saarqivo masalebi; postsabWoTa

periodSi Catarebuli reformebis Sedegebi; saqarTveloSi

ucxouri kompaniebis Semosvlis Sedegad ganviTarebuli dadebiTi

da uaryofiTi movlenebis amsaxveli dokumenturi masala; dargSi

amJamad arsebuli mdgomareobis analiziT miRebuli daskvnebi.

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis energetikuli ganviTarebis

19

amsaxveli magaliTebi da sakuTari gamocdileba. kvlevis meTodad

gamoyenebulia: aRweriTi, teqnikuri da struqturuli kvlevis

meTodebi.

4. naSromis mecnieruli siaxle mdgomareobs, saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSavebaSi, rac

gulisxmobs: saqarTvelos energosistemis usafrTxoebis normebis

gazrdas, axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis meTodikis Camoyalibebas.

Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis

axali meqanizmis Seqmnas, administraciuli marTvis axali wesis

SemoRebas, energetikuli sawarmoebis maRalkvalificiuri

kadrebiT uzrunvelyofas da Rvawlmosil energetikosTa arasaxe-

lmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas.

naSromSi kvlevis safuZvelze ganxilulia dargSi arsebuli

mdgomareoba, gamokveTilia Semaferxebeli faqtorebi da amis

safuZvelze SemuSavebulia axali meTodika da modelebi, rac

jamSi kompleqsuri midgomis pirobebSi qmnis axal sistemas.

axali meTodebis da modelebis Camoyalibebis mTavari

mimarTulebebi gulisxmobs Tavisufali bazris daSvebas,

konkurenciis maRal dones, pirovnebis da organizaciis

SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis pirobebis Seqmnas, ukukavSirebis

arsebobas da xarisxis menejmentis danergvas.

5. naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba uaRresad didia, kerZod:

axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis Sedegad, iqmneba Warbi energia,

romlis Sida bazarze gayidva momxmarebelTan mimarTebaSi iwvevs

erTeuli kilovatsaaTis gaiafebas, xolo saerTo gasayidi

energiis moculobis gazrdas; eqsportis momgebian fasebSi

ganxorcielebas; Tavisufali bazris Seqmnas, romelic

konkurenciis pirobebSi ukukavSirebis meTodiT, maqsimalurad

dazRveuli iqneba korufciisgan.

maRali kvalifikaciis mqone inJiner-teqnikuri personalis

miRebis SesaZleblobas; rogorc saxelmwifo biujetis, aseve

mesakuTreTa Semosavlebis gazrdas; saaqcio sazogadoebis

Camoyalibebis da kerZo mesakuTreTa bazarze saSualo fenis

Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas; dargSi momuSave Rvawlmosil

energetikosTa arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondiT uzrunvelyofas;

satranzito funqciis mopovebas da mezobel qveynebTan mimarTebaSi

kargi urTierTobis damyarebas. jamSi es yvelaferi qveynis

energousafrTxoebis myar garantias qmnis.

6. naSromis struqtura Sedgeba: Sesavlis, literaturis

ganxilvis, eqvsi Tavisa da daskvniTi nawilisagan, Tan erTvis

gamoyenebuli samecniero-literaturisa da sakanonmdeblo bazis

wyaroTa nusxa, Seicavs cxrilebs, grafikebsa da sailustracio

sqemebs. SesavalSi dasabuTebulia sakvlevi problemis arCevani,

20

gansazRvrulia kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi, xazgasmulia

naSromis mecnieruli siaxle, misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli

mniSvneloba.

literaturis mimoxilva

warmodgenili naSromis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis

Camoyalibebis Semdeg gavecani, rogorc saqarTveloSi arsebuli,

aseve sazRvargareTis qveynebis Sesabamis literaturas. Temis

aqtualobidan gamomdinare saWiro gaxda Semeswavla, ara marto ama

Tu im avtoris Sesabamisi samecniero naSromebi, (an gamocemuli

wignebi) aramed saqarTvelos energetikis istoria, yofili

saqenergos, saqrusenergos, eleqtrogadacemis, dispetCerizaciis,

saqselo sawarmoebis, “saqenergo 2000”-is, Telasis, calkeuli

gamanawilebeli kompaniebis, gaerTianebuli sadistribucio

kompaniis -is, ” Telasis”, eleqtrosabiTumo

bazris, kaxeTis sadistribucio kompaniis da “energoprojorjias”

saarqivo masalebi. wliuri angariSebi, statistikis sammarTvelos

monacemebi, saqarTvelos erovnuli maregulirebeli komisiis

dadgenilebebi, angariSebi da gadawyvetilebebi.

Temis sirTulidan gamomdinare axali azris Camoyalibebis

da utyuarobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Seswavlili iqna, rogorc

postsabWoTa qveynebis, aseve evropis, aziis da amerikis rigi

qveynebis eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis buneba da is siaxleebi,

rac Tanamedrove moTxovnebs uzrunvelyofs. garda amisa

Catarebuli iqna garkveuli eqsperimentebi. cdis obieqti iyo,

rogorc dargSi momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri personali, aseve

umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

iqna gamaxvilebuli eleqtroenergiis momxmarebelTa sxvadasxva

jgufebis azris Seswavlaze.

aRniSnuli literatura uSualo kavSirSia TemasTan da

praqtikaSi arsebul Teoriebs efuZneba.

arsebuli mdgomareobiT, qvemoT moxseniebul avtorebs,

calkeuli sakiTxebi garkveuli moculobiT Seswavlili aqvT,

magram problemaTa gadawyvetis kompleqsuri meTodi jerjerobiT

aravisgan ar aris SemoTavazebuli, anu problemaTa sistemuri

gadawyveta faqtiurad pirvelad xdeba.

kvlevis procesSi mTavar saxelmZRvanelod gamoyenebuli iyo

saqarTvelos konstitucia, sxva kanonebi da qvemdebare aqtebi. maT

Soris:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. Tbilisi. 1996. - vixelmZRvanele

mesame muxlis “i” punqtiT, riTac kanonmdebelma energetika,

21

strategiul dargs miakuTvna da ganmarta, rom “mxolod da

mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles organoTa gansakuTrebul

ganmgeblobas ganekuTvneba: erTiani energetikuli sistema da

reJimebi”...

am muxls, energetikuli sawarmoebis da kompaniebis sakuTrebis

formis gansazRvris dros, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

kanonis uzenaesobidan gamomdinare kvlevis procesSi swored am

kanonze dayrdnobiT unda Camoyalibdes saxelmwifosa da kerZo

mesakuTres Soris urTierTobis axali forma, romelic rogorc

aRmoCnda ormxriv momgebiania.

2. saqarTvelos kanoni “eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi

gazis Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 1999. (2007 wels Setanili cvlilebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT).

am kanoniT vixelmZRvanele energetikuli terminologiis;

saxelmwifo politikis dazustebis, maregulirebeli erovnuli

komisiis statusis da funqciebis gansazRvris, eleqtroenergiiT

(simZlavriT) sabiTumo vaWrobis (sistemis komerciuli

operatoris) daniSnulebis, licenziebis da licenziatebis wesebis

dadgenis, eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis paralelur reJimSi

muSaobis, gadamcem da gamanawilebel qselze mesame mxaris

daSvebis da sxva aucilebel sakiTxTa damuSavebis dros.

3. saqarTvelos kanoni “mewarmeTa Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 1997.

am kanonis muxlebi iqna gaTvaliswinebuli, eleqtroenergiis

yidva-gayidvis kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis Teoriuli struqturis

(modelis) Camoyalibebis dros.

4. saqarTvelos kanoni “saxelmwifo qonebis privatizaciis

Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 1997.

rogorc cnobilia aRniSnuli kanoni gamoyenebuli iqna,

saqarTveloSi energetikuli sawarmoebis da obieqtebis

saprivatizacio programebis ganxorcielebis Sedgenis dros. Cvens

mier axsnili iqna Catarebuli privatizaciis dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi Sedegebi. miTiTebuli iqna Sida rezervebze, rac

gacilebiT ufro efeqturia, vidre ucxouri investicia.

5. saqarTvelos kanoni “sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa

da garantiebis Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 1997.

am kanonis xelSemwyob politikas gansakuTrebiT didi

mniSvneloba aqvs, saqarTvelos energetikaSi ucxouri inves-

ticiebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT, rac aucilebelia (Cvens

SemTxvevaSi) simZlavreebis aTvisebis saqmeSi.

6. saqarTvelos kanoni “damoukidebeli erovnuli maregu-

lirebeli komisiis Sesaxeb”. Tbilisi. 2002.

Catarebuli reformebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan Sedegad,

migvaCnia (miuxedavad arsebuli uaryofiTi movlenebisa) mareguli-

22

rebeli komisiis Camoyalibeba, romelic ZiriTadad am kanonis

moqmedebis bazaze ganxorcielda, semeks dRemde lideris funqcia

ukavia.

7. aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos ekonomikis saministros (romelic

saxelmwifo qonebis mesakuTrea) da sxva saministroebis mier

gacemuli brZanebebi, dadgenilebebi da debulebebi, romlebic

pirdapir Tu iribad exeba eleqtroenergetikas. maT Soris kanoni

antimonopoliuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb. Cvens naSromSi Camoyali-

bebulia mosazreba, rom konkurencia aucileblad Tavisufali

bazris principebs unda eqvemdebarebodes.

8. saqarTvelos energetkis ministris brZaneba #77. Tbilisi.

2006.

“eleqtroenergiis (simZlavris) bazris wesebis” damtkicebis

Sesaxeb.

samwuxarod, rogorc praqtikam dagvanaxa, am brZanebas aRsru-

leba ar ewera, misi funqcia mxolod furcelze darCa. am faqtma

kvlevis procesze imdenad imoqmeda, rom iZulebuli viyavi

Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis

modeli Semeqmna, rac udaod gaaumjobesebs strategiuli dargis

ganviTarebas.

garda zemoT warmodgenili literaturisa Seswavlili da

Sejerebuli iqna is spec. literatura, romelsac uSualod

pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs warmodgenil SromaSi wamoWril sakiT-

xebTan. maT Soris:

9.

sadac ganxilulia azrbaijanis, somxeTis, belarusis, saqar-

Tvelos, yazaxeTis, yirgizeTis, moldaveTis, ruseTis federaciis,

tajikeTis, TurqmeneTis, uzbekeTis da ukrainis energosistemebis

teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, ramac saSualeba momca

Sedarebis meTodiT ganmesazRvra dargSi arsebuli susti da

Zlieri adgilebi. Sememowmebina axali meTodis, Tu modelis

Seqmnis sizuste da upiratesoba.

Cvens mier warmodgenil naSroms srulad, an nawilobriv

exmianeba cnobili mecnierebis mier Sesrulebuli metad

saintereso samecniero naSromebi, maT Soris:

10. samsonia n. ComaxiZe d. gudiaSvili m. saTbob-

energetikuli kompleqsis sawarmoTa ekonomika. Tbilisi. 2003.

11. samsonia n. ssr kavSiris energetikis ekonomika. Tbilisi.

1989.

am naSromebSi ganxilulia energetikuli sawarmoebis

finansuri mdgomareoba, organizaciuli marTvis formebi,

reformebis Catarebis mizanSewoniloba. rac pirdapir kavSirSia

Sesrulebul samecniero naSromTan.

23

12. ComaxiZe d. saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba.

Tbilisi. 2003.

am naSroSi ganxilulia, rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis energoresursebis maragebi, ama Tu

im qveyanaSi erT sulze gamoyofili eleqtroenergiis raodenoba.

mosalodneli safrTxeebi. avtori skurpolozurad aRricxavs

saqarTvelos energoresursebs, rac pirdapir exmianeba

saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis samomavlo gegmebs.

13. arabiZe g. gudiaSvili m. kiRuriZe o. lomiZe i. jiSkariani

T. energo auditi samrewvelo seqtorSi. teqnikuri universitetis

gamocema. Tbilisi. 2011.

14. gudiaSvili m. arabiZe g. jiSkariani T. energomenejmentis

principebi “teqnikuri universitetis” gamocema. Tbilisi. 2011.

15. minda xazi gausva g.arabiZis sadoqtoro naSroms, romelic

uSualod exeba reformebis Temas. kerZod, saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikaSi bolo TxuTmeti-oci wlis ganmavlobaSi

Catarebul RonisZiebebs.

16. k. Carkvianis “sabWoTa saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis

istoria” Tbilisi. 1975.

17. CogovaZe g. CixlaZe n. yiasaSvili g. “saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikis istoria” Tbilisi. 2002.

es ori gamocema adasturebs Cems mier saarqivo masalebis

bazaze Sesrulebuli kvlevis siswores.

kvlevis periodSi bevri cifrobrivi masala dazustda da

gasworda. gansakuTrebiT es exeba saarqivo masalebTan arsebuli

literaturis Sejerebas. energetikis istoriis Seswavlidan

gamomdinare Cveni amocana mdgomareobda SemdegSi: gagvego qarTvel

inJiner-teqnikur personals gaaCnda Tu ara tradicia, rom

ganaviTaros dargi (sawarmoos proeqtireba, mSenebloba-montaJi-

gawyoba da eqsploatacia). Gganxiluli analizidan mkafiod Cans,

rom saqarTveloSi inJiner-energetikosTa skola, yofil sabWoTa

qveynebs Soris, erT-erTi konkurentunariani yofila.

meore mniSvnelovani Tema es iyo, bolo 20 wlis

ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli reformebis Seswavla da am Temaze

arsebuli literaturis ganxilva maT Soris: arvelaZe r.

kereseliZe n. solomonia o. xaCaturiani r. “saqarTvelos

energetikis ganviTarebis koncefcia”; Tbilisi. 1992.

18. arvelaZe r. “saqarTvelos energetikosTa kadrebisa da

maTi socialuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb” s.J. “energia” #3. Tbilisi.

2000.

19. asaTiani r. “ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTveloSi: nabiji

win, ori nabiji ukan”.

24

20. gociriZe r. kandelaki o. “gavleniani jgufebi da

korufcia: saqarvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis muqara.”

maxvilaZe l. amaRlobeli n. saluqvaZe r. “saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis strategia da teqnika.” da sxva

avtorebi, romelTa mier warmodgenili mosazrebebi garkveul-

wilad emTxveva kvlevis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebs.

kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli iqna Cems mier sxvadasxva

gamocemebSi dabeWdili masalebi, maT Soris:

21. fircxelani m. marTvis axali formebi saqarTvelos

energosistemaSi. s.J. energia #1 Tbilisi. 2004.

22. fircxelani m. momavali zamTris SesaZlo gamomuSaveba da

misi finansuri uzrunvelyofa. s.J. “energia” #3 Tbilisi. 2004.

23. fircxelani m. saqarTvlos eleqtrosistemis teqnikuri da

ekonomikuri analizi. reformebis Sedegebi da analizi. s.J.

“energia” Tbilisi. 2003.

24. fircxelani m. “miTi da realoba xudonhesis mSeneblobis

garSemo” gazeTi “laloxori”. Tbilisi. 2008.

25. avtorTa jgufi: oniani T. WiTanava n. gamyreliZe i. Ciqava

l. goiSvili b. fircxelani m. arabuli k. fruiZe l. aglaZe g.

cicqiSvili m. da sxva “saqarTvelos mTiani regionebis socialur-

ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis kanonproeqti”. Tbilisi.

2004.

26. fircxelani m. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli

akademiis mTis problemaTa Semswavleli komisiis gamocema

“energetika - mTis ganviTarebis wyaro”. Tbilisi. 2010.

zemoT warmodgenili literaturis ganxilvisa da analizis

safuZvelze, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes im sakiTxTa nusxa, romlebic

energetikaSi dRemde gadaulaxav problemad rCeba da saWiroebs

aucielebel gadawyvetas. kerZod:

1. saqarTvelos energousafrTxoeba, rogorc simZlavreebis

aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve gare safrTxeebis (rogorc

ruseTis, aseve sxva e.w. “transnacionaluri” kompaniebis

mxridan) maRali riskis Semcveli faqtorebiT xasiaTdeba.

2. eleqtroenergetikaSi dRemde ar aris miRweuli, Tavisufali

bazris principiT, eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis danergvis

praqtika. jer kidev adgili aqvs monopolistur midgomebs,

ris gamoc calke momxmarebeli zaraldeba da calke

saxelmwifo biujeti.

3. miuxedavad imisa, rom dargSi reformebis ganxorcielebis

“epoqaa”, (jer kidev ZalaSia). energetikuli sawarmoebis

mmarTveli administraciebi kvlav ar iTvaliswineben da xSir

SemTxvevaSi ignorirebasac ki ukeTeben qveda rgolebis

25

(inJiner-teqnikuri personalis) winadadebebs, moTxovnebs, ar

Rebuloben ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi erTobliv

gadawyvetilebebs da a.S.

4. energetikuli sawarmoebis warmatebuli muSaoba bevr ramezea

damokidebuli, maT Soris, erT-erTi mTavari yuradReba

axalgazrda kadrebis momzadebas unda eTmobodes. praqtikam

dagvanaxa, rom avariebis ZiriTadi mizezi dabal doneze

momzadebuli inJiner-teqnikuri personalia, romelTac

aucileblad sWirdebaT dasawyisidanve (pirveli kursidan)

„patronoba“, swori saswavlo programis Sedgena,

finansirebis formebis gamonaxva da sxva.

5. energetika rTuli dargia, aq momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri

personali da, maT Soris, mmarTveli rgoli mudmiv daZabul

reJimSi muSaobs. roca pirovneba am saqmes aTeuli wlebi

emsaxureba, mas namdvilad ekuTvnis normaluri saarsebo

pirobebis Seqmna. amdenad, Rvawlmosil adamianTa damsaxureba

TanamSromlebis, sawarmos da qveynis interesebSic unda

Sediodes.

swored am xuT sakiTxzea Cveni naSromis kvlevis mTavari

veqtori mimarTuli. wamoWrili sakiTxebis gadawyveta, sasistemo

cvlilebebs da masStabebs iTxovs. dargis ganviTarebis aseTi

midgoma kompleqsur gadawyvetilebebTan da garkveul

sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. swored am Tvalsazrisis gamo,

maqsimalurad SevecadeT TiToeuli problema dagveyvana martiv,

logikur msjelobaze, iolad gasageb enaze agvexsna esa Tu is

sakiTxi, miTumetes, roca am “labirinTebSi” pirvelad xdeba “gzis

gakvleva”.

Sesrulebuli kvlevis safuZvelze aSkarad Cans dargSi

arsebuli problemebis warmomavloba, axsnilia arsebuli

procesebis mizezebi. TiToeuli sakiTxi vrclad aris ganxiluli,

rac saSualebas iZleva ama Tu im sakiTxs mieces zusti Sefaseba.

yovelive es qmnis alternatiuli meTodebis Camoyalibebis

SesaZleblobas. kerZod: eleqtroenergetikaSi axali simZlavreebis

aTvisebis xarjze xdeba deficitis aRmofxvra.

Tavisufali bazris principiT eleqtroenergiis yidva-

gayidvis meTodis danergva, administrirebis axali wesis SemoReba,

inJiner-teqnikuri personalis swavlebis axali wesis aTviseba da

dargis mxcovan muSakTa (Rirseuli) arasaxelmwifo sapensio fon-

dis Seqmna.

26

Tavi I. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis miRwevebi,

Catarebuli reformebi da Sedegebi

1.1. saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis

sawyisi etapebi

qristes Sobidan me-19 saukuneSi, mecnierebam miagno

eleqtroenergiis srulyofilad gamoyenebis saidumloebas. es iyo

movlena, ramac kacobriobis swrafi ganviTareba ganapiroba.

sxvagvarad mas teqnikur revoluciasac uwodeben.

sxvadasxvagvari socialuri, politikuri da teqnikuri

winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, eleqtroenergiis warmoeba da

gamoyeneba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic

swrafad vrceldeboda.

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis istoriis Seswavlis

Sedegad Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvlom da misma

gamoCenilma warmomadgenlebma ise, rogorc msoflios ganviTa-

rebulma qveynebma, me-19 saukuneSive aiTvises eleqtroenergiis

miReba. gansakuTrebiT swrafi tempiT Sendeboda mcire da saSualo

simZlavris hidroeleqtrosadgurebi. msxvili sawarmoebis

(rkinigza, rusTavis metalurgiuli da qimiuri qarxnebi, zesta-

fonis feroSenadnobTa qarxana da sxva) amuSavebis Sedegad

eleqtroenergiaze moTxovnileba kidev ufro gaizarda. dRis

wesrigSi dadga mZlavri Tboeleqtrosadgurebis (gardaban sresi,

tyvarCelsresi) da hidroeleqtrosadgurebis (enguri, varcixe)

aSeneba. yovelive aman qveyanas saSualeba misca daekmayofilebina

momxmarebeli. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saqarTvelos inJiner-

teqnikurma skolam TiTqmis damoukideblad aiTvisa proeqtireba,

mSenebloba, montaJ-gawyoba da mowyobiloba-danadgarebis eqsplu-

atacia. saqarTveloSi dainerga energetikis ganviTarebis kargi

tradicia, ramac xeli Seuwyo saxalxo meurneobis sxva dargebis

ganviTarebas. teqnikis ganviTarebam, romelic ZiriTadad

eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebaze iyo damokidebuli, gadamwyveti

roli iTamaSa, rogorc saerTo dovlaTis SeqmnaSi, aseve qveynis

biujetis gaZlierebaSi.

maRali Zabvis eleqtrogadacemis mSeneblobis ganviTareba Zabvebis

mixedviT 1 cxrili # 1.1.

rigi eleqtrogadacemis

xazis Zabva - kv

e.g.xazebis sigrZeebi km-Si wlebis mixedviT

1 1940w. 1950w. 1960w. 1970w. 1980w. 1990w.

2 500 - - - 250 379 575,9

27

3 330 - - - 21 21 21

4 220 - - 466 772 1156 1557

5 110 368 677 1219 2331 3144 4172

6 35 162 345 794 2051 2926 3331

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebisaTvis saqarTvelos energosistemis

generaciis jamuri simZlavre 4000 megavats, xolo saSualo

wliuri gamomuSaveba 14 miliard kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda.

mTliani moxmareba 19 miliard kilovatsaaTs Seadgenda, 1kvt.sT-is

Rirebuleba 2 cents ar aRemateboda. elenergiis warmoeba

saSualod erT sul mosaxleze 2600 kvt.sT-s, xolo moxmareba 3000

kvt.sT-s aRemateboda. energetikuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,

saqarTvelos mosaxleobisTvis aseTi monacemebi erT-erTi

warmatebuli miRweva iyo. Tavisi tradiciebidan gamomdinare

saqarTvelom SeZlo sakuTari ZalebiT ganeviTarebina dargi da

gaexada igi strategiuli daniSnulebisa. Seqmna myari sakadro,

samecniero, saswavlo, saproeqto, samSeneblo da saeqsploatacio

bazebi.

mcire energetikis ganviTareba saSualo da msxvili

eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobam Caanacvla. eleqtroenergiis

miReba qveynis masStabiT, TiToeuli ojaxisTvis xelmisawvdomi

gaxda. samrewvelo kompleqsis mzardi moTxovnileba iafi

eleqtroenergiis miwodebiT iqna uzrunvelyofili.

energetikis ganviTarebis mTavari Semoqmedi, adgilobrivi

inJiner-teqnikuri personali gaxda. dainerga tradicia, rac mudmiv

ganviTarebaze iyo orientirebuli.

saqarTvelo gaxda energetikuli qveyana. gansakuTrebiT

hidroenergetika ganviTarda, rac aixsneba im faqtiT, rom qveyanas

didi odenobiT gaaCnia ekologiurad sufTa da safrTxis naklebad

Semcveli eleqtroenergiis wyaro – hidroresursi.

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebisTvis saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikas mniSvnelovani warmatebebi hqonda. cxrilebi:

1.1; 1.2; 1.3; amis naTeli dasturia. aqve xazi unda gausvaT metad

arasaxarbielo faqts, kerZod, rogorc ki moiSala

saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis sistema, dargma da misma

administraciulma nawilma umtkivneulod ver uzrunvelyo marTvis

axal sistemaze gadasvla. 1993 wlidan daiwyo ukuprocesebi.

politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareoba ukiduresad

gauaresda. analogiurad eleqtroenergetikaSi, rogorc

simZlavreebi aseve eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba mkveTrad

Semcirda. grafikebze (#1.1 da #1.2) naCvenebia rogorc aRmasvlisa,

aseve krizisuli periodebi.

28

saqenergos balansze arsebuli eleqtrosadgurebis

CamonaTvali (1990 weli)

cxrili #1.2.

#

# eleqtrosadgureb

is dasaxeleba

agregatebis

raodenoba

dadgmuli

simZlavre

kvt.

muSa

simZlavre

kvt.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Tboeleqtrosadgurebi

1 1 Tbilsresis

gaerTianeba

(3X150+5X160+2X3

00)

1700000 410000

2 tyvarCelsresi (2X110) 220000 -

3 3 TbilTeci (3X6) 18000 7000

sul Tesebi: 1938000 417000

hidroeleqtrosadgurebi

4 1 engurhesi (5X260) 1300000 480000

vardnilhesebis kaskadi

5 1 vardnilhes I (3X70) 220000 120000

6 2 vardnilhes II (2X20,6) 40000 -

7 3 vardnilhes III (2X20,6) 40000 -

8 4 vardnilhes IV (2X20,6) 40000 -

kaskadi: 340000 120000

9 1 xramhesi I (3X38+1,07) 113450 103000

10 2 xramhesi II (2X56,5) 110000 105000

varcixehesis kaskadi

11 1 varcixehesi I (2X23,8) 46000 21000

12 2 varcixehesi II (2X23,8) 46000 21000

13 3 varcixehesi III (2X23,8) 46000 21000

14 4 varcixehesi IV (2X23,8) 46000 21000

kaskadi 184000 34000

15 1 Saori hesi (4X10) 38400 19200

29

16 1 tyibuli hesi (4X21) 80000 65000

17 2 RoreSa hesi 50 50

kaskadi 80050 80050

lajanurhesis kaskadi

18 1 lajanurhesi (3X38,6) 111840 24000

19 2 zvareThesi (2X0,109) 218 -

20 3 orbelhesi (2X0,24) 440 -

21 4 riceulahesi (2X0,24) 6056 -

kaskadi 118554 24000

22 1 rionhesi (4X12,5) 48000 17600

gumaThesis kaskadi

23 1 gumaThesi I (4X11,48) 44000 9800

24 2 gumaThesi II (3X7,95) 22800 10100

kaskadi 66800 19900

25 Jinvalhesi (4X33,5) 130000 65000

26 zahesi (4X3,312+2X15) 38400 22000

27 orTaWalhesi (3X6,3) 18000 8000

28 alazanhesi (2X1,6) 4800 1000

29 TeTrixevhesi (2X6,8) 13600 -

30 Satilhesi 528 100

afxazeTis el.qselebis hesebi

31 1 soxumhesi (3X6,3+1X0,09) 19053 -

32 2 jirxvahesi (2X1,13) 2100 -

33 3 durifShesi 1600 -

34 4 ricahesi I (3X0,328) 984 -

35 5 gagrahesi (1X0,8) 800 -

36 6 besleThesi (2X0,38) 368 -

30

37 7 fsxuhesi (2X0,025) 500 -

38 8 aJarahesi (1X0,191) 170 -

39 9 ricahesi II 295 -

jami: 25871 -

aWaris el.qselebis hesebi

40 1 awhesi (2X8,0) 16080

2 maWaxelahesi (2X0,715) 1430

41 3 kinkiSahesi (2X0,37) 740

42 jami: 18170

senakis el.qselebis hesebi

43 1 Cxorowyuhesi 5350

44 2 abaSahesi (1X0,65+2X0,56) 1754

jami 7104

45 yazbegihesi (2X0,14) 280

46 mestiahesi 100

47 qedahesi 84

48 beCohesi 84

49 aCihesi 1028

hesebis jami: 2657303

50 sadizelo

sadgurebi

5430

51 1 sionhesi 9140

52 2 tirifonhesi 3000

53 3 misaqcielhesi 2780

54 4 igoeThesi (2X0,885) 1765

31

55 5 xerTvishesi 294

56 6 kaxareThesi 2060

57 7 sacxenishesi 14000

58 8 CiTaxevhesi 2000

59 9 dmanishesi 400

60 10 daSbaShesi 1260

61 11 bJuJahesi 12240

jami: 67939

1 rusTavTeci 124000 35000

2 baTumis n.g.q. Teci 19050 4000

3 agaris S. q. Teci 2500 1500

4 quTaisis

avtoqarxnis Teci

5700 -

62 5 squrhesi 1032 500

63 6 meqvenahesi 150 -

64 7 kurzuhesi 250 -

65 8 baRnarhesi 376 -

bloksadgurebi 153058 41000

saqenergos jami: 4600733 1556850

saqarTvelos

respublikis

el.sadgurebis

jami:

4821730

1618690

maT Soris Tesebi:

hesebi 2094680

2727050

457500

1071350

cxrili #1.2. asaxavs 90-ani wlebis saqenergos balansze

arsebuli ZiriTadi eleqtrosadgurebis monacemebs (dasaxeleba,

agregatebis raodenoba, dadgmuli da muSa simZlavreebi, mocu-

lobebi), rac qveynis energetikis ganviTarebaze, konkurentunaria-

32

nobaze, saproeqto, samSeneblo da saeqsploatacio personalis

xarisxobriv zrdaze miuTiTebs.

amrigad, saqarTvelos erTiani energosistema sakmaod

efeqturad amuSavda. rac kidev erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom

saqarTvelo, energetikulad erT-erTi swrafad ganviTarebadi

qveyana gaxda. samecniero da saswavlo institutebma drois mcire

manZilze SeZles maRali kvalifikaciis mqone specialistebis

momzadeba. energetikuli obieqtebis eqsploatacia ZiriTadad

adgilobrivi kadrebiT xorcieldeboda. igegmeboda da Sendeboda

axali simZlavreebis aTviseba da eqspluataciaSi gaSveba.

saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis etapebi da eleqtroenergiis

gamomuSavebisa da moxmarebis dinamikaa

1887-1996 wlebSi.

cxrili #1.3.

rigi wlebi simZlavre (kvt)

gamomuSaveba mil.kvt.sT

moxmareba mil.kvt.sT

1 1887 10 0,018 0,017

2 1913 8125 0,24 23

3 1928 12472 32,9 32

4 1935 66472 340,8 360,5

5 1940 116400 620 568

6 1950 336240 1000 950

7 1955 520000 2010 2620

8 1960 952000 3702 3916

9 1965 1570000 6042 6173

10 1970 2015000 8899 8964

11 1975 2800000 11522 11550

12 1980 3870000 13935 13932

13 1985 4550000 14407 16742

14 1990 4430000 14250 17445

15 1991 4560000 12818,5 15610,2

16 1992 4561000 11075,9 12516,5

17 1993 4559000 9864,9 10837

33

18 1994 4522000 6856 7949

19 1995 4824000 6989 7469

20 1996 4824000 7146,4 7311

warmodgenili cxrilidan aSkarad Cans, rom 1993 wlidan

mkveTrad ecema eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba, rac finansebis

deficitiT, aucilebeli marag-nawilebis uqonlobiT, Zveli mow-

yobiloba-danadgarebis cveTiT, eleqtrosadgurebis mwyobridan

gamosvliT da saerTod, energetikis dargisadmi araswori mid-

gomiT aixsneba. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo, warmoebuli da

realizebuli elenergiis aRricxvis mouwesrigebloba, mom-

xmarebelze miwodebuli elenergiis anazRaurebis dabali done da

jamSi Tavisufali bazris uqonloba.YTumca mTavari da mTavari

mainc saxelmwifo politikis mxridan dargis ganviTarebisadmi

araswori midgoma saxeldeba. uSualod administraciulma

struqturebma ver uzrunveyves, miRweuli Sedegebis SenarCuneba da

kvlav ganviTareba. sazogadoebis mxridan ara sakmarisi

informireba sababi gaxda iseTi eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobis

SeCerebisa, rogoric xudonhesi da namaxvan hesebia. maTi saproeqto

simZlavre 1200 megavats aRemateboda.Y

am periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisadmi sazogadoebis

damokidebuleba imdenad uaryofiTi iyo, rom wyalsacaviani

sadgurebis mSenebloba dResac protests iwvevs. mavani da mavani

kvlav axerxebs, sazogadoebis darwmunebas, rom hidroeleqtrosad-

gurebis mSenebloba katastrofaa. yvelaferTan erTad yovelive

amaSi TviT energetikosebis “siCumis” wvlilicaa.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare Tamamad SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebam

(vidre sistema dairRveoda, 1993 wlamde) uwyveti xasiaTi miiRo.

momxmareblebi Rebulobdnen Zalian iaf eleqtroenergias (saS. 2

centi). aRizarda maRali kvalifikaciis mqone inJiner-teqnikuri

personali, romelTac damoukideblad SeZles axali simZlavreebis

aTviseba da eqsploatacia.

34

simZlavris grafiki 1.1. (nax. 1.1)

simZlavre

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

4826_

4430_

_

38700-

2015,0-

_ .

952,0- .

_

552,0_

_

336,2 .

_

116,4-

_

66,4 _

_

_

12,4_

8,1_ .

10_

1887 1913 1928+35+40+50+55+66 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

DADDA

Ddadgmuli

simZlavre

moqmedi

simZlavre

1887-2010 wlebis mixedviT saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis dadgmuli da

moqmedi simZlavreebis gamoyenebis maCveneblebi aSkarad miuTiTebs 1993

wlidan dawyebul mwvave kriziss, romelic bolo 17 wlis ganmavlobaSi

grZeldeba.

35

gamomuSavebis grafiki 1.2. (nax. 1.2.)

saqarTvelos eleqtrosadgurebis gamomuSaveba 1987-2010 wlebis

monacemebis mixedviT.

1935 2010ww 2005 1980 1975 1970 1987 1995 1990 1985 1965 1960 1950 1955

11000

10000

9000

6000

5000

4000

15000

14000

13000

12000

8000

7000

3000

2500

1000

500

gamomuSaveba

mil/kvt.sT

36

1.2. gardaqmnebis mokle mimoxilva

oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc erTiani

saxelmwifos daSlis Sedegad, saqarTvelos energosistema ruseTis

erTian energosistemas gamoeyo da damoukideblad daiwyo muSaoba.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos energosistemis mTeli

infrastruqtura, erTian energosistemaze, anu ruseTze iyo

damokidebuli, daSlis Sedegad gaCnda uamravi sirTule, maT

Soris: im-portirebuli sawvavis (gazis da mazuTis) deficiti;

marag-nawilebiT momarageba; elenergiis ukmarisoba; sabalanso

reJimebis SenarCuneba da sxva. yovelive amas daemata dargis

SigniT arsebuli gadauwyveteli sakiTxebi: aRricxvis mowesrigeba;

eleqtroenergiis deficiti; miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis

anazRaurebis dabali done; dargSi momuSave inJier-teqnikuri

personalis didi odenobiT saxelfaso davalianeba da sxva.

movlenebi ise warimarTa, rom dRis wesrigSi dadga

konkretuli reformebis Catarebis aucilebloba. bunebrivad

arsebuli monopolisti “saqenergo” daiSala.

1993 wlidan (erTiani sabWoTa energosistemis daSlis

Sedegad) qveynis energetikul dargSi ganviTarebulma krizisulma

movlenebma, sruliad axali amocanebis gadawyveta moiTxova, maT

Soris aucilebeli gaxda:

- saxelmwifo sakuTrebis etapobrivi likvidacia; sakuTrebis

gansxvavebuli formebis damkvidreba; konkurentuli garemos

Seqmna da investiciebis mozidva;

- mizandasaxuli saxelmwifo politikis gatareba, dargSi

regulirebis funqciisa da sameurneo saqmianobis gamijvna;

- energetikuli resursebis warmoebis efeqturobis amaRleba,

maTi miwodebis gaumjobeseba da ekonomikis ganviTarebis mizniT

energodeficitis Semcireba, komunaluri momsaxurebis gaum-

jobeseba;

- energetikuli kompaniebis menejmentis donis gaumjobeseba,

safinanso sistemis optimaluri marTva da safinanso dis-

ciplinis mkacri dacva.

rogorc praqtikam dagvanaxa, vertikalurad integrirebulma

saxelmwifo energetikulma struqturebma (eleqtroenergetikaSi –

“saqenergo”, xolo bunebrivi gaziT momaragebis seqtorSi –

“saqgazi”) ver gaarTves Tavi dakisrebul valdebulebebs (rac

struqturebis SenarCunebaSi, energetikuli simZlavreebis gaZlie-

rebaSi, momxmareblebis mudmivi elenergiiT uzrunvelyofaSi da

finansur stabilurobaSi mdgomareobda). amdenad, erovnuli ekono-

mikis sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT aRniS-

37

nuli mizezebi energetikul kompleqsSi restruqturizaciis

Catarebis sababi gaxda.

eleqtroenergetikaSi restruqturizacias safuZveli daudo

saqarTvelos prezidentis 1996 wlis 4 ivlisis #437 brZanebulebam,

“eleqtroenergetikuli seqtoris restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb”. am

brZanebulebis Sesabamisad saxelmwifo kompania “saqenergo” daiyo

3 damoukidebel kompaniad: 1) “saqenergogeneraciad” (eleqtroener-

giis warmoeba), 2) “saqeleqtrogadacemad” (eleqtroenergiis

gadacema maRali Zabvis qselebiT), 3) saqenergodispetCerizaciad

(ro-melsac miuxedavad sakuTrebis formisa, rogorc adgilobriv

warmoebuli, aseve import-eqsportis miRebas, gadacemas da

ganawilebas dRemde kurirebs); maRali Zabvis 500kv.e.g.xazis marTva

“saqrusener-gos” xelSi gadavida, romlis aqtivebis 50% ruseTs

gadaeca. rac Seexeba gamanawilebel energokompaniebs (eleqtro-

energiis ganawileba), isini mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT jer kidev

1995 wlis ianvarSi gadavidnen municipalur mmarTvelobaSi.

generaciisa da ganawilebis qveseqtorebSi dafuZnebul iqna

saaqcio da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebi.. mogvi-

anebiT cvlilebebi Seexo bunebrivi gazis seqtorsac.

amrigad, energetikul kompleqsSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis

Sedegad Camoyalibda horizontaluri, damoukidebeli struq-

turebi: eleqtroenergetikaSi – generacia, gadacema-dispetCeri-

zacia, ganawileba; bunebriv gazSi – miwodeba, transportireba,

ganawileba; amasTan erTad Seiqmna, saTbob-energetikis saministro,

romelsac daevala dargSi saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba da

misi ganxorcielebis koordinacia, mesakuTris funqcia daekisra

saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministros, operatiul-sameurneo

saqmianobis warmarTva ki Tavad energetikul sawarmoebs. am

gardaqmnebiT momzadda myari safuZveli energetikuli sawarmoebis

gansaxelmwifoebisaTvis (e.w. privatizaciisaTvis). am reformaTa

“gariJraJze” saqarTvelos energetikaSi gardaqmnaTa procesis

umniSvnelovanes etapad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1997 wels miRebuli

gadawyvetileba eleqtroenergetikaSi damoukidebeli maregulire-

beli komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

kanonma “eleqtroenergetikis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos eleqtro-

energetikis maregulirebel erovnul komisias (semeks) Tavidanve

mianiWa maRali xarisxis damoukidebloba. kerZod, komisia gaxda

mudmivmoqmedi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri, romelic

kanonis ZaliT Tavis saqmianobaSi ar dauqvemdebares arc erT sxva

saxelmwifo uwyebasa da organizacias. komisia Tavisi kompetenciis

farglebSi gamoscemda dadgenilebebs, romlebic warmoadgenda

normatiul aqtebs.

38

1999 wlis aprilSi “eleqtroenergetikis Sesaxeb” kanonSi

Sevida cvlilebebi da damatebebi. mas ewoda kanoni “eleqtro-

energetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb”. [2 kanonSi faqtobrivad dafiqsirebulia xelisuflebis politikuri neba bunebrivi

monopoliis niSnis matarebeli dargis damoukidebeli reguli-

rebis Sesaxeb. masSi ganisazRvra urTierToba energetikis

struqturul erTeulebs Soris. Seiqmna samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi

dargSi sabazro urTierTobebis danergvisaTvis, investiciebis

mozidvisaTvis, eleqtroenergiisa da bunebrivi gazis konkretuli

bazris CamoyalibebisaTvis da sxv. kanonma dasabami misca fizikuri

da iuridiuli pirebis saqmianobis mowesrigebas eleqtroenergiis

warmoebis, gadacemis, dispetCerizaciis, ganawilebisa da

moxmarebis, agreTve bunebrivi gazis miwodebis, transportirebisa

da ganawilebis sferoebSi da saboloo jamSi (rogorc qarTveli

da ucxoeli eqspertebi amtkicebdnen) saqarTvelos energetikis

ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas sabazro ekonomikis principebis

Sesabamisad.

axali kanonis mixedviT, komisias ewoda saqarTvelos

energetikis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisia (semek). mas mieniWa

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis seqtorSi

licenziebis gacemisa da tarifebis regulirebis ufleba. mniSvne-

lovnad Seicvala da gafarTovda komisiis funqciebi. misi ufleba-

movaleobebi eleqtroenergetikis garda, gavrcelda bunebrivi

gazis seqtorzec. kerZod, saqarTvelos energetikis mareguli-

rebeli erovnul komisias Semdegi ZiriTadi Ffunqciebi mieniWa:

- eleqtroenergiisa (simZlavris) da bunebrivi gazis sabiTumo

da sacalo tarifebis dadgena da regulireba;

- eqspluataciaSi Sesul eleqtroenergetikul obieqtebze da

bunebrivi gazis seqtorSi licenziebis gacema, ganaxleba,

SeCereba da gauqmeba;

- eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis seqtorTan dakavSi-

rebuli sadao sakiTxebis ganxilva da gadawyveta;

- konkurenciis xelSewyoba eleqtroenergetikul da bunebrivi

gazis seqtorSi, energiis mwarmoebelTa, mimwodebelTa da

momxmarebelTa interesebis dabalanseba;

- eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazris saqmianobis zedam-

xedveloba;

- energetikul seqtorSi serTifikaciis samuSaoTa organizeba

da koordinacia;

eleqtroenergiis importisa da eqsportis regulireba (iuri-

diuli da marTvis meqanizmis Seqmna). [3 sajaroobisa da Tanasworobis safuZvelze semekma unda

ganaxorcielos energetikis regulirebis ZiriTadi principebi,

39

eleqtroenergiis warmoebis, gadacemis, dispetCerizaciisa da

ganawilebis, agreTve bunebrivi gazis subieqtebisa da

momxmareblebis mimarT da am mizniT Seqmnas dargis regulirebis

normatiuli da samarTlebrivi baza. manve xeli unda Seuwyos

bunebrivi gazis miwodeba-transportirebisa da ganawilebisa da

moxmarebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas, anda uzrunvelyos

konkurenciis ganviTareba saqarTvelos energetikul bazarze.

rogorc Cans “semeks” sakmaod didi uflebebi da valde-

bulebebi daekisra, faqtiurad es organizacia, energetikis

ganviTarebis masStabiT, gaxda mTavari “arbitri” rgoli. rogor

Seasrula Tavisi movaleoba, gaamarTla Tu ara am organizaciam

Tavisi funqcia, amis Sefasebas gavakeTebT Catarebuli reformebis

mixedviT.

saqarTveloSi rogorc aRvniSneT, semekis Camoyalibeba da

moqmed struqturad gardaqmna erT-erT mTavari reforma iyo,

romelic dasavleTis qveynebis, kerZod amerikisa da evropis

energetikaze momuSave organizaciebis gavlenis Sedegad moxda.

amerikuli da evropuli organizaciebi da bankebi (“USAID”,

“IBERDROLA”, “msoflio banki”, “KFW banki” da sxva) saqarTvelos

ZiriTadad energetikuli programebis momzadebaSi da dafina-

nsebaSi exmarebodnen; qveynis erTiani energetikuli sistema,

romelic “vertikalur” struqturas warmoadgenda, privatizebis

Sedegad, rogorc ityvian, “martiv mamravlebad” daiSala.

generaciis sadgurebi (rogorc hidro, aseve Tbosadgurebi) da

110,35,10,6,04 kilovoltis gamanawilebeli qselebis 90% kerZo

mesakuTreebis xelSi gadavida. Tbilisis gamanawilebeli qselis

pirveli msxvili myidveli jer amerikuli (“AES Telasi”), xolo

Semdeg rusuli (РАО "ЕЭС России" Svilobili kompania “ss

“Telasi”) kompaniebi gaxdnen, romelTac Tbilisis gamanawilebel

qselTan erTad, generaciis obieqtebic, Tbilsresis me-9, me-10

blokebi da xrami I da II hidrosadgurebi (25 wliani xelSe-

krulebiT) SeiZines. danarCeni raionuli daqvemdebarebis ZiriTadi

qselebi (kaxeTis garda) gaerTianebul sadistribucio kompanias

gadaeca, romelic Semdgom Cexur-rusulma kompaniam ss “ener-

goprojorjiam” SeiZina. garda amisa saqarTvelos energetikul

struqturas, kidev axali moTamaSe Seemata eleqtrosabiTumo

bazris saxiT, romelic qarTul-espanur-inglisur organizaciaTa

najvars warmoadgenda.

“AES Telasis” (ss“Telasis”) da ss “energoprojorjias”

funqcias rogorc eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, aseve ganawileba

warmoadgenda, xolo sabiTumo bazari mTlianobaSi warmoebuli

eleqtroenergiis gayidvas da fulad Semosavlebs akontrolebda.

maRali Zabvis eleqtrogadacemis xazebi da qvesadgurebi,

40

centraluri sadispetCero rgoliT, 100%-iani saxelmwifo

wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmos ss “saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis” daqvemdebarebaSia. wlebis ganmav-

lobaSi energetikul organizaciebs Soris ar arsebobda myari

sakontraqto sistema. Eeleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis Sedegad

miRebul fulad Semosavlebs eleqtrosabiTumo bazari mxolod

nawilobriv anazRaurebda, romelic imdenad gaugebari sistema iyo,

rom Tavisi arsebobis periodSi (1999 – 2007) energetikuli

organizaciebis mimarT miliardnaxevar larze meti davalianeba

daagrova, ris Sedegadac sawarmoebma, kompaniebma da uSualod

energetikosebma didi zarali naxes. rom ara bazrisadmi

xelisuflebis mxardaWera, igi amden xans ver iarsebebda.

eleqtroenergiis Rirebulebis aranazRaurebis Sedegad, anu ufi-

nansobiT mwyobridan gamovida sawarmoebis mowyobiloba-danad-

garebi, sxvadasxva energetikuli organizaciebisadmi, struqtu-

rebisadmi (rogorc kerZo, asev saxelmwifo) dagrovda didi

fuladi davalianebebi.

1.3. privatizaciis Sedegebi “Telasis” magaliTze

rogorc kvlevam aCvena, 1994-2000 wlebSi xelovnurad, Tu

Seugneblad mimdinareobda energetikuli sawarmoebis: generaciis

sadgurebis, saqselo sawarmoebis, dispetCerizaciis da gadam-

yidveli organizaciebis finansuri gakotreba, rasac avtomaturad

mosdevda mowyobiloba-danadgarebis mwyobridan gamosvla.

yvelafer amas Tan axlda (gansakuTrebiT dabali 35/10/0,4

kilovoltis qselebSi, romlebic sadistribucio kompaniebs

ekuTvnodaT) avariebis simravle da energiis deficiti. Sedegebi

iyo umZimesi: Camqrali ubnebi, soflebi da xSirad mTeli

qalaqebic ki.

uflebamosili saxelisuflebo struqturebi da sadistribucio

kompaniebis xelmZRvanelebi gadamWrel RonisZiebebs ar atarebdnen.

calkeul distributorebs, romlebic abonentebidan fuls xelze

krefdnen, SeeZloT Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gaenawilebinaT Semo-

savlebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRricxvis mosawesrigeblad fuli,

rogorc qarTuli energetikidan, aseve donori organizaciebidan,

ara erTxel iqna gamoyofili, gamanawilebeli kompaniebis

xelmZRvanelebma ar Seasrules micemuli piroba da ar

moawesriges aRricxva. gamoyofili fulis raRac nawili moxmarda

mricxvelebis SeZena-damontaJebas, magram ZiriTadi Tanxebi,

rogorc Cans “gverdze” gavida. amdenad abonentebsa da

distributorebs Soris mudmivi dava Cveulebrivi wesi gaxda, rac

umetes SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebis wagebiT mTavrdeboda (abonenti

41

rac ar unda marTali yofiliyo, iZulebuli iyo daTmobaze

wasuliyo, sxva SemTxvevaSi dens gauTiSavdnen da vidre jarimas

ar gadaixdida ar CaurTavdnen). gadamyidvel kompaniebs, romlebic

mTel saqarTveloSi mravlad dafuZndnen, generaciis

eleqtrosadgurebisa da gadacema-dispetCerizaciis mimarT did-

Zali valebi daugrovdaT. avariebis Sedegad miyenebuli zarali

dRiTi-dRe izrdeboda. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos,

energetikis saministro da xelisuflebis sxva ganayofebi

yovelive amas “olimpiuri” simSvidiT uyurebdnen. momxmarebelma

da saerTod sazogadoebam ar icoda, ra momavali eloda.

yvelafer amas Tan daerTo, mosaxleobis umuSevrobis Sedegad

gaRaribeba, el. energiis ZiriTadi momxmarebeli gadaxdis uunaro

gaxda.

q. Tbilisis gamanawilebeli qseli – ss “Telasi”, Tavis droze

erT-erT mowesrigebul saqselo sawarmod iTvleboda. momxma-

rebelTa 90% saaRricxvo uzrunvelyofa hqonda; saqenergos

realizaciis sammarTvelos monacemebiT, miwodebuli elenergiis

safasuris amoReba am sawarmoSi 80%-s aRemateboda. rogorc ki

Telasis marTva merias gadaeca, miwodebuli elenergiis

anazRaureba minimumamde Semcirda; ris Sedegadac saxelmwifo

Semosavlebmac sagrZnoblad iklo, xolo energetikosTa saxel-

faso davalianeba gaizarda. Telass vali hqonda, rogorc

eleqtrosadgurebis aseve eleqtrogadacemis da dispetCerizaciis.

Ffinansurad moSlilma organizaciam, verc sareabilitacio da

verc saremonto samuSaoebi ver Seasrula. aRricxva TiTqmis ar

funqcionirebda. momxmarebeli ukontrolod xarjavda eleqtro-

energias, gadatvirTvis Sedegad qselis mowyobiloba-danadgarebi

da sakabelo xazebi mwyobridan gamodioda. samuSao disciplina

TiTqmis moiSala. yvelaferma aman momxmarebelTa (gansakuTrebiT

mosaxleobis) ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. mTavrobam gamosavali

Telasis aqciebis 75% gayidvaSi ipova. analogiurad sxva, raio-

nuli Tu regionaluri masStabiT Seqmnili, gamanawilebeli da

gadamyidveli organizaciebi jer finansurad gakotrdnen da

Semdgom iolad daTanxmdnen TviTlikvidacias.OTumca manamde am

organizaciebs, energetikuli organizaciebis mimarT, milionobiT

laris davalianeba gaaCndaT. qarTul bazarze Semovida amerikuli

kompania, romelsac daerqva “AES Telasi”.

“AES Telasma”, romelsac ganviTarebad qveynebSi distribuciis

warmoebis sakmaod didi gamocdileba hqonda, sakmaod kargad

isargebla qarTuli mxaris gamoucdelobiT (Tu Segnebulad

“Tvalis daxuWviT”) da miaRwia misTvis misaReb pirobebze xelis

moweras.

42

samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos (Tumca isev Tavisi

sargeblis mopovebis mizniT), rom Telasma SemosvlisTanave

mTavari yuradReba aRricxvis mowesrigebas da 6/10/0,4 kilovolti

qselebis da qvesadgurebis aRdgenas miaqcia, Tumca yovelive amaSi,

is Tanxa ar dauxarjavs, rac semekis angariSSi aqvs naCvenebi. misi

mtkicebiT 2000 wels ganaxorciela Warbi investiciebi, rac,

rogorc aRvniSneT tarifis momatebis erT-erTi mTavari faqtoria.

danarTSi is amtkicebs, rom 2000 wlis Warbi investicia 97.580.892

milion dolars Seadgens, anu man es samuSao Seasrula. martivad

ismeba kiTxva, ra Rirda mTlianad Tbilisis qseli, anu sul

Tavidan rom daemontaJebina, ra Tanxa daujdeboda? (Sedare-

bisaTvis arsebuli “Telasis” safondo Rirebuleba saSualod

80 mili-on maneTs Seadgenda). [4

semekis mimarT wardgenili weriliT irkveva “AES Telasi”-is

2000 wlis monacemebiT ganxorcielebuli Warbi investiciebis

raodenoba. ix. cxrili #2.1. (Tumca es cifrebi dRemde sadaoa)

aSS dolari

sawyisi naSTi

damatebuli Semdeg punqtebSi Ggadmoricxuli Tanxa:

mux. 1.4.1 : garedan moziduli Tanxa 40.000.000 $ mux. 1.4.2 : korporacia “AES”-is Tanxa 71.000.000 $ “AES TelasisaTvis” gadmoricxuli mTliani Tanxas

gamoklebuli saboloo naSTi 4.532.842 $ saqmianobaze daxarjuli Tanxa 109.480.892 $

“AES Telasis” mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom man 90 milion

dolarze meti investicia Cado, logikaSi ar jdeba. rogorc

aRvniSneT, s.s. Telasi vidre gaiyideboda, mTeli Tavisi safondo

RirebulebiT 80 mil. maneTs ar aRemateboda, xolo centraluri

qselebis ZiriTadi fondebi, romlis garkveuli wilis mesakuTre

aseve “AES Telasi” gaxda, saSualod 100 milioni maneTiT

ganisazRvreboda. (ix. cxrili #1.4.)

cxrili #1.4.

weli Rirebuleba (aTasi maneTi)

1985 72 441,9

1986 86 168,1

1987 86770

1990 103 951,9

43

Tavisi pretenziebi, „AES Telasma“ miuxedavad semek-is

garkveuli winaaRmdegobisa, (mTavrobis mxardaWeriT) mainc gaitana.

gansakuTrebiT tarifis gazrdaSi miaRwia misTvis sasurvel

Sedegs. SedarebisaTvis, generaciis eleqtrosadgurebze gamomu-

Savebuli da eleqtrosistemis mier Tbilisamde “Camotanili”

1kvt/sT-is saSualo Sewonili tarifis Rirebuleba (Tbosadgurebis

mier gamomuSavebuli Zviri el. energiis gaTvaliswinebiT da sesb-

is interesebis CaTvliT, 4,5 TeTrs Seadgenda, “AES TelasisTvis”

am dros semek-is mier dadgenili iyo Semdegi satarifo sistema:

(2000 wlis 1 agvistos mdgomareobiT). ix. cxrili #1.5

cxrili #1.5.

momxmarebeli Zabvebis mixedviT

ssb-is dRg-is gareSe

gamanawilebeli kompaniis “ei-i-es Telasis” tarifi dRg-s

gareSe

samomxmareblo tarifi

dRg-s gareSe

dRg-s CaTvliT

0,4kv 4,57 3,6 8,17 9,8 6-10kv 4,57 2,59 7,16 8,6 35-110kv 4,57 1,28 5,85 7,0

rogorc Semdgomma movlenebma aCvena, warmodgenili satarifo

sistema kvlav Seicvala gamanawilebeli kompaniebis sasargeblod,

xolo saxelmwifo generaciis sadgurebsa da eleqtrosistemas,

piriqiT, tarifi SeumcirdaT. aSkarad Cans, rom tarifis dadgenis

dros saerTaSoriso gamocdileba ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli,

sabolood momxmarebeli umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.

imis gamo, rom “AES Telass” misi winamorbedis valebis

gadaxda ar ekisreboda, analogiurad masac ar unda amoeRo

mosaxleobis Zveli davalianebebi, rac ar Sesrulda. mosaxleoba

aqac uZluri aRmoCnda, ufro metic, sazogadoebrivma orga-

nizaciebma da mosaxleobam miuxedavad mravalwliani brZolisa,

mainc ver miaRwies SeTanxmebas, gaformebuliyo xelSekruleba

“AES Telassa” da abonentebs Soris. (rasac semeki yvelanairad

eTanxmeboda) “AES Telasma” icoda, rom xSiri avariebisa da

uxarisxo denis miwodebis mizeziT, momxmareblebs xSirad ewve-

bodaT xelsawyo-danadgarebi, razedac pasuxismgeblobis aReba ar

undoda.

am droisTvis Tbilisis moxmareba, saSualod yovelTviurad,

200 250 milion kilovatsaaTs, xolo wliuri moxmareba 2,5 3,7

miliard kilovatsaaTs Seadgenda.

mwarmoeblis (el. sistemisa da hidrogeneraciis sadgurebis)

jamuri tarifis saSualo sidide 2,5 TeTrs ar aRemateboda, xolo

gasayidi samomxmareblo tarifi (rogorc zemoT vaCveneT) 7-dan 9,8

44

TeTramde gaizarda. ZiriTadi momxmarebeli – mosaxleoba, 0,4

kilovoltidan iRebda Zabvas, anu misi gadasaxdeli saboloo

tarifi 9,8 TeTrs Seadgenda (SeniSvna dRevandeli tarifiT, es

cifri 13-dan 17 TeTramdea gazrdili). [5 angariSi amtkicebs rom, realur sabazro pirobebSi, es cifri sul mcire 7 TeTramde

Semcirdeboda, anu mocemul SemTxvevaSi ekonomia 1kvt.sT-ze 2,8

TeTrs Seadgens, rac wliuri maCveneblis mixedviT q. Tbilisis

mosaxleobis mimarT 84 milioni laris ekonomias niSnavs (semek-is

mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom Tbosadgurebze gamomuSavebuli

energia sawvavis gamo hidrosTan SedarebiT maRali unda iyos,

simarTlea, magram ara imdenad, da ara mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi,

rogorc es tarifSia Cadebuli). rac Seexeba analogiurad

respublikis masStabiT moxmarebuli elenergiis gayidvis Sedegad

momxmareblebisTvis miyenebuli wliur zarals, saSualod 210

milion lars aRemateba. rogorc vxedavT, arcTu patara Tanxaa.

1.4. eleqtroenergiis gamanawilebeli kompania

“PA-consulting”-is muSaobis Sedegebi

saqarTvelos energosistemis distribuciis qselSi, saqar-

Tvelos gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis bazaze, (SemdegSi

sgs) marTvis uflebiT 2003 wlis maisidan (mTavrobasTan dadebuli

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze), Semovida amerikuli kompania “PA-consulting”. saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompania

(SemdgomSi sgs) am droisaTvis eleqtroenergias yidda Semdeg

momxmareblebze:

Sida da qvemo qarTlis, mcxeTa mTianeTis, samcxe-javaxeTis,

imereTis, guriis, samegrelos, raWa-leCxumis da svaneTis rai-

onebze. kompaniis finansuri mdgomareoba umZimesi iyo.

kreditoruli davalianeba aTeul milions aWarbebda. sgs siste-

matiurad ar uxdida generaciis sadgurebsa da eleqtrosistemas

mowodebuli el. energiis safasurs. ar hqonda mowesrigebuli

aRricxvis sistema. xSiri iyo calkeuli momxmareblebisa da

zogjer mTeli regionis gamorTva. momxmarebelTa ukmayofilebam

piks miaRwia, mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda marTvaSi Semoeyvana

ucxouri kompania, romelic gaaumjobesebda zemoT CamoTvlil

naklovanebebs.

“PA-consulting”-ma muSaoba sufTa buRalteriiT daiwyo.

saqarTvelos mTavrobam da donorma saerTaSoriso organizaciebma,

didi daxmareba gauwies, rogorc finansurad, aseve uflebebis

mxriv. “PA-consulting”-s saqarTvelos energetikaSi muSaobis gamo-

cdileba ukve hqonda. igi wlebis ganmavlobaSi USAID-is warmo-

madgeneli iyo saqarTveloSi. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom sgs-s

45

davalianebebze pasuxismgebloba arc marTvaSi Semosulma kompaniam

da arc sxva vinmem (Tundac saxelmwifom) ar aiRo. es niSnavda, rom

vinc cudad imuSava, vinc kanoni daarRvia, vinc fuli moipara,

yvelas yvelaferi SerCa. es ki mavne tradiciis dakanonebas

niSnavda, risi uflebac namdvilad ar unda mieca makontrolebel

organos. samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi tradicia mTel

sadistribucio qselSi dainerga, miuxedavad imisa, kerZo

struqtura iyo Tu saxelmwifo. sailustraciod mogvyavs msxvil

gadamxdelTa inspeqciis mier Catarebuli kvleva energetikuli

organizaciebis rogorc savaldebulo gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis,

kerZod “PA-consulting”-is moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. citata: “Cven

monitorings vuwevT msxvil gadamxdelTa inspeqciaSi regis-

trirebul sawarmoTa sagadasaxado valdebulebebis Sesrulebis

dones. amas garda, calke vaanalizebT msxvil gadamxdelTa

inspeqciaSi registrirebuli energetikis dargis 17 sawarmos

gadaxdis maCvenebels. energetikis dargis sawarmoebs, romlebic

ewevian eleqtroenergiis warmoebas da distribucias saqar-

TveloSi. msxvil gadamxdelTa inspeqciaSi 17 aseTi sawarmoa

registrirebuli. bolo 5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi 14-15 aseT sawarmos

hqonda didi odenobis sagadasaxado davalianeba. didi

davalianebis mqone xuTi sawarmo arsebobs gazis seqtorSi. isinic

zustad iseve iqcevian, rogorc energetikis dargis sawarmoebi.

sagadasaxado valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis rogori

suraTia msxvil gadamxdelTa inspeqciaSi registrirebul energe-

tikis dargis sawarmoebSi? 2003 wlis ianvarSi energetikis dargis

sagadasaxado davalianeba 132.326.755 lars Seadgenda, 2003 wlis 31

maisisaTvis ki 261.052.417 lars. 16 TveSi davalianeba 97%-iT

gaizarda... es mxolod aRiarebul vals exeba. Tu gaviTva-

liswinebT, rom am sawarmoebSi ar Catarebula mniSvnelovani

sagadasaxado auditi, aravin icis ramdenia faqtiurad gadasax-

deli Tanxa.

samwuxarod, sagadasaxado departaments mouwodeben ar ga-

ataros iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi, sagadasaxado davalianebis mqone

energetikis dargis gadamxdelebis mimarT. saTanado nebarTvis

SemTxvevaSi isini mzad arian da survili aqvT gaataron iZulebiTi

RonisZiebebi am kompaniebis mimarT. sagadasaxado departaments ar

rTaven moqmedebis nebarTvas, ris gamoc 2004 w. 1 ianvridan msxvil

gadamxdelTa inspeqciaSi registrirebuli energetikis dargis

sawarmoebis davalianeba 55 milioni lariT gaizarda.” 6 warmodgenili masala naTel suraTs iZleva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra

qaosuri mdgomareoba iyo am periodSi qarTul energetikaSi,

kerZod, finansur nawilSi. winamdebare analizis bazaze SesaZ-

lebelia gakeTdes Semdegi daskvnebi:

46

1. 2000-2006 wlebSi kvlav grZeldeba eleqtroenergiis dataceba.

gamanawilebeli kompaniebi nawilobriv, an sistematurad ar

ixdian miRebuli elenergiis safasurs;

2. ar aris mowesrigebuli saaRricxvo sistema;

3. ar muSaobs saxelSekrulebo sistema;

4. kanoni energetikis Sesaxeb mudmivad irRveva;

amrigad, zemoT moyvanili faqtebidan da aseve sxva gadamyid-

veli kompaniebis (“iberdrola”, “gaerTianebuli sadistribucio

kompania”, “PA Consulting” da “energoprojorjias”) masalebis Seswa-

vlidan gamomdinare, saxezea saqarTvelos biujetisadmi da elene-

rgiis momxmareblebisadmi (mewarmeebis, mosaxleobis da maT Soris

Tbilisis mosaxleobis) miyenebuli did masStabiani zarali.

warmodgenili dokumenturi masalis ganxilva saWirod miviC-

nieT im faqtebis dasadastureblad, rasac adgili hqonda,

energetikuli obieqtebis gasxvisebis dros da reformebis

Catarebis procesSi. yovelive amis safuZvelze TvalnaTliv Cans,

rom aucilebelia saqarTvelos energosistemaSi marTvis axali

sistemebis danergva, rac, pirvel rigSi, samarTlian sabazro

principebze gadasvlas niSnavs.

1.5.saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazris Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove energetikaSi, eleqtroenergiis warmoeba,

gadacema, dispetCerizacia da ganawileba, did finansur xarjebTan

aris dakavSirebuli. Tu miwodebuli elenergiis drouli

anazRaureba ar xdeba, kvlavwarmoebis procesi iSleba. sabWoTa

periodSi, elenergiis mwarmoebeli, gadamcemi, dispetCeri da

realizatoric erTi da igive (saxelmwifo) organizaciaSi iyo

(Cvens SemTxvevaSi saqenergoSi) gaerTianebuli.

2001 wlis 9 agvistodan funqcionireba daiwyo ganaxlebulma

eleqtrosabiTumo bazarma, romlis operators (mmarTvels)

espanuri kompania “Iberdola Ingeneieria Consultoria” warmoadgenda

SemoklebiT `sesbi~. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad es kompania iRebda

valdebulebas, rom misi muSaobis me-4 wlisTvis, eleqtroenergiis

realizebis Sedegad, daricxuli Tanxebis amoRebis maCvenebels

85%-mde gazr-dida. am mizniT saerTaSoriso donori organi-

zaciebis mier gamoyofili iqna e.w. “bazris mxardamWeri proeqtis”

araerTi finansuri daxmareba. am proeqtSi Sedioda sabiTumo

bazris (sesbis) ofisebis mowyoba, dabali gamanawilebel qselebSi

da uSualod abonentebTan mimarTebaSi aRricxvis mowesrigeba,

eleqtrosistemaSi sareabilitacio samuSaoebis Sesruleba da a.S.

47

ise daamTavra moRvaweoba am organizaciam, rom nakisri

valdebulebebi ar Seusrulebia (amoRebis maCvenebeli 28,5%-s ar

aRemateboda). samagierod, saerTo finansurma davalianebam 1,5

miliard lars gadaaWarba (romlis bedi dRemde ucnobia).

bunebrivia, gaCnda mravali kiTxva, razedac jer kidev pasuxi

aravis gaucia, kerZod: ram gamoiwvia sesb-Si valebis dagroveba?

sistemuri da struqturuli Secdomebi iyo daSvebuli, Tu adgili

hqonda korufcias? ris safuZvelze iqna ganpirobebuli

komerciuli operatoris Seqmna da ra Sedegebi iqna miRebuli? am

da sxva kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa ramodenime

mniSvnelovani detalis ganxilva.

energetikuli organizaciebi, (generacia, gadacema-dispeCeriza-

cia, ganawilebis kompaniebi da a.S.) bazris wesebis Tanaxmad, auci-

leblad bazris wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen. bazris administraciis

nebarTvis gareSe, eleqtroenergias verc awarmoebdi, verc iyiddi

da verc gayiddi. bazris wevroba gaiZulebda mxolod da mxolod

misi “TamaSis wesebiT” gemoqmeda. generaciis sadgurebi da

eleqtrosistema, valdebuli iyvnen elenergia mudmivad

miewodebinaT momxmareblebisTvis (gamanawilebeli kompaniebisaTvis

da pirdapiri xelSekrulebis mqone organizaciebisaTvis).

yvelaferi es Sesabamisi aqtebiT (romelic mxolod formalur

realobas warmoadgenda) sabiTumo bazarSi fiqsirdeboda. bazris

wesebis mixedviT, elenergiis momxmarebel (gadamyidvel) kompaniebs

fuli sabiTumo bazarSi unda gadaexadaT, xolo bazars amis

Sesabamisad unda aenazRaurebina mwarmoeblebisadmi. sesbis

gadaxdis maCvenebeli imdenad dabali iyo, rom saerTo gadaxdis

maCvenebeli 17-23 procents ar aRemateboda, ris gamoc bazarsa da

gadamyidvel kompaniebs Soris mudmivad midioda kamaTi da

gadabraleba. Sedegad ki mwarmoebeli organizaciebi TveobiT da

wlobiT Tavis kuTvnil Tanxebs ver iRebdnen. verc semekma da verc

energetikis saminis-trom am maxinj sistemas, vidre sabiTumo

bazris davalianeba miliard-naxevrian zRvars ar gadascda, bolo

ver mouRo. Sedegad umZimesi mdgomareoba iqna miRebuli, kerZod:

1. saxelSekrulebo sistemam formaluri xasiaTi miiRo.

2. kanoni “eleqtroenergetikis da gazis Sesaxeb” uxeSad

irRveoda.

3. energetikuli organizaciebi xelovnurad kotrdebodnen.

4. mowyobiloba-danadgarebi mwyobridan gamodioda.

5. profesionali kadrebis ganTesvam sistemuri xasiaTi miiRo.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi, adgili hqonda TviT

sabiTumo bazris ufleba-movaleobebis arasworad Camoyalibebas

da aRsrulebas, rac e.w. “reformatorTa” xelSewyobiT xdeboda.

48

meore aranakleb mtkivneuli sakiTxi iyo dargSi da kerZod

sabi-Tumo bazarSi, arsebuli korufciuli sistema. amis damadastu-

rebelia sabiTumo bazris administraciis maRali Tanamdebobis

mqone pirTa araerTgzis dapatimrebebi da fuladi dajarimeba.

vidre sesbis da gamanawilebeli kompaniebis davalianebam

miliardian zRvars ar gadaabija, maT mimarT qmediTi RonisZiebebi

ar gatarebula. yovelive aman gamoiwvia generaciisa da

eleqtrosistemis obieqtebis mwyobridan gamosvla. energetikaSi

momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri personali TveobiT da wlobiT ver

iRebda kuTvnil saxelfaso sargos. saxelfaso davalianebam, 1995

wlidan moyolebuli, aTeul milionebs gadaaWrba. miuxedavad

amisa, qarTvel energetikosTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT

sakuTari sicocxlis fasad (iyo SemTxvevebi, roca specialistebi

SimSilisagan obieqtebze kvdebodnen), qveyanas erTiani

energosistema SeunarCunes. bunebrivia, arsebuli maxinji sistemis

SenarCuneba ukve uazro gaxda. mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT,

“eleqtroenergetikis da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb” kanonSi 2006

wlis 9 ivniss Setanili cvlilebebis safuZvelze, 2006 wlis 7

agvistos sesbis adgilze Camoyalibda eleqtroenergetikuli

sistemis komerciuli operatori (esko). [7]

“esko” kerZo samarTlis samewarmeo kerZo iuridiul piria,

100%-iani wilis mflobeli saxelmwifoa, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

saministros saxiT.

misi funqciebia:

a) sabalanso eleqtroenergiis (simZlavris) yidva-gayidva (maT

Soris import-eqsportis).

b) eleqtroenergetikuli sistemis sarezervo simZlavris

uzrunelyofa.

g) sistemaSi miwodeba-moxmarebis dagegmvis mizniT

dispetCerizaciis licenziantisaTvis Sesabamisi informaciis

wardgena.

d) sabiTumo yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb erTiani bazis, maT Soris,

aRricxvianobis erTiani sistemis Seqmna da warmoeba.

e) elenergiis gamyidvelebis, an myidvelebis mier gayiduli da

Sesyiduli eleqtroenergiis raodenobis gansazRvra da angariS-

sworebisaTvis informaciis droulad wardgena.

pirveli Tavis daskvna

saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTarebis istoriis kvlevidan

gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mecxramete saukunis

49

meore naxevridan moyolebuli, saqarTveloSi energetikuli

ganviTareba uwyveti procesi gaxda.

saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTareba sabWoTa kavSiris

Camo-yalibebasTan da mis ganviTarebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. aqve

xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom adgilobrivma (qarTvelma) inJinrebma

damoukideblad SeZles eleqtrosadgurebis, qvesadgurebis, gada-

cemis xazebis proeqtireba, mSenebloba, montaJi da eqspluatacia,

erTiani energosistemis Seqmna.

respublikis sawarmoo da sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebidan

gamomdinare, Seiqmna hidro da Tbo eleqtrosagurebis, gadacemis

xazebis da qvesadgurebis mZlavri baza. ganviTarebis piks 1989

wlisaTvis miaRwia, rodesac sakuTari simZlavre 4000 megavats,

xolo gamomuSaveba 14 miliard kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda. erT

sul mosaxleze moxmareba saSualod 3000 kilovatsaaTs Seadgenda.

mas Semdeg rac erTiani (sabWoTa) energosistema daiSala,

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi mwvave krizisuli periodi

daiwyo. reformebis egidiT bevri iseTi RonisZieba gatarda, rac

dargisTvis sargeblis momtani ar iyo. Tavi iCina eleqtroenergiis

da finansebis datacebis faqtebma. reformebis Catarebis

araefeqturma Sedegebma, krizisi kidev ufro gaaRrmava. safrTxe

Seeqmna TviT qveynis energousafrTxoebas, (simZlavreebis 50%-ze

meti umoqmedo gaxda). dargis Semosavlebi calkeuli kompaniebis

da “Cinovnikebis” interesebs daeqvemdebara. Seiqmna eleqtro-

energiis yidva-gayidvis qaosuri sistema. minimumamde daeca

energetikuli sawarmoebis administraciuli marTvis xarisxi.

gamocdili profesiuli kadrebis samuSao pirobebi ukiduresad

gauaresda. saqme gaficvebamde mivida.

daiwyo arsebuli organizaciuli struqturis demontaJi.

cnobili “saqenergo” nacvlad imisa, rom gonivruli reformebis

bazad gadaqceuuliyo, kerZo interesTa sfero gaxda. am dros

yvelaze mkafiod gamoCnda energetikuli sawarmoebis (da

gansakuTrebiT saTave organizaciis) organizebulobis da admini-

strirebis susti mxareebi. miuxedavad dargSi arsebuli

inteleqtualuri da mravlobiTi fenomenisa, reformebis poli-

tikisadmi maTi damouki-debloba imdenad uunaro aRmoCnda, rom

faqtiurad TviTlikvidaciaze moaweres xeli. maSin, rodesac

erTianobis SemTxvevaSi dargSi arsebul cocxal Zalas SeeZlo,

nebismieri xelisufali eiZulebina maT winadadebebze daTan-

xmebuliyo. reformebis procesSi gamanawilebeli kompaniebi jer

Camoyalibebis simravliT da mere minimumamde SemcirebiT

xasiaTdeba, ise rom namdvili sabazro principebis Camoyalibeba

arc ki ucdiaT. wlebis ganmavlobaSi saaRricxvo sistema mouwes-

50

rigebeli darCa. eleqtroenergiis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli

Semosavlebi 27%-s ar aRemateboda.

dasavleTis (evropis da amerikis) qveynebis daxmarebiT

Camoyalibda eleqtroenergiis maregulirebeli komisia, romelmac

dargis marTva, energetikis saministrosTan erTad, xelSi aiRo.

saqarTvelos bazarze amerikuli kompania “AES-Telasis”

Semosvlam, rogorc mimwodeblebi, aseve momxmareblebi gamoaf-

xizla, maT pirvel rigSi, q. TbilisSi aRricxvis sistemis da

reabilitaciis mowesrigeba moaxerxes. maTi qmedebis meore mTavari

RonisZieba, tarifis momateba gaxda. am procesma Seuqcevadi

xasiaTi miiRo. (cnobisaTvis, dRevandeli tarifis sidide,

arsebulTan SedarebiT katastrofulad gazrdilia). reformebis

Sedegad gaerTianebuli sadistribucio energokompaniis Camoya-

libeba da SemdgomSi misi memkvidre “PA consulting”-is moRvaweobis xana, generaciis sadgurebis da eleqtrosistemisadmi didi

davalianebis arsebobiT xasiaTdeba. aseve didia TviT biujeti-

sadmi (gadasaxadebis saxiT) davalianeba. reformebis egidiT,

sabiTumo bazris Camoyalibebam energetikuli sawarmoebis

(generaciis sadgurebis, eleqtrosistemis, gamanawilebeli

qselebis, saqrusenergos) jer finansuri gakotreba da Semdeg

teqnikuri krizisi gamoiwvia (eleqtrosistema dResac reabi-

litaciis reJimSi muSaobs). sabiTumo bazris saerTo davalianebam

1,5 miliard lars gadaaWarba. (es iyo gaugonari faqti). dRemde am

davalianebaze pasuxismgebloba aravis ar auRia.

pirvel TavSi warmodgenili masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom miuxedavad reformebis uaryofiTi Sedegebisa,

energetikis dargisadmi politika didad ar Secvlila. dargis

ganviTarebaze gansakuTrebiT cudad moqmedebs: eleqtroenergiis

yidva-gayidvis Tavisufali bazris ar arseboba; Semosavlebis

sazRvargareT gadineba; axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis dabali

tempi; profesiuli kadrebis cudi samuSao pirobebi da momzadebis

dabalo done. dRemde gadauWrel problemad rCeba, sapensio asaks

miaxloebuli, Rvawlmosil energetikosTa bedi. samsaxuridan

daTxovnis SemTxvevaSi (rac gardauvalia) maTi umravlesoba

siRaribis zRvars miRma rCeba.

amdenad pirvel TavSi warmodgenilia, rogorc aRmavlobis,

aseve krizisuli mdgomareobis analizi, rac saSualebas iZleva

gakeTdes daskvna.

51

Tavi II. saqarTvelos energosistemis

usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi

2.1. usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi cnebebi

Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi energetikis ganviTareba ara

mxolod am erTi dargis ganviTarebas niSnavs, aramed igi mWidrod

aris dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva dargebTan. iSviaTia dargi,

romelsac amxela gavlena hqondes nebismieri sxva dargis

ganviTarebaze. adamianis piradi cxovrebidan dawyebuli, sazo-

gadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela safexuris gaTvaliswinebiT, ener-

getika xdeba mTavari warmmarTveli Zala. TviT am dargis ganvi-

Tareba damokidebulia energiis (sakuTari) pirveladi wyaroebis

arsebobasa da mopovebaze, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis, an

sxva mesakuTreTa mxridan dargisadmi seriozul damoki-

debulebaze, teqnikis mudmivad ganaxlebaze, uwyvet warmoebaze da

a.S. dargis strategiulobidan gamomdinare aucilebelia misi

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, rac sabolood qveynis erovnuli

usafrTxoebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba.

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, mimdinare (samecniero) kvlevis

sfero eleqtroenergetikaa, magram imis gamo, rom eleqtroenergiis

warmoeba didad aris damokidebuli rogorc sawvavis sxvadasxva

saxeobebis arsebobaze (naxSiri, mazuTi, gazi, torfi, atomuri

energia da sxv.) aseve ganaxlebadi energiebis (hidroresursebi,

qarisa da mzis energiebi) wyaroebis siWarbeze, amdenad energou-

safrTxoeba unda ganvixiloT kompleqsurad.

saqarTvelo Tavisi energowyaroebiT sakmaod SezRudulia,

mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi sakuTari navTobi da gazi, an atomuri

energia. aqedan gamomdinare mTeli yuradReba gadatanili unda

iqnas naxSirsa da wylis energiebis aTvisebasa da gamoyenebaze.

naxSiri aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda gasuli saukunis samo-

cdaaTian wlebSi. Tbosadgurebis muSaoba naxSiris xarjze war-

moebda. SemdgomSi naxSiri, rogorc dabali xarisxis sawvavi,

Secvala mazuTma da gazma. Tanamedrove msoflioSi navTob-

produqtebis mopoveba, transportireba da maTi Sesyidva Zalian

gaZvirda. ris gamoc msoflios rigi qveynebi (germania, CexeTi,

amerika, poloneTi da sxva) kvlav miubrundnen sakuTari naxSiris

mopovebas da TbosadgurebSi sawvavad gamoyenebas. rac Seexeba

wylis energiis gamoyenebas (es wyaro, ekologiurad sufTaa, iafia

da safrTxis naklebad Semcvelia). SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTvelos

sakmarisi maragebi gaaCnia. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi gamoyeneba

swori mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba, SeiZleba ara marto qveynis

deficiti daifaros, aramed Warbi energia saeqsportodac iqnas

52

gaSvebuli, rac qveynis biujetis Sevsebis saukeTeso saSualeba

unda gaxdes.

eleqtroenergiiT qveynis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba da

Warbi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba erT-erTi urTulesi saqmea. miT

umetes, roca energetikaze saxelmwifom sakuTreba dakarga da

ufleba-movaleobebi kerZo sakuTrebas gadasca (ris gamoc

faqtobrivad darRveulia konstituciis me-3 muxli).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevebis

Sedegad kidev erTxel gamovlinda, rom energetika nebismieri

saxelmwifos da maT Soris saqarTvelos ganviTarebis erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi dargia. maszea damokidebuli, rogorc saxalxo

meurneobis dargebis ganviTareba, aseve samxedro-ekonomikuri,

socialuri, ekologiuri da sxva. SeiZleba iTqvas, energetika

qveynis usafrTxoebis qvakuTxedia. msoflios sxvadasxva (ganviTa-

rebul) qveyanaSi energousafrTxoeba aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli

usafrTxoeba. energousafrTxoebas sxvadasxva WrilSi ganixilaven,

maT Soris: “Sida politikuri ganzomileba, ekonomikuri

ganzomileba, geopolitikuri ganzomileba, usafrTxoebis poli-

tikis ganzomileba, ekologiuri ganzomileba”; [8] ganvixiloT saerTaSoriso terminTa mniSvnelobebi:

1. ekonomikuri ganzomileba – mocemuli ganzomilebis

mTavari maxasiaTebeli gamarTulad funqcionirebadi energetikuli

bazris arsebobaa. saxelmwifom an saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebebma

xeli unda Seuwyon imas, rom energiis miwodeba xdebodes

SeuzRudavad da sabazro fasebSi. liberalizirebuli bazari da

antimonopoliuri politika ki Tavis mxriv swored saimedo

energomomaragebis winapirobas qmnis. aseve aucilebelia grZel-

vadiani savaWro xelSekrulebebis gaformeba mimwodeblebsa da

momxmareblebs Soris da energodiversifikaciis politikis

gatareba, rac aseve xels uwyobs stabiluri energetikuli

urTierTobebis damyarebas. ekonomikur ganzomilebaSi moiazreba

aseve axali energetikuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebac, rac

uzrunvelyofs energiis efeqturad gamoyenebas, investiciebis

moZiebas, energodanakargebis Semcirebas da energoresursebis

usafrTxod transportirebas.

2. geopolitikuri ganzomileba – energoresursebis tran-

sportireba xdeba Sori distanciidan da xdeba mravali qveynis

nacionaluri sazRvrebis gadakveTa, saukeTeso gamosavali

energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis iqneboda saerTaSoriso

savaWro sistemis Camoyalibeba. magram imdenad, ramdenadac ar

arsebobs universaluri energetikuli savaWro organizacia,

saukeTeso gamosavalia SemuSavdes erTiani wesebi da regulaciebi.

magaliTisaTvis, SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas evropis energetikuli

53

qartiis xelSekruleba. aseve mniSvnelovania gatardes qveynebis

mxridan denacionalizaciis politika da saSualeba mieceT kerZo

kompaniebs mxolod komerciul sawyisebze ganaxorcielon savaWro

operaciebi, magram aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom dRevandel etapze, maSin

roca energetika mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo kvlavac gamoiyeneba

politikis mTavar instrumentad, msgavsi denacionalizaciis

politikis gatareba Zalze mtkivneulia TiToeuli qveynisaTvis.

aqve xazgasasmelia iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa globalizaciis

procesebis Sedegad gamowveuli safrTxeebi – terorizmi,

mekobreoba da sxva. amdenad energousafrTxoebis geopolitikuri

ganzomileba iTxovs SemuSavebuli iqnas erTiani strategiuli

koncefciebi aRniSnuli safrTxeebis prevenciis mizniT. am kuTxiT

Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWeba natos, evrokavSirisa da euTos

farglebSi gafarToebul TanamSromlobas.

3. usafrTxoebis politikis ganzomileba – saerTaSoriso

terorizmi, mekobreoba Znelia Tavidan aviciloT mxolod

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT. aucilebelia, qveynebis

mxridan SemuSavdes da gatardes konkretuli usafrTxoebis poli-

tika, raTa Tavidan aviciloT teroristuli aqtebi, energo-

resursebis dataceba, Tavdasxmebi energetikul infrastruqturaze

da sxv. unda moxdes arsebuli riskebis Sefaseba, krizisuli

situaciebis erToblivi marTva, kritikuli infrastruqturis

dacva (maT Soris erToblivad SeTanxmebuli samxedro qmedebebis

meSveobiT), informaciebis gaziareba im qveynebs Soris, romlebic

msgavsi safrTxeebis winaSe dganan.

4. Sida politikuri ganzomileba moiazrebs qveynis Sida

energetikuli sistemis gamarTuli funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofas

(uwyvet energomomaragebas, energorusersebis Sida rezervebis

arsebobas, alternatiuli energowyaroebis aTvisebas da sxv.).”

5. ekologiuri ganzomilebis Tanaxmad, gamogonili da dane-

rgili unda iqnas iseTi teqnologiebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben

energoresursebis sufTad gamoyenebas. am kuTxiT aseve didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba sufTa da ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis

aTvisebis xelSewyobas.

6. socialuri ganzomileba gulisxmobs ara zogadad

xelmisawvdomobas energoresursebze, aramed mosaxleobis Raribi

fenis SesaZleblobas gamoiyenos igi, rac rig qveynebSi

xorcieldeba energoresursebze saxelmwifos mxridan fasebis

subsidirebiT. swored energousafrxoebis am mravali ganzo-

milebis Seswavlisa da gaTvaliswinebis gziT aris SesaZlebeli,

srulad avxsnaT energousafrTxoebis koncefcia da is inst-

rumentebi, romlebiTac SesaZlebelia usafrTxoebis maRali xaris-

xis uzrunvelyofa.

54

amjerad Cveni kvlevis gansakuTrebul sagans warmoadgens

energetikuli usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT erovnuli usafrTxo-

ebis ganxilva. TviT sityva usafrTxoeba, rogorc es saerTaSoriso

doneze aris miRebuli niSnavs, “qveynisa da am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi

mosaxleobis (sazogadoebis) SesaZleblobas, uzrunvelyon Tav-

ianTi damoukidebloba da SeinarCunon TviTmyofadoba mtrulad

ganwyobili Zalebis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg,” an

meorenairad ”usafrTxoeba es aris ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis mimarT

safrTxeebis ararseboba”. rac Seexeba energetikul usafrTxoebas,

rogorc aRvniSneT, igi erovnuli usafrTxoebis erT-erT ZiriTad

safuZvels warmoadgens, kerZod, energoresursebisa da maT Soris

eleqtroenergiis uwyvetad miwodeba samxedro seqtoris

ganviTarebisTvis, qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis da sxva.

zemoT CamoTvlili dargebis ganviTarebisTvis gadamwyveti da

Seucvleli mniSvnelobisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ar miekuTvneba

mxoloddamxolod romelime erT seqtors, aramed mas didi

gavlena aqvs nebismieri sxva seqtoris ganviTarebazec.

“tradiciulad erovnuli usafrTxoeba gulisxmobs qveynis

SigniT politikur simSvides, mosaxleobisa da saarsebo pirobebis

dacvas da kulturul-politikuri erTianobis SenarCunebasa da

saerTod, yvela im sasicocxlo pirobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs

eris mdgrad ganviTarebas da arsebobas”; doqtor aleqsandre

rondelis ganmartebiT: “erovnuli usafrTxoeba, upirvles

yovlisa, gulisxmobs saxelmwifos suverenitetis, mTlianobis,

politikuri institutebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobis

SenarCunebas”. uolter lipmanis ganmartebiT: “saxelmwifo usaf-

rTxo mdgomareobaSi imyofeba maSin, rodesac mas omis Tavidan

asacileblad umTavresi Rirebulebebis msxverplad gaReba ar

uxdeba da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi aseT omSi gamarjvebiT am

Rirebulebis SenarCuneba ZaluZs”. [9]

zemoT ganxiluli Teoriebis gaTvaliswinebiT kidev erTxel

SeiZleba davakonkretoT Semdegi: “erovnuli usafrTxoebis

cnebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ori _ konservatoruli da axali

midgoma. Zveli, tradiciuli midgomis Tanaxmad, erovnuli

usafrTxoebis ZiriTad komponents mxolod samxedro usafrTxoeba

warmoadgens. xolo axali midgomis Tanaxmad, samxedrosTan erTad

“ZiriTadi komponentebia: ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri,

politikuri da sxva”.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT: “energetikuli usaf-

rTxoeba Tavisi mravalmxrivi komponentebiT erovnuli

usafrTxoebis erT-erT ganzomilebas warmoadgens”. [10]

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis magaliTze Tu vimsjelebT,

arsebobs individualuri (erTi konkretuli qveynis) energetikuli

55

usafrTxoebis dacvis Sexeduleba da arsebobs gaerTianebuli

(regionaluri) energetikuli usafrTxoebis dacvis gegma. rac dro

gadis, saerTaSoriso masStabiT upiratesoba, meore sistemas

eZleva. e.w. “Caketili” energosistemebi naklebad saimedo da myaria.

dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianebi sxvadasxva dargobrivi

(ekonomikuri, samxedro, ekologiuri, socialuri, kulturuli da

sxvadasxva) urTierTobebiT imdenad dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, rom

ama Tu im dargis mxolod erT qveyanaSi ganviTareba Znelad

dasajerebelia. gansakuTrebiT es exeba energetikis dargs,

romelic rogorc adamianis organizmi sisxlZarRvebiTa da

nervuli sistemiT aris daqselili, asevea dedamiwis sxvadasxva

kontinentebi energetikuli komunikaciebiT gajerebuli. SeiZleba

iTqvas, kavkasia jer Tavis SigniT (saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azer-

baijani, CrdiloeT kavkasia) aris energetikulad gaerTianebuli,

da meorec, ukve ukavSirdeba mis garSemo arsebul aziisa da

evropis qveynebs, xolo evropa da azia energetikulad (Tavis

mxriv) urTierT mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian. ufro metic,

energetikuli kavSirebi okeanis gaRmac (amerika, kanada) ki

myardeba. Aamdenad, romelime qveynis energetikuli usafrTxoebis

ganxilva mxolod sakuTar “Caketil sivrceSi” yovlad SeuZle-

belia da arc iqneboda swori. rogorc amboben, dRes msoflio ise

dauaxlovda erTmaneTs, rogorc arasdros.

gamodis, rom sakuTrebis formis miuxedavad (kerZo,

saxelmwifo an Sereuli), energetikuli usafrTxoeba regionalur,

erTian mwyobr sistemaSi unda ganvixiloT. mtkiceba imisa, rom

qveynebs, energouzrunvelyofa, mxolod sakuTari resursebis

bazarze hqondeT warsuls Cahbarda.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi erT-erTi mTavari amocana eleqtro-

energiis warmoeba da gasaRebaa, romlis muSaobis safuZvels

Tavisufali bazris principebi unda warmoadgendes. Tu bazari

monopolizirebuli ar aris, maSin igi gansazRvravs erTeuli

kilovatsaaTis Rirebulebas, moxmarebis sididesa da drois

sxvadasxva monakveTSi eleqtroenergiis dinebis mimarTulebas.

rogorc erTi qarTuli andaza ambobs: “Tafli iyos, buzi

baRdadidan mofrindebao”, anu mTavaria saqoneli, romelsac

eleqtroenergia hqvia, Warbi raodenobiT arsebobdes, danarCens

momxmarebeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tavisufali bazari) daaregulirebs.

qveyanaSi eleqtroenergiis siWarbes, moqmedi eleqtrosadgurebis

gamomuSavebis sidide ganapirobebs. elsadgurebis gamomuSaveba ki

axali simZlavreebis aTvisebazea damokidebuli.

imisda mixedviT, qveyana deficits ganicdis, Tu piriqiT,

Warbi eleqtroenergia gaaCnia, xdeba gasaRebi bazris Sevseba

(regulireba), anu e.w. eqsport-importi damokidebulia ama, Tu im

56

qveynis energetikuli resursebis arsebobaze, gamoyenebis

koeficientis sidideze, politikur-ekonomikur da socialur

mdgomareobaze. energetikuli kavSirebis saimedooba ganapirobebs

qveynis energetikul usafrTxoebas. TiToeuli qveyana zemoT

CamoTvlili pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT uzrunvelyofs sakuTar

energetikul usafrTxoebas. gansxvaveba mxolod fasebSia. qveyanas,

romelsac naklebi energoresursi gaaCnia, Zvirad yidulobs

pirvelad wyaros, Sesabamisad Zviria elenergiac (magaliTad:

iaponia evropis, amerikisa da TviT aziis zogierTi qveynac ki),

xolo visac Warbi energoresursi gaaCnia, sakuTar qveyanaSi

SeuZlia nakleb fasSi gayidos da, piriqiT, eqsportidan cdilobs

meti mogeba miiRos (magaliTad: TurqmeneTi, ruseTi, irani, erayi,

kuveiti da sxva). erTeuli kilovatsaaTis Rirebuleba, ZiriTadad

icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu saidan (romeli qveynidan, ra fasad)

xorcieldeba importi.

2.2 aris Tu ara srulyofili usafrTxoebis garantiebi

zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebis safuZvelze SeiZleba ganvi-

xiloT Tanamedrove energetikuli sistemebi da regionalur

masStabSi maTi ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi. sabWoTa kavSiris

daSlamde, sadac gaerTianebuli iyvnen respublikebi: ruseTi,

ukraina, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, TurqmeneTi, tajikeTi,

belorusia, moldaveTi, baltiispireTisa da kavkasiis respu-

blikebi, Seqmnili iyo erTiani energetikuli sistema, romelic

uzrunvelyofda TiToeuli zemoCamoTvlili qveynis eleqtro-

momaragebas, imedianobasa da usafrTxoebas. erTiani wyobisa da

sistemis daSlam mezobel qveynebs Soris politikuri da

ekonomikuri konfliqtebi gamoiwvia. amis Sedegad konfliqtis

monawile TiToeulma qveyanam izarala. bunebrivia, am qveynebis

energetikuli usafrTxoebis koeficienti sakmaod Semcirda.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi e.w. “rkinis farda” gaixsna da yofili

sabWoTa respublikebi energetikulad daukavSirdnen mezobel

qveynebs. Seiqmna, an iqmneba regionaluri energosistemebi, romle-

bic TandaTan Zlierdebian. erT konkretul geografiul arealSi

moqceul Qqveynebs Soris yalibdeba Zlieri energetikuli

kompleqsebi.

Tu saxelmwifoTa Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebebi ar

iqneba samarTlianobis principze agebuli da orive mxare pativi-

scemiT ar moepyroba mas, maSin SesaZlebelia, es kavSirebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi monawile qveynebisaTvis (an erT-erTi qveynis) SeiZ-

leba sazianoc ki RmoCndes. [11]

57

e.w. “kompleqsuri” Teoriis Tanaxmad, mocemuli energetikuli

urTierTobebi moicavs energiis warmoebas (eqsporti), Sesyidvasa

(importi) da energiis tranzitTan dakavSirebul movlenebs.

qveynebs Soris yalibdeba Zlieri energetikuli urTierT-

damokidebuleba, rac regionis SezRudul sazRvrebSi moqceuli

qveynebisTvis ufro xSirad gardaiqmneba potenciur safrTxed,

vidre mSvidobiani TanamSromlobis winapirobad. meores mxriv,

energetikul komunikaciebs (eleqtrogadacemis xazebs, milsa-

denebs) SeuZliaT daakavSiron erTmaneTisgan Sor distanciaze

mdebare qveynebi. imisaTvis, rom gamovavlinoT energetikuli

usafrTxoebis kompleqsis sazRvrebi, aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT

ama Tu im qveynis sxva qveyanaze energetikuli damokidebulebis

xarisxi, iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa: energetikuli vaWrobis

balansi; sakuTari energetikuli resursebi; maragebi da maTi

maqsimalurad gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba (romelic xels uwyobs

energousafrTxoebis xarisxis zrdas). radgan arsebobs pozitiuri

– urTierTsasargeblo da negatiuri _ safrTxis Semcvleli

urTierTdamokidebuleba, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros aRniSnuli

urTierTdamokidebuleba rodis gadaiqceva safrTxed, an ra

xarisxiT unda arsebobdes, rom is safrTxed ar gadaiqces. ekono-

nomikur-politikur-samxedro damokidebulebis msgavsad “rodesac

erTi qveynis 30%-iT damokidebuleba meore qveynisaTvis ar aris

safrTxis momtani, maSin rodesac antagonistur qveynebs Soris

10%-iT damokidebulebac ki safrTxed miiCneva.”[12] zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, mocemuli Teoriis meSveobiT

SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT: sad da rodis SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

energotranziti (wyaro, raodenoba, miwodebis dro), energo-

momxmarebel da energomimwodebel qveynebs Soris arsebuli

energetikuli urTierTdamokidebulebis xarisxi. yovelive es

mogvcems saSualebas, gamovavlinoT calkeul regionSi arsebuli,

an mosalodneli potenciuri energetikuli safrTxe. am amocanis

gadasawyvetad iyeneben e.w. ”neorealizmis” Teorias, romlis

Tanaxmad: “sistemis struqtura gansazRvravs misi Semadgeneli

elementebis qmedebas. mocemuli sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli

anarqiaa. es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ar arsebobs uzenaesi

mmarTveloba-mTavroba, romelic daaregulirebda urTierTobebs

sistemis Semadgenel elementebs Soris. anarqiis pirobebSi

urTierTobebis warmoebis ZiriTadi meTodi aris Zalis meTodi,

radgan anarqiis pirobebSi, roca ar arsebobs damsjeli organo,

Zala yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa miznis misaRwevad.” swored am

mankieri Tvisebisgan dasacavad arsebobs saerTaSoriso sistema,

romelic TviTdaxmarebis sistemaa. aqedan gamomdinare, saxel-

mwifoebi moqmedeben TavianTi erovnuli interesebis Sesabamisad.

58

kerZod, “TiToeuli saxelmwifo awesebs moqmedebis kurss,

romelic misi azriT, saukeTesod moemsaxureba mis erovnul

interesebs. uzenaesi erovnuli interesi ki aris usafrTxoeba da

TviTgadarCena, rac mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ZalasTan da

ZlierebasTan.” [13]

cnobili mecnieris – qeneT uoltis azriT “qveyanas aqvs

uamravi sxva mizani, magram TviTgadarCena aris yvela sxva miznis

ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro prerekviziti. igi mWidrod aris

dakavSirebuli ZalasTan da ZlierebasTan” da kidev.

“saerTaSoriso politikaSi Zala da Zliereba igive rols

asrulebs, rasac sabazro ekonomikaSi fuli.” swored am TvisebiT

gamoirCevian e.w. “zesaxlmwifoebi”, romelTaTvisac saerTaSoriso

samarTlis dacva xSirad mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebs.

Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi aseT faqtebs xSirad aqvs adgili. [14]

“ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba ar aris sakmarisi

imisTvis, rom qveyana iyos motivirebuli SeinarCunos mSvidoba.

amitomac saxelmwifoebi cdiloben, Zalis meSveobiT daabalanson

Zlieri mowinaaRmdege. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos mxridan

nebismier dros Zalis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba iwvevs mudmivi

omis mdgomareobis Seqmnas, swored Zalis gamoyenebis albaToba

garkveulwilad uwyobs xels iZulebiTi mSvidobis SenarCunebasac.

rodesac qveyanas aqvs molodini, rom mis mier Zalis gamoyenebas,

mowinaaRmdegec Zalas daupirispirebs, xSirad cdilobs Tavidan

aicilos dapirispireba da ufiqrdeba omisgan miRebuli

sargebeli aRemateba, Tu ara miyenebul zarals.” [15]

yovelive zemoTqmuli mravali qveynis gamocdilebiTaa

dadasturebuli. qveyana _ didi iqneba Tu patara, gverds ver

auvlis warmodgenil sakiTxebs, saqarTvelo Tavisi daniSnulebiT

gansakuTrebuli qveyanaa da Tu igi yovelive amas sworad

Seimecnebs, warmateba aucileblad eqneba.

rac Seexeba ZalTa balanss: “es aris iseTi urTierTobebis

Sedegi, romlis drosac calkeuli saxelmwifos xelSi ar xdeba

Zalauflebis akumulireba da ar aris daSvebuli erTi romelime

qveynis dominireba sxvebze. Sesabamisad, neorealizmis Teoriidan

gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso politikaSi arsebobs kanonzomierebebi

da meTodebi, romlebic meordeba, miuxedavad imisa mas sxvadasxva

adamianebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben Tu ara. ZalTa balansi

swored msgavsi qmedebebis Sedegia, es ki gvaZlevs saSualebas

samomavlod vivaraudoT, Tu ra iwvevs ama Tu im qveynis mxridan

warmoebul qmedebas da ra Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves mas.” [16]

qveynis energousafrTxoebis sakiTxi imdenad mniSvnelovania,

rom aucilebeli iyo gavcnobodiT saerTaSoriso praqtikas.

yovelive amis codna saSualebas mogvcems sworad ganvsazRvroT

59

Cveni qveynis dargobrivi ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi da

gansakuTrebiT energousafrTxoebis sakiTxebi.

ganxiluli Teoriebis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

energousafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis

qveynebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen evropa-aziis “gzasayarze” regionaluri

urTierTobis mtkice SemakavSirebeli rgoli, rogorc energo-

usafrTxoebis, aseve sxv. (samxedro, ekonomikuri, kulturuli da

a.S.) dargebis TvalsazrisiT. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom da

Sesabamisad kavkasiis qveynebma es “misia” pirnaTlad Seasrulon,

saWiroa, pirvel rigSi, “TviT SigniT” moawesrigon urTierTTobebi,

rac arc Tu ioli saqmea. Tumca, vidre es saukuneobrivi

saWirboroto sakiTxebi ar mogvardeba, manamde ganviTarebaze da

miT umetes did masStabebze msjeloba fuWad drois dakargva

iqneba. SeZlebs Tu ara Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis

saukeTeso nawili swori politikur-ekonomikuri, socialuri,

samxedro da energetikuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis SemuSavebas

da sazogadoebisTvis im zomiT SeTavazebas, rom igi bolos-

dabolos qveynis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa-safuZveli gaxdes? Aai,

es aris mTavari gadasawyveti amocana.

1. pirveli safrTxe: rogorc cnobilia, postsabWoTa

qveynebze, rogorc, ganviTarebad qveynebze, gansakuTrebul inte-

ress iCenen e.w. “transnacionaluri kompaniebi”, aseTi kompaniebi

xSirad saerTaSoriso “aRiarebasac” aRweven da advilad Sedian

ama, Tu im qveynis saxelisuflebo struqturebTan (maT Soris

“pirvel eSelonebSi”) karg damokidebulebaSi, romlebic piradi

mogebis mizniT fuls deben ama, Tu im dargSi (Cvens SemTxvevaSi

energetikaSi), gazrdili satarifo fasebiT ipyroben qveynis Sida

bazars. minimum droSi cdiloben maqsimumi mogebis miRebas.

danarCeni “teqnikis” saqmea, anu igeben “tenderebs” da isakuTreben

energetikul obieqtebs, rac qveynisTvis seriozuli Semosavlebis

dakargvas niSnavs.

2. meore safrTxe es aris: uSualod arsebuli energetikuli

obieqtebis (simZlavreebis elsadgurebis, qvesadgurebis, gadacemis

xazebis da a.S.) pirdapiri miyidvis gziT, (iafad) mtrulad

ganwyobili qveynebis xelSi Cagdeba, rac faqtobrivad qveynis

energetikul potencialze Zalauflebis dakargvas da kritikul

momentSi qveynis samxedro usafrTxoebis dacemas niSnavs.

3. mesame safrTxe: ucxoeli investorebi sxvadasxva mizezTa

gamo adgilobriv gamocdil kadrebs ar endobian, aTavisufleben

samuSaodan da maT nacvlad samuSaoze ahyavT dabalanaz-

Raurebadi, naklebad gamocdili specialistebi, anda sxva qveynis

moqalaqeebi. adgilobrivi profesionalebi ikargebian investo-

rebis mxridan ar xdeba axali kadrebis swavleba.

60

4. meoTxe safrTxe: ucxour kompaniebs araviTari survili

ara aqvT, ganaviTaron adgilobrivi mrewveloba, anu mTeli

mowyobiloba-danadgarebi da masalebi undaT, rom SeukveTon

maTTvis saintereso sazRvargareTul qarxnebSi (maTi mTavari

mizania yvelafridan mogeba naxon, maTTvis adgilobrivi qveynis

interesebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs).

5. mexuTe safrTxe: privatizaciis dros, an sxva formiT

kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasvlis pirobebSi, anda ama Tu im obieqtis

aSenebis da garemontebis mizniT tenderis gamocxadebis dros,

imis gamo, rom adgilobriv specialists, an specialistTa jgufs,

ar gaaCnia sawyisi fuladi resursi, tenderebSi ver iReben

monawileobas, ris gamoc umuSevrad rCebian, anda gamarjvebuli

ucxouri kompaniis iaffasiani muSaxeli xdebian.

6. meeqvse safrTxe: saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebi da bankebi, ganviTarebad qveynebSi, axal-axal sesxebs aZleven Ziri-

Tadad im ucxour kompaniebs, romlebTanac didi xnis urTierToba

akavSirebT, rac SemdgomSi xSirad korufciis sababi xdeba.

7. meSvide safrTxe: dargidan miRebuli ZiriTadi mogeba

gaedineba ucxoeTSi.yvelaferi es saqarTvelos

energosistemisTvis qmnis seriozul safrTxeebs.

saqarTvelos energetikam bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi

Svidive safrTxe “gaiara”. ver vityviT, rom sirTuleebi

Rirseulad daZlia. saboloo jamSi balansi uaryofiTia. (amis

Tqmis safuZvels Semdegi statistika iZleva: dRevandeli

mdgomareobiT saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi odesRac arsebuli

energetikis dargis 90% gasxvisebulia da arasaimedo partniorebis

xelSia. (ZiriTadaT rusuli kompaniebis sakuTrebaa). dadgmuli

simZlavre da gamomuSaveba TiTqmis 2-jer Semcirda, katast-

rofulad iklo finansurma Semosavlebma. Sedegad eleqtro-

sistemas raime seriozuli axali simZlavre ar momatebia),

warmodgenili masalis kvleva safuZvels iZleva vTqvaT, rom

saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis garantiebi arasaTanado

donezea, saWiroa axali (sworad gaTvlili) RonisZiebebis dagegmva

da ganxorcieleba.

ama Tu im qveynis energousafrTxoebis erT-erTi mTavari

piroba energoresursebis didi raodenobiT arsebobaa. rogori

mdgomareobaa am mxriv saerTaSoriso masStabiT da maT Soris

saqarTveloSi?

61

2.3. msoflio energoresuresebis maragebi

saerTaSoriso energetikuli saagentos monacemebis Tanaxmad,

msoflioSi energoresursebis moxmarebis zrda 2035 wlisaTvis

49%-iT aris navaraudevi. marTalia, 2008 wlis msoflio

ekonomikurma krizisma garkveuli gavlena iqonia energoresursebis

moxmarebaze (igi garkveulwilad Semcirda), magram 2010 wlidan

iwyeba ekonomikuri krizisis TandaTanobiTi daZleva, rac

Sesabamisad aisaxeba energoresursebis moTxovnis zrdaze. aqedan

gamomdinare energoresursebze moTxovna axali maragebis aTvise-

baze ufro swrafad izrdeba.

msoflioSi dadasturebuli navTobis maragebi 2010 wlis 1

ianvris mdgomareobiT Seadgens 1354 miliard barels, aqedan

yvelaze didi wili 753 miliardi bareli modis axlo

aRmosavleTze, 194 miliardi bareli CrdiloeT amerikaze, 135

miliardi bareli centralur da samxreT amerikaze, 119 miliardi

bareli afrikaze, 100 miliardi bareli evraziaze, 40 miliardi

bareli aziaze, 12 miliardi bareli evropaze. navTobis udidesi

momxmareblebi arian aSS, CineTi, iaponia, ruseTi, indoeTi,

germania, brazilia. 2010 wlis monacemebiT, yvelaze meti

dadasturebuli, maragi saerTaSoriso klasifikaciis mixedviT

(raodenobiT) aqvs saudis arabeTs – 19,20%, Semdeg modis kanada–

12,94%, irani–10,16%, erayi–8,50%, kuveiti-7,50%, venesuela–7,34%,

arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi–7,22%, ruseTi–4,43%, libia–3,27%,

nigeria–2,75%, yazaxeTi–2,22%, katari–1,88%, CineTi–1,51%, aSS–1,42%,

brazilia–0,95%, alJiri–0,90%, meqsika–0,77%, angola–0,70%,

azerbaijani–0,52%, norvegia–0,49%, sxva danarCeni msoflio–5,33%.

bolo periodSi moTxovna navTobze yovelwliurad kidev ufro

izrdeba.

rac Seexeba bunebrivi airis dadasturebul msoflio

maragebs, misi daaxloebiT 3/4 ganTavsebulia axlo aRmosavleTsa

da evraziis teritoriaze. [17] 2010 wlis monacemebiT, ruseTze, iransa da katarze

msoflioSi arsebuli bunebrivi airis 55% modis. bunebrivi airis

msoflio dadasturebuli maragebi 2010 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis

Seadgens daaxloebiT 6,609 trilion m3. am mxriv ruseTs pirveli

adgili uWiravs (msoflio maragebis 25,4%), Semdeg modis irani-

15,8%, katari-13,6%, TurqmeneTi-4,0%, saudis arabeTi-4,0%, aSS-3,7%,

arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi-3,2%, nigeria-2,8%, venesuela-2,7%,

alJiri-2,4%, erayi-1,7%, avstralia-1,7%, CineTi-1,6%, indonezia-1,6%,

yazaxeTi-1,3%, malaizia-1,3%, norvegia-1,2%, uzbekeTi-1,0%, kuveiti-

1,0%, kanada-0,9%, danarCeni msoflio-9,2%. 2010 wels bunebrivi

airis maragebis zrdiT gansakuTrebiT xasiaTdebian TurqmeneTi da

62

avstralia. bunebrivi airis moxmareba 2010 wlis monacemebiT,

yovelwliurad 1,3% izrdeba. udidesi momxmareblebi arian ruseTi,

aSS, germania, kanada, inglisi, iaponia, italia, ukraina.

procentuli maCveneblebiT, rom avsaxoT, 2010 wels

msoflioSi energoresursebis mTliani warmoebis 38,1% modis

navTobze, 25,5%-bunebriv airze, 23,1% qvanaxSirze, 5,2% atomuri

energies wyaroze da 8,1% sxva danarCen energoresursebze [18]

2.4. energomwarmoebeli, energomomxmarebeli da

energosatranzito qveynebis klasifikacia

msoflioSi navTobisa da bunebrivi airis mwarmoebeli, eqspo-

rtiori, momxmarebeli da importiori qveynebi, aSS-s energetikuli

administraciis 2008 wlis monacemebis mixedviT Semdegnairad

nawildeba:

1. navTobis mwarmoebeli qveynebi (dReSi aTasi bareli navTobi):

saudis arabeTi-10.782, ruseTi-9.790, aSS-8.514, irani-4.174, CineTi-

3.973, kanada-3.350, meqsika-3.186, arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi-

3.046, kuveiti-2.741, venesuela-2.643, norvegia-2.466, brazilia-2.402,

erayi-2.385, alJiri-2.180, nigeria-2.169.

2. navTobis eqsportiori qveynebi (dReSi aTasi bareli navTobi):

saudis arabeTi-8.030, ruseTi-7.017, arabTa gaerTianebuli

emiratebi-2.475, irani-2.342, norvegia-2.338, kuveiti-2.288, nigeria-

2.062, venesuela-1.957, alJiri-1.905, angola-1.709, libia-1.575, erayi-

1.524, meqsika-1361, yazaxeTi-1.204, kanada-1.116;

3. navTobis momxmarebeli qveynebi (dReSi aTasi bareli navTobi):

aSS-19.498, CineTi-7.831, iaponia-4.785, indoeTi-2.962, ruseTi-2.916,

germania-2.569, brazilia-2.485, saudis arabeTi-2.376, kanada-2.261,

samxreT korea-2.175, meqsika-2.128, safrangeTi-1.986, irani-1.741,

didi britaneTi-1.710,italia-1.639;

4. navTobis importiori qveynebi (dReSi aTasi bareli navTobi): _

aSS-12.224, iaponia-4.903, CineTi-3.670, germania-2.325, samxreT korea-

2.210, indoeTi-1.964, safrangeTi-1.897, espaneTi-1.583, italia-1.519,

taivani-950, holandia-905, singapuri-898, TurqeTi-644, belgia-629,

tailandi-602;

1. bunebrivi airis mwarmoebeli qveynebi (mlrd.m3): ruseTi-656.2,

aSS-490.8, kanada-178.2, irani-101, alJiri-84.4, didi britaneTi-84.2,

norvegia-83.4, holandia-77.3, indonezia-74, TurqmeneTi-72.3, saudis

arabeTi-68.3, uzbekeTi-62.5, malaizia-60.9, CineTi-58.6, arabTa

gaerTianebuli emiratebi-45.1;

2. bunebrivi airis eqsportiori qveynebi (mlrd.m3): ruseTi-182,

kanada-101.9, norvegia-78.1, TurqmeneTi-58, holandia-50.2,

indonezia-29.6, malaizia-29.1, katari-26, trinidati da togo-21,

63

aSS-19.8, avstralia-12.9, uzbekeTi-12.5, nigeria-11.6, bolivia-10.6,

yazaxeTi-10.2;

3. bunebrivi airis momxmarebeli qveynebi (mlrd.m3): ruseTi-610,

aSS-604, irani-98.2, germania-96.8, kanada-92.8, didi britaneTi-91.2,

iaponia-83.7, italia-82.6, ukraina-73.9, saudis arabeTi-68.3, CineTi-

55.6, uzbekeTi-48.4, holandia-47.8, meqsika-47.5, safrangeTi-47.3;

4. bunebrivi airis importiori qveynebi (mlrd.m3): aSS-117.9,

germania-87, iaponia77.6, italia-70.5, ukraina-57.1, safrangeTi-47,

ruseTi-37.5, samxreT korea 35.9, espaneTi-31.8, TurqeTi-25.5,

holandia-22.1, belarusia-19.2, belgia-17.3, didi britaneTi-15.8,

ungreTi-11.5; [19] warmodgenil monacemebTan erTad aseve mniSvnelovania

aRiniSnos, rom energetikuli resursebis mimwodebeli qveyne-

bisaTvis realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi qveynis

biujetis Sevsebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. magaliTad:

msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi eqsportiori qveynis – ruseTis

biujetSi energoresursebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebi

qveynis biujetis 60%-s Seadgens. norvegiis biujetSi _ 50%,

swored energoresursebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavlebia

saudis arabeTis-90%, nigeriis-32%, yazaxeTis-70%, azerbaijanis-40%

da a.S.

rac Seexeba energoresursebis momxmarebel qveynebs,

imisaTvis rom gamovavlinoT mocemuli qveynebis damokidebulebis

xarisxi importirebul energoresursebze, aucilebelia moviZioT

Semdegi sami maCvenebeli:

1. aRniSnuli qveynebis Sida energomoxmarebaSi mTlianad

navTobisa da bunebrivi airis wili;

2. mocemuli qveynebis mier importirebul energoresursebSi

navTobisa da bunebrivi airis wili;

3. am qveynebis Sida energomoxmarebaSi importirebuli navTo-

bisa da bunebrivi airis wili.

magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT ramodenime didi

energoimportiori qveynis (rogorc evropaSi, ise aziaSi)

monacemebi, maT Soris germaniis energoresursebis mTliani

moxmarebis 34.6% modis navTobze da 21.7% bunebriv airze. germaniis

mier importirebuli energoresursebis 56% modis navTobze, xolo

31%-i bunebriv airze. aqedan, importirebuli bunebrivi airi da

navTobi mTliani Sida energomoxmarebis 60% Seadgens.

TurqeTis energoresursebis mTliani moxmarebis 35% modis

navTobze da 29 % _ bunebriv airze. TurqeTis importirebuli

energoresursebis 42% modis navTobze, xolo _ 23% bunebriv

airze. importirebuli bunebrivi airi da navTobi mTliani Sida

energomoxmarebis 70% Seadgens.

64

italia _ energoresursebis mTliani moxmarebis 45% modis

navTobze, 36% _ bunebriv airze. navTobi Seadgens importirebuli

energoresursebis 52%, xolo bunebrivi airi _ 35%. importirebuli

bunebrivi airi da navTobi mTliani Sida energomoxmarebis 80%

Seadgens.

espaneTi _ energoresursebis mTliani moxmarebis 49% modis




Seadgens.

rumineTi _ energoresursebis mTliani moxmarebis 26% modis




Seadgens. [21] rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qveynebi iyofa 4 ZiriTad jgufad:

energoresursebis mwarmoebel, momxmarebel, eqsportior da

importior qveynebad.

2.5. saqarTvelos energoresursebi

axla ganvixiloT Tu ra mdgomareobaa uSualod saqar-

TveloSi. statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis, saqarTvelos

ssr bunebrivi resursebis da doqtor d. ComaxiZis wignis

“saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba” monacemebis mixedviT,

saqarTvelo arsebuli mdgomareobiT flobs da gamovlenilia

energetikuli resursebis Semdegi maragebi:

hidroresursi (Teoriuli) – 135,8 miliardi kvt.sT.

(SesaZlo miRwevadi) _ 55 miliardi kvt.sT.

naxSiri (Teoriuli) _ 235,5 milioni tona

saqarTvelos tradiciuli ser-idan (ser-saTbob-energetikuli

resursi) aRsaniSnavia hidroresursi, naxSiri da navTobi. rogorc

cxrili #3.1-dan Cans, Teoriuli (geologiuri) maragi mniSvne-

lovnad sWarbobs balansurs (teqnikurs). pirvel rigSi, es iTqmis

naxSirisa da navTobis mimarT, romelTa maragi Sesabamisad 5,5-jer

da 4,0-jer naklebia geologiurze.

cxrili #2.1

maragis dasaxeleba hidroenergia mlrd.kvtsT

naxSiri mln. tona

navTobi mln. tona

energoresursebis Teoriuli (teqnikuri) maragi

135,8

235,5

438,3

65

hidroenergiis teqnikuri da saTbobis sabalnso maragi

68,5

430

110,9

energoresursebis mopoveba (warmoeba) 2001 weli

5,5

0,005

0,1

mopoveba (warmoeba) sabalanso da teqnikur maragTan SedarebiT %

8,6

0,0001

0,09

cxrilis monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom miuxedavad saqarTveloSi

arsebuli energetikuli deficitisa, metad dabalia maTi

gamoyenebis koeficienti. kerZod, 2001 wlis mdgomareobiT, qveyanaSi

aTvisebuli iyo hidroenergiis teqnikuri maragis mxolod 8,0%,

naxSiris sabalanso maragis – 0,001% da navTobis amosaRebi

maragis – 0,09%.”

miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi mateba SeimCneva, zrdis

tempi imdenad dabalia (10%, 0,007%, 1,09%), rom energousafrTxoebis

normebis dacvaze saubari zedmetia. rac Seexeba bunebriv gazs,

saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT misi mopoveba TiTqmis ar xdeba. qveyana

iZulebulia mezobeli qveynebidan Seisyidos. garda energod-

aniSnulebisa, gazi gamoiyeneba rogorc gaTbobis saSualeba, aseve

sayofacxovrebo, samrewvelo da soflis meurneobis seqtorSic.

SedarebisTvis, sabWoTa periodSi, kerZod 1989 wels, saqarTvelom

moixmara saSualod 19 miliardi kvt.sT. eleqtroenergia, 6

miliardi m3.gazi. aqedan 2,5 miliardi m3. daixarja gaTbobaze, 815

mln.m3. sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebaSi, 356 mln.m3. soflis meur-

neobasa da kvebis mrewvelobaSi. gazis importi ZiriTadad

warmoebda da dResac grZeldeba ruseTidan da azerbaijanidan.

rogorc analizidan Cans, ZiriTadi (sakuTari) energowya-

roebi, naxSiri da hidroresursebia, aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel

rigSi, am or saxeobas unda mieqces mTavari yuradReba.

2010 wlis mdgomareobiT, hidroelsadgurebi SenarCunebuli

da garkveul wilad aRdgenilic aris. maTi moqmedi simZlavre

saSualod 1700 megavats, xolo wliurma gamomuSavebam 9,4 miliardi

kvt-sT-s miaRwia. rasac ver vityviT Tbosadgurebze, romelTa

moqmedi jamuri simZlavre saSualod 650 megavats, xolo

gamomuSaveba 678 mil. kvt. sT-s. ar aRemateboda. sawvavis

siZviridan gamomdinare mesakuTreebi cdiloben Tbosadgurebi rac

SeiZleba naklebi datvirTviT amuSaon (safiqrebelia, rom

mesakuTreTa aseTi damokidebulebas is faqtoric uwyobs xels,

rom semekis gadawyvetilebiT, Tbosadgurebs gaCerebul

mdgomareobaSic eZlevaT anazRaureba (e.w. “garantirebuli simZla-

66

vris safasuri”), es ki iwvevs wliuri gamomuSavebis kidev ufro

metad Semcirebas. Tbosadgurebis analogiurad, hidrosadgurebic

(garda engurisa da vardnilhesebisa, romelTa mflobelobis

sakiTxi gaurkvevelia) kerZoa (ZiriTadad ucxoel mesakuTreebs

gadaecaT). miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdebloba kerZo mflobelebs

energoobieqtebis mudmivad wesrigSi qonas avaldebulebs, SedegSi

es srulad ar aisaxeba, miT umetes, roca maTi tarifi (rogorc

hidro, aseve Tbo) saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli elsad-

gurebis tarifze metia; (magaliTad saxelmwifos kuTvnili

elsadgurebi: engurhesis tarifi-1,187 TeTri kvt sT-ia, vardnil-

hesis tarifi 1,17 TeTri kvt sT-ia; “energoprojorjias” kuTvnil

elsadgurebze: Saorihesis tarifi – 3,82 TeTri kvt sT-ia, Sps

“munleik-jorjia” Zevrulhesis I agregati 3 TeTri kvt sT-ia da

a.S.). cnobilia, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis saSualo wliuri

(energetikuli) zrda 5%-ze metia. iseTi qveynisTvis, rogoric

saqarTveloa da romelmac mTavari aqcenti energetikis

ganviTarebaze unda gaakeTos, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi axali

simZlavreebi ara Tu aiTvisa, aramed piriqiT, arsebul elsadgurebze elenergiis warmoeba Seamcira, rac cxadyofs energousafrTxoebis

normebis kidev ufro daqveiTebas.

qvemoT naCvenebia saqarTvelos energetikuli balansis

dinamika (grafiki #2.1), romelic 1990-2010 wlebis mdgomareobas

asaxavs. faqtobrivad 1990 wlidan 1994 wlamde saqarTvelos

energosistemis gamomuSaveba saSualod 8 miliardi kilovatsaaTiT

Semcirda, es gaugonari vardnaa. aseTi Rrma krizisi saqarTvelos

energosistemas ar ganucdia. igi TiTqmis 20 weli gagrZelda. maSin

rodesac simZlavre da Sesabamisad gamomuSaveba, piriqiT, erTi-

orad unda gazrdiliyo. (ix.grafiki #2.2), sadac naCvenebia

saqarTvelos energosistemis perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis gegma. am

gegmiT 2000 wlidan 2020 wlamde saqarTvelos energosistemis

gamomuSaveba saSualod 20 miliard kvt. sT-mde unda gazrdiliyo.

qveynis energosistemis warmoebis aseTma mkveTrma dacemam

katastrofuli Sedegebi gamoiwvia. kvlevis periodSi Cven araerTxel mivuTiTeT mizezebze, romelTagan mTavari mainc “did

moxeleTa” mier araswori gadawyvetilebebis miReba iyo, rac maTi

piradi interesebidan gamomdinareobda. perspeqtiuli gegmis mixedviT, sul sxva suraTi unda yofiliyo, rac, samwuxarod,

utopia aRmoCnda.

67

grafiki #2.1 (nax. 2.1)

mln.

kvtsT

15_

14_ - - -

13_

12_

11_

10_

9_

8_

7_

6_

5_

4_

3_

2_

1_

1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 2000 2002 2008 2010

1990-2010 wlebis eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis grafiki

2000-2020 wlebis eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebis SesaZlo grafiki.

1993-2003 wlebis energetikuli balansis dinamika (roca saSualo

wliuri gamomuSaveba 8 miliard kilovatsaaTs ar aRemateboda)

aSkarad miuTiTebs saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis dabal

doneze. Ffaqtobrivad, 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi energosistema ara Tu

daculi iyo, aramed muSaobda avariidan avariamde. ekonomikis

sxvadasxva dargi elenergiis mwvave deficits ganicdida.

deficituri elenergia ZiriTadad mosaxleobis komunalur

moTxovnebze ixarjeboda. gaTbobis sistemebis moSlis gamo mTeli

datvirTva eleqtro energiaze gadavida. ukve moZvelebuli

mowyobiloba-danadgarebi, miwisqveSa da miwiszeda elgadacemis

saSualebebi amortizirebuli gaxda. yovelive aman mosaxleobis

aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. mTavroba “iZulebuli” gaxda, ruseTisa da

sxva mezobeli qveynebisTvis eTxova deficitis dafarva. gaformda

droebiTi (kabaluri) xelSekrulebebi. xelisufleba am faqts

“olimpiuri” simSvidiT xvdeboda, radganac icoda, rom sabolood

energetikuli simZlavreebi ucxoelebze unda gasxvisebuliyo (rac

kidevac ganxorcielda). procesi umarTavi gaxda. jer Semosavlebis

68

nax. 2.2.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1987 2000

gamomuSaveba

mlrd/kvt.sT

2020ww

16

17

18

19

20

2005 2010 2015

69

wyaro – “distribucia” gasxvisda, xolo Semdgom konstituciis me-3

muxlis darRvevasac ar moeridnen da generaciis sadgurebi,

qvesadgurebi da eleqtro gadacemis xazebic simbolur fasad

gaiyida (jerjerobiT saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSia mxolod

“eleqtrosistema”, romelic 220 da nawilobriv 500 kilovoltian

qvesadgurebsa da eleqtrogadacemis xazebs moicavs). sistemis

energo usafrTxoebis sakiTxi saeWvo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.

gamwarebuli sazogadoeba da gansakuTrebiT mewarmeebi Tavidan

yvelaferze Tanaxma iyvnen (maT Soris fasebis gaormagebazec ki),

oRondac elenergia mudmivad hqonodaT, Tumca, maT ver

warmoedginaT, rom kilovat-saaTze fasebi 300-400 procentiT

gaizrdeboda, magram ukve gvianRa iyo. e.w. privatizebis Sedegebma

momxmarebeli erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi gadaagdo. profe-

sionali energetikosebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi kuTvnil xelfasebs

ver iRebdnen (umetes nawils jer kidev miuRebuli aqvs).

organizaciebs Soris aTeuli milionobiT davalianeba dagrovda.

2008 wlidan xelisufleba arsebuli simZlavreebis

aTvisebaze alaparakda. moiwvies ramodenime (cnobili Tu ucnobi)

e.w. ”investori”. ucxoelma damfinanseblebma mTavari aqcenti hidroresursebis aTvisebaze gaakeTes. analogiurad Tbilsresis

Zveli blokebis myidvelma kompaniam, Sps “saqarTvelos

sarTaSoriso energetikulma korporaciam” gancxadeba gaakeTa, rom

igi tyibulis qvanaxSiris bazaze aaSenebs Tbosadgurs. Tumca,

jerjerobiT raime seriozuli obieqti eqspluatacias ar

Cahbarebia. davuSvaT ucxoelma investorebma aaSenes ramodenime

seriozuli eleqtrosadguri, aqve Cndeba kiTxva - rogori iqneba

axali wyalsacavebis gaCenis (da aseve Tbosadguris aSenebis SemTxvevaSi, haerSi gamotyorcnili mavne nivTierebebi) Sedegad

Seqmnili ekologiuri mdgomareoba, anda, rac mTavaria, visi iqneba

dargis ganviTarebidan miRebuli mTavari Semosavlebi? anu iqneba

Tu ara rogorc ekologiuri, aseve ekonomiuri usafrTxoebis normebi daculi? ai, am kiTxvebze unda gaices pasuxi.

winamdebare masalis aRwerilobis safuZvelze, romelic

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis magaliTze gakeTda, TvalnaTliv gamoCnda, Tu ramxela mniSvneloba aqvs TiToeuli qveynisTvis

energousafrTxoebis moTxovnebis dacvas. faqtobrivad es Tema

aris saxelmwifoTaSorisi molaparakebebis erT-erTi centraluri

sakiTxi. energousafrTxoebis dacva gansakuTrebiT sWirdebaT iseT

sust qveynebs, rogoric saqarTveloa.

kvlevam aCvena, rom (jerjerobiT) saqarTveloSi sakuTari energowyaroebidan mniSvnelovani raodenobiT mxolod naxSiri da

hidroresursi arsebobs. amdenad maTi gamoyeneba mkacr kontrols

iTxovs.

70

energousafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, aucileblad gasaT-

valiswinebelia mezobeli qveynebidan gaziTa da navTobiT SesaZlo

momaragebis SemTxvevebi, rac ormxriv sargeblianobaze unda iqnas damyarebuli.

cxrili 2.2

meore Tavis daskvna

yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia daskvnis

saxiT Camoyalibdes qvemoT warmodgenili winadadebebi, rac Semd-

gomSi safuZvlad daedeba saqarTvelos energosistemis marTvis

axal wesebs:

1. Tanamedrove (msoflios) qveynebis ganviTarebis erT-erT mTavar

maxasiaTebels warmoadgens energetikuli usafrTxoebis SenarC-

uneba da gaZliereba.

2. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen ama Tu im qveynis

energetikuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebebsa da Sedegebs.

3. ama Tu im qveynis energetikuli usafrTxoeba pirdapir

kavSirSia da aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli usafrTxoeba.

4. nebismieri qveynisTvis energetika (garda erovnuli usaf-

rTxoebisa) aRiqmeba, rogorc erovnuli Semosavlis umniSvne-

lovanesi wyaro. (qveyanas, romelic didi raodenobiT flobs

energoresurs, tranzits, eqsports da miRebuli mogebis

71

mTavari mewile saxelmwifoa, faqtobrivad uzrunvelyofili

aqvs sakmaod didi sabiujeto Semosavlebi).

5. amJamad arsebuli mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos energousa-

frTxoeba ar aris uzrunvelyofili, kerZod: gasxvisebulia

sakuTari energoobieqtebi, srulad ar aris aRdgenili

arsebuli hidroeleqtro da Tbosadgurebi, auTvisebeli da

gamouyenebelia axali simZlavreebi, xelovnurad aris gaz-

rdili erTeuli kvt.sT-is Rirebuleba, adgili aqvs energe-

tikidan miRebuli Semosavlebis sazRvargareT gadinebas,

dabali tempiT viTardeba adgilobrivi teqnologiebi da

kadrebi.

energetikis marTvis axali wesebis danergva gulisxmobs

saqarTvelos energosistemis optimaluri variantebis SerCeviT,

umokles droSi, jer arsebuli xarvezebis gamosworebas da

Semdgom kvlav ganviTarebas. am TvalsazrisiT migvaCnia, rom auci-

lebeli da saWiroa qvemoT warmodgenili RonisZiebebis gatareba:

1. saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTarebisa da usafrTxoebis

dacvis pirveli pirobaa, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis

keTili nebis arseboba.

2. ZalaSi unda darCes da amoqmeddes konstituciis me-3

muxlis “i” punqti, ris mixedviTac energobieqtebis sakon-

trolo paketi saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi unda darCes.

3. eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobis axali meTodiT unda

daCqardes axal-axali simZlavreebis (hidro-eleqtro-

sadgurebis) aTviseba, romelTa finansirebis way ro

SeiZleba iyos:

- dargidan Semosuli mogebis nawili;

- calkeuli iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier

Sesyiduli aqciebi;

- saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (bankebis) mier gaRebuli

SedarebiT iaffasiani sesxebi;

4. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva sabazro principebs unda

eqvemdebarebodes, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rac axali simZlavreebis Seuferxebel

aTvisebas da muSaobas Seuwyobs xels, mesakuTrem eleq-

troenergiis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebidan

garkveuli Tanxa (5 10%) adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

ganviTarebis fondSi unda Caricxos.

5. ucxoel investorebs ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon

“privatizebaSi”, an sxvadasxva “tenderebSi”, magram

xelisuflebam, pirvel rigSi, unda uzrunvelyos adgil-

obrivi organizaciebisa da specialistebis konkursSi

72

monawileobis uflebebi da dasaqmeba. saSiS tendenciad

migvaCnia energetikuli sawarmoebis da obieqtebis rusul

kompaniebze gasxviseba.

6. saqarTveloSi dargis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT renta-

belobisda mixedviT, unda Seiqmnas erToblivi sawarmoebi,

romlebic daamzadeben ama Tu im energetikul mowyobi-

loba-danadgarebs, masalebs, xelsawyo-iaraRebs da sxva,

sadac, pirvel rigSi, adgilobrivi kadrebi dasaqmdeba.

7. dargidan miRebuli Semosavlebi cxadia damsaxurebis da

sakuTrebis mixedviT unda ganawildes, magram mTavari

wili (51%) mainc saxelmwifo biujetSi unda Sediodes.

Camoyalibebuli daskvnebi emyareba, rogorc msoflios

sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziarebis Sedegad miRebul

codnas, aseve qarTuli sinamdvilis gaTvliswinebiT sakuTari

kvlevis Sedegebs.

73

Tavi III. axali simZlavreebi

3.1. axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis optimaluri

variantebi saqarTveloSi

sabWoTa periodSi (1990 wlamde), saqarTvelos sakuTari

dadgmuli simZlavre 4000 megvats, xolo gamomuSaveba 14 miliard

kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda. Aam periodSi gansakuTrebiT didi

gamomuSaveba hqondaT Tbosadgurebs (Tbilsressa da tyvarCel-

sress), romelTa simZlavre da gamomuSaveba energosistemis

mTliani gamomuSavebis naxevarze mets Seadgenda. Semdgom periodSi

aRniSnulma Tbosadgurebma, sxvadasxva mizeziT (marag nawilebisa

da sawvavis uqonloba, saremonto-aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis Seusru-

lebloba, sakuTrebis formis Secvla), didi danaklisi ganicada.

afxazeTis omis (1990-92ww.) Sedegad tyvarCelsresi mTlianad gamo-

vida mwyobridan.

Tbilsresis 300 megavatiani me-10 bloki, amerikul kompania

`aies Telasze” gayidvis Semdgom afeTqda, danarCeni Zveli

blokebi (garda samisa) gamovida mwyobridan. energosistemis Zir-

iTadi Semavsebeli wyaro, hidrosadgurebi da importiT

Semotanili energia gaxda, Tumca, zemoT CamoTvlil mizezTa gamo,

hesebis simZlavreebi aseve sagrZnoblad Semcirda. arsebuli

mdgomareobiT, moqmedi dadgmuli simZlavre saSualod 1500-2000

megavats, xolo wliuri gamomuSaveba 8-9 miliard kilovatsaaTs ar

aRemateba.

Tu oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis mixedviT vimsjelebT bunebrivia,

energosistemaSi sul mcire 3 miliardi kilovatsaaTis deficitia.

Qqveynis mzardi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, arsebuli deficiti,

uaxloes wlebSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom

(erTi SexedviT) bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi elenergiis

deficiti TiTqos ar arsebobs, rac arasworad migvaCnia, radganac

gamanawilebel kompaniebs (gansakuTrebiT raionebSi) gamoyenebuli

aqvT e.w. “koleqtiuri mricxvelebi” (rac, jer erTi, aSkarad

zRudavs abonentTa uflebebs), sadac erTi an ramdenime sofeli, an

ubania erT transformatorze mierTebuli. daxarjul energias sae-

rTo mricxveliT gansazRvraven. Ddeficitis SemTxvevaSi, rac

faqtiurad xSiria, saerTo satransformatoro qvesadgurebSi

momxmareblebs (mosaxleobas) ganukiTxavad gamorTaven. Yyvelaferi

es mosaxleobaSi did ukmayofilebas iwvevs.

gamanawilebel kompaniebs, sakuTari Semosavlebis gazrdisa da

deficitis aRmofxvris erT-erT saSualebad, usaSvelod maRali

tarifis arseboba gamoyenebuli aqvT. Rarib mosaxleobas ara aqvs

saSualeba Zviri elenergia Seisyidos, magram mas arCevanis ufleba

74

ara aqvs, rac araswori qmedebaa da saWiroebs saswrafo

cvlilebas. Cvens SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is mdgomareoba,

roca elenergiis aRricxva, mowesrigdeba da yidva-gayidva

Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebs daeqvemdebareba, rac

aucileblad gaaiafebs Sida bazars. Aamdenad axali simZlavreebis

aTviseba saqarTvelosTvis, aucilebel da gadaudebel RonisZiebas

warmoadgens.

Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad, romelic bolo oci

wlis dakvirvebas emyareba, pirvel rigSi, upiratesoba mieniWa

mdinareebis: enguris, kodoris, caniswylis, rionis, mtkvris,

faravnisa da QWoroxis xeobebis hidroresursebis aTvisebas, sadac

ZiriTadad aSendeba mcire, saSualo da didi simZlavris

hidroelsadgurebi, romelTa jamuri simZlavre saSualod 4-5 aTas

megavats, xolo saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba 13-15 miliard

kilovatsaaTs miaRwevs.

Kkvlevam aseve daadastura, rom sawyis etapze (pirveli xuTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi) upiratesoba eniWeba mdinare engurze: xudonis

(xaiSis) (500-600 megavati), jorkvalis (500 megavati), faris (500

megavati) da latalis (100 megavati) simZlavris hesebis mSeneb-

lobas. Mmdinare caniswyalze da mis Senakadebze (md.xeledis,

laskadurasa da laSxuraze) SesaZlebelia mcire da saSualo

simZlavris elsadgurebis aSeneba, jamuri 150 megavati simZlavriT;

mdinare rionze unda ganaxldes namaxvanis kompleqsis mSenebloba

(saSualod 300 megavati simZlavriT). Seswavlis procesSia da

dasazustebelia rionis zeda welis (Senakadebis CaTvliT)

energetikuli potenciali da ekologiuri mizanSewoniloba.

gasaTvaliswinebelia seismuri da geologiuri mdgomareoba,

pirvel rigSi, is saSiSroeba, rac wyalsacavis garRvevis SemT-

xvevaSia mosalodneli.

riTaa ganpirobebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod,

svaneTis xeobebSi amdeni hidroeleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis

aucilebloba? pasuxi erTia: unikaluri bunebrivi pirobebiT.

rogorc ityvian, RmerTma `sikeTis kalTa daabertya~ am xeobebs,

kerZod:

1. didia wylis saSualo wliuri Camonadeni;

2. saSualebas iZleva mokle manZilze (saSualod yovel 12 ÷ 15km) miRebul iqnas doneTa didi sxvaoba, rac maRali dawnevis

SesaZleblobas iZleva;

3. viwro da myari xeoba saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens

rogorc kaSxlis mSeneblobis swrafi tempiT dasrulebis, ise

kaSxlis mdgradobisa da imedianobis normis dacvis.

4. erTi da igive, an gverdiTa xeobebSi samSeneblo-samontaJo

samuSaoebis Sesrulebis dro da xarjebi did ekonomiasTanaa

75

dakavSirebuli (erTi romelime sadguris asaSeneblad Seqmnili

droebiTi da damxmare nagebobebi da mTeli infrastruqtura

gamoyenebadi xdeba sxva danarCeni elsadgurebis mSeneblo-

bisaTvis);

5. erTsa da imave xeobaSi aSenebuli elsadgurebi (kaskadi),

ganapirobeben saerTo gamomuSavebis gazrdas, eqspluataciis

drois gaxangrZlivebasa da usafrTxoebas.

teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT mdinare mtkvarze aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi aucileblad mosafiqrebelia Tundac saSualo

simZlavris hesebis mSeneblobis SesaZlebloba, rac energosistemis

mdgradi muSaobis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, dasavleT da aRmosa-

vleT saqarTvelos elsistemis balansis SenarCunebis mizniT

aucilebelia. miT umetes wylis wliuri xarji, sxva mdinareebTan

SedarebiT, am mdinareze yvelaze didia. Aaqve unda ganvmartoT,

rom mxolod hidroresursis aTvisebiT, mTeli energosistemis

uzrunvelyofa ver moxerxdeba. saWiroa bazisuri Tbosadgurebis

aSeneba. am etapze yvelaze misaReb RonisZiebad migvaCnia

Tbilsresis Zveli blokebis (saSualod jamuri 300 megavati

simZlavriT) ganaxleba, aRdgena, rekonstruqcia. axali teqnolo-

giebis danergva, romelic tyibulis qvanaxSirze imuSavebs.

Tbosadgurebis, maT Soris atomuri sadgurebis muSaoba

ZiriTadad sawvaviT uzrunvelyofazea damokidebuli. rogorc

cnobilia, saqarTvelos sakuTari sawvavis (navTobis, uranisa da

gazis) mxolod mcire maragebi aqvs. sawvavi ZiriTadad baqo-

Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-sufsis da sxva saerTaSoriso proeqtebis

ganxorcielebis Sedegad, rogorc wilobrivi kuTvnilebiT

miRebuli, ise SesyidviT mowodebul sawvavis saxiT azerbaijanidan

Semodis. Gganvlilma 15 wlianma periodma aCvena, rom azerba-

ijanTan TanamSromloba SesaZlebelia.

Tbosadgurebis normaluri muSaobis erT-erTi aucilebeli

faqtori, gazsacavis aSenebaa. aseTi sacavebi mraval qveyanas aqvs

(gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc sawvavis deficits ganicdis). Ggazsacavis

aSenebas maRali donis inJinruli nageboba sWirdeba. Aarsebobs

xelovnuri da naxevrad xelovnuri (qvanaxSirisa da navTobis

amoRebis Sedegad miwis siRrmeSi darCenili carieli “sawyobebi”

da sxva gvirabebi) nagebobebi, romelTac mravali qveyana

warmatebiT iyenebs. Ggazsacavebis muSaoba unda iyos usafrTxo.

meore sakiTxi, romelic SeiZleba Tbosadgurebis muSaobis

Semaferxebel faqtorad iqces. atmosferoSi gamonabolqvi airebis

gawmenda-gafiltvraa. Mmsoflios mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris

evropaSi, aziasa da amerikaSic danergilia Tanamedrove

teqnologiebiT Sesrulebuli safiltro mowyobilobebi,

romlebic maqsimalurad uzrunvelyofen namwvi airebis gawmendas.

76

Aase rom, aucilebelia am dargSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis

mecnierebis miRwevebis gacnoba da danergva. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-

vaSi ekologiuri problemebi mudmivad iqneba, rac sazogadoebis

samarTlian aRSfoTebas gamoiwvevs.

zemoT CamoTvlili elsadgurebis mSenebloba nebismieri

damkveTisaTvis ufro mimzidveli gaxdeba, Tu kanonis doneze

iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli rogorc adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

uflebebi da interesebi, ise ekologiuri normebis dacva da

sakuTrebis formis samarTlianad gansazRvra.Þsxva SemTxvevaSi

mosalodnelia mosaxleobasa da damkveTebs Soris mravalwliani

arafrismTqmeli dapirispireba. rac saboloo jamSi an uSedegod,

an romelime mxaris Zalismieri zemoqmedebiT damTavrdeba (rogorc

xudonisa da namaxvan hesebis SemTxvevaSi moxda). erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, elsadgurebis mSeneblobisa da

eqspluataciis periodSi adgilobrivi specialistebis dasaqmeba,

rasac win unda uZRodes saWiro kadrebis Teoriul da praqtikul

nawilSi momzadeba.

3.2. ra Sedegebia mosalodneli axali

eleqtrosadgurebis aSenebis SemTxvevaSi?

1. rogorc elsadgurebis mSeneblobis periodSi, ise Semdgomi

eqsploataciis dros, dasaqmdeba saSualod 30-50 aTasi kaci;

2. qveynis energetikuli simZlavre gaizrdeba im donemde, rom pirvel

rigSi qveynis SigniT moixsneba deficiti (rasac Sida bazris

gaiafeba mohyveba), xolo Warbi energia gaiyideba (eqsportis saxiT)

sazRvargareT.

3. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelisufleba daicavs konstituciis me-3 muxlis

“i” punqtis moTxovnas (romelic SeiZleba mxolod nawilobriv

Seswordes im TvalsazrisiT, rom sakontrolo paketi saxelmwifos

sakuTrebaSi iyos), qveynis biujetSi yovelwliurad STambeWdavi

odenobis Tanxebi Seva;

4. im raionebSi, sadac energomSenebloba ganviTardeba, mTlianad

Sesyiduli iqneba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis soflis meurneobis

Warbi produqti;

5. “energetikul xeobebSi” ganviTardeba turizmi, sporti,

kulturuli memkvidreoba da mTlianad mxaris ekonomika;

6. xeobaSi mcxovrebi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba misi kuTvnili

wilidan elenergiis nawils SeRavaTian fasebSi miiRebs;

7. adgilobrivi (raionuli, samxareo) biujetis Semosavlebi STambeW-

davad gaizrdeba.

77

elsadgurebis mSeneblobis paralelurad, aucilebelia

aSendes eleqtro gadacemis xazebi.

amJamad saqarTvelos energosistema mezobel energosistemebs

ukavSirdeba Semdegi eleqtrogadacemis xazebiT:

ruseTs

__”__

__”__

__”__

-

-

-

500kv-iani e.g.xazi “kavkasioni”;

220kv-iani e.g.xazi “salxino”;

110kv-iani e.g.xazi “dariali”;

110kv-iani e.g.xazi “java”;

TurqeTs 220kv-iani e.g.xazi “aWara”;

azerbaijans

__”__

- 330 kv-iani e.g.xazi “gardabani”;

500kv-iani e.g.xazi “muxrani”;

somxeTs

__”__

__”__

- 220kv-iani e.g.xazi “alaverdi”;

110kv-iani e.g.xazi “lalvari”;

110/35kv-iani e.g.xazi “aSocki-ninowminda”.

praqtikam aCvena, rom aRniSnuli elgadacemis xazebis gamtaru-

narianoba ar aris sakmarisi. miT umetes Cvens mier warmodgenili

axali eleqtrosadgurebis aSenebis SemTxvevaSi saWiro gaxdeba

axali (satranzito) sasistemo eleqtrogadacemis xazebis mSeneb-

loba. Bbunebrivia, eleqtrogadacemis xazebma centralur

sistemasTan unda daakavSiros axali elsadgurebi. Cvens mier

ganxilul variantebSi elsadgurebis mTavari simZlavreebis

Tavmoyra ZiriTadad enguris, caniswylis, rionisa da mtkvris

xeobebSi xdeba. Sesabamisad axali sasistemo eleqtrogadacemis

xazebic amis mixedviT unda gaSendes.

rogorc cnobilia, yvelaze viwro xeoba md. Eengurs aqvs.

amJamad aq ukve gadis 500kv-iani da 110-kilovoltiani

eleqtrogadacemis xazebi. faqtiurad axali xazis asaSeneblad

adgili aRar aris darCenili. ZiriTadad sirTule exeba jvari-

xaiSis monakveTs. TiTqos sakiTxi CixSia Sesuli, magram bunebam,

rogorc Cans, aqac gaiTvaliswina qveynis energetikuli ganviTa-

rebis saWiroeba da dagvitova iseTi xeoba, rogoric aris xaiSi-

vedi-xeledi. balsqvemouri svaneTidan, kerZod, im adgilidan,

sadac xudoni (xaiSi) hesi unda aSendes, lentexis, leCxumisa da

kerZod rionis xeobaSi gadasasvleli maRali Zabvis satranzito

e.g. xazis asaSeneblad yvelaze dabali qedi da yvelaze

xelsayreli marSrutia. bolo 30 wlianma dakvirvebam aCvena, rom

am xeobebSi zvavsaSiSi adgilebi TiTqmis ar aris. [31] rac Seexeba enguris xeobaSi mSenebare sxva elsadgurebis

mier gamomuSavebuli elenergiis transportirebas (rac gacilebiT

advili gadasawyvetia), saWiroa latalidan xaiSamde (imis mixedviT

reliefurad romeli adgilebi iqneba xelsayreli) maRali Zabvis

elgadacemis xazis aSeneba, rac savaraudod 40km-is sigrZis iqneba.

78

500 kilovoltiani qvesadguri, romelic aSendeba xaiSTan, xdeba

sakvanZo qvesadguri, romelic erTmaneTs daakavSirebs, rogorc

engurhesidan ruseTisaken mimaval eleqtro gadacemis xaz –

“kavkasions”, aseve enguris zeda welis elsadgurebidan momaval

220-500 kilovoltian eleqtrogadacemis xazebs. Ffaqtobrivad

dasavleT saqarTvelos am nawilSi iqmneba mZlavri energetikuli

baza. Eeleqtrogadacemis xazis “xudoni-zestafonis” mSenebloba

aseve xels Seuwyobs TviT energosistemis dasavleT saqarTvelos

monakveTis gantvirTvas daAimedianobis gazrdas. am marSrutis erT-

erT upiratesobad iTvleba gamoyenebadi saxnav-saTesi miwebis

dazogva.

2011 wels aSenda md. caniswylidan (sof. Jaxunderi) mestiamde

110 kilovoltis e.g. xazi. amJamad “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

eleqtrosistemis” (rogorc damkveTis) mier, ukve xorcieldeba

“gardabani-zestafoni”, “zestafoni-axalcixe” da “axalcixe-

TurqeTis” mimarTulebiT – 500 kilovoltiani eleqtrogadacemis

xazebis proeqtireba, aRdgena da mSenebloba. es xazebi

saqarTvelos saSualebas miscems Warbi energia gaitanos TurqeTSi

da SesaZlebelia mis mezobel sxva qveynebSic. Aanalogiurad

dawyebulia azerbaijanisa da somxeTisaken axali eleqtro

satranzito gadacemis xazebis mSenebloba, rac iranis

energosistemasTan kavSirsac gulisxmobs. Cvens mier warmodgenil

axal 220 ÷ 500 kilovoltian eleqtro gadacemis xazebis da

elsadgurebis ganlagebas eqneba Semdegi saxe: (ix.sqema #3,1)

3.3. Aaris Tu ara saqarTvelos konstituciis me-3 muxlis

“i” punqtis cvlileba saWiro?

kanonmdebelma Tavis droze saWirod miiCnia strategiuli

dargebisa da obieqtebis gansazRvra-dakonkreteba. erT-erTi maT

Soris energetikis dargia. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-3 muxlis

“i” punqti ambobs: “mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo

organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas miekuTvneba…,,erTiani

energetikuli sistema da reJimebi”. zemoTqmuli niSnavs, rom

elsadgurebi, qvesadgurebi, elgadacemis xazebi da gamanawilebeli

mowyobiloba-danadgarebi sakontrolo paketi saxelmwifos

sakuTrebaSi unda darCes. sinamdvileSi, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT,

zemoTCamoTvlili obieqtebis 80%-ze meti gasxvisebulia.

sazRvargareTis qveynebis magaliTma da aseve saqarTvelos

bolo 10 wlianma gamocdilebam aCvena, rom energosistemis

calkeuli obieqtebis mflobeli SeiZleba iyos, rogorc kerZo, ise

saxelmwifo struqturebi. mTavaria, marTvis rogori meqanizmi

79

iqneba Cadebuli. Aam etapze Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

msoflioSi gamokveTilia Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi:

1. energosistemaSi Semavali obieqtebis umetes nawils

saxelmwifo ganagebs;

2. energosistemaSi Semavali obieqtebis marTva da sakuTreba

ZiriTadad kerZo seqtoris xelSia;

3. energosistemaSi Semavali obieqtebis marTva da sakuTreba

ormxriv daqvemdebarebaSia (saxelmwifo da kerZo

struqtura).

msoflios umravlesma qveynebma aRiares dargis

strategiuloba. Uupiratesad miCneulia marTvis Sereuli forma,

sadac generaciis, eleqtrosistemisa da ganawileba-gayidvis sakuT-

rebis (aqciebis) sakontrolo pakets saxelmwifo, xolo danarCens

kerZo struqturebi floben, anu ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobaa

dawesebuli. mogebis ganawileba da samomavlod dargis kvlav

ganviTareba garantirebulia. Kkvlevis Sedegad mtkicdeba, rom

Cvennairi qveynisTvis aseTi sqema ufro marTebulia, miT umetes

kanonTan, anu konstituciasTan winaaRmdegoba TiTqmis gamoir-

icxeba. Ddroa amaze dRevandeli parlamenti da mTavroba

dafiqrdes da droulad miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.

garda imisa, rom konstituciis me-3 muxliT qveynis

energetikuli usafrTxoebaa nagulisxmevi, agreTve didi

mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikur mxares. Eelenergiis gayidvis Sedegad

miRebuli Semosavlebi qveynis biujetis Sevsebis erT-erTi didi

wyaroa. Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTze, axali elsadgurebis

aSenebiT, damatebiT saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba sul mcire

10 12 miliard kilovat saaTiT unda gaizardos, paralelurad

unda Catardes Zveli simZlavreebis reabilitacia, ris Sedegadac

damatebiT saSualod 5 miliard kilovatsaaTis gamomuSaveba iqneba

SesaZlebeli. jamSi saqarTvelos energosistemis jamurma

gamomuSavebam uaxloes 7 weliwadSi 20 miliard kilovatsaaTs

unda gadaaWarbos, saidanac savaraudod 10 miliardi kvt.sT.

sazRvargareT gaiyideba.

ras niSnavs Warbi eleqtroenergia, es aris:

1. energosistemis imedianobis gaZliereba;

2. Sida bazris gaiafeba;

3. msxvili da wvrili mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba;

4. eqsportis gazrda.

5. gadasaxadebis saxiT biujetSi damatebiTi Semosavlebis

miReba.

aSkarad Cans, rom elenergiis warmoebis gazrdis Sedegad

miRebuli Semosavlebi sakmaod didia. maS ratom unda waiRos e.w.

80

ucxoelma investorma, an Tundac adgilobrivma kerZo mesakuTrem

(an Cinovnikma) aseTi mogeba? Ees xom qveynis saerTo-saxalxo

dovlaTia. riTi gaezrdeba pensioners pensia, obols Tu xeibars

da nebismier gaWirvebuls daxmarebis Tanxa, Tu aseTi Semosavlebi

gavasxviseT? droa qarTulma sazogadoebam iswavlos sakuTari

Semosavlebis daTvla. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis didi

nawili mudmiv siRaribeSi icxovrebs, rac fenebs Soris mudmivi

dapirispirebis sababi gaxdeba.

zemoTganxiluli daskvnebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia

axali simZlavreebis aTviseba, risTvisac saWiroa:

1. mowesrigdes kanoni “eleqtroenergetikis da bunebrivi

gazis Sesaxeb”, kerZod waxalisdes da SeRavaTiani

pirobebi mieces energetikuli obieqtebis (elsadgurebis,

e.g.xazebis, qvesadgurebis) mSeneblobas;

2. adgilobriv mosaxleobas (visac wyalsacavi zians ayenebs)

sakuTrebaSi mieces axlad aSenebuli elsadgurebidan

elenergiis gamomuSavebis garkveuli procenti;

3. konstituciasTan mimarTebaSi dazustdes energetikuli

obieqtebis sakuTrebis forma;

4. Seiqmnas elenergiis yidva-gayidvis (samarTliani, wminda

sabazro principebze dafuZnebuli) sistema;

5. maregulirebeli komisia realurad gaxdes neitraluri

arbitri, romelic Tavis gadawyvetilebebs miiRebs ara

politikuri an “Cinovnikuri” niSniT, aramed

samarTlianobis principiT.

axali simZlavreebi aTvisebis cxrili #3.1

# el.sadguris dasaxeleba

simZlavre megavati

gamomuSaveba mln.kvt.sT

el.xazis sigrZe km.

mimarTuleba

1 latali hesi 100 480 18 latali-fari

2 fari hesi 500 2400 20 fari-tobari

3 tobari hesi 500 2400 10 tobari-xaiSi

4 xaiSi (xudoni) hesi

600 2500 130 xaiSi-namaxvani

5 namaxvan hesi 300 1500 60 namaxvani-koxra

6 md.mtkvarze 150 800 arsebuli arsebuli

7 md. rionze mcire da saS.

400 1600 50 oni-zestafoni

8 Tbosadguri 300 1500 arsebuli arsebuli

9 jami 2850 13180 298

81

axali hesebis da 220-500 kilovoltiani

e.g.xazebis da qvesadgurebis sqema #3.1 (nax. 3.1)

farihesi

e.g.x

“kavkasioni” tobarhesi

tobari

xaiSi

(xudoni) sakvanZo qvesadguri raWis hesebi

hesi e.g.x.”bavari”

engurhesi namaxvanhesi

enguris lajanurhesi tyibulis Tesi

sakvanZo kaSxali

qvesadguri mS. hesi zestafonis 500/220/110/35kv sakvanZo qvesadguri

menji

wyaltubo

quTaisi

“qarTli 1”

e.g.x.”mesxeTi”

baTumi 500/400 qvesadguri

axalcixe

TurqeTi qarTli-2 qarTli 2

pirobiTi niSnebi:

_ hesi

– hesTan mdebare qvesadguri armenergo

_ qvesadguri

_ arsebuli e.g.xazi

_ _ mSenebare e.g.xazi

egx 500

“muxrani-500”

sakvanZo qv.

qsani 500/220

sakv.qv

gardabani

500/220

“salxino”

afxazeTi

ruseTi

iranenergo

latalihesi

azenergo

82

3.4. eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis socialur-ekologiuri da

ekonomikuri aspeqtebi

Eeleqtroenergiis mniSvnelobaze dRes aravin davobs,

warmoudgenelia samrewvelo Tu sayofacxovrebo saqmianoba da,

saerTod, nebismieri sfero eleqtroenergiis gareSe.Aamdenad,

vercerTi qveyana mis warmoebaze uars ver ityvis. mTavari

problema, romelzedac yvela normaluri qveyana zrunavs, es aris

energousafrTxoebisa da ekologiuri normebis dacva. saxel-

mwifosTvis da gansakuTrebiT dargSi momuSave mecnierebis mTavari

sazrunavi – adamianis janmrTelobis SenarCuneba unda iyos.

sicocxle, rac ufalma kacs mianiWa, aravis aqvs ufleba droze

adre waarTvas. aseTi qmedeba danaSaulia. Eelsadgurebis aSeneba

aucilebelia, magram ara mosaxleobis dazaralebis xarjze.

rogorc ukve iTqva, saqarTveloSi amJamad ori saxeobis

eleqtrosadguri arsebobs: Tbo da hidro. Tbosadgurebis muSaoba

ZiriTadad zamTris sezonSi warmoebs. maT mier atmosferoSi

gamofrqveuli mavne nivTierebebi Tavisuflad vrceldeba axlo-

maxlo dasaxlebebSi. _ aris Tu ara daculi, (an miaxloebuli)

garemos dabinZurebis normebi msoflio standartebTan? Aai, es

faqti aris dasadgeni da amis Sesabamisad unda gatardes

RonisZiebebi. rac Seexeba hidroeleqtrosadgurebs, amJamad

moqmedebaSia Svidi erTeuli saSualo da didi moculobis

wyalsacavi. Bbunebrivia, TiToeuli maTgani uaryofiTad moqmedebs

garemo bunebaze da Sesabamisad adamianis janmrTelobaze. Aamitom

mTavari yuradReba gadatanili unda iqnas uaryofiTi movlenebis

gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavlasa da gamosworebaze. imisaTvis, rom

safrTxe ar Seeqmnas garemos da adgilobriv mosaxleobas, unda

dadgindes, Tu ra kompensacia unda iqnas gaRebuli, rom moxdes

bunebis aRdgena-gajansaReba da janmrTelobis SenarCuneba.

samwuxarod, wlebis ganmavlobaSi “mosaxleobis Tema” ar iqca

namdvili mecnieruli kvlevis sagnad. is forma rac, erTi mxriv,

“mwvaneTa moZraobis” zogierTma liderma da Sesabamisad, meore

mxarem, hidromSeneblebma SemogvTavazes, yovlad miuRebelia. iyo

da dResac grZeldeba brZola (“xelebis gadagrexvis” meTodiT)

konkretul pirTa mxridan. da ara bunebisa da adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis interesebis dasacavad; amjerad, Tu mecnierebi da

mTavroba jerovan yuradRebas ar dauTmoben da droulad ar

ganaxorcieleben qmediT RonisZiebebs, SeiZleba bevri

energetikuli proeqti CaiSalos, rac didi Secdoma iqneba.

Aaucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia amJamad arsebuli: engurhesis,

Jinvalhesis, lajanurhesis, xramhesis, sionhesisa da Saorhesis

wyalsacavebis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sedegebi. mZimea am xeobebSi

83

mcxovrebi mosaxleobis xvedri. Ggarda amisa, bolo oci wlis

ganmavlobaSi (am xeobebSi) masobrivad daiwyo tyis Wra, rac

ZiriTadad calkeuli ucxouri firmebisa da pirovnebebis

interesebs emsaxureba. Mmraval adgilas warmoiqmna xelovnuri

zvavsaSiSi zonebi. Tu es procesi ase gagrZelda, mTis mdinareebze

maRalkaSxliani wyalsacavebis mSenebloba ar iqneba SesaZlebeli.

Kkidev erTxel ganvmartavT, rom wyalsacavis SemTxvevaSi mdinaris

xeobaSi tyis arsebobas mravalmxrivi daniSnuleba aqvs. kerZod,

tyis saSualebiT xdeba tenianobis regulireba. tye wyalsacavs

icavs zvavisagan, Rvarcofebisgan, miwisa da kldis masivebis

Camocurebisagan da a.S.

energetikis saministrom da sazogadoebam saswrafod unda

dasvan mTavrobis winaSe sakiTxi zemoTxsenebul xeobebSi tyis

licenziebis gayidvisa da saerTod Wris Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli wyalsacavebi unda daicalos,

rom araferi vTqvaT axlis mSeneblobaze.

elementaruli daTvla gviCvenebs, rom tyis Wris Sedegad

miRebuli Semosavali, sul mcire 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi,

erTjeradia, xolo eleqtrosadgurebi yovelwliurad gacilebiT

ufro did Semosavals iZlevian. rac Seexeba mosaxleobas, im

xeobebSi, sadac wyalsacavebia ganlagebuli, sammag zarals

ganicdian: erTi is, rom klimati Seicvala, ris gamoc sxvadasxva

uaryofiTi movlenebi ganviTarda (nesti da misgan gamowveuli

sxvadasxva daavadebebi) da meore, ra sargebeli miiRes am

kompleqsebis mSeneblobidan adgilobrivma macxovreblebma? rig

SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, dakarges saxnavi da saZovari miwebi, samuSao

adgili, bolosdabolos mama-papaTa saxlebi, saflavebi da

salocavebi.

Jinvalis wyalsacavis gamo, aragvis xeobaSi mravali sofeli

aiyara. is, vinc jer kidev darCa, eleqtroenergias 4-jer ufro

Zvirad yidulobs, vidre es Jinvalhesis mier gamomuSavebuli

elenergiis TviTRirebulebaa. Uufro didi ubedureba is faqtia,

rom xeobis umetesi soflebi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi, an saerTod

ver iRebs elenergias, anda Rebuloben mxolod ramdenime saaTiT,

isic SuaRamisas. sibneleSi RvTis amara cxovroben. bavSvebi ver

swavloben, eqimebTan ver mkurnaloben, telegadacemebs ver

uyureben, mowyvetili arian gare samyaros. lamis im daskvnamde

mividnen, rom an daangrion kaSxali, anda sxvagan gadasaxldnen. –

ra daaSava am xalxma? mSeneblobis periodSi maT hpirdebodnen:

ufaso dens, sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebas, dasaqmebas

da sxva – sad aris danapirebi? TiTqmis analogiuri mdgomareobaa

enguris, caniswylis, rionis, lajanurisa da sxva xeobebSi. am

faqtebis Semyure, im xeobebis mosaxleoba, sadac axali

84

elsadgurebi unda aSendes, daSinebulia da yovelnairad cdilobs,

winaaRmdegoba gawios. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, daskvna erTia:

vidre mTavroba da sazogadoeba droulad ar SeTanxmdeba da ar

aiZuleben parlaments kanonis miRebas, sadac wyalsacavian

xeobebSi macxovrebeli mosaxleobis moTxovnebi da uflebebi

iqneba dakmayofilebuli da amis safuZvelze mosaxleoba, sanam ar

darwmundeba, rom gacilebiT ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebi

Seeqmneba, vidre wyalsacavis aSenebamde, manamde hidroeleq-

trosadgurebis mSenebloba sabrZolo, saTuo da xSir SemTxvevaSi

ganuxorcielebeli gaxdeba. SeiZleba Zalovani struqturebis

gamoyenebiT droebiT daaSino mosaxleoba, magram amiT problema

ar moixsneba. saqarTveloSi kaSxlebis umetesi nawili mTis mdina-

reebze Sendeba da Tu mTis mosaxleoba Seewireba am RonisZiebebs,

maSin Cndeba kiTxva – visTvis Sendeba eleqtrosadgurebi?

3.5. ra pirobebSi SeiZleba aSendes mcire hesi?

zemoT bevrgan avxseniT da axlac xazs vusvamT kacobriobis

winaSe elsadgurebis udides daniSnulebas. Tanamedrove

pirobebSi eleqtroenergiaze TiTqmis igive moTxovnilebaa,

rogorc sakvebze da Casacmelze. mTeli damxmare aparatura, xel-

sawyo-iaraRebi, rac ki teqnikasTan aris dakavSirebuli, eleqtro-

energiiT imarTeba. amdenad, Tqma imisa, rom gvWirdeba Tu ara

elsadgurebis aSeneba uazrobaa. meore, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

qveyanas mxolod da mxolod mcire el.sadgurebis mier

gamomuSavebuli energia eyofa, aseve mcdaria. Ggvinda kidev

erTxel ganvmartoT, rom mcire – pirobiT niSnavs 13 megavatamde

simZlavris mqone elsadgurs. saqarTveloSi mecnierebis mier

Seswavlili da energetikulad gamosadegad miCneulia 356 mdinare.

Ees mdinareebi qveynis mTel teritoriazea ganlagebuli. vidre

elsadguris daproeqteba daiwyeba, winaswar unda iqnas

Seswavlili mdinaris wliuri xarji, kalapoti, dawneva, da

saerTod, adgilmdebareoba. Aamis mixedviT unda ganisazRvros, ama

Tu im mdinareze sezonuri elsadguri aSendeba Tu sarezervo.

sezonuri elsadguri niSnavs mxolod wylis bunebriv

Camonadenze momuSave hess, romelsac mcire moculobis

wyalmimRebi aqvs. sarezervo hess aqvs wyalsacavi. rac ufro didi

moculobisaa wyalsacavi, miT ufro metia hesis simZlavre da

wliuri gamomuSaveba. saqmeSi Cauxedavi xalxi xSirad ambobs:

“saqarTvelos mxolod mcire hesebi eyofa. Yyovel sofels

SeuZlia mcire hesi aaSenos da mudmivad deni eqneba”, rac

migvaCnia, rom arasworia. Hhesebis aSeneba didi iqneba Tu patara,

urTulesi saqmea. naSromidan, romelic energetikis institutis

85

mecniermuSakebis mier aris Sesrulebuli Cans, Tu ramxela kvleva-

Ziebaa saWiro hesis mSeneblobis dasawyebad. [32]M meore mTavari problema dafinansebaa. saerTaSoriso fasebiT

(dRevandel pirobebSi) 1 mgvt. Ddadgmuli simZlavris asaSeneblad

saWiroa saSualod 900 000-dan 1 200 000 aTasamde aSS dolari.

Mmesame gadamwyveti faqtori, garemos dacva da xeobaSi mcxovrebi

adamianebis janmrTelobis SenarCunebaa. roca sakiTxi sezonur

elsadgurebs exeba, aq garemobuneba naklebad ziandeba, samagierod,

saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba SeiZleba 50%-iT naklebi iyos,

vidre wyalsacavian hesebSi. Mmcire elsadgurebis erT-erT

naklovan mxared iTvleba misi avtonomiur reJimSi muSaoba, anu

roca mcire hesi erTian energosistemasTan kavSirSi ar aris.

Ddamoukideblad muSaobis dros Zalian Znelia sixSiris, Zabvisa

da sxva parametrebis normis farglebSi SenarCuneba. amitom

nebismieri mcire hesis mepatrone cdilobs erTian sistemasTan

iyos mierTebuli. sistemasTan mierTeba ki aucileblad gadacemis

xazebis mSeneblobas da sxva avtomaturi mowyobilobebis

danergvas saWiroebs. aseve, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia

gamomuSavebuli elenergiis gayidva-gasaReba, rac pirdapir

kavSirSia eleqtrosadguris (hesis) samSeneblo-samontaJo da

saeqspluatacio xarjebis anazRaurebasTan. N

nebismieri fulis Camdebi, garkveulwilad riskze midis da

cdilobs, hesis aSenebis SemTxvevaSi gamomuSavebuli elenergiis

Semsyidveli winaswar (xelSekrulebis doneze) Seipiros. naTqvamis

sailustraciod moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi: vTqvaT, damkveTma

(mosaxleobam, kerZo mesakuTrem an saxelmwifom) ama Tu im

mdinareze aaSena 5 mgvt.-mde simZlavris hesi (simZlavre ganisaz-

Rvreba mdinaris maCveneblebis mixadviT). wylis xarjis

sezonurobidan gamomdinare, saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba cvale-

badia imis da mixedviT, Tu ramden Tves eyofa mdinaris Camonadeni.

hesis simZlavre damokidebulia, agreTve, wylis dawnevis

sididesa da wylis im moculobaze, romelic gaedineba

elsadgurSi dadgmul turbinebSi. rac metia drois erTeulSi

hidroturbinebSi Semavali wylis moculoba da dawneva, miT metia

sadguris simZlavre. wylis muSa moculoba yovelTvis naklebia

mdinaris mTel moculobaze. Ggamoyenebadi xdeba mdinaris (kveTis)

nakadis simZlavris mxolod nawili. simZlavris sidide

damokidebulia agreTve jamur margiqmedebis koificientze (η∑)-ze. rogorc cnobilia, hesis simZlavre:

86

P= QHη∑ = 9,81QHη∑

sadac Q – wylis xarjia (m3/wm.), H – dawneva (m) .

η∑= ηnagebobis + ηturbinis + ηgeneratoris

praqtikulad hidroeleqtrosadgurebis m.q.k. metia, vidre

Tbosadgurebis da tolia:

Σ η hesis = 0,85

Cvens SemTxvevaSi Tu P= 5 mgvt.-s (maqsimums), maSin dRe-Ramuri gamomuSaveba toli iqneba:

EgamomuSaveba= PsimZlavretdro= 5000 kvt. 24 sT. (dReRamuri)= 120 000

kvt.sT.

Tviuri gamomuSaveba:

ETviuri= EdR.R. 30dReze= 3 600 000 mln.kvt.sT.

Tu aRniSnuli mdinare weliwadSi 6 Tves maqsimums

gamoimuSavebs, xolo danarCen 6 Tves minimums, maSin:

EsaS.wliuri= (ETviuri 6maqs. Tve)+( ETviuri 6min. Tve)= 306000000kvt.sT.;

amis Semdeg dgeba sakiTxi, gamomuSavebuli elenergiis

gayidvis Sesaxeb, anu ramdeni kvt.sT.-is momxmarebeli eyoleba hess

da ra fasad gaiyideba 1 kvt.sT.

cnobisaTvis: elsadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli sruli

elenergia moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT nawildeba or nawilad:

sakuTar moxmarebad da sistemaSi gaSvebul, anu Warb elenergiad,

romelic anazRaurebas eqvemdebareba.

vTqvaT, ganxiluli magaliTis mixedviT: Esak. moxmareba.=0,1 %=30 600

kvt.sT.

maSin, EWarb.en.= Esr. gamomuS.- Esak. moxmareba= 30569400kvt.sT.

87

davuSvaT, 1 kvt.sT.-is gasayidi Rirebuleba, semekis

dadgenilebiT, 5 TeTrs Seadgens, maSin ganxilul magaliTze hesis

(M) wliuri Semosavali toli iqneba:

Mwl.Sem= 1528470 laris.

damkveTis mTavari amocanaa Cadebuli fulis amoReba, rac

yovelwliur Semosavalzea damokidebuli. Cvens magaliTze, ramden

weliwadSi gaistumrebs mesakuTre vals? rogorc vTqviT,

saerTaSoriso fasebiT, 1 mgvt.-iani hesis aSeneba, saSualod 1 mln.

aSS dolari jdeba, gamodis, rom damkveTs 5 mgvt. simZlavris

hidro elsadguris aSenebaSi daexarjeboda 5 mln. aSS dollars

damatebuli sesxis procenti. vTqvaT, damkveTma 10 wliT 3%-iani

sesxi aiRo (rac idealur variantad iTvleba), maSin yovelwliuri

procentis xarji iqneba

(5 000 000 )= 150 000 aSS %.

mTliani sesxis moculoba ki toli iqneba 1 500 000 aSS

dolarisa; damkveTs 10 weliwadSi gadasaxdeli eqneba 6 500 000 aSS

dolari. Yyovelwliuri gadasaxadi toli iqneba: 650 000 aSS.

Ddolaris;

zemoT ganxilul magaliTze:

Mwl.sr.Sem.= 1528470 laris; Tu 1 =1,8 lars (2010 wlis

mdgomareobiT), maSin yovelwliuri Semosavali tolia 849150 aSS

dolarisa. Aaqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom hesis mepatronem

yovelwliurad unda dafaros mimdinare xarjebi: xelfasebi,

gadasaxadebi, remontis Tanxebi, rac saSualod sawyis etapze

Semosavlis 10%-is farglebSi iangariSeba.

Gganxiluli magaliTis SemTxvevaSi saSualo Yyovelwliuri

sakuTari (saeqsploatacio) xarji toli iqneba: 84915 dolarisa.

saboloo mogeba rCeba 764235 aSS dolari.

rogorc aRvniSneT, Tu sesxis dafarvis periodi 10 welia,

maSin hesis mepatrone Tavisuflad istumrebs vals

es aris martivi, tipiuri analizi hidroelsadguris mSeneb-

lobis warmatebiT dasrulebisaTvis. aseTi Sedegebi, SeiZleba

iTqvas, idealuria, radganac eqspluataciis sawyis etapze xSiria

mowyobiloba-danadgarebis gaumarTaoba, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi

saerTo gamomuSavebis Semcirebas da xarjebis gazrdas iwvevs,

Tumca Tanamedrove teqnikis pirobebSi seriozuli avariebi

TiTqmis gamoricxulia.

88

3.6. rogori iyo mcire hidroeleqtrosadgurebis balansi

saqarTveloSi 1989 wlis mdgomareobiT?

AoTxmocdaaTiani wlebisTvis saqarTveloSi 35 mcire hesi,

muSaobda, romelTa (jamuri) dadgmuli (saproeqto) simZlavre 58

mvt.-s, xolo moqmedi 10,6 mvt.-s Seadgenda.

dReisaTvis mcire hesebis, rogorc raodenoba, aseve

dadgmuli simZlavre kidev ufro mkveTradaa Semcirebuli. ram

gamoiwvia aseTi Sedegi? saqme isaa, rom rodesac mZlavri

elsadgurebi aSenda, Seiqmna qveynis gaerTianebuli energosistema,

romelmac TiTqmis yvela sofeli, raioni da qalaqi elenergiiT

uzrunvelyo. Mmcire sadgurebs sakmaod didi Sroma da xarji

sWirdeba, amitom interesi maT mimarT TandaTan Semcirda. maT mier

gamomuSavebuli 1 kvt. sT.-s Rirebuleba gacilebiT ufro Zviria,

vidre didi sadgurebis. Yyvelafer amas emateba maTi sezonuroba,

rac saSualo wliur gamomuSavebas sakmaod amcirebs. maTi

dotaciurobidan gamomdinare, Tavis droze mcire hesebis

damfinansebeli da amSenebeli saxelmwifo iyo. sabWoTa periodSi

didi yuradReba eqceoda soflis eleqtrifikacias. Ddevizi iyo

aseTi: “minimum erTi mcire hesi yvela sofels”. imis gamo, rom

mcire hesebis aSeneba sakmaod Zviria, xolo gamomuSavebuli

elenergiis fasi maRali, jer-jerobiT axlis aSenebaze survili

arc saxelwifos da arc kerZo mesakuTres ara aqvs.

saqarTveloSi kerZo biznesisaTvis mcire hesebis mSenebloba

ar aris mimzidveli. Mmcire hesebidan miRebuli mogeba

grZelvadiania, kerZo bizness piriqiT swrafi mogebis miReba unda,

rac Seexeba saxelmwifos _ misTvis ufro xelsayrelia saSualo

an mZlavri elsadgurebis aSenebiT uzrunvelyos momxmarebeli.

Aamdenad, mcire energetikis ganviTareba mdidari qveynisa da

SeZlebuli moqalaqeebis saqmea, rasac jerjerobiT saqarTvelo ar

warmoadgens. Tumca, dadgeba dro, rodesac, xelsayrel bunebriv

pirobebSi, individualuri mewarmeebi, an saxelmwifo, xels

mohkideben mcire hesebis mSeneblobas.

am pirobebis Sesruleba miRwevadia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

saqarTveloSi dainergeba eleqtroenergetikis marTvis axali

sistemebi, rac pirvel rigSi konkurentunarian, Tavisufal

eleqtrobazars gulisxmobs.

qvemoT 3.2 da 3.3 cxrilebis saxiT, warmodgenilia saqarTve-

los eleqtroenergiis balansi wlebis mixedviT. cxrilebSi

TvalnaTliv Cans eleqtrosadgurebis, rogorcMmTliani gamomu-

Saveba (maT Soris hidro, Tbo da mcire elsadgurebi), ise dar-

gebis mixedviT moxmarebis dinamika. cxrili #3.4-Si aseve naCvenebia

elenergiis warmoeba erTsul mosaxleze.

89

cxrilebSi motanili masala naTlad adasturebs, Tu rogor

viTardeboda saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, 1991 wlis

CaTvliT, xolo 1993-1999 wlebSi, piriqiT, rogorc warmoeba ise

moxmareba, TiTqmis orjer Semcirda. samagierod, 3-jer da 4-jer

gaizarda tarifebis sidide, rac logikuria. iq sadac saqoneli

deficituria, masze fasebi avtomaturad izrdeba. Tumca

samarTlianobis principi aris Tu ara daculi, es calke Temaa

(migvaCnia rom ara), razedac SemdgomSi gveqneba saubari.

warmodgenili masala aSkarad metyvelebs im faqtze, rom

saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba aucileblad unda

gaizardos, romlis resursi da potenciali namdvilad arsebobs.

cxrili #3.2

saqarTvelos el. energiis balansis saerTo daxasiaTeba

# maCveneblebi 1989w. 1998w. 2008w. 2009w.

1. gamomuSaveba (milioni

kvt. sT)

17984,8 8088,4 8563,6 8648,7

2. maT Soris:

a) hesebi

b) mcire hesebi (romelTa

jamuri dadgmuli

simZlavre 58 megavats,

xolo moqmedi 10,6

megavats ASeadgenda)

g) Tbosadgurebi

10128,7

80.8

7775,3

6316,4

102,5

1669,5

7161,8

122,5

1279,5

7411,6

246,4

990,7

3. garedan miRebuli

el.energiis raodenoba

3999,5

809,9

649,1

255

SeniSvna: 2008-2009 wlebSi mcire hesebis gamomuSavebis gazrda

gamoiwvia: a) sakuTrebis formis Secvlam, b) yofili saSualo

simZlavris hesebisTvis (bJuJa hesisa da TeTrixevi hesisTvis) mcire

hesebis statusis miniWebam.

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis struqtura da dinamika

dargebis mixedviT 1985-1999 wlebSi (miliard kvt.sT) [33]

cxrili #3.3

# maCveneblebi 1985w. 1993w. 1997w. 1999w.

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 el.energiis moxmareba 16,757 10,745 7,3631 8,1685

maT Soris dargebis

mixedviT %-Si

90

1 2 3 4 5 6 2 mrewveloba 39,5 16,01 10,4 9,1

3 soflis meurneoba 7,8 3,5 0,2 0,1

4 komunaluri meurneoba 4,3 7,8 5,2 5,5

5 transporti 4,32 3,6 3,1 4

6 kavSirgabmuloba 0,3 0,4 0,3 0,2

7 mSenebloba 3,03 1,58 0,3 0,1

8 mosaxleoba 10,2 25,8 34,2 37,1

9 sak.moxmareba da kargvebi 16,5 26,1 15,1 13,1

10 sxva danarCeni 8,5 15,2 31 30,8

eleqtroenergiis warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze (kvt.sT.)

cxrili #3.4

wlebi mosaxleoba,

sul aTasi kaci

el.energiis

warmoeba

1 sulze kvt.sT

procentulad

1990w-Tan

SefardebiT

1990 5424,4 2626,3 100,0

1991 5455,3 2452,8 93,4

1992 5467,4 2107 80,2

1993 5345,8 1898,7 72,3

1994 5208,9 1352,5 51,5

1995 5061,7 1399,1 53,3

1996 4933,3 1466,2 55,8

1997 4808,8 1491,4 56,8

1998 4749,5 1702,9 64,8

1999 4710,6 1723,6 65,6

2000 4672,2 1593,7 60,7

warmodgenili masala imis naTel suraTs iZleva, rom saqarTveloSi rogorc mcire hesebis, ise saSualo da mZlavri

hesebis reabilitaciisa da axlis aSenebis didi rezervebia, maSin

rodesac saerTaSoriso standartebiT eleqtroenergiis warmoebis

wili erT sul mosaxleze sakmaod CamorCeba.

warmodgenili kvlevis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

adgilobrivi resursebis (rogorc Tbo, ise hidro) maqsimalurad

aTviseba, qveynis eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebis aucilebeli

piroba unda gaxdes, rasac Sedegad mravali sikeTe mohyveba.

91

3.7. eleqtroenergetika – mTis mosaxleobis gadarCenis wyaro

iSviaTia buneba sadme iseTi lamazi iyos, rogoric

kavkasionis qedis samxreTis gayolebazea, sadac ganfenilia

saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleoba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi regi-

onebi rogorebicaa: afxazeTi, svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi, fSav-xevsu-

reTi, xevi, dvaleTi, TuSeTi, aseve, kaxeTis, qarTlis, javaxeTis,

guria, aWaris, imereTisa da samegrelos Sida mTianeTi. ufalma

uxvad daabertya silamaze, magram amavdroulad mkacri bunebrivi

pirobebi Seuqmna: grZeli zamTari; ugzooba; saxnav-saTesis

nakleboba da a.S.

bunebrivia, mxolod saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ar aris aseTi

pirobebi. msoflios mravalma qveyanam didi xania, teqnikisa da,

kerZod, energetikis gamoyenebiT gadawyvita aseTi saxis siZneleebi,

metic, RvTiT naboZebi silamaze Semosavlis wyarod aqcia.

bolo oci wlis uaryofiTma movlenebma ganadgurebis

piramde miiyvana saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleoba. ekonomikurma

siduxWirem da rTulma klimaturma pirobebma mosaxleobis didi

nawili aiZula barad Camosaxlebuliyo, (ufro uaresi, zogi

sazRvargareT gaixizna) mietovebina mamapapuri sacxovrisi,

eklesia-monastrebi, cixe-koSkebi, winaparTa saflavebi da is

kurTxeuli buneba, razedac nebismieri qveynis mkvidri iocnebebda. sad aris gamosavali da ra daxmareba SeuZlia gauwios

yovelive amas energetikam? rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos mTa mdidaria hidro-

resursebiT. mTis mdinareebi saukeTeso bazas warmoadgenen hidroe-

nergetikis ganviTarebisaTvis. is maragebi, rac saqarTvelos mTis

mdinareebs aqvT, sakmarisze metia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. metic, Tu am

saqmisadmi gonivruli, saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma ganxorcieldeba,

cxovrebis done imdenad gaumjobesdeba, rom mosaxleoba

sacxovreblad baridan mTaSi daiwyebs asvlas. ra gvaZlevs amis

safuZvels? saqarTvelos TiTqmis nebismier mxareSi (afxazeTSi, svaneTi,

samegrelo, raWa-leCxumi, fSav-xevsureTi, xevi, TuSeTi, qarTli,

kaxeTi, guriai, aWarai) aris iseTi mdinareebi, romelzedac

SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva simZlavris hidroeleqtrosadgurebis

aSeneba, ise rom dagubebis Sedegad gaCenilma wyalsacavebma garemo

- buneba da mosaxleoba rac SeiZleba naklebad daazianos.

ras gvaZlevs hidroeleqtrosadguris arseboba mTaSi? upirv-

eles yovlisa, es aris: iafi eleqtroenergia, anu mosaxleobis

ganaTebisa, Tu gaTbobisaTvis aucilebeli saSualeba. sxvadasxva

92

sameurneo Tu samrewvelo daniSnulebis xelsawyo-danadgarebis

amuSavebis saSualeba. iafi eleqtroenergiis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi

minimumamde mcirdeba saSeSe tyis Wra, mTis pirobebSi (sadac Tivis

damzadeba xdeba) keTdeba sabagiro gzebi. turizmisa da sportis

ganxriT Sendeba sxvadasxva sportuli kompleqsebi, dasasvenebeli

saxlebi, tardeba Sejibrebebi. yvelaferi es eleqtrificirebuli

gaxdeba, rac dasaqmebisa da Semosavlis saukeTeso wyaroa.

momavalSi iafi eleqtroenergia saqalaqo, sasoflo da samTo

transportis ganviTarebis wyaro xdeba. da bolos, eleqtr-

oenergia, rogorc gasayidi saqoneli, Semosavlis saukeTeso

saSualebaa.

amdenad, energetikis ganviTarebas saqarTvelos mTianeTi-

sTvis (iseve rogorc barisaTvis) mravali sikeTis motana SeuZlia.

mTavaria xelisuflebis mxridan sworad iqnas Camoyalibebuli

mTis mosaxleobisadmi midgoma. sxva danarCeni, rogorc ityvian,

“teqnikis saqmea”.

aris Tu ara saqarTvelos yvela mTian raionSi energeti-

kulad mimzidveli mdinare da romel mdinareebze SeiZleba

aSendes hidro-eleqtrosadgurebi, maT Soris, mcire da saSualo

simZlavris elsadgurebi? energetikos-mecnierTa mier Seswavlilia

mdinareebi: bzifi, gumisTa, kodori, caniswyali, lajanura, nenskra,

dolra, enguri, rioni, yvirila, Woroxi, didi da patara liaxvi,

qsani, aragvi, Tergi, arRuni, iori, alazani, kabali, duruji,

mtkvari, xrami, aWaris wyali (Senakadebis CaTvliT) romelTa

gamoyeneba Tavisuflad SeiZleba. amaTgan didi simZlavris

elsadgurebi SeiZleba aSendes md. engursa da rionze.

winaswari Teoriuli gaTvliT, aRniSnul mdinareebze

SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas saSualo wliuri gamomuSaveba 40÷ 50

miliardi kilovatsaaTis raodenobiT, rac arsebul sabazro

pirobebSi (saSualod kilovatsaaTis 5 centad gayidvis SemT-

xvevaSi) ori, or-naxevari miliardi dolaris Semosavals niSnavs.

[34] gasagebia, rom ekonomikurad sust qveyanas ase iolad ar

SeuZlia aiTvisos arsebuli simZlavreebi, Tumca arsebobs

msoflios sxvadasxva bankebisa da kerZo iuridiuli pirebis didi

daintereseba, romelTa gamoyeneba ormxrivi mogebis TvalsazrisiT

SesaZleblad migvaCnia.

davuSvaT, sawyis etapze (5 weli) aRniSnul mdinareebze

aTvisebuli iqna (damatebiT) 10 miliardi kilovatsaaTi.

eleqtroenergetikis marTvis axali wesebis Tanaxmad (romelsac

didi perspeqtiva aqvs), unda Seiqmnas mTis mosaxleobis

ganviTarebis fondi, sadac mTis mdinareebze aSenebuli eleqtros-

adgurebidan yovelwliuri gamomuSavebis Rirebulebis 10% am

93

fondSi unda gadairicxos. analizis mixedviT, (qveynis maStabiT)

saSualo wliuri Semosavali 30 milion dolars aRwevs, rac

mTiani mosaxleobis saWirboroto sakiTxebis mogvarebas SeiZleba

moxmardes. darwmunebuli varT, aseT pirobebSi mosaxleobis

mniSvnelovani nawili dabrundeba mTianeTSi da sakuTar

Semosavlian meurneobasac gamarTavs. paralelurad saavtomobilo

da sabagiro gzebic gakeTdeba. organizaciebi Tu kerZo pirebi

daiwyeben sportuli kompleqsebis, turistuli bazebisa da

dasasvenebeli saxlebis mSeneblobas. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba

mcire, magram sakmaod Rirebul soflis meurneobas ganaviTarebs,

rac misi damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaro gaxdeba.

ra xelisSemwyobi pirobebi unda arsebobdes qveyanaSi mTis

mdinareebze hidroeleqtrosadgurebis aSenebisTvis?

1. aucilebelia kanonis miReba, romelic srulad uzrunve-

lyofs, daaregulirebs da gansazRvravs hidroeleq-

trosadgurebis mSeneblobas, kerZod:

a) nebismieri mdinaris mecnierulad Seswavlasa da licen-

ziis gacemas, romelSic mkacrad iqneba gansazRvruli

ekologiuri pirobebi, geologia, ekonomikuri Sedegebi,

aSenebis adgilis mizanSewoniloba, muSaobis xangZl-

ivoba da sxv;

b) damfinanseblis uflebebsa da valdebulebebs, ekolog-

iuri normebis dacvas. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

wilobriv monawileobas;

g) satarifo normebis dadgenas;

d) sakuTrebis uflebis dadgenas;

e) usafrTxoebis pirobebis SemuSavebas;

v) gadasaxadebis odenobis gansazRvras;

z) mogebis ganawilebis gansazRvras;

T) dazRvevis normebisa da pirobebis SemuSavebas.

2. aucilebelia ZalaSi Sevides saqarTvelos mTiani

regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis

kanoni, SemuSavebuli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli

akademiis mTianeTis problemaTa Semswavleli komisiis mier,

romelic dRemde umoqmedodaa. [35] ganmartebisaTvis: nebismieri eleqtrosadguri, romelic

mTis ama Tu im xeobaSia aSenebuli, warmoadgens kerZo, an

saxelmwifo sakuTrebas, magram damfinansebels, damproeqtebels

da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, kanonmdebels, rbilad rom

vTqvaT, aviwydebaT xeobaSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis interesebi.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi rogorc zemoT avRniSneT wyalsacaviani

eleqtrosadguri xeobis mosaxleobisaTvis iwvevs adgilm-

debareobis dakargvas, xSir SemTxvevaSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis

94

dangrevas, klimaturi pirobebis cvlilebas, tyis Wras, janmrTe-

lobis gauaresebas da sxv. aqedan gamomdinare, kompensaciis saxiT

aucilebelia, xeobaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, sakuTrebis uflebiT

mieces elsadguris mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis

garkveuli nawili. saSualod 10 procentamde, romelic mkacri

kontroliT, miznobrivad iqneba gamoyenebuli.

es principi unda Seexos rogorc moqmed, ise daproeqtebis

mdgomareobaSi myof eleqtrosadgurebs, maT Soris: engurhess,

gardabansress, xudonhess, namaxvanhess, Saorhess, lajanurhess,

Jinvalhess, kodorhess, xramhess, tyibulihessa da sxv.

im xeobebSi, sadac ar aris saSualo an didi simZlavris

eleqtrosadgurebis aSenebis perspeqtiva, anu kerZo damfinan-

seblisaTvis ar iqneba mimzidveli, saxelmwifom unda aiRos

iniciativa Tavis Tavze, rom mcire hesebi aSendes, rac aseve didi

SeRavaTi iqneba adgilobrivi mTis mosaxleobisaTvis.

vidre ganvixilavT finansur mxares, unda davadginoT,

mosaxleobis ra masStabze unda gavrceldes SeRavaTebi. maga-

liTad, engurhesisa da xudonhesis SemTxvevaSi zaraldeba mestiis,

lentexis, kodorisa da nawilobriv samegrelos raionebis

mosaxleoba.

namaxvanisa da lajanurhesebis SemTxvevaSi zaraldeba

cageris, lentexisa da ambrolauri-onis raionebis mosaxleoba.

Jinvalhesis SemTxvevaSi – Jinvalis, fSav-xevsureTis, ananu-

ris, fasanauris, mleTisa da maTi mimdebare soflebis mosaxleoba.

CamonaTvalSi SevitaneT gardabansresic, rac SemTxveviTi ar

aris. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Tboeleqtrosadgurs garemos

dabinZurebis TvalsazrisiT, didi ziani moaqvs. gardabansresSi

rogorc Zvel, ise axal blokebze jer kidev normamde ar aris

dayvanili namwvi airebis gawmenda. atmosferoSi tonobiT mavne

nivTiereba gamoifrqveva, romelic axlomaxlo mcxovrebi

mosaxleobis janmrTelobas did zians ayenebs. amdenad aucil-

ebelia dazaralebuli mosaxleobisTvis kompensaciis micema.

eleqtrosadguris mesakuTre, piradi interesebidan gamom-

dinare, cxadia, ecdeba adgilobriv mosaxleobas ar gadauxados

araviTari kompensacia (miT umetes yovelwliurad). rac

aramarTebulia. saerTaSoriso organizacia “kioto” pirdapir

uyenebs moTxovnas mesakuTres SeRavaTebi gauwios adgilobriv

mosaxleobas. es praqtika msoflios mraval qveyanaSia danergili.

igi ormxrivad sasargeblocaa. jer erTi, SenarCundeba buneba da

meorec, mosaxleoba dainteresebuli iqneba elsadguris usafrTxo

muSaobiT. gamoyenebuli Tanxebi uzrunvelyofs klimatis cvli-

lebiT miyenebuli zaralis kompensacias. erTi sityviT, iqmneba

adgilobrivi infrastruqtura da, rac mTavaria, am faqts uaR-

95

resad didi mniSvneloba aqvs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis fsiqikis

Sesacvlelad. rogorc praqtikam dagvanaxa, swored am mizezTa

gamo gaCerda iseTi elsadgurebis mSeneblobebi, rogoric

namaxvani, xudoni, fari da sxva hesebia, romelTa saSualo jamuri

simZlavre 1500 megavati, xolo yovelwliuri gamomuSaveba 7

miliard kilovatsaaTis farglebSi unda yofiliyo, rac fulad

TanxaSi (saSualo gasayidi tarifis 5 TeTris SemTxvevaSi) samas

ormocdaaTi milioni laris tolfasia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im

faqts, rom am sadgurebis eqspluataciaSi gaSveba sul mcire 10

wlis win unda momxdariyo, zarali 3,5 miliard lars aRwevs.

vfiqrobT, Wkviani sazogadoeba da xelisufleba, aseT Secdomebs

ar unda uSvebdes, miT umetes, iseTi Raribi qveynisa, rogoric

saqarTveloa.

amdenad, aucileblad migvaCnia, rom nebismieri wyalsacaviani

eleqtrosadguris mesakuTre (saxelmwifo, kerZo) gamomuSavebuli

elenergias 10%-is farglebSi, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganviTa-

rebas unda axmardes. es iqneba, erTi mxriv, energetikis ganviTa-

rebis xelisSemwyobi didi RonisZieba da meore mxriv, mTis

mosaxleobis gadarCenis wyaro.

3.8. vin SeiZleba daafinansos eleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba

eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis dafinansebis Semdegi praqtika

arsebobs: mTlianad an nawilobriv afinansebs saxelmwifo; kerZo

biznesi; kerZo da saxelmwifo erTad.

gamomdinare iqidan rom saqarTveloSi konstituciis me-3

muxlis mixedviT, energetika strategiuli dargia da saxelmwifo

kontroli unda arsebobdes mTavari damfinansebeli yvela

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo (51%) unda iyos, xolo danarCens (49%),

kerZo biznesi (maT Soris, energetikuli organizaciebi, kerZo da

iuridiuli pirebi) damfinanseblebisTvis SeRavaTiani pirobebis

Seqmnis saSualeba, rac gulisxmobs: mSeneblobisTvis dabal

procentiani sesxis aRebis SesaZleblobas; mSeneblobis xarjebis

gastumrebamde, gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da saxelmwifos mxridan

garkveul mfarvelobas.

kerZo da iuridiuli pirebis monawileobis survils,

biznesis interesebi ganapirobebs, rac momavalSi saSualo fenis

Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels.

mesame Tavis daskvna

eleqtroenergetikaSi mTavari movlena eleqtroenergiis

warmoebaa. Tu sistemaSi eleqtroenergiis saxiT mza produqcia ar

96

iqneba, maSin arc qvesadgurebi, arc eleqtrogadacemis xazebi da

arc dispetCerizacia ar iqneba saWiro (rom araferi vTqvaT yidva-

gayidvaze). amdenad, yvela SemTxvevaSi sawyisi aris eleqt-

roenergiis warmoeba, rac axali simZlavreebis aTvisebasTan aris

dakavSirebuli. rogorc aRvniSneT, eleqtroenergia sakmaod Zviri

saqonelia, radganac misi warmoeba urTules procesebTan aris

dakavSirebuli. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori TviT energiis

wyaros moZiebaa. mravali qveynisaTvis energiis wyaroebis miReba

did fizikur, ekonomikur da xSirad politikur siZneleebTan aris

dakavSirebuli.

ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebia mosalodneli (etapob-

rivad vTqvaT yovel xuT weliwadSi) axali simZlavreebis

aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi? Cveni kvlevis Sedegad miRebulia Semdegi

daskvnebi:

dadebiTi movlenebi:

1. aucilebelia kanonmdeblobis srulyofa;

2. tyis Wris moculoba minimumamde mcirdeba, maT Soris

wyalsacavis zonaSi: tye xdeba, rogorc tenianobis makumu-

lirebeli aucilebeli komponenti; da meore, xis merqnis

saSeSed gamoyenebis sanacvlod iafi eleqtroenergiis

Canacvlebis faqtori, jamSi es yvelaferi iwvevs, adamianis

arsebobisTvis aucilebel jansaRi bunebis SenarCunebis

SesaZleblobas.

3. uzrunvelyofili xdba mTis mosaxleobis adgilze Senar-

Cuneba da maTTvis social-ekonomikuri siZlieris garantiis

Seqmna.

4. Warbi eleqtroenergia jer erTi es aris, (pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT) qveynis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da meore,

rogorc savaWro saqoneli (Sida da gare gayidvebis Sede-

gad miRebuli) Semosavlebis udidesi wyaro.

5. Warbi eleqtroenergiis eqsporti saxelmwifoTa Soris,

jansaRi diplomatiuri urTierTobis safuZveli xdeba.

uaryofiTi movlenebi:

1. wyalsacavebis gaCena iwvevs garkveuli moculobis miwis

farTobebis, kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis, da mcena-

reuli safaris wyliT dafarvas;

2. mosaxleobis garkveuli raodenobis gadasaxlebas;

3. wyalsacavebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion qanebis rRveva, mewyerebis

gaCena, kaSxlebis garRveva da Sedegad mosaxleobis, an maTi

meurneobis zarali;

4. wyalsacavebis zonaSi izrdeba tenianoba.

ra SeiZleba iyos makompensirebeli RonisZiebebi?

97

pirvel SemTxvevaSi: aucilebelia Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo

bazis Seqmna.

meore SemTxvevaSi: maqsimalurad unda iqnas SenarCunebuli

kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi; mosaxleobis zianis miyenebis

SemTxvevebi anazRaurebas unda daeqvemdebaros; mosaxleobis

aucilebeli kontingentis gadasaxlebam, maTi pirobebis

gaumjobeseba unda gamoiwvios da ara zarali. mesame SemTxvevaSi,

maqsimalurad unda iqnas geologiuri, ekologiuri da samSeneblo

normebi daculi.

meoTxe SemTxvevaSi, mosaxleobis kompensireba unda moxdes

naSromSi Camoyalibebuli meTodis mixedviT.

qveyana, romelsac energiis wyaroebi sakmarisi raodenobiT

gaaCnia, bednierad grZnobs Tavs, Tumca vin rogor iyenebs – es

meore saqmea. saqarTvelo swored im qveynebis rigs ganekuTvneba,

visac energowyaroebis (wyali, naxSiri) sakmao raodenoba

(moculoba) gaaCnia, magram mxolod da mxolod mcire raodenobiT

(0,05%) aqvs aTvisebuli.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia axali simZla-

vreebis aTviseba ise, rom daculi iyos socialur-ekonomikuri da

gansakuTrebiT ekologiuri normebi. saqarTveloSi amis

SesaZlebloba namdvilad aris. sul sxva sakiTxia, Tu rogor

udgeba am sakiTxs xelisufleba, sazogadoeba da TiToeuli

CvenTagani. erTi ram cxadia, danaSaulis tolfasia yovelwliurad

Sav zRvaSi da kaspiis zRvaSi, uqmad CaRvrili saqarTvelos

mdinareebis potencialis gamouyenebloba. es aris is miliardebi

(dolarebi), romelic qveynas da mis mosaxleobas, rogorc haeri

ise sWirdeba.

samecniero naSromis erT-erTi aqtualoba swored am TavSia,

im TvalsazrisiT, rom axali simZlavreebis aTviseba aucilebeli

da gadaudebeli saqmea. amis SesaZlebloba namdvilad aris.

mTavaria swori midgomebi iyos.

esa Tu is qveyana, sxvadasxva dros ganviTarebis sxvadasxva

stadiaze imyofeba. aris aRmavlobis da daRmavlobis periodebi.

rac ufro daZabunebulia eri da misi Semoqmedi ganaTlebuli fena

– e. w. inteligencia, miT ufro didia daRmasvlis periodi da

piriqiT. migvaCnia, rom energetikuli siZlieris miRweva, aucile-

blia, rac uaxloes momavalSi saxelmwifoebrivi siZlieris

safuZveli gaxdeba. vfiqrobT, warmodgenili argumentacia

sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom axali simZlavreebi iqnas aTvisebuli.

98

Tavi IV. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis

axali forma

4.1. energetikuli sawarmoebis Semosaval-gasavali

saqarTvelos energosistemaSi momsaxurebis TvalsazrisiT

ZiriTadad sami daqvemdebarebis sawarmo muSaobs: 1. eleqtro-

energiis mwarmoebeli, anu generaciis sadgurebi (hidro, Tbo); 2.

eleqtroenergiis gadacema-dispetCerizaciis sawarmo (“eleqt-

rosistema”); 3. ganawileba-gayidvis sawarmoebi, anu gamanawilebeli

kompaniebi (“s.s Telasi”,´”energopro jorjia”, kaxeTis gamanawi-

lebeli kompania).

sakuTrebis mixedviT samive saxis sawarmoSi arsebobs,

rogorc kerZo sakuTreba (romlis wilad TiTqmis 80%-ze meti

modis), aseve saxelmwifo sakuTreba. ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT

nebismieri sawarmos (miuxedavad sakuTrebis formisa) erT-erT

mTavar mizans, saqonlis (eleqtroenergiis), warmoebis, momsax-

urebisa da realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli maqsimumi Semosavali

warmoadgens, rac maTi saqmianobidan gamomdinare ganisazRvreba.

magaliTad, generaciis sawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi, (hidro, an

Tboeleqtrosadgurebi). wliuri Semosavali, damokidebulia

gamomuSavebuli kilovatsaaTebis raodenobaze da tarifis

sidideze; “eleqtrosistemis”, anu gadacema-dispetCerizaciis SemT-

xvevaSi, rac ufro meti iqneba momsaxureba (gadacemuli da

dispetCerirebuli eleqtroenergia, maT Soris eqsport-importic)

da am momsaxurebis tarifi, miT ufro metia misi Semosavali. sami

gamanawilebel-gadamyidveli sawarmos (kompaniebis), Semosavali

damokidebulia, gayiduli (realizebuli) eleqtroenergiis

raodenobaze da ganawilebis tarifis sidideze. samive SemTxvevaSi

(gadasaxadebis nawilSi), gasavlebi (fondebze amonagebi, saga-

dasaxado ganakveTebi, fiqsirebuli danaxarjebi, cvladi

danaxarjebi da uSualod pirdapiri gadasaxadebi) procentulad

TiTqmis Tanabaria, xolo moculobiT (saqmianobis da tarifis

sididis sxvadasxvaobidan gamomdinare) sxvadasxvaa.

am gadasaxadebis sidide mTlian SemosavalTan mimarTebaSi,

rogorc qvemoT warmodgenili masalidan Cans, Semdegia:

Sps “varcixe-2005” – 16%; Sps “Tbilwyalkanali” (Jinvalhesi) –

19%; s.s. “lajanurhesi” _ 14,3%; Sps “orTaWalenerji” _ 17,43%; s.s.

“bJuJahesi” _ 9,02%; Sps “engurhesi” _ 19,9%; s.s. “energopro

jorjia” _ 9,66%; Sps “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo el.sistema” _

10,79%;

99

gamomdinare iqidan, rom gamomuSavebuli elenergiis mocu-

loba da momsaxurebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi sxvadasxvaa,

kvlavwarmoebisaTvis gaweuli danaxarjebic bunebrivia sxvadasxva

iqneba, anu rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Semosavalze ZiriTadad

moqmedebs ori komponenti: gamomuSavebuli el. energiis raodenoba

da kilovatsaaTebis Rirebuleba. magaliTisTvis, engurhesis

SemTxvevaSi, Tu wliuri gamomuSavebuli elenergiis raodenoba

2986,36 mil.kvt. saaTs Seadgens da tarifi 1,187 TeTria, maSin

Semosavali 35,4 milioni lari iqneba, xolo sagadasaxado gasavali

7,05 milioni. varcixis SemTxvevaSi gamomuSaveba 426 mil.kvt.sT-s,

(tarifi 1,25 TeTri), Semosavali 5,3 milion lars, xolo gasavali

0,852 milion lars Seadgens. Sesabamisad sxvadasxva simZlavris

sadgurebisTvis Semosavlebica da gadasaxadebic sxvadasxva iqneba.

erTobliobaSi samive saxeobis sawarmos daniSnulebas

(movaleobas) eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba da momxmareblebamde

miwodeba warmoadgens, xolo dainteresebas, momsaxurebidan

miRebuli Semosavlebi. eleqtroenergiis raodenobas, aRmricxveli

xelsawyoebi iTvlian (romelTac kontrols sami sxvadasxva

organizacia uwevs). aq sadao araferi ar unda iyos. rac Seexeba

tarifis sidides, aq mTavar ganmsazRvrel faqtors, saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergiis erovnuli maregulirebeli komisia warmoadgens,

romelic licenziis mqone organizaciebs (sawarmoebs) maT mier

warmodgenili sabuTebisa da angariSebis safuZvelze, individua-

lurad umtkicebs. arsebuli mdgomareobiT, energetikuli sawarmoebi miuxe-

davad sakuTrebis formisa (generacia, “eleqtrosistema” da

gamanawilebeli kompaniebi) konkurenciis pirobebSi ar imyofebian.

TiToeul maTgans semekis mier licenziiT gansazRvruli samuSao

sfero abaria. TviT erTsa da imave saxeobis SigniT arsebul

(magaliTad: generaciis sadgurebi, gadamyidveli kompaniebi)

sawarmoebs Sorisac ar aris sakonkurso pirobebi Seqmnili.

faqtobrivad Tavisufali bazris cneba da principebi saqarTve-

loSi jerjerobiT uaryofilia. ganvlilma periodma aCvena, rom am

sferoSi jerjerobiT gamWvirvaloba naklebad moiazreba.

momxmareblebis ukmayofileba agreTve gamowveulia im faqtis gamo,

rom kilovatsaaTis Rirebuleba pikuri datvirTviT, anu sezonu-

robis principiT ki ar icvleba, aramed mudmivad (mTeli wlis

ganmavlobaSi) erTi da igive fasi adevs (Tanac maqsimumi). myi-

dvels ar aqvs saSualeba xarisxisa da fasis mixedviT airCios

eleqtroenergiis momwodebeli, amitom iZulebulia daemorCilos

arsebul wess.

saqarTvelos energosistemaSi, kerZo struqturebis kuTvnili

eleqtrosadgurebis tarifi ufro didia, vidre saxelmwifo

100

sadgurebisa. maregulirebeli organo am faqts imiT xsnis, rom

TiTqos kerZom gacilebiT meti fuli (investicia) unda Cados,

vidre saxelmwifo organizaciam (struqturam) sakiTxi sadaoa,

orive mxares aqvs (Tavis sasargeblod) mtkicebuleba. es dava

gagrZeldeba manam, vidre Tavisufali bazris principi ar gaxdeba

ZiriTadi warmmarTveli Zala.

rogorc warmodgenili ganxilvidan Cans, nebismier sawarmos

(miuxedavad sakuTrebis formisa), aqvs rogorc Semosavali, aseve

gasavali. Semosavali pirdapir proporciulia gasayidi

eleqtroenergiis raodenobis da erTeuli kvt/sT-is fasis sididis

(tarifis) namravlis.

rogorc cnobilia, mTliani Semosavali pirobiTi mcnebaa,

radganac es ar aris is Semosavli, romelic sawarmos mogebis

saxiT ucvlelad darCeba. Semosavlis didi nawili

saeqspluatacio xarjebs xmardeba, am xarjebis mixedviT dgindeba

TviTRirebuleba. cnobili saangariSo formulebis mixedviT, warmoebuli da

qselSi gacemuli elenergiis TviTRirebuleba tolia wliuri

saeqsploatacio xarjebis fardobisa, elsadguris salteebze

gaSvebul wliur (jamur) energiasTan.

sadac: - wliuri saeqsploatacio xarjebia,

Эwl - sadguris salteebze gamomuSavebuli wliuri

energia (kvtsT).

Э – energiis raodenoba sakuTar moxmarebaze. sxvadasxva tipis eleqtrosadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli

elenergiis TviTRirebuleba sxvadasxvaa, maT Soris:

UT +UsT+Uxel+Ueqsp+Uteq+Usxv. lari

STesi= = . K

kvtsT

lari

STeci = .

Qgac g.jouli

∑ U sx

Э wl - Э kvtsT

∑ U sx

∑ U sx

Э wl Э wl

∑ U sx

101

(Hamor+K s.x.koef) K xvedriTi xarji TeTri

Shesi = =

hdadg kvt. sT.

sadac Ham _ aris amortizaciis norma

Keqsp _ saeqsploatacio xarjebis koeficienti

Kxv _ xvedriTi kapitaluri xarjebi

hdadg _ dadgmuli simZlavris gamoyenebuli saaTebis

ricxvi

U UsTb+Uamort+Uxelf+Urem+Usxv. lari

Sat.sadg = =

Kkvt. sT

Ueqsp Ugad+Udisp+Uganaw.

S el.gadac.dispeC = =

ganawilebis

eleqtroenergiis sruli TviTRirebuleba tolia:

+ ∑Sgad.ganaw.disp.+ ∑SSesyid+∑S sxvad sistemis Ssr =

(∑Эgamom+∑ЭSesyid) ( )

sadac aris qselSi energiis danakargebi %-Si.

_ aris sistemis eleqtrosadgurebSi gamomuSavebuli energiis

TviTRirebuleba, TeTri/kvt. sT.

_ aris gadacema-ganawileba-dispetCerizaciis TviTRi-

rebuleba.

_ paralelurad momuSave eleqtrosadgurebidan da

bloksadgurebidan Sesyiduli elenergiis Rirebuleba.

_ sasistemo da arasawarmoo xarjebi;

∑Эgam. _ sistemis elsadgurebis mier gamomuSavebuli da salteebze

gadacemuli energiis raodenoba.

warmodgenili gamosaxulebebi, SeiZleba srulad ver

asaxavdnen TviTRirebulebas (sxvadasxva dros sawarmoebs

sxvadasxva gadasaxadebi ematebaT an akldebaT), amitom TiToeulma

sawarmom (generacia-gadacema-dispetCerizacia-ganawileba) indi-

vidualurad unda warmoadginos sakuTari angariSebi. sakuTari

Э wl

Э wl Э wl

Э wl Э wl

∑ Sgam

∑ Sgad.ganaw.disp.

∑ SSes

∑ U sx

∑ Ssxv

∑ U sx

102

sawarmos wliuri xarji yvelaze kargad TviT mewarmem icis.

swored am principzea damyarebuli marTvis axali wesebi, sadac

sawarmoebi, yidva-gayidvis bazarze Tavis nawarms yidian im fasSi,

rac maTTvis momgebiania, anu iTvaliswineben, rogorc sakuTar

Semosavlebs, aseve konkurenciis pirobebsac.

rogorc warmodgenili analizidan Cans, calkeuli sawa-

rmoebis: generaciis sadgurebis, eleqtro sistemis, gamanawilebeli

kompaniebis mier gaweuli xarjebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba TviT-

Rirebuleba. yovelive amis gaTvliswinebiT dgeba ama Tu im

sawarmoos Semosaval-gasavlis balansi.

Tu sawarmo zaraliT ganagrZobs muSaobas, igi gakotrdeba,

amitom nebismieri warmoeba mogebaze unda iyos dagegmili. aris

SemTxvevebi, rodesac sawarmo, mogebazea gaTvlili, magram mainc

zaraliani xdeba. es ukve araswori mmarTvelobiT sistemisa da

momsaxure personalis damsaxurebaa, anu adgili aqvs

saeqsploatacio xarjebis gaumarTeblad gazrdas da ugegmo opera-

ciebs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi xangZliv avariebs, elenergiis

gamomuSavebis, gadacemisa da gayidvis Semcirebas, fasebis damaxi-

njebas da sxva. gamonakliss warmoadgens bunebrivi araxelsayreli

klimaturi pirobebi, rac iSviaTia, magram mainc

gasaTvaliswinebelia.

warmoebis swori marTva niSnavs nebismieri drois ganmav-

lobaSi kvlavwarmoebis moTxovnebis uzrunveyofas da maqsimumi

mogebis miRebas. swored aq gamovlindeba xolme momsaxure

personalisa da, rac mTavaria, mmarTveli gundis talanti da

pasuxismgebloba. maT pirvel rigSi, unda gaiTvaliswinon sakuTari

da sxvisi gamocdileba. paralelurad danergon siaxleebi.

warmoebis wesi mudmiv (progress) aRmavlobas unda ganicdides.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sawarmo CamorCeba da SejibrebiTobis

unars dakargavs.

rogorc aRvniSneT, tarifis sididis gansazRvra maregu-

lirebeli komisiis gadawyvetilebazea damokidebuli, romelic

safuZvlad iRebs, ama Tu im sawarmos saangariSo xarjebs da

tarifs amis Sesabamisad amtkicebs. amJamad arsebuli tarifebis

sidide semekis mtkicebulebiT, Seesabameba im realobas, rac

qveyanaSia. Tumca momxmarebeli ukmayofiloa. am ukmayofilebas

kidev is faqti aZlierebs, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo

kanoni damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis SemoRebis Sesaxeb,

romelic amJamad 18%-s Seadgens da sabolood momxmarebelma

unda gadaixados, rac sinamdvileSi kidev ufro zrdis tarifis

sidides. yovelive amis Sedegad kidev ufro izrdeba ekonomiurad

gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis ukmayofileba. magaliTad s.s. “Telasis”

momxmareblebisaTvis: 18% danamatis gaTvaliswinebiT,

103

101 kvt/sT-is CaTvliT (saboloo momxmareblis) gadasaxadi

xdeba 13,48 TeTri/kvt.sT.

101 kvt.sT.-dan _ 301 kvt.sT-is CaTvliT, 16,00 TeTri/kvt.sT.

301 kvt.sT-dan zeviT, 17,698 TeTri/kvt.sT.

(analogiurad 18% emateba, rogorc s.s.”energopro jorjias”,

aseve sxva gadamyidveli kompaniebis momxmareblebis gadasaxds).

yofili sabWoTa respublikebis, aseve msoflios sxvadasxva

qveynebis analogiuri satarifo sistemis normebis Seswavlam

gviCvena, rom iseTi Semosavlis mqone qveynis momxmareblebisTvis

(erT sulze gaangariSebiT) rogoric saqarTveloa, aseTi sididis

tarifebi miuRebelia. saerTaSoriso valutaSi _ (amerikuli

dolaris arsebuli kursis mixedviT), safexurebrivad (101 kvt.sT,

301 kvt.sT da zeviT) moxmarebuli elenergiis safasuri Seadgens

8,02 cents, 9,52 cents da 10,53 cents, rac mxolod ganviTarebul

qveynebSi, maRalanazRaurebadi (didi Semosavlebis mqone)

momxmareblebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aqve ar SeiZleba ar

aRiniSnos is faqti, rom TviT tarifSi arasworad aris

ganawilebuli wilebi, kerZod, yvelaze didi wili gadamyidvel

kompaniebs aqvT (saS. 70%). maSin, rodesac msoflios sxvadasxva

qveynebis mixedviT elenergiis erTian tarifSi yvelaze didi wili

saS. 54% mwarmoebel sadgurebze modis, 8-dan 10%-mde gadacema-

dispetCerizaciaze da 36% _ gamanawilebelze. tarifis damdgenTa

gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom gadamyidvel kompaniebs maRali

tarifi im mizniT dauwesdaT, rom “investorebiTvis” (privatizebis

dros) mimzidveli gaxdes esa Tu is sawarmo, veraferi

gamarTlebaa.

saqarTvelos dRevandel sinamdvileSi, tarifis srul

RirebulebaSi, hidrogeneraciis wili (saSualod) 16,7% Seadgens,

xolo mTlianad generaciis wili (Tbosadgurebis CaTvliT

garantirebuli simZlavris gareSe) _ 21,76%-s; amasTanave faqtia,

rom hidroeleqtrosadgurebidan yvelaze dabali tarifi

saxelmwifos kuTvnil hidroeleqtrosadgurebs: vardnilhess

(1,17TeTri/kvt.sT) da engurhess (1,187kvt.sT) gaaCniaT. kidev ufro

didi usamarTlobaa saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis mimarT, romlis

tarifi (erT kilovat-saaTze) 0,5-dan 0,6 TeTramde meryeobs.

tarifis regulirebis pirobebSi maRali tarifis daweseba,

erTi mxriv saukeTeso gamonagonia eleqtroenergiis deficitis

aRmosafxvrelad. meore mxriv, (konkurenciis ararsebobis

pirobebSi) es aris didi Semosavali imaTTvis, vinc es sistema

daakanona.

msoflios sxvadasxva mowinave qveynebis praqtikaSi (inglisi,

amerika, iaponia) e.w. privatizebis, anu saxelmwifos mier

energosawarmoebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemis erT-erTi mTavari

104

mizezi, garda erTjeradi mogebisa (rac obieqtebis gayidvis

Sedegad miiReba), saxelmwifo biujetSi (gadasaxadebis saxiT) rac

SeiZleba meti mogebis miRebaa gaTvaliswinebuli. saqarTvelos

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc analizma aCvena, privatizebis (gayidvis)

Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi minimaluradac ki ar Seesabameba

obieqtebis realur Rirebulebas. rac Seexeba saxelmwofo

biujetSi gadasaxadebis saxiT Senatan wliur Semosavlebs,

saSualod mTliani Semosavlis mxolod 20% Seadgens.

aSkarad Cans, rom mTavari mogebis mimRebi, ama Tu im

energetikuli sawarmos kerZo mesakuTrea, ris gamoc qveyana

yovelwliurad did Semosavlebs kargavs. ase magaliTad: wliuri

monacemebis mixedviT, davuSvaT 2010 wels, saqarTvelos

sadistribucio qselma (“eskos” CaTvliT) saSualod 10 miliardi

kilovatsaaTis realizacia moaxdina. arsebuli satarifo sistemis

Sesabamisad, Tu erTi kilovatsaaTis saSualo (gasayidi) tarifis

sidided 15 TeTrs aviRebT, jamuri Rirebuleba 1,5 miliardi laris

tolia. aqedan saxelmwifo biujetSi arsebuli sagadasaxado

sistemis mixedviT saSualod 20%, anu 300 milioni lari unda

Sesuliyo. xolo 1,2 miliardi lari (80%) mwarmoeblebisa da

gadamyidvelebis wilad rCeba, maT Soris gadamyidveli kompaniebis

sakuTreba (tarifis mixedviT) 960 milioni lari iqneba, xolo

generaciisa da “eleqtrosistemis” wilad 240 milioni lari

darCeba. ase rom 10 miliardi kilovat-saaTis gayidvis Sedegad

miRebuli Semosavlis didi nawili (saSualod 64%), gadamyidveli

kompaniebis wilad modis. Tu yovelive amas is garemoebac

daemateba, rom mTavar gadamyidvel organizaciebs (kompaniebs)

sakuTrebaSi generaciis sadgurebic (rogorc Tbo, aseve hidro)

simbolur fasad gadaecaT, maSin maTi Semosavlebi kidev ufro

izrdeba da igi saSualod 70%-ze meti xdeba. cxadia, rom kerZo

seqtori, aSkarad Cagravs saxelmwifo organizaciebs, rac

gaumarTlebelia. yovelive amaze (wlebis ganmavlobaSi) didi davaa

atexili, magram uSedegod. is faqti, rom ucxour kompaniebs,

(qveynis kuTvnili Semosavali amxela mogebiT) sazRvargareT

gahqondeT, msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi ar dasturdeba. amdenad

Temis aqtualobidan gamomdinare da marTvis axali wesebis

danergvis mizniT, am sakiTxebze gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvilebT

yuradRebas.

xangZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi Cvens mier Catarebuli

kvlevebis Sedegad mtkicdeba, rom kerZo, an saxelmwifo mflo-

belobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebi:

1. kerZo mflobeli, upirveles mniSvnelobas ekonomikur mxares

aniWebs, rac sawarmos maqsimalur mogebazea gaTvlili;

105

2. cdilobs minimumamde daiyvanos pirdapiri xarjebi, maT Soris

xelfasis odenoba, rac TanamSromelTa ricxvis Semcirebas

iwvevs, erTi sityviT, ufro momWirnea.

3. mowyobiloba-danadgarebis, masalebisa da damxmare

saSualebebis gamoyenebis mxriv maqsimalurad zrdis eqsplua-

taciis xangZlivobas, aumjobesebs Senaxvis pirobebs da

saerTod cdilobs naklebi danaxarjebiT ufro didi xniT da

meti raodenobis saqoneli awarmoos (am SemTxvevaSi

eleqtroenergia);

kerZo mflobelis uaryofiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos:

1. zogierTi aucilebeli xarjebis gawevis ugulebelyofa;

2. samuSao adgilebis Semcireba;

3. Semosavlebis damalva;

4. saxelmwifos winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis damaxinjeba.

rac Seexeba uSualod saqarTveloSi Semosuli kerZo kompaniebis

muSaobis stils, maTi mTavari mizania, rac SeiZleba mokle droSi

meti mogeba miiRon.

saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi obieqtebis administraciebis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebelia:

1. saeqsploatacio xarjebis SedarebiT uyairaTod xarjva;

2. kadrebis xelovnurad gazrda;

3. saxelfaso ganakveTebisa da sxva danamatebis usamarTlod

ganawileba;

4. sawarmos funqciis politikuri niSniT gansazRvra;

5. sxvadasxva maqinaciebis saSualebiT maRali Tanamdebobis

pirTa Semosavlebis gazrda, “proteqcionizmi” da ase

Semdeg.…

saxelmwifo obieqtebisTvis marTvis dadebiT mxared saxel-

mwifos winaSe aRebuli movaleoba-pasuxismgeblobis pirvel

adgilze dayeneba iTvleba. am SemTxvevaSi qveynis xelisufleba

drois mokle monakveTSi (strategiidan gamomdinare) iolad cvlis

saxelmwifo sawarmos muSaobis (stils) mimarTulebas. Tu

eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva Tavisufali bazris principiT ar

xorcieldeba, maSin orive sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebelia urTierT

garigeba (aReb-micemoba) da a.S.

amrigad warmodgenilma ganxilvam aCvena, rom saqarTveloSi

sakuTrebis orive formisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc dadebiTi,

aseve (ufro metad) uaryofiTi movlenebi, rac Tanamedrove etapze

dargis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli mizezia. ganviTarebuli

sazogadoebisTvis da miT umetes qveynisTvis, romelsac survili

gaaCnia icxovros civilizebul samyaroSi, aseTi Secdomebis

daSveba miuRebeli unda iyos.

106

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, migvaCnia, rom

marTvis sistemaSi aucilebelia SemoRebuli iqnas axali wesebi,

rac dafuZnebuli iqneba mecnierul kvlevaze. konkretulad:

sxvadasxva sawarmoebSi (elenergiis warmoeba, gadacema-dispet-

Cerizacia, ganawileba-gayidva da a.S.) winaswar dadgindeba sawa-

rmos funqcia; muSaobis stili; sakuTrebis forma (saxelmwifo,

kerZo an Sereuli); ama Tu im ubanze momuSave specialistTa

(saWiroeba) ricxovneba. Tavisufali bazris principiT

Camoyalibdeba samarTliani satarifo da sagadasaxado sistema,

SesaZlebeli gaxdeba saboloo ekonomikuri maCveneblebis

gansazRvra; samomavlo sainvesticio mokle da grZelvadiani gegmis

Sedgena; axali simZlavreebis aTviseba; gasaRebi bazrebis Ses-

wavla; konkurentunarianobis miRweva; ekologiuri normebis dacva

da mTlianobaSi energoefeqturobisa da energousafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofa. mecnierTa jgufi (an instituti), romelic am

kvlevebze imuSavebs ar iqneba orientirebuli mxolod romelime

konkretul (miT umetes moqmed) sawarmoze, aramed maT unda SeZlon

zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebis jer dazusteba da Semdgom samuSao

gegmis doneze damuSaveba, faqtobrivad winaswar unda gaakeTos ama

Tu im organizaciis modelireba (programireba), variantebis

SerCeva, ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da TviT qveynis SigniT

dagrovili gamocdilebis danergva, rac TiToeul sawarmos

miscems saSualebas, yvelaze saukeTeso Sedegebs miaRwios. aqve

davZenT, rom am sakiTxze momuSave mecnierTa jgufi dazRveuli

unda iyos nebismieri uaryofiTi gavlenisagan (maT Soris, rogorc

saxelmwifo maRalCinosanTa, aseve kerZo mewarmeTa zewolisgan).

amasTanave am metad seriozul da sapasuxismgeblo saqmeze

davaleba unda mieces ara marto erT romelime mecnierul jgufs,

an istituts, aramed ramdenimes, rom mikerZoebas ar hqondes

adgili.

SeniSvna: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis “mTis prob-

lemebis Semswavleli komisiis” mier, 2010 wels ganxorcielebuli

iqna analogiuri programa, rac iTvaliswinebda dargobrivi prin-

cipiT mTis mosaxleobis problemebis Seswavlas, damuSavebas,

wignad dabeWdvasa da adgilobrivi administraciebisTvis saxelm-

ZRvanelod gadacemas.

vin unda iyos davalebis mimcemi, anu damkveTi? pasuxi cal-

saxaa: sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo da TviT mewarmeebi, sxva SemTxve-

vaSi balansi dairRveva (cxadia am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba

107

ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba da keTili nebis mqone saxelmwifo

wyoba). mecnieruli kvlevebis Sedegad dadgenili wesebi (normebi)

misaRebi da gamoyenebadi unda gaxdes, rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve

kerZo mewarmeebisTvis. dadgenili (norma) wesi Seicvleba mxolod

droSi da sivrceSi, im (faqtorebidan) mizezebidan gamomdinare,

rac arsebuli droisa da sivrcisTvis iqneba damaxasiaTebeli.

yvela SemTxvevaSi ucvleli unda iyos Semdegi moTxovnebi:

1. saqoneli (eleqtroenergia), rogorc qveyanaSi bunebrivi

resursebis (wylis, naxSiris, qaris, gazisa da a.S.) wyaroebis

Sedegad miRebuli nawarmi, saerTo-saxalxo sakuTrebaa da

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia, amdenad

nebismieri saqonlis warmoeba (da maT Soris eleqtroenergiis)

dakavSirebuli unda iyos, rogorc pirovnebis (individis), aseve

mTeli sazogadoebis (saxelmwifos) keTildReobasTan.

2. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva (realizacia), an mecnierul

doneze samarTlianobis niSniT Camoyalibebul regulirebis wess

unda eqvemdebarebodes, anda wminda sabazro principebs. (an orives

erTad).

3. erTeuli kilovatsaaTis saerTo fasis sididis (tarifis)

Camoyalibebis dros, TiToeul mewarmes (generacias, gadacema-

dispetCerizacias, gadamyidvels) gaweuli xarjisa da Sromis

mixedviT unda ganesazRvros sakuTari wili.

4. saqonlis (eleqtroenergiis), warmoebisa da gayidvis

(realizaciis) Sedegad miRebuli mogeba unda nawildebods,

mwarmoeblebsa da saxelmwifo biujets Soris, sadac saxelmwifo

da mewarmeebi mogebis nawils Cadeben kvlavwarmoebaSi, xolo

nawils piradi moTxovnilebisda mixedviT gamoiyeneben.

5. saxelmwifo biujeti, romelic rogorc energetikis, aseve

sxva dargebidan (sxvadasxva gadasaxadebis saxiT), Semosuli

fuladi resursebis xarjze unda ivsebodes, valdebulia am

dargebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvisac izrunos.

4.2. marTvis axali wesebis pirobebSi eleqtroenergiis miwodebisa

da anazRaurebis sqemebis ganxilva

eleqtrovaWrobis (bazris) ganviTareba damokidebulia im

ZiriTad faqtorebze, romlebic gavlenas axdenen saqonlis (am

SemTxvevaSi elenergiis) warmoebaze, miwodebaze, anazRaurebaze da

rac mTavaria yidva-gayidvis swori meqanizmis Seqmnaze.

108

eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba da moxmareba or nawilad iyofa.

pirveli - es aris teqnikuri mxare, xolo meore _ komerciuli.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli generacia iyofa Tbo da hidro-

eleqtrosadgurebad. hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi, hidroturbinisa da

generatoris, xolo TbosadgurebSi Tboturbinis da generatoris

saSualebiT xdeba eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba, rac Semdgom

qvesadgurebisa da eleqtrogadacemis xazebis meSveobiT miewodeba

momxmarebels.

saqarTveloSi eleqtrosadgurebis muSaobas sezonuri xasiaTi

aqvs. kerZod, Tbosadgurebi umetesad zamTris periodSia

datvirTuli, xolo hidrosadgurebi zafxulSi. gamonakliss warm-

oadgenen maregulirebeli wyalsacaviani hidrosadgurebi,

romelTac orive sezonSi SeiZleba imuSaon (imisda mixedviT, sis-

temaSi, eleqtroenergiis deficitia Tu ara). generaciis sadgurebi

gamomuSavebul eleqtroenergias, eleqtrosistemas gadascemen, rom-

lis funqciaa, qvesadgurebisa da eleqtro gadacemis xazebis

saSualebiT momxmareblamde (myidvelamde) mitana. arsebuli

mdgomareobiT, eleqtrosistemas gamoeyo dabali 100/35-6/10-0,4

qselebi, romlebic faqtobrivad Camoyalibdnen, rogorc energiis

Semsyidveli kompaniebi. bolo wlebSi teqnikurad, mwarmoeblidan

Semsyidvelamde, elenergiis miwodebaSi xarvezi ar aris. Tu

urTierTSorisi xelSekruleba moqmedebaSia, procesi uwyvetad

xorcieldeba. amdenad saxezea gasayidi saqoneli, romelsac

eleqtroenergia hqvia.

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynaSi yidva-gayidvis sxvadasxva forma

arsebobs, maT Soris miwodebul eleqtroenergias yidian, rogorc

saxelmwifo organizaciebi, aseve kerZo kompaniebi. maTi moTxovnaa

orive SemTxvevaSi daculi iyos Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi:

1. momxmarebels eleqtroenergia uwyvetad unda miewodos;

2. miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis xarisxi unda iyos daculi;

3. vaWroba konkurencias unda eqvemdebarebodes. saqarTvelos energosistemaSi (1993-2007wlebi) tradiciulad

adgili hqonda miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis anazRaurebis dabal

kulturas, romlis mizezsac elenergiis deficiti, aRricxvis

mouwesrigebloba, gadamxdelebisadmi cudi urTierToba, korufcia

da siRaribe warmoadgenda.

Bbunebrivia, eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba da momxmareblamde

miwodeba TavisiT ar xdeba. mTel am process mcodne da

gamocdili specialistebi marTaven, isini gaerTianebuli arian

109

sxvadasxva samsaxurebSi: eleqtrosadgurebSi, qvesadgurebSi,

maRali da dabali Zabvis gadacemis qselebSi, dispetCerizaciaSi,

gamanawilebel da gadamyidvel organizaciebSi. pirvel nawils

(eleqtrosadgurebs, qvesadgurebs, dispetCerizaciasa da gadacemis

xazebs) pirobiT SeiZleba warmoeba vuwodoT, xolo meore nawils

(ganawileba-gayidvas) realizacia.

praqtikidan aSkarad Cans, rom realizaciis saqmeSi, kerZo

struqtura ufro efeqturad muSaobs, vidre saxlmwifo. am

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, piradi pasuxismgeblobisa da

Semosavlebis faqtoria gadamwyveti.

saqarTvelom nawilobriv orive sistema gamoiara, Tumca arc

erTi maTgani korufciisagan dazRveuli ar yofila. amdenad sakmao

gamocdileba dagrovda. amis miuxedavad, dRes arsebul yidva-

gayidvis marTvis meqanizms, srulyofils ver vuwodebT. nebismieri

saqoneli mwarmoeblidan myidvelamde Sualedur rgols gadis. rac

ufro moklea es gza, wesiT miT ufro iafi unda iyos saqoneli, da

piriqiT, rac ufro metia “monawileTa ricxvi”, miT ufro

Zvirdeba. 4.1 da 4.2 sqemebze naCvenebia eleqtro sabiTumo bazris

da komerciuli operatoris muSaobis meqanizmebi. am sqemebis

mixedviT eleqtrosabiTumo bazarSi xdeboda, rogorc eleqtro-

energiis dabalanseba, aseve fuladi resursebis akumulireba.

procesi imdenad upasuxismgeblo da gaugebari iyo, rom arc

mewarmem da arc gadamyidvelma ar icoda, vis visi vali emarTa.

Sedegmac ar daayovna, eleqtrosabiTumo bazars aseulobiT

milioni laris davalianeba daugrovda. Bbunebrivia, es iwvevda

rogorc mwarmoebelTa, aseve momxmarebelTa ukmayofilebas,

“moTamaSeTa” Soris daSvebuli iyo fasebis diskriminacia.

xelovnurad iqna gazrdili rogorc teqnikuri, aseve komerciuli

kargvebi. miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis anazRaurebaze (mwarmoe-

blis mimarT) e.w. sabiTumo bazari pasuxismgeblobas ar iRebda.

aRricxvis sistema (gansakuTrebiT raionebSi da soflebSi) ar iyo

mowesrigebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom sesbis muSaobas

saministrosa da semekis mier damtkicebuli bazris wesebi

gansazRvravda, pasuxismgeblobas ar grZnobda.

mocemul sqemebSi eleqtroenergiis miwodebisa da

anazRaurebis TiTqos swori meqanizmia Cadebuli, magram sinamd-

vileSi maTi ganxorcieleba ar momxdara. qveyanaSi gauqmda

antimonopoliuri samsaxuri. sanacvlod xelovnurad Seiqmna e.w.

”bunebrivi monopoliebi”, jer “Telasis”, xolo Semdeg gaerTi-

anebuli sadistribucio kompaniisa da “energo-pro jorjias”

110

saxiT. warmoebuli energiis 80%-ze mets (bazris meSveobiT) es

kompaniebi akontrolebdnen (rac dRemde grZeldeba). imis gamo, rom

sesbi kerZo struqtura ar iyo. bazris wevrebis winaSe

pasuxismgeblobasac ar iRebda. cxadia `maRali donis Cinovnikebis~

SeuTanxmeblad, aseT gadawyvetilebas damoukideblad ver

miiRebda.

kanonis moTxovna, rom argadamxdelisTvis ar miewodebinaT

eleqtroenergia, mudmivad irRveoda. Sesabamisad Semsyidveli

kompaniebic minimalurad ixdidnen moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis

safasurs. saboloo jamSi ingreoda warmoeba. kvlevam daadgina,

rom sesbis muSaobaSi, mTavar Semaferxebel faqtorad, bazris

principebis da wesebis ugulebelyofa iTvleboda. garegnulad

(TeoriaSi) TiTqos kargi sqemaa, magram mas aRsruleba ar ewera.

generaciisadmi, eleqtrosistemisadmi da sxva energetikuli

organizaciebisadmi fulis gadaxda mxolod pirovnebis “namusze”

iyo damokidebuli. energetika da gansakuTrebiT eleqtrosabiTumo

bazari (sesbi), politikis sagani gaxda. bazris wesebis (realurad)

dacva, mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebda.

energosistemaSi 2001-2006 wlebSi sesbis muSaobis meqanizmi

sqema – 4. 1

fuli

fuli

deni

fuli fuli

deni deni

fuli deni

deni deni deni

fuli

fuli deni deni deni deni

fuli

deni deni fuli deni

deni

generacia

eleqtrosistema

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- gadacema+dispetCerizacia

el.sabiTumo bazari

(sesbi)

saqrusenergo

msxvili

sawarmoebi

eqsporti

importi

“Telasi” gaerTianebuli

sadistribucio

kompania

kaxeTis

sadistribucio

kompania

aWaris

sadistribuci

o kompania

111

el.energiis realizaciis (eskos) moqmedi sqema sqema – 4.2

fuli

fuli

deni

deni deni

fulifuli

fuli

4.3. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi marTvis

axali wesebis pirobebSi

eleqtroenergia mravalmxrivi daniSnulebis saqonelia,

maTgan gamovyofdiT or ZiriTads: erTi, rogorc uSualod eleq-

troenergiis momxmareblebis moTxovnis aucilebeli saqoneli,

xolo meore, rogorc Semosavlis wyaro. momxmareblebis jgufs

ganekuTvnebian mosaxleoba, mcire da msxvili mewarmeebi da sxva

danarCeni. eleqtroenergia SeiZleba iTqvas, pirveladi saqonelia,

anu misi moxmarebis Sedegad xdeba sxva saxeobis saqonlis

warmoeba. eleqtroeneregiis monawileobiT, nawarmi saqonlis

TviTRirebulebis gansazRvra damokidebulia TviT eleqtroener-

giis Rirebulebaze. ramdenad ufro didia erTi kilovatsaaTis

Rirebuleba, imdenad maRalia (misi monawileobiT) gamoSvebuli

saqonlis Rirebuleba (da piriqiT). magaliTad: Tu erTi kilovat-

saaTi eleqtroenergiis Rirebulebas -Ti aRvniSnavT, xolo

nawarmi saqonlis Rirebulebas -Ti, maSin am saqonlis sruli

Rirebuleba iqneba sr =

ama Tu im saqonlis warmoebaSi eleqtroenergiis wili

sakmaod mniSvnelovani faqtoria. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs

dargi, romlis ganviTarebaSi eleqtroenergia ar monawileobdes

generacia

eleqtrosistema

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

dispetCerizacia+gadacema

kerZo

gamanawilebeli

kompaniebi

“Telasi”

“energoprojorjia”

kaxeTis

energogamanawilebeli

kompania

sistemis

komerciuli

operatori

import

eqsporti

fuli fuli

deni deni

fuli

fuli

fuli

fuli pirdapiri

xelSekrulebis

mqone sawarmoebi

fuli

fuli

112

(msubuqi, Tu mZime mrewveloba, sayofacxovrebo, samedicino,

samxedro da sxva mravali). zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare Zalze

mniSvnelovania, rogori moculobiT iwarmoeba eleqtroenergia, ra

iqneba misi sabazro fasi da a.S.

rogorc aRvniSneT, eleqtroenergiis meore ZiriTadi

daniSnuleba es aris saqonlis, rogorc Semosavlis wyaros

daniSnuleba. Tu ki Cven vambobT, rom eleqtroenergiis moxmareba

xdeba nebismier sxva dargSi da Tanac moxmarebis maCvenebeli

yovelwliurad izrdeba, maSin Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT es saqo-

neli erT-erTi myari kapitalia. amitomac msoflios sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi, dRemde grZeldeba energetikuli simZlavreebis

(wyaroebis) mosapoveblad brZola. es brZola zogjer qveynebs

Soris, samxedro dapirispirebaSic ki gadaizrdeba. yvelaferi es

gamowveulia eleqtroenergiis ukve arsebuli, an mosaloneli

deficitiT.

Cven mokled avxseniT eleqtroenergiis, rogorc pirdapiri

moxmarebis saqonlis daniSnuleba. aqve vTqviT, rom mas aranaklebi

mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc Semosavlis wyaros. Semosavlis sidide

pirdapirproporciulia gamoSvebuli eleqtroenergiis raodeno-

baze da erTeuli kilovatsaaTis fasze. rac ufro didia

eleqtroenergiis raodenoba da fasi, miT ufro didia Semosavali.

Tu gamoSvebul elenergias -Ti aRvniSnavT, xolo erTeuli

kilovat-saaTis Rirebulebas -Ti da Semosavals -Ti, maSin:

magaliTisTvis, vTqvaT saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemam 2010

wels 10 miliardi kilovatsaaTi gamoimuSava, anu miliard

kvt/sT-s. dauSvaT erTi kilovatsaaTis gasayidi fasi (W) saSualod 10 TeTrs Seadgens, maSin Semosavali B=1 miliard lars.

rogorc vxedavT, arc Tu umniSvnelo cifria, es faqtobrivad

qveynis realuri biujetis mexuTedia. is faqti, rom energetikidan

didi Semosavlebis miReba SeiZleba, yvelaze kargad ician

msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis sxvadasxva bankebma da

kompaniebma, romlebic ganviTarebad qveynebs (da maT Soris

saqarTvelos), rogorc ityvian, “piridan aclian tkbil lukmas”.

aseT bankebsa da kompaniebs pirobiT SeiZleba energetikuli

”dampyroblebi” vuwodoT. isini cdiloben mWidro kavSirebi

daamyaron xelisuflebaSi myof (maRali rangis) “moxele -

CinovnikebTan”, romlebic piradi dainteresebis mizniT, maTTvis

sasargeblo kanonebis da sxvadasxva SeRavaTebis miRebaSi

exmarebian (magaliTad, rac SeiZleba maRal satarifo sistemis

SemoRebaSi), rac SemdgomSi didi mogebis miRebis safuZveli xdeba.

113

eleqtroenergiis warmoeba saqarTveloSi im iSviaT dargs

ganekuTvneba, romelic safuZveli unda iyos qveynis biujetis

Sevsebisa da aseve am sferoSi momuSave (an armomuSave, magram

SeiZleba iyos aqcioneri) inJiner-teqnikuri personalis keTil-

dReobis uzrunvelyofisa. arsebuli mdgomareobiT, eleqtro-

energetikis Semosavlebis (saSualod 70%) qveynidan gadineba xdeba.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis 90%-ze meti mxolod da mxolod

momxmarebelia da ara am dargidan Semosavlis mimRebi. aseTi ram

iSviaTad Tu xdeba romelime sxva qveyanaSi.

bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos energosistemam

saSualod 170 miliardi kilovatsaaTi gamoimuSava, romlis Sida

sabazro Rirebuleba (semekis mier miRebuli satarifo sistemiT)

saSualod 13 miliardi lari unda yofiliyo. Tu am wlebis

ganmavlobaSi gaweuli saeqsploatacio xarjebs gaviTvaliswinebT

(rac saSualod 30% farglebSi iangariSeba), am SemTxvevaSi

Tavisufali fulis saxiT saSualod 9 miliardi lari unda

darCeniliyo (saSualod 6 miliardi dolari). Tu saxelmwifo

politika energetikis ganviTarebisken iqneboda mimarTuli, maSin

am TanxiT Tavisuflad SeiZleboda 5000 megavati simZlavris

aTviseba, rac udaod didi movlena iqneboda, amiT saqarTvelo

regionSi erT-erTi Zlieri energetikuli saxelmwifo gaxdeboda.

sinamdvileSi moxda piriqiT _ am wlebis ganmavlobaSi, arsebuli

simZlavreebis saSualod 2000 megavati mwyobridan gamovida, xolo

fulad TanxaSi 3 miliard laramde mxolod saxelmwifo biujetma

da uSualod energetikulma organizaciebma (generacia,

eleqtrosistema) izarales. calke Temaa wlebis ganmavlobaSi

gawamebuli, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis moraluri Tu ekonomikuri

zarali. amrigad axali simZlavreebis investireba, uSualod dargs

SeuZlia.

investori, anu damfinansebeli, pirvel rigSi, dargSi

Semavali organizaciebi da saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi unda iyon.

gamokiTxvis Sedegad dadasturda, rom Tu saxelmwifos mxridan

kanonis dacviT, myari garantia iarsebebs, energetikuli

organizaciebis (da aramarto) 90% (visac Tavisufali fuli aqvs)

Tanaxmaa Cados fuli axali simZlavreebis aTvisebaSi.

gamokiTxulma energetikosebma da sxva specialobis mqone 1000-ma

kacma gamoTqva survili yovelTviurad 300-dan 500 laramde Cados,

energetikuli obieqtebis mSeneblobaSi. saqarTvelos moqala-

qeebidan 10 000 kaci mzad aris Seqmnas saqcio sazogadoeba da

gaiRos yovelTviurad 100 lari. 100 kacma gamoTqva survili

yovelwliurad (TiToeulma) 3 milioni dolari Cados energe-

tikuli obieqtebis aTvisebaSi. aseTi daTvliT wliurad Tavs

iyris saSualod 300 milioni lari. ase rom, Tu saxelmwifos

114

mxridan am mimarTulebiT “Semxvedri nabijebi” gadaidgmeba, saqme

udaod win wava. saqarTvelo arc pirveli da arc ukanaskneli

iqneba maT Soris, vinc aqcionirebis gziT sakuTari energetikuli

obieqtebis mSenebloba ganaviTara. momavalSi am sistemis

Camoyalibeba gardauvalia.

4.4. ganmartebebi kerZo struqturis (Sps, k.s.s.)

saqmianobis Sesaxeb

sqema #4.3-ze gamosaxulia eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis

kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis struqtura. romelic mkacr sakon-

kurso pirobebSi uzrunvelyofs eleqtroenergiis rogorc Sesyi-

dvas, aseve gayidvas.

1. saqmianobis sfero:

generaciis sadgurebidan warmoebuli elenergiis Sesyidva da

momxmareblebze (gamanawilebeli kompaniebi, msxvili da

saSualo sawarmoebi, individualuri abonentebi) gayidva.

2. wliuri moculoba

(gasayidi produqtis - eleqtroenergiis raodenoba).

1 miliard kilovatsaaTidan zeviT (2, 2,5, 5 da a.S.). imisda

mixedviT auqcionze, Tu ra raodenobisa da tipis momxmarebeli

iqneba warmodgenili.

3. urTierTobis safuZveli:

myari saxelSekrulebo sistema, romelic damtkicebuli iqneba

sul mcire sami iuridiuli statusis mqone piris (an pirTa

jgufis) mier.

4. xelSekrulebis Tanmimdevroba:

a) kerZo struqturasa (Sps, s.s.) da generaciis sadgurebs Soris

formdeba xelSekruleba Sesasyidi elenergiis raodenobaze,

fasze da miwodebis periodze.

b) xelSekrulebaSi naCvenebi iqneba aRricxvis wertilebi (sadac

yoveldRiurad, yovelkvireulad da yovelTviurad Cvenebebi

iqneba aRebuli), damowmebuli iqneba aqtiT, romelzec xels

moawers rogorc sadguris (SemdgomSi “mwarmoebeli”), aseve

kerZo struqturis (Sps, s.s.) (SemdgomSi “mimwodeblis”)

warmomadgenlebi.

sanam Cvenebebis aReba daiwyeba, sadgurebsa da qvesadgurebSi

unda mowesrigdes saaRricxvo sistema, daidgas axali (iq,

sadac ar aris) “alfa”, an sxva Tanamedrove tipis mricxvelebi

ise, rom arc erT mxares, mricxvelebis Cvenebaze pretenzia ar

gaaCndes.

115

eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis sqema (4.3)

generaciis sadgurebi

mcire hesebi Tboeleqtro

sadgurebi

maregulirebeli

hesebi

sezonuri

hesebi

kerZo

saaqc

io s

azogad

oeb

a,

eleqtroeneg

iis yid

va-gayid

vis b

azar

i

depozit

i

saf

inanso

banki

fuli

s.s saxelmwifo eleqtrosistema

xel

Sekruleba

eleqtro gadacema dispetCerizacia

s.s. saq. rusenergo SekveTa

fuli

momxmareblebi

gamanawilebe

li-

gadamyidveli

kompaniebi

pirdapiri

xelSekrulebis

mqone

organizaciebi

sxvadasxva

energetikis

saministro

kanoni

politika

s e m e k i

licenzia

tarifi

kontroli

momxmareblebis

uflebaTa damcveli

organizacia

xelSekruleba

deni deni deni deni

e.g.x. 500 -kv.

fuli fuli fuli

116

d) mimwodebeli – kerZo struqtura (Sps, s.s.) da saqarTvelos

“eleqtrosistema”, “gadacema-dispetCerizacia”) aformeben

xelSekrulebas Sesyiduli elenergiis aRniSnul adgilze, (imisda

mixedviT, Tu sad mdebareobs myidvelis obieqti) gadacemis

Sesaxeb. yvela im wesis dacviT (aRricxva, Cvenebebis aReba)

rogorc es “b” da “g” punqtebSia naCvenebi. yvela am standartis

dacviT, rac eqsploatacias sWirdeba.

e) mimwodebeli (k.s.s, Sps) aformebs xelSekrulebas (myari garantiiT,

romlis erT-erTi forma iqneba bankSi myidvelis mier depozitze

arsebuli Tanxa) momxmarebelTan, anu SemdgomSi “SemsyidvelTan”

(gamanawilebeli kompania, msxvili an saSualo sawarmo,

individualuri abonenti) yvela im wesis dacviT, rogorc es a), b)

da g) punqtebSia naCvenebi.

v) yoveli Tvis pirvelidan xuT ricxvamde “mwarmoebelsa” da

“mimwodebels” Soris, “mimwodebelsa” da “Semsyidvels” Soris

formdeba aqtebi, sadac dafiqsirebuli iqneba wina Tvis

ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli elenergiis raodenoba da satarifo

Rirebuleba. aqtis siswore, xelSekrulebis monawile mxareTa

xelmoweriTa da beWdebiT mtkicdeba. aqtebis raodenoba iqneba

imdeni, ramdeni xelmowerac iqneba (erTi egzempliari momsaxure

banks gaegzavneba).

z) xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebi Tanxmdebian da irCeven

momsaxure banks, sadac ganxorcieldeba yvela fuladi operacia.

kerZo struqturis (Sps, k.s.s), anu “mimwodeblis” mTavari funqciaa,

Sesyiduli eleqtroenergiis droulad anazRaureba, raSic erT-

erTi centraluri adgili momsaxure banks ukavia, kerZod:

a) banki ganaxorcielebs operaciebs “mwarmoeblis”, “gadacemis”,

momxmareblis, anu “Semsyidvelis” mier erToblivad warmodgenili

dokumentis, an dokumentebis safuZvelze.

usafrTxoebis mizniT “momwodebelma” “Semsyidvels” SesaZlebelia

mosTxovos (garantiis saxiT) bankSi depozitze Tanxis Cadeba. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu “Semsyidveli” srulad ver dafaravs wina Tvis

davalianebas, bankma SeiZleba gauformos sesxi (sesxis gacemis

pirobebi calke xelSekrulebiT an sxva sagarantio dokumentiT

iqneba daculi).

b) dadgmuli simZlavreebis aRsadgenad, axali teqnologiebis

asaTviseblad, an axali obieqtebis asaSeneblad, banks SeuZlia

Cados sakuTari kapitali, an gasces sesxi kerZo struqturaze

(Sps, k.s.s.) winaswar SeTanxmebuli pirobebiT.

g) partnior organizaciebs, garda saoperacio Tanxebisa, momsaxure

bankSi SeuZliaT Seinaxon nebismieri Tanxa, im procentuli

ganakveTiT, rac bankis mier iqneba dawesebuli.

d) ndobis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi, banks SeuZlia garantad daudges

kerZo (Sps, s.s) struqturas, ama Tu im tenderSi monawileobis

117

misaRebad (garantiis forma SemuSavdeba urTierTmolaparakebisa

da SeTanxmebis safuZvelze).

5. ra aris kerZo (Sps, s.s.) struqturis Camoyalibebis mizezebi?

a) qveyanaSi jer kidev arsebuli eleqtroenergiis deficiti;

b) warmoebuli da momxmareblamde miwodebuli eleqtroenergiis

gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis arasamarTlianad

ganawileba. ris gamoc zaraldebian rogorc saxelmwifo biujeti,

aseve rigiTi moqalaqeebi;

g) saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis normebis dabali done;

d) teqnikuri kargvebis maRali maCvenebeli;

e) axali simZlavreebis aTvisebis dabali maCvenebeli;

v) momxmarebelTan urTierTobis dabali kultura;

z) amJamad qveyanaSi arsebuli elenergiis gamanawilebeli

sadistribucio qseli mouwesrigebelia (ar aris srulyofili

gamricxvelianeba, qvesadgurebSi mowyobiloba-danadgarebi

saWiroebs remonts, an axliT Secvlas. sahaero da sakabelo

xazebi, an saremontoa, an aRsadgeni).

T) arsebulma eleqtrosabiTumo bazarma, ara Tu daaregulira

eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, miwodeba da fuladi anazRaureba,

aramed, piriqiT, ufro gaauaresa. amis maCvenebeli iyo

eleqtroenergiis deficiti, gadaxdis dabali maCvenebeli (22%).

(rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bazarma Tavisi moRvaweoba 1,5 miliard

larze meti debitorul-kreditoruli davalianebiT daamTavra);

i) amJamad moqmedi komerciuli operatori “esko” yovelgvari

konkurenciis gareSe awarmoebs sabalanso energiis yidva-gayidvas,

rac eleqtroeneregiis Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis principebs

aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba.;

k) Sida moxmarebis eleqtroenergiis tarifis mudmivad maRali

done.

6. ra dadebiTi Sedegebi SeiZleba miviRoT kerZo saaqcio

sazogadoebis amoqmedebis Sedegad?

zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebis maqsimalurad aRmofxvra. maT Soris:

qveyanaSi gaizrdeba eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, aRmoifxvreba

deficiti, gaizrdeba saeqsporto wili, Sida moxmarebis bazarze

knkurenciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebidan gamomdinare

Semcirdeba tarifi. saboloo jamSi gaizrdeba saxelmwifos

Semosavlebi. gaizrdeba dargSi dasaqmebul mewarmeTa ricxvi,

moimatebs uSualod eleqtrosadgurebze da qvesadgurebze

momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri personalis Semosavlebi. Semcirdeba

teqnikuri da komerciuli kargvebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

mieqceva energousafrTxoebis amaRlebis uzrunvelyofas da sxva.

7. kerZo struqturis ukeTesad muSaobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia:

a) mcodne da gamocdili kadrebis yola. b) sakuTrebis formis

Secvla; g) konkurenciis maRali done.

118

8. ra fuladi mogeba SeiZleba darCes kerZo (Sps, s.s.) struqturas?

dauSvaT xelSekruleba gaformda 1 miliardi kilovatsaaTis

miwodebaze da realizaciaze (saqarTveloSi amJamad wliurad

iwarmoeba 9-dan 10 miliard kilovatsaaTamde). semekis mier

dadgenili satarifo RirebulebiT, generaciidan 1 kilovatsaaTis

Sesasyidi fasi saSualod 1,8-dan 3,5 TeTrs Seadgens, xolo

eleqtrosistemis tarifi 0,5, 0,6 TeTria. TviT “mimwodeblis”, anu

kerZo struqturis saSualo tarifi SeiZleba iyos 0,5 TeTri. am

SemTxvevaSi satarifo sistemis mixedviT, erTi kilovatsaaTis

jamuri Rirebuleba saSualod 4,1 TeTrs miaRwevs. 1 miliardi

kilovatsaaTi unda gaiyidos saSualod 46 milion larad.

“mwarmoeblis” wili saSualod 22 milioni lari iqneba,

`eleqtrosistemis~ 9 milioni lari, xolo “mimwodeblis”

(realizatoris) 5 milioni lari. es aris winaswar dagegmili,

satarifo sistemiT realizebuli elenergia, rac rogorc Cans

gacilebiT aiafebs, (rogorc es iyo sabWoTa periodSi), Tumca am

SemTxvevaSi xSirad adgili hqonda gasayidi eleqtroenergiis

moculobis damaxinjebas, rac konkurenciis ar arsebobidan

gamomdinareobda. bunebrivad arsebuli konkurenciis pirobebSi,

rogorc praqtikam aCvena, kerZo struqturam ajoba saxelmwifo

organizacias, rac imis momaswavebelia, rom kerZo struqturis

daintereseba izrdeba piradi SemosavliT dainteresebis xarjze.

Aaqve ismeba kiTxva dRes arsebuli mdgomareobiT ZiriTadi

realizatori da mwarmoebeli kerZo struqturebia, maS ratom

aris maRali tarifebi. saqme imaSia, rom arsebuli kerZo

kompaniebi yovelgvari konkurenciis gareSe aRweven (sakuTriv)

maRali tarifebis miRebas. rac cxadia pirad dainteresebasTan

aris dakavSirebuli, amas SeiZleba dagegmili korufcia ewodos.

Aamdenad yvela SemTxvevaSi saWiroa konkurenciis Sedegad

Seqmnili bazari.

ra xelisSemSleli pirobebi SeiZleba Seiqmnas kerZo struqturis

Camoyalibebis procesSi da Semdgom muSaobaSi?

a)dargSi arsebuli korufciuli sistemis jer kidev SeniRbuli

Cinovnikuri wre araoficialurad ecdeba, SeinarCunos Zveli

mdgomareoba, (rac danaSaulTan aris dakavSirebuli);

b)sagadasaxado sistemis mcdeloba “daaxrCos” mewarme, rac

gasaqans ar miscems saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTarebas;D

g) sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis udardeloba, romlisTvisac

vidre “suls ar amoxdian”, sulerTia romeli sistema umuSavebs.

aqve unda davamatoT, rom sazogadoeba da kanoni energetikas

aRiareben, rogorc strategiul dargs, aqidan gamomdinare

saxelmwifo, rogorc sakontrolo paketis mflobeli, valdebulia,

Tavisi wili Cados energetikuli obieqtebis mSeneblobaSi, axali

119

simZlavreebis aTvisebaSi da saerTod sruli pasuxismgebloba aiRos

saboloo Sedegebze.

“saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” iTvaliswinebs kerZo

saaqcio sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic Tavisuflad axorcielebs

debulebiT gansazRvrul saqmianobas. saaqcio sazogadoebis

(SemdgomSi s.s.) erT-erT mTavari valdebuleba sagadasaxado

samsaxurebTan TanamSromlobaa, rac ZiriTadad dawesebuli gadasa-

xadis droulad gadaxdaSi mdgomareobs.

zogadad saaqcio sazogadoebis wevri SeiZleba iyos

saqarTvelos yvela iuridiuli an fizikuri piri, vinc eTanxmeba

wesdebis ZiriTadi debulebis muxlebs da asrulebs dawesebul

movaleobas. praqtikidan gamomdinare saaqcio sazogadoebis wevrobis

survili ufro metad energetikaSi Caxedul moqalaqeebs aqvT.

mniSvnelovania ss-s wevrebma kargad icodnen dargSi Seqmnili

mdgomareoba, hqondeT unari sworad Seafason riskis faqtori.

s.s. Tavis rigebidan (Tuki arian specialistebi), anda gareSe

pirTagan ayalibebs gunds, romelic maRal doneze (saxelSekrulebo

sistemiT) asrulebs eleqtroenergiis Sesyidvisa da gayidvis

operaciebs (SeniSvna: Tu rogor unda xdebodes eleqtroenergiis

aRricxva, gadacema-dispetCerireba da momxmareblamde mitana ix.

ganmartebebi “kerZo struqturis saqmianobis Sesaxeb” Tan erTvis).

qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba konkretuli magaliTebi saaqcio

sazogadoebis mier Camoyalibebul struqturebis mier SesaZlo yidva-

gayidvis miaxloebiTi monacemebis safuZvelze.

eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis mTavari mizani konkuren-

tunariani eleqtrobazris Seqmnaa, sadac momxmarebels saSualeba

eqneba xarisxisa da fasis mixedviT airCios mimwodebeli. maregu-

lirebeli komisiis daniSnulebaa iseTi satarifo sistemis Semu-

Saveba, sadac gansazRvruli iqneba erTi kilovatsaaTis maqsimaluri

da minimaluri Rirebuleba, romlis farglebSic ganxorcieldeba

yidva-gayidva. (cnobisTvis aRniSnuli sakiTxi ukve gadawyvetilia).

semekma konkursSi monawile TiToeuli iuridiuli piris interesebi

unda daicvas. gansakuTrebiT ki saboloo momxmareblebis. kvlevis

dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mivaqcieT semekis srulyofil

muSaobas da am struqturaSi, momxmareblebis uflebebis dacvas.

(CamovayalibeT Tavis qmedebaSi Tavisufali samsaxuri, momxmarebelTa

uflebebis damcvelis saxiT).

ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze eleqtroenergetikis marTvis

axali wesebis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas konkurenciasa da

samarTlianobaze orientirebuli, eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis

bazari. Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis bazari weliwadSi erTxel

acxadebs auqcions, sadac TiToeuli eleqtrosadguri momavali

wlisTvis waradgens:

a) gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis raodenobas;

120

b) erTeuli kilovatsaaTis fass;

G g) miwodebis grafiks.

yidva-gayidvis bazari, warmodgenili masalebis safuZvelze

qmnis wliuri moxmarebis balanss. Semdeg SemsyidvelebisTvis

(gamanawilebeli kompaniebi, msxvili da wvrili sawarmoebi) acxadebs

konkurss, sadac dakonkretdeba Sesyidvis fasi, miwodebis moculoba,

dro da adgili. im SemTxvevaSi Tu (moqmedi) gamanawilebeli qselis

mepatrone, auqcionze ver imarjvebs, semekis gadawyvetilebiT, mas

eZleva mis kuTvnil qselSi eleqtroenergiis gatarebis tarifi.

auqcionze gamarjveba damokidebulia konkursSi monawile gama-

nawilebeli (gadamyidveli) organizaciebis mier wardgenil ZiriTad

maxasiaTeblebze. kerZod: Sesasyidi da gasayidi eleqtroenergiis

fasze (igulisxmeba, rom konkurenciis Sedegad fasebi unda

icvlebodes), miwodebis xarisxze da momsaxurebis maRal kulturaze.

warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia daculi iyos ramodenime

piroba:

1. k.s.sazogadoeba Tavis qmedebaSi unda iyos Tavisufali

(yovelgvari xelovnurad Seqmnili zewolebisgan dazRveuli);

2. muSa gundi profesionali kadrebisgan unda dakompleqtdes;

3. qveyanaSi Warbi eleqtroenergia unda arsebobdes, (an ukidures

SemTxvevaSi gare momwodebelTan garantirebuli xelSekruleba

unda hqondes).

4. k.s.sazogadoebis saqmianoba unda iyos gamWvirvale.

5. k.s.sazogadoebam aucileblad unda Camoayalibos xarisxis

menejmentis sistema.

rac Seexeba uSualod yidva-gayidvis saaqcio sazogadoebis

SerCevas, esec unda moxdes analogiurad, konkursis wesiT, rasac

maregulirebeli komisia, yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe, sazoga-

doebriv organizaciebTan erTad unda uzrunvelyofdes.

konkursSi gamarjvebulis gamovlenas uaRresad didi mniS-

vneloba aqvs, amitom semekSi arsebulma momxmarebelTa uflebebis

damcvelma samsaxurma, maqsimalurad unda gaamaxvilos yuradReba,

konkursis samarTlianobis principiT Catarebaze.

yovelive zemoTqmulis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, garda

imisa, rom dargis SesaZleblobebi erTi-orad izrdeba, qveyanaSi

iqmneba saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis piroba. am mimarTulebiT

Tundac erT dargSi precendentis Seqmna misabaZi gaxdeba, sxva (jer

kidev moqmedi) dargebisTvisac, rac saboloo jamSi qveynis umetesi

mosaxleobis SeZlebul fenad gardaqmnas gulisxmobs. es faqti arc

Tu mcire mniSvnelobisa unda iyos.

121

4.5. kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis finansuri wyaroebi

pirveli wyaro: sakuTari Senatanebi.;

meore wyaro: momsaxurebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebi;

mesame wyaro: saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebidan

miRebuli dabalprocentiani sesxebi.

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:

sakuTari Senatanebi _ saaqcio sazogadoebis wevrebi, sakuTari

Senatanebis safuZvelze qmnian garkveul kapitals. wevrebis Senatanis

odenoba zustdeba saaqcio sazogadoebis krebaze. Senatanma Tanxam

unda Seadginos aucilebeli normis minimumi mainc. wevrebis Senatani

SeiZleba iyos Tanabari, an gansxvavebuli imisda mixedviT, Tu ras

iTvaliswinebs saaqcio sazogadoebis wesdeba.

eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis uflebis mosapoveblad

auqcions atarebs semeki (sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan da

energetikuli sawarmoebis SromiTi amxanagobebis sabWoebis wevrebTan

erTad. auqcionSi gamarjvebul organizacias iseve rogorc

mwarmoebelsa da gadamyidvels), semeki udgens momsaxurebis tarifis

zeda da qveda zRvars. tarifis sididis SerCeva xdeba konkursis

periodSi warmodgenili winadadebis safuZvelze. konkursSi monawile

TiToeuli organizacia winaswar asaxelebs momsaxurebisTvis

misaRebi tarifis sidides.

konkursSi gamarjvebul saaqcio sazogadoebas SeuZlia

mimarTos saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebs (bankebs, Tavisufali

fulis mflobel pirebs, an organizaciebs), dados urTierTmomgebiani

xelSekruleba da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi aiRos SedarebiT

dabalprocentiani sesxi, romlis dafarva misi saqmianobis

ganmavlobaSi unda iyos SesaZlebeli. sesxis odenobasa da

xangZlivobas saaqcio sazogadoebis saerTo kreba da misi sabWo

gansazRvravs.

eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis warmatebis (erT-erTi)

ZiriTadi pirobaa, muSa jgufis profesionali kadrebiT

dakompleqteba. rogor unda airCios organizatorma maRali xarisxis

kadrebi?

pirvel rigSi, energetikul “sferoSi” cnobilia, Tu ras

warmoadgens dargSi momuSave esa Tu is pirovneba (laparakia rogorc

Zvel, aseve saSualo da axalgazrda asakisa da gamocdilebis mqone

specialistebze). maTTvis unda Catardes sakonkurso gamocda, sadac

TiToeuli kandidatis codnis Semowmeba maRal doneze moxdeba. amis

safuZvelze SeirCeva kontingenti. agreTve aucilebeli iqneba

axalgazrda specialobiT kursdamTavrebuli personalidan

kandidatebis SerCeva da maTi kvalifikaciis amaRleba. momzadebuli

kadrebiT organizaciis dakompleqteba did gamocdilebasa da codnas

moiTxovs. es saqme SeiZleba sportuli gundis Camoyalibebas

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SevadaroT, romelic iwyebs brZolas CempionobisTvis. rogorc maTi

mwvrTnelisa da mTlianobaSi gundis gamocdilebas, fsiqologiur

ganwyobasa da Sromismoyvareobas aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, aseve

s.s. yidva-gayidvis xelmZRvaneli rgolisa da mis mier arCeuli

gundis karg muSaobazea damokidebuli warmatebis miRweva.

gamoucdeli da daudevari (zarmaci) kadrebiT organizciis

dakompleqteba, warumateblobis mTavari mizezi gaxdeba. araa

gamoricxuli ZiriTadi kontigenti manamde momuSave, (yofili)

organizaciidan dakompleqtdes. erTi sityviT, cocxali muSa jgufis

Seqmna mTeli xelovnebaa da vinc mas Rirseulad daZlevs, warmateba

garantirebuli eqneba.

4.6. saaqcio sazogadoebis yidva-gayidvis procesis specifika

ZiriTadi moTxovnebia: 1. Tavisufali auqcioni;

2. gamWvirvaloba (informaciis sruli xelmisawvdomoba);

3. dadebul xelSekrulebaze pasuxismgebloba.

Mmomsaxurebis saxeobebis (warmoebis, gadacema dispeCerebis,

ganawilebis da a. S.) mixedviT semeki adgens kvt/sT-is Rirebulebis

zeda da qveda zRvars, maT Soris qselis gaqiravebis SesaZleblobas.

semeki oficialuri standartis safuZvelze aZlevs kargvebis normas..

misi yvela dadgenileba unda SeTanxmdes momxmareblebis uflebaTa

damcvel jgufTan da yidva-gayidvis eleqtro bazarTan.

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis jgufi irCeva sxvadasxva momxma-

reblebis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT weliwadSi erTxel.

jgufSi SeiZleba iyos 5 kacamde, maT Soris ori Jurnalisti (erTi

televiziidan, erTi gazeTidan), romlebic uzrunvelyofen sazogado-

ebisTvis informaciis droulad miwodebas. erT-erTi maTgani

yovelTvis iqneba danarCenebis makontrolebeli.

EeleqtrobazarSi momuSave TiToeuli wevri unda iyos umaRlesi

ganaTlebiT, (profesiuli niSniT) sul mcire 5 wlis staJis mqone.

(maT Soris sasurvelia samecniero xarisxis mflobelebic iyvnen).

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis jgufis funqciebia:

momxmarebelTa uflebebis (pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) dacva, rac

gulisxmobs:

- auqcionze monawileoba da brZola minimaluri satarifo

fasebisTvis;

- mimwodebelsa da momxmarebels Soris (semekis doneze) pirve-

ladi sadao sakiTxis mogvareba da Tu saWiro iqneba

sasamarTloSi wardgena;

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- Tavis kompetenciis farglebSi, semekis mier miRebuli

dadgenilebebis revizia;

- yidva-gayidvis bazris muSaobis xarisxis gansazRvra.

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis jgufis wevrebis anazRaureba

ganxorcieldeba saerTo xarjebida,n msgavsad semekis wevrebisa. isini

ar unda iyon damokidebuli semekis administraciaze.

generacia uzrunvelyofs eleqtroenergiiT momaragebas, sxva

SemTxvevaSi yidva-gayidvis eleqtrobazari izrunebs, importiT

eleqtroenergiis Semotanaze. Warbi eleqtroenergiis arsebobis

pirobebSi yidva-gayidvis eleqtrobazari, sazRvargareT poulobs

gasaRebis bazrebs da aformebs xelSekrulebebs.

yidva-gayidvis eleqtrobazaris muSaobis ZiriTadi principebi unda

iyos kanonTan. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa parlametSi

waradginon winadadebebi ama Tu im sakiTxze cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. vin

SeiZleba iyos ss yidva-gayidvis eleqtro bazris xelSeuxeblobis

garanti?pirvel rigSi sakanonmdeblo baza da yvela is iuridiuli da

fizikuri piri, vinc mis muSaobaSi Rebulobs monawilebas, agreTve

momxmareblebi (mosaxleoba, pirdapiri xelSekrulebebis mqone

organizaciebi) da yvela is, visac kanoniT es evaleba.

meoTxe Tavis daskvna

eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis mowesrigeba, mTlianad dargis

ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. iq

sadac es sakiTxi mowesrigebuli ar aris, verc erTi energetikuli

sawarmo normalurad ver funqcionirebs. eleqtroenergiis yidva-

gayidvis moqmedi sistema, mravalmxriv winaaRmdegobaSia. erTi mxriv

maregulirebeli komisia da monopolisti gadamyidveli kompaniebi ar

fiqroben Secvalon arsebuli sistema, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc

generaciis, aseve eleqtrosistemis da gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis da

mewarmeebis warmomadgenlebi gamoTqvamen did ukmayofilebas.

ukmayofileba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam elenergiis yidva-gayidva

Tavisufali bazris principebs ar daeqvemdebareba.

kvlevis periodSi Seswavlili iqna sxvadasxva qveynebis

analogiuri sistemebi (rogorc yofili sabWoTa respublikebis, aseve

evropis da aSS-is). gaTvaliswinebuli iqna sxvadasxva xasiaTi da

saqmisadmi damokidebuleba. yovelive amis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli

iqna eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis kerZo saaqcio sazogadoebis

axali sqema, romelic mwarmoeblebisagan (aseve Tavisufali fasebis

principiT) Sesyidul eleqtroenergias, konkurenciis safuZvelze

miyidis gamanawilebel kompaniebs. am SemTxvevaSi fasebis regulireba

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xdeba bunebrivad. pasuxismgeblobas iRebs TiToeuli “rgoli”.

tarifebis Rirebulebis dadgenaSi samarTlianobis principi ufro

daculi xdeba. komerciuli da teqnikuri danakargebi minimumamde

mcirdeba. saboloo jamSi, momxmarebeli da mwarmoebeli orive

kmayofilia. saxelmwifo biujetSi gacilebiT meti Semosavlebi

Sedis, sawarmoebis yovelwliuri mogeba izrdeba. avtomaturad

izrdeba sapensio Tu sxva fondebic.

G miuxedavad warmodgenili faqtisa, rac jerjerorbiT sakmaod

rTuli dasaZlevia, Tavisufali bazris principebi aucileblad unda

dainergos. eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva aucileblad sakonkurso

pirobebSi unda warmoebdes. konkursebis Catareba samarTlianobis

sruli dacviT unda xdebodes.

ratom aseTi kategoriuli moTxovnebi?

saqme imaSia, rom sabWoTa periodSi da mis Semdgom,,

eleqtroenergia korufciis erT-erT wyaros warmoadgenda, rac

samwuxarod tradiciad darCa. am mankieri qmedebis moSla mxolod

keTili survilebiT ar xerxdeba, saWiroa mkacri saxelmwifoebrivi

midgoma. (rac reformebis srulyofilebaSi unda mdgomareobdes).

adamians, an adamianTa garkveul jgufs, (Tu pirobebi xels uwyobs),

sxvis xarjze fulis Sovnis ioli gza misaRebad miaCnia. mTavaria

„kriSa“ hyavdeT garantirebuli. sxvisi uflebebis darRvevas arafrad

agdeben. es aris organizebuli danaSauli, Tu arsebuli sistema ar

Seicvala momxmarebeli, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi

daumsaxurebelad maRali gadasaxadebis gamo itanjeba, rogorc

ityvian „ifeTqebs“ da procesebi SeiZleba politikur brZolaSic ki

gadaizardos, anu maT arCevanis gzas ar utoveben.

qveyanas, romelsac pretenzia demokratiulobis mimarT gaaCnia,

aseTi qmedebebis daSvebis ufleba ar unda hqondes.

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Tavi V. energetikuli sawarmoebis marTva

5.1. energetikuli sawarmos (organizaciis)

marTvis axali sqema

Cvens mier ganxiluli iqna sxvadasxva organizaciebis (saqene-

rgos, eleqtrosistemis, eleqtrosabiTumo bazris, gamanawilebeli

kompaniebis, maT Soris: gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis,

Telasis, -isa da sxva energetikuli organizaciebis)

muSaobis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. aRmoCnda, rom uaryofiTi

ufro metia, vidre dadebiTi. amis dasturia saqarTvelos

energosistemaSi, kerZod, eleqtroenergetikaSi Catarebuli reformebi

da Sedegebi. faqtobrivad teqnikurma da ekonomiurma zaralma

ormocdaaTi procentiT (zogan metiTac) Seamcira rogorc

simZlavreebi, aseve Semosavlebi. energetikuli sawarmoebi (generacia,

gadacema, dispetCerizacia, ganawileba-gayidva) gakotrdnen. momsaxure

inJiner-teqnikuri personali TveobiTa da wlobiT ver iRebda

kuTvnil xelfasebs. saerTo sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba, erTeuli

Cinovnikuri jgufebis (klanebis) sakuTrebad gadaiqca. momxma-

reblebis uflebebi mkacrad Seilaxa (eleqtroenergiis Sesasyidi

erTeuli tarifis fasi samasi procentiT gaizarda). marTalia,

yvelafer amaze pasuxismgebloba mmarTvelma mTavrobebma (Zvelma da

axalma) aiRes, magram es mxolod carieli sityvebis TamaSi aRmoCnda

da sxva araferi. agreTve administraciebis mxridan iyo sxva

subieqturi, Tu obieqturi mizezebic, Tumca mTel am procesebSi erT-

erTi Semoqmedi, SromiTi koleqtivic unda yofiliyo, romelmac

faqtobrivad (ufro xSir SemTxvevaSi) Tavisi ususuroba ufro

daamtkica, vidre brZolis unarianoba. man ver daicva verc sakuTari

da verc organizaciis uflebebi. morCili masis doneze davida.

yovelive amis Sedegad miviReT rogorc qveynisTvis, aseve

momxmareblebisTvis da TviT energetikosebisaTvis Zalian cudi

Sedegebi (fuladi zarali, teqnikuri CamorCeniloba da gansakuT-

rebiT xelfasebis didi odenobiT davalianeba). dRevandeli

gadasaxedidan aSkarad Cans, rom ase gagrZeleba ar SeiZleba, amdenad

Temis daniSnulebaa sworad axsnas is mizezebi, ramac dargis

Seferxeba gamoiwvia.

kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom erT-erTi (mniSvnelovani) mizezi

TviT organizaciis (energetikuli sawarmos) marTvis struqturaSia.

sawarmoebi lamis Suasaukuneebis diqtaturamde davidnen. SromiT

amxanagobas (koleqtivs) TiTqmis arafers ekiTxebian, ufro metic, mas

ise eqcevian, rogorc “saTamaSo Tojinas” (saiTac undaT iqiT

gadaagdeben).

126

yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze damuSavda energetikuli

sawarmos marTvis sqema da moqmedebis principebi, rac, vfiqrobT,

siaxlea mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi. marTvis am sistemam unda

uzrunvlyos da daazRvios esa Tu is energetikuli organizacia.

winamdebare marTvis sqema warmoadgens energetikuli

sawarmoebis (organizaciebis) (generaciis sadguri, eleqtrosistema,

gamanawilebeli qseli da sxva) administraciebis muSaobis axal wess.

kerZod, es aris marTvis axali forma, romelic gansxvavdeba rogorc

sabWoTa periodis, aseve dRevandeli marTvis sistemisgan.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi, arsebuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemis

mravalferovnebis da miuxedavad, es sakiTxi jer kidev bolomde

daxvewili ar aris. ama Tu im sawarmoSi (miT umetes energetikaSi)

karg mmarTvelze, an mmarTvelTa jgufze, bevri ram aris

damokidebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi gadamwyveti (Tu erTaderTi

ara) mniSvnelobisaa.

sawarmos mflobeli SeiZleba saxelmwifo, kerZo piri, an

saaqcio sazogadoeba iyos, miuxedavad amisa, swor administraciul

marTvas (yvela SemTxvevaSi) gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.

ganviTarebuli qveynebi (amerika da gansakuTrebiT iaponia)

maqsimalurad cdiloben gamoZebnon MMmmarTvelobis optimaluri

varianti, rTuli marTvis sqema daSalon martiv “mdgenelebad”, rom

yovelive amis safuZvelze administraciam, rac SeiZleba swori gziT

ganaxorcielos sawarmos marTva.

saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobiTi sistema gansakuTrebuli

“fenomenia”, romelsac uamravi uaryofiTi movlena axlavs Tan. aris

SemTxvevebi, rodesac “administratori” (xelmZRvaneli) cdilobs, rac

SeiZleba meti uflebebi miiTvisos. erTpirovnulad gadawyvitos esa

Tu is sakiTxi (miuxedavad imisa, sworad esmis Tu ara). eSinia

odnavi Seferxeba sisusteSi ar CauTvalon. pirobiTi adminis-

tracia(gadawyvetilebis mimRebi, romelic xSirad ori-sami kacisgan

Sedgeba)A nacvlad imisa, rom ama Tu im sapasuxismgeblo sakiTxis

gadawyveta SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis) monawileibiT iqnas

mofiqrebuli, cdilobs saqmis kursSi, an saerTod ar Caayenos

TanamSromlebi, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba mxolod zerele

ganmartebebs dasjerdes. erTi kategoriis xelmZRvaneli amas akeTebs

pirovnuli sisustis gamo, meore kategorias privilegiebis

demonstrirebis xibli klavs. asea Tu ise, rac ufro didia sawarmo,

rac ufro rTulia marTva, miT ufro meti Zalisxmeva, sizuste da

TanamSromlebis keTilganwyobis mopovebaa saWiro. yvelafris codna

da pasuxismgeblobis aReba (miT umetes energetikul sawarmoSi) erTi

kacisTvis, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, amitom unda gadanawildes ramdenime

pirze, an pirTa jgufze. erTi Zveli sibrZne gvaswavlis: ”visac surs iyos sxvaze upiratesi, igi unda emsaxuros sxva danarCenebso”.

127

swored am sirTuleebis gamo aris mizanSewonili (rekomendi-

rebuli) SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis) monawileoba sawarmos

(organizaciis) marTvaSi.

SeniSvna: sityva “koleqtivi” – araqarTulia da igi SevcvaleT

sityva – “amxanagoba”-Ti, romelic jer kidev me-12 saukuneSi S.

rusTavels aqvs naxsenebi: [37]

5.2. SromiTi koleqtivis daniSnuleba da marTvelobiT sistemaSi

misi monawileobis aucilebloba

energetikaSi mimdinare eleqtruli cikli rTuli procesia.

eleqtro sadgurebSi xdeba eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba, romelic

Semdgom qvesadgurebisa da eleqtrogadacemis xazebis saSualebiT

centraluri sadispetCero samsaxuris mier nawildeba Semsyidvelebze

(“Telasi”, “energo pro jorjia”, kaxeTis gamanawilebeli kompania,

pirdapiri xelSekrulebis mqone licenziatebi da a.S). mTel am

procesSi inJiner-teqnikuri personalis damsaxureba didia, xolo

raodenobrivad (Tavisi damxmare samsaxurebTan erTad), romelTac

jamSi SromiTi amxanagoba (koleqtivi) hqviaT, saSualod 80%-ze mets

Seadgenen. aqedan gamomdinare organizaciis sakvanZo sakiTxebis

gadawyveta SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis) monawileobis gareSe

aSkarad didi Secdomaa.

saqarTvelos energetikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi ganvlilma

periodma TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa, rom iq, sadac SromiTi amxanagobis

(koleqtivis) azri ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli, qveyanam, dargma da

momxmareblebmac araerTxel izarales. am TvalsazrisiT dRevandeli

gadasaxedidan aSkarad Cans is darRvevebi, rasac saqarTvelos

energetikaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi hqonda adgili, kerZod:

1. ar sruldeboda qveynis mTavari kanonis, konstituciis me-3 muxlis

moTxovna, romelic krZalavs erTiani energetikuli sistemis

daSlas da, rogorc strategiuli dargis sxvis sakuTrebaSi

gadacemas;

2. damaxinjebuli iyo energetikis kanonis moTxovna, romelic

gadamyidvel kompaniebsa da sxvadasxva momxmareblebs miRebuli

eleqtroenergiis safasuris srulad gadaxdas avaldebulebda;

3. energetikaSi finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT (2001-

2006w.w.) Seiqmna eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazari, romelmac

mdgomareobis gamosworebis nacvlad, energetikuli organizaciebi

saSualod 1,5 miliardi lariT azarala;

4. gauqmebuli iqna antimonopoliuri samsaxuri;

5. xelovnurad iqna Semcirebuli arsebuli simZlavreebi da

profesionali kadrebi;

6. wlebis ganmavlobaSi elenergia “korufciis” safuZveli gaxda;

128

7. tarifTan mimarTebaSi ar aris daculi erTis mxriv, elenergiis

mwarmoeblis, gadamcemis da dispetCeris interesebi, xolo meore

meores mxriv piriqiT, gamanawilebeli-gadamyidveli) kompaniebis

wilobrivi balansi, gaoTxmagebulia, ris gamoc yvelaze metad

iCagreba pirveli mxare da saboloo momxmarebeli (mosaxleoba,

mewarmeebi).

zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxebze jer kidev 1990-2000 wlebSi,

maSindeli SromiT koleqtivebsa da e.w. “reformatorebs” Soris

midioda cxare kamaTi, Tumca uSedegod. SromiT koleqtivs, rogorc

mas medrove “reformatorebi”, diskreditaciis mizniT “xelSemSlel”

rgols uwodebdnen, ubralod daakargines funqcia, gamoTiSes

nebismieri sakiTxis ganxilvidan, yovelive aman saqarTvelos

energetika savalalo Sedegebamde miiyvana, kerZod: warmoeba 2-jer

Semcirda, moxmareba _ 2,8 jer, profesionali kadrebis ricxvi _ 1,8-

jer, 1 kilovatsaaTis Rirebuleba _ 3-jer (da metjer) gaizarda.

aris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rasac gansakuTrebuli

adgili ukavia mmarTvelobiT sistemaSi. es aris mesakuTresa da

SromiT koleqtivs Soris interesTa Tanxvedra, an konfliqti.

Wkviani mesakuTre (iqneba es saxelmwifo, Tu kerZo) cdilobs, rac

SeiZleba kargi samuSao pirobebi Seuqmnas inJiner-teqnikur

personals. zedmetad momWirne (Zunwi) ki cdilobs naklebi xelfasi

gadauxados, SromiTi normebis dacvaze ar izrunos, axali

teqnologiebis danergva-aTvisebaSi droulad fuli ar Cados da

sxva. aseT sawarmoSi xSiria profesionali kadrebis denadoba.

Sesrulebuli samuSao gacilebiT dabali xarisxisa da mudmivi

kamaTisa da gadabralebis sababi xdeba. administraciasa da SromiT

amxanagobas Soris ndoba TiTqmis aRar arsebobs, rac saboloo

Sedegebze uaryofiTad moqmedebs. aris iseTi SemTxvevebic (Tumca

iSviaTad), roca SromiTi amxanagoba, misTvis sasargeblo

mosazrebebs Zalad Tavs axvevs mmarTvels, sargeblobs

xelmZRvanelis gamoucdelobiT, rac aseve uaryofiTad moqmedebs

sawarmos qmediTunarianobaze. erTi sityviT, energetikuli

sawarmoebis sworad marTva (da aseve nebismieri organizaciis) didi

xelovnebaa da mas codna, gamocdileba da taqti sWirdeba. yvela

SemTxvevaSi, mTavari piroba, samarTlianobis principis dacva unda

iyos, rac erToblivi ZalisxmeviT ufro miRweva. energetikuli

organizaciis marTvis axali wesi warmoebis saboloo Sedegebzea

orientirebuli. administraciisa da SromiTi amxanagobis erToblivi

muSaoba azrTa gaziarebiT iwyeba. jansaRi msjelobis Sedegad

Camoyalibebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia

maqsimumi warmatebis miRweva. aqve GgasaTvaliswinebulia is faqti,

rom roca administraciisa (mmarTvelis) da SromiTi amxanagobis

warmomadgenlebis erTobliv msjelobazea saubari, mxareTa Soris

129

codnisa da ganviTarebis donec (metnaklebad mainc) Sesabamisad

maRali unda iyos (codna da keTili neba ganapirobebs Sedegs).

miuxedavad warmodgenili dadebiTi da uaryofiTi movlenebisa,

erTi ram aSkaraa: administracia yovelTvis ecdeba mesakuTris

interesebi daicvas, xolo SromiTi amxanagobis warmomadgenlebi ki,

piriqiT – sakuTar interesebze zrunaven. aris kidev erTi cudi

SemTxveva, rodesac administracia da SromiTi amxanagobis

warmomadgenlebi (warmoebis xarjze) erTmaneTSi “rigdebian”, rac

sabolood cudad mTavrdeba. rom gamoiricxos aseTi faqtebi,

SromiTi amxanagoba damatebiT dacvis meqanizms qmnis da SromiTi

amxanagobis warmomadgenlebs meTvalyures uniSnavs (Zveli qarTuliT

mas “dasturi” hqvia), romelic arc sityvisa da arc kenWisyris

uflebiT ar sargeblobs (oRond sxdomebze daswrebis ufleba aqvs),

misi movaleobaa, Tu rame sworad ar iqna gadawyvetili, umalve

acnobos SromiT amxanagobas da mesakuTres. {38}

sakiTxebi romlis ganxilvaSic (SeiZleba) miiRos monawileoba

SromiTma amxanagobam, es aris:

1. wliuri angariSebis ganxilva.

2. mimdinare da momavali samoqmedo wlis gegmis ganxilva-

damtkiceba.

3. biujetis ganxilva-damtkiceba.

4. sagadasaxado davalebebis ganxilva, mogebis dazusteba da

ganawileba.

5. sawarmos teqnikuri mdgomareobisa da axali proeqtebis ganxilva-

damtkiceba.

6. inJiner-teqnikuri da damxmare personalis xelSekrulebebisa da

ricxovnobis gansazRvra, saxelfaso ganakveTis dadgena.

7. SromiTi pirobebis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebis ganxilva.

8. garemo dacvis sakiTxebis ganxilva.

9. SromiTi waxalisebisa da sxva materialuri daxmarebis

SesaZleblobis ganxilva-damtkiceba.

10. sapensio fondis Seqmnis ganxilva-damtkiceba.

11. “arapirdapiri” xarjebis gawevis SesaZleblobis ganxilva-

damtkiceba.

12. ganvlili wlis Semajamebeli (generaluri) sxdomis Catareba da

angariSgeba;

5.3. SromiTi amxanagobis Camoyalibebis wesebi

1. TiToeul organizaciaSi rogorc adgilobriv sawarmoebSi, aseve

mmarTvel aparatSi tardeba krebebi, sadac irCeven SromiTi

amxanagobis warmomadgenlebs (erTi organizaciidan, sawarmodan,

samsaxuridan, SeiZleba arCeul iqnas 2-3 wevri, imisda mixedviT, Tu

ra raodenobisaa organizacia). arCeuli wevrebi qmnian adgilobriv

sabWos, romelic Tavis rigebidan irCevs mmarTvelTa (did) sabWos

130

sxdomaze daswrebis uflebis mqone 3 wevrs, romelTagan 2 wevri

igulisxmeba sruluflebian wevrad, xolo mesame am oris

makontroleblad (dasturad). mmarTveli jgufi valdebulia angariSi

gauwios SromiTi “amxanagobis” (koleqtivis) samarTlian moTxovnebs.

Seuqmnas maT muSaobis normaluri pirobebi. Awarmoebis interesebidan

gamomdinare upriania, mesakuTrem mmarTvel jgufSi (xelmZRvanel

rgolSi) kandidatTa SerCeva-damtkiceba SromiTi amxanagobis

(koleqtivis) TanxmobiT Caataros.

2. mmarTveli jgufi drodadro angariSvaldebulia SromiTi

koleqtivis winaSe. man unda gaakeTos kvartaluri da wliuri

Sedegebis ganxilva. miiRos da gaiTvaliswinos SromiTi amxanagobis

mosazrebebi, ramac sabolood organizacias (sawarmos) dadebiTi

Sedegebi unda moutanos. aravis ara aqvs ufleba (maT Soris zemdgom

organoebs), SromiTi amxanagobis saqmiani mosazrebebi uaryos, maT

SeuZliaT sadao sakiTxebi (aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi) farTo

sazogadoebis msjelobis sagani gaxadon.

SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis) rogorc “institutis” arseboba

sabWoTa periodSic SeimCneoda, magram igi imdenad formalur xasiaTs

atarebda, rom saboloo Sedegze raime arsebiTi gavlenis moxdena ar

SeeZlo. Ee.w. komunistur reJims maTi arseboba mxolod da mxolod

msoflios mowinave sazogadoebis TvalSi “demokratobanas”

saTamaSod sWirdeboda. Cvens mier warmodgenil SromiTi amxanagobis

“instituts”, nebismieri organizaciis sakeTildReod, gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba eniWeba. rogorc ityvian, aRdgeba Zveli sibrZne “xma

RvTisa da xma erisa”.

imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori warmatebuli weli hqonda, ama Tu im

energetikul sawarmos, fasdeba SromiTi amxanagobis da adminis-

traciis erToblivi Sromis Sedegebi.

5.4. ras SeiZleba velodoTASromiTi amxanagobebis,

rogorc institutis amoqmedebis Sedegad:

1. warmoebis organizaciis sworad dagegmvas; 2. sawarmo Secdomebis minimumamde dayvanas; 3. sawarmoSi momuSave TiToeuli wevris pasuxismgeblobis gazrdas;

4. usafrTxoebis wesebis maRal doneze dacvas;

5. sawarmos funqciidan gamomdinare maqsimaluri mogebis miRebas, rac

rogorc saxelmwifo biujetisaTvis, aseve TiToeuli inJiner-

teqnikuri personalisTvis da mTlianobaSi organizaciisaTvis

Semosavlebis gazrdis safuZveli gaxdeba.

zemoT ganxiluli masalidan aSkarad Cans, rom SromiTi

amxanagobis roli, rogorc organizaciisaTvis, aseve uSualod

momsaxure personalis uflebebis dasacavad gansakuTrebiT didia;

Aaqve davZenT, rom kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom SromiTi amxanagoba

131

xdeba araprofesionalizmisa da e.w. “korufciis” aRmofxvris erT-

erTi saukeTeso saSualeba.

energetikuli organizaciebis (zogadi) marTvis sqema #5.1

xelmZRvaneli rgolis arCeva

marTvis axal struqturaSi uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs

mmarTveli rgolis sworad SerCevas. Aam TvalsazrisiT kvlevis

Sedegad dadginda, rom mmarTveli gundisa da misi xelmZRvanelis

SerCevaSi SromiTi amxanagobis azris gaziarebas uaRresad didi

mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc aRvniSneT, sawarmo SeiZleba iyos

saxelmwifo, kerZo an Sereuli (saaqcio) sakuTreba. mesakuTres

SeuZlia SromiT koleqtivs savaraudo kandidatebi warudginos,

romelic ganixilavs da Tavis azrs Camoayalibebs. SesaZlebelia

orive mxaris azri erTmaneTs daemTxves (rac kargi SemTxvevaa), an

piriqiT, koleqtivma mesakuTris mier warmodgenil kandidatTa sia

(mTlianad an nawilobriv) uaryos, sanacvlod sakuTari

kandidaturebi SesTavazos. asea Tu ise, pasuxismgeblobas orive mxare

inawilebs. mTavaria, sabolood orive mxarisaTvis misaRebi

kandidatebi SeirCes. gadamwyveti xmis ufleba mesakuTres eniWeba.

(Tumca valdebulia SromiTi koleqtivis azri gaiTvaliswinos)

xelmZRvaneli rgolis arCeva-damtkiceba yovelwliurad unda

xdebodes. am procesis gavla ar unda iyos rTuli. weliwadSi

erTxel moxdeba msurvel kandidatTa wardgena, romelic ganxiluli

adgilobrivi organizaci-

ebis, sadgurebis, qve-bis,

e.g.xazebis,

dispetCerizaciis

SromiTi amxanagoba

SromiTi amxanagobis

sabWo

saproeqto, samSeneblo, samonta-

Jo, el-gawyobis da sxvadasxva

energetikuli organizaciebis

SromiTi kamxanagoba

mmar

Tveli rgoli

“ser

vis c

entrebis

”,

(moms

axure) “ko

mpaniebi

s”,

Sual

uduri rgoleb

is

SromiTi

amxanag

oba

132

iqneba SromiTi amxanagobis did sabWoze, azrTa sxvadasxvaobis

SemTxvevaSi damatebiT dainiSneba kenWisyra. upiratesoba eZleva im

kandidats (kandidatebs), romelTac xmaTa umravlesi raodenoba

moipoves.

sawarmoSi xelmZRvaneli rgolis arCeva-damtkicebas, mesakuTris

daniSvnisagan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT meti dadebiTi mxare aqvs,

vidre uaryofiTi. maT Soris:

a) izrdeba xelmZRvaneli piris (an pirTa) pasuxismgebloba,

rogorc SromiTi koleqtivis winaSe, aseve mesakuTris winaSe;

b) arCeuli xelmZRvaneli mudmivad cdilobs (Tavisi codniT,

adamianebTan urTierTobiT), iyos yvelasaTvis misaRebi;

g) arCeuli xelmZRvanelis SemTxvevaSi minimumamde SeiZleba iqnas

dayvanili korufciis elementi. SromiT amxanagobas eWvis

SemTxvevaSi nebismier dros SeuZlia sakiTxi didi sabWos

sxdomaze daayenos, sadac finansur jgufs miecema winadadeba

obieqturad Seiswavlos, gaanalizos da amis safuZvelze

gaakeTos daskvna. Aarsebobs mosazreba, rom, TiTqosda

yovelwliurad xelmZRvaneli rgolis arCeva sirTuleebTan

aris dakavSirebuli. A

am process Zalian martivad unda SevxedoT. yovelgvari zedmeti

daZabulobis gareSe, iniSneba SromiTi amxanagobis sabWos sxdoma,

sadac wardgenili kandidaturebi saxeldeba. Tu saWiroa kenWisyra

or-sam saaTSi mTavrdeba (cxadia igulisxmeba, rom SromiTi

amxanagoba, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi akvirdeba ama Tu im savaraudo

kandidatis gamocdilebas, adamianebTan urTierTobas, mizan-

dasaxulobas da a.S.). amdenad procesi ar unda garTuldes (Tu ra

Tqma unda xelovnurad ar unda vinmes mdgomareoba daZabos).

marTvis aseTi sistema, bunebrivia, garkveul cvlilebebs moiTxovs,

rogorc pirovnebebis, aseve saxelmwifo struqturebis, jer

mexsierebaSi da Semdeg praqtikul qmedebebSi. cxadia, SemdgomSi es

yvelaferi kanonSi unda aisaxos, rac aucilebel pirobas Seqmnis

praqtikul gamoyenebaSi. marTvis aseTi forma SemTxveviT ar

SegvirCevia, sabolood yvelaferi mimarTulia iqiTken, rom inJiner-

teqnikurma personalma, romelic SromiTi amxanagobis saxiT iqneba

warmodgenili, Tavi igrZnos am sawarmos ZiriTad Semadgenel

nawilad da vidre imuSavebs, Rirseuli adgili ekavos energetikuli

organizaciis marTvaSi. yvelaferi es unda aisaxos, rogorc

organizacias, aseve TiToeuli pirovnebis SemosavliT nawilSic, rac

saboloo jamSi, qveyanaSi ekonomiurad Zlieri organizaciebis

Seqmnisa da saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis wina pirobaa.

133

energetikuli sawarmoos marTvis axali sqema

sqema#5.2

xarisxis mesakuTre

marTvis

sistema

5.6. marTvis struqturaSi pirovnebis roli

da samuSao pirobebis Seqmnis aucilebloba

kvlevis Sedegebma daadastura, rom im organizaciaSi, sadac

kadrebi sworad ar iqna SerCeuli, yovelTvis Tavs iCens uaryofiTi

movlenebi. pirovnebis, rogorc ama Tu im dargis specialistis pirad

Rirsebebs, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc TviT koleq-

tivTan urTierTobaSi, aseve organizaciis saboloo warmatebaSi.

rigiTobis mixedviT es Rirsebebi da moTxovnebi Semdegnairad

yalibdeba:

1. kanonis uzenaesoba da dacva; 2. miznobrioba;

mmarTveli

Efinansuri

mimarTulebis

samsaxurebi

Eteqnikuri

mimarTulebis

samsaxurebi

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis

samsaxurebi kadrebi,

iuridiuli,

sameurneo,… samsaxurebi

aRricxvis da a.S. SromiTi (koleqtivi)

amxanagoba

samdivno

saz.urT.samsax.

SromiTi (koleqtivi)

amxanagoba SromiTi (koleqtivi)

amxanagoba

K

mTavari sabWo

adgilobrivi

eqsploataciis

xelmZRvaneli

saproeqto, samSeneblo,

saremonto da gawyobis

sawarmoebis samsaxurebi

SromiTi

(koleqtivebis)

amxanagobis sabWo

adgilobrivi

eqsploataciis SromiTi

(koleqtivi) amxanagoba

SromiTi (koleqtivi)

amxanagoba dasturi

134

3. samarTliani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unari da Semdgom maTi

dacva-gatana;

4. Sromis Tanamedrove kulturis damkvidreba;

5. “korufciis”, “proteqcionizmisa” da “klanurobis” aRmofxvris

miswrafeba da gamWvirvaloba;

6. kadrebis swori da obieqturi SerCeva; 7. pirovnebis saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da patriotizmi;

8. teqnikuri siaxlis iolad Segueba da aTviseba;

9. axali Taobis (damsaxurebisda mixedviT), pasuxsageb samuSaoze

wardgena. warsuli dromoWmuli azrovnebis uaryofa;

10. profesionalizmi;

11. qmedunarianoba (aqtiuroba) rogorc teqnikuri sakiTxebis

gadawyvetaSi, aseve organizaciis sworad warmarTvasa da saerTod

moqalaqeobrivi valis pirnaTlad aRsrulebaSi;

12. mimtevebloba.

zemoT Camoyalibebul TiToeul Rirsebas, uaRresad didi

mniSvneloba aqvs da meorec iTxovs ganmartebas.

1. kanonis dacva da uzenaesoba:Aaqtiuri TanamSromeli rogorc

profesionali Tu sakiTxi uSualod mis dargs exeba, unda ecados

Rirseuli monawileoba miiRos, samarTliani kanonis SemuSavebaSi da

am kanonis moTxovnebis dacvaSi, ESromis da kulturis amaRleba

momavali Taobis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa-safuZvelia.

2. miznobrioba: TiToeuli TanamSromlis da gansakuTrebiT,

profesionalis moTxovnaa – hqondes maRali anazRaureba, rac

gulisxmobs pirvel rigSi pirovnuli da ojaxuri moTxovnilebis

(Tundac saSualo doneze) dakmayofilebas da Semdgom materialurad

SeZlebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas: hqondes kargi bina, aveji,

manqana, dasasvenebeli saxli da sxva fufunebis sagnebi. SeZlos

weliwadSi Tundac erTxel janmrTelobis Semowmeba, aRdgena da

dasveneba, mogzauroba, ojaxuri tradiciebis da dResaswaulebis

sasiamovnod Catareba da sxva.

ra unda iyos Semosavlis odenobis sazomi?

pirvel rigSi ama Tu im sawarmos (organizacias) TanamSromels

aucileblad sWirdeba im yofiTi sakiTxebis mogvareba, raSic mas

Tanxa exarjeba, maT Soris:

I rigi: a) arsebobisTvis sakvebis SeZena-damzadeba; b) silamazisa

da janmrTelobis uzrunvelsayoyofad Cacma-daxurva; g) mimdinare

135

xarjebis gaweva (gadasaxadebis gadaxda, stumar-maspinZloba, tradi-

ciuli movaleoba da sxva); d) gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebis dafarva;

es aris is minimumi, rac yovelTviurad ama Tu im sawarmos

(organizaciis) TanamSromelma unda dafaros, Eanu SeinarCunos

cxovrebis saSualo done;

II rigi: meore rigi niSnavs: inJiner-teqnikuri personalis

Semosavlis, anu Tanxis dagrovebis SesaZleblobas; e.w. fufunebis

pirobebis Seqmnas, rac umravles SemTxvevaSi cxovrebis erT-erTi

mTavar mizania.

cifrobrivad Tu ramdeni unda iyos, Semosavali (xelfasi), ama Tu

im TveSi, es damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad cvalebadi iqneba zemoT

CamoTvlili moTxovnebis fasebi. Tumca, ZiriTadSi SeiZleba iTqvas,

arsebobs met-naklebad mudmivi xarjebi, ris safuZvelzec SeiZleba

orientiris gakeTeba.

Mmiznobriobis Semdgomi moTxovna es aris maRali Tanamdebobisken

swrafva, rac sami mizniT xdeba: erTi rogorc meti Semosavlis

miRebis wyaro, meore rogorc sakuTari Tavis gamoCenis survili

(ambiciuroba) da mesame dargisa da qveynis maRal doneze

ganviTarebaSi sakuTari SesaZleblobis gamovlenis survili da

TviT qveynis interesebidan gamomdinare aucilebloba.

3. samarTliani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unary da maTi

dacva ama Tu im organizaciaSi xSirad dgeba sadao sakiTxebi

(rogorc dargis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve inJiner-teqnikuri

personalis sworad CamoyalibebaSi), aris sxva movlenebic. swored am

dros. Tu pirovnebam samarTlianobis principiT imoqmeda da swori

gadawyvetileba miiRo, saqmisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania,

miuxedavad imisa Tu ra mohyveba am principebis dacvas, SeiZleba

bevri vinme gaanawyenos, an SeiZleba bevric gadaarCinos da

organizaciac swor gzaze daayenos (gaaCnia rogori mxardaWera

eqneba). zogjer aris aseTi faqtebic, roca zemdgomi, “Cinovnikuri”

wris piradi interesebidan gamomdinare, adgili aqvs kanonis

darRvevas. am dros Tu SromiTi koleqtivi principulia, aucileblad

xmas aimaRlebs da Tavis uflebebs daicavs.

4. Sromis Tanamedrove kulturis damkvidreba samuSao

adgilze Sromis Tanamedrove kulturis dacva unda iqces TiToeul

TanamSromlis aucilebel moTxovnad. pirvel rigSi es aris: Sromis

disciplinis dacva, samuSaos Sesrulebis maRali done,

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TanamSromlebTan keTili damokidebuleba. siaxleebis aTvisebisken

swrafva. Ppiradi mowesrigebuloba da sxva.

5. “korufciis”, “proteqcionizmisa” da “klanurobis” aRmof-

xvris miswrafeba da gamWvirvaloba kacobriobis istoriaSi, adami-

anebs, rodesac saqme saxelmwifo (an sxva mesakuTris) fulTan

hqoniaT, umravles SemTxvevaSi daumsaxureblad fulis Sovnis

survili mudam Tanmdevi Tviseba yofila, rac Zalian bevr uaryofiT

movlenas iwvevda da iwvevs dResac. Tu ama Tu im dargis specialists

Tu “aSimSileb”, anu cud pirobebs Seuqmni, Tu ki gauCndeba

simdidris, anu fulis moxveWis saSualeba, didxans ar dafiqrdeba. am

problemis daZlevis erT-erTi mTavari wyaro maRali anazRaureba,

kargi samuSao pirobebi da am yvelafris dakargvis SiSi unda gaxdes.

qarTvelebSi gansakuTrebiT (jerjerobiT) fexmokidebulia “prote-

qcionizmi”, rac momavali TaobisTvis “daTvuri samsaxuris” gawevas

niSnavs. Aamdenad TiToeuli gamocdili specialistis mTavari prin-

cipi unda iyos: axalgazrda kacs (inJiners) ar gauwios daumsaxu-

rebeli “proteqcia”, ar SeuSalos xeli “profesionalad” Camoyali-

bebaSi. piriqiT, unda ecados, rac SeiZleba maRali zneobisa da

codnis mqone kacad Camoyalibdes.

organizaciaSi, romlis muSaobis principi Ria, yvelasaTvis

gasageb urTierTobazea agebuli da pirovnebebi gansakuTrebiT ki

xelmZRvanelebi, “karsukan damaluli” wesebiT ar “TamaSoben”, eWvis

sababi naklebad Cndeba, es ki jansaRi koleqtivis Tvisebaa.

6. kadrebis swori da obieqturi SerCeva energetikul organi-

zaciebSi, kerZod eleqtroenergetikaSi TandaTan Semodis axali

TanamSromlebis e.w. “satendero” pirobebiT miRebis wesi, rac udaod

win gadadgmuli nabijia. Tumca srulyofils ver davarqmevT.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda eqceodes inJiner-teqnikuri perso-

nalis miRebis xarisxs, rac pirvel rigSi, Teoriuli da praqtikuli

codnis Semowmebas unda niSnavdes.

msxvil organizaciebSi saWiroa mudmivad arsebobdes swavleba-

gadamzadebis centri, rogorc Zvelis gaxsenebisa da axlis aTvisebis

saSualeba, rac udaod did daxmarebas gauwevs, rogorc

damqiravebels, aseve daqiravebulebs, an momaval inJinrebs.

7. pirovnebis saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba da patriotizmi

TiToeul TanamSromels unda axsovdes, rom igi, pirvel rigSi,

sakuTari qveynisa da xalxis msaxuria. SeiZleba mas muSaobis sauke-

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Teso pirobebi ar hqondes, magram eg ar aTavisuflebs movale-

obisagan. swori qmedebaa, roca pirovneba ibrZvis sakuTari pirobebis

gaumjobesebisaTvis, magram Tuki amas akeTebs Qqveynis zaralis

xarjze, yovlad miuRebelia. raRac mizezebis gamo, qveynis siyva-

rulze, mis ukeTes xvalindel dReze uaris Tqma danaSaulia.

8. teqnikuri siaxlis aTviseba da Segueba. Eenergetikis dargis

specifika, rom mudmivad axali teqnologiebis danergvas saWiroebs,

amaze aravin daobs, magram es procesi xSir SemTxvevaSi muSa-

mosamsaxureTa Semcirebas iwvevs. gonieri xelmZRvaneli profe-

sionali kadris “quCaSi” datovebas ar unda fiqrobdes. man unda

gamoZebnos e.w. “alternatiuli” dasaqmeba, sxva SemTxvevaSi ukmayofi-

leba gardauvalia. Tavis mxriv inJiner-teqnikuri personali

valdebulia, aiTvisos yvela is siaxle, rac mis samuSao sferosTanaa

dakavSirebuli. axali teqnologiebis saeqspluatacio normebis

Seswavla da momsaxureba, nebismier inJiners (visac Sexeba aqvs am

procesebTan), Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos.

9. axali Taobis dawinaureba. gamocdil SromiT koleqtivs da

mis xelmZRvanelobas, im axalgazrda inJiner-teqnikuri personalis,

romelTac TavianTi SromiT, codniT, praqtikuli da Teoriuli

muSaobiT, pativiscema daimsaxures da sasurvel “profesiul”

Sedegebs miaRwies, ar unda eSinodes waxalisebis da dawinaurebis.

ndobis mopoveba erTob samarTliani da gamarTlebuli unda iyos;

axalgazrda kadrebis waxaliseba, Tundac imitomaa saWiro, rom maTi

goneba moqnilia saqmisadmi damokidebuleba sul sxvaa, Tanamedrove

moTxovnebis doneze, codnis aTviseba da saboloo jamSi warmatebis

miRweva, axali teqnikis aTvisebasTan da axlebur azrovnebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, rac Zveli Taobis garkveuli nawilisTvis saZnelo

saqmea.

10. profesionalizmi. aqtiuri profesionali (TanamSromeli), Tu

sakiTxi uSualod mis dargs exeba, unda cdilobdes umaRles doneze

aiTvisos is saqme, rac mas abaria. aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos,

sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi (kanonis SemuSavebaSi da kanonis moTxo-

vnebis dacvaSi). samarTlianoba, TiToeuli moqalaqis wmindaTa-wminda

movaleoba unda iyos. ESromis da kulturis amaRleba momavali

Taobis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa-safuZvelia.

11 pirovnebis aqtiuroba. energetikul sawarmoebSi xSirad

icvleba xelmZRvaneloba, Sesabamisad cvlilebas ganicdis ama Tu im

sawarmos muSaobis principebi, gegmebi da a.S., yvelaferi es uaryofiT

138

gavlenas axdens wliur Sedegebze. swored am dros unda gamoavlinos

profesionalma kadrma (amxanagobam) sakuTari principuli damoki-

debuleba, organizaciis bedi erTi pirovnebis (vinc ginda iyos)

cvlilebebze ar unda iyos damokidebuli. SromiTma amxanagobam

(koleqtivma), romelic profesionali wevrebisagan Sedgeba, ar unda

dauSvas organizaciis raime formiT ukusvla. swored igi unda

gaxdes normaluri samuSao viTarebis SenarCunebis garanti. kvlevam

daadastura, rom rogorc ki SromiT amxanagobas (koleqtivs) funqcia

eZleva, maSinve iRebs pasuxismgeblobas Tavis Tavze. pirovnebis

samarTlian moqalaqeobriv aqtiurobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ara

marto erTi organizaciisaTvis, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis,

rameTu moqalaqeTa aqtiuri damokidebulebis Sedegia swori

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi sistemis Camoyalibeba.

12.Mmimtevebloba.A adamiani, vinc ginda iyos, ra Tanamdebobazec

ar unda muSaobdes, am wuTisofelSi droebiTi stumaria, man gaci-

lebiT meti unda ifiqros ufalTan sulier daaxloebaze. RvTisnieri

adamiani yovelTvis ufro mimtevebelia. Mmimtevebeli adamiani

saqmesac mets akeTebs da TanamSromelTa siyvarulsac imsaxurebs.

amdenad es Tviseba Tu profesionali xar aucileblad unda

gagaCndes.

Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli msoflio adamianis uflebebs da

demokratiulobas qadagebs, maSin rodesac, aris organizaciebi sadac

SromiT koleqtivs, TiTqmis arafers ekiTxebian. SromiTi xelSek-

rulebis pirobebi aris calmxrivi, ise rom administracias nebismier

dros SeuZlia TanamSromeli samuSaodan gaanTavisuflos, an

xelfasi Seumciros. miuxedavad imisa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi saqme

gadaecema sasamarTlos, arsebuli politikidan da kanonmdeblobidan

gamomdinare, procesebis 80% muSa-mosamsaxureTa wagebiT mTavrdeba.

Aam da sxva mraval mizezTa gamo mivediT im daskvnamde, rom SromiTi

amxanagobis (koleqtivebis) uflebebis aRdgenaze zrunva TiToeuli

TanamSromlis wmidaTawminda movaleobaa.

mexuTe Tavis daskvna

administraciuli marTva mTeli xelovnebaa. nebismieri

organizaciisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT, energetikuli sawarmosaTvis

Zalian sapasuxismgeblo da mniSvnelovani “rgolia”. im sawarmoSi

sadac marTvis swori meqanizmia Camoyalibebuli, gacilebiT naklebi

problemebia.

139

istorias Tu gadavxedavT saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikam

gamoiara, rogorc sabWoTa (erTpirovnuli marTvis sistema), aseve

reformistuli periodi. Tumca, samwuxarod unda vaRiaroT, rom

dRevandeli mmarTvelobiTi sistema, didad ar gansxvavdeba sabWoTa

sistemisagan (isev erTi pirovnebis, an formalurad ramodenime

kacisagan Semdgari jgufis diqtaturaa damyarebuli). Tanamedrove

sawarmos (miTumetes energetikuli) marTva imdenad garTulda, rom

SeuZlebeli xdeba erTi an Tundac ramodenime pirovnebis xarjze

srulyofili administrirebisa da warmoebis ganxorcieleba.

eleqtroenergetikul sawarmoSi teqnikuri da fizikuri samu-

Saoebs (operaciebs), 70%-s SromiTi amxanagobis (koleqtivis)

warmomadgenloba asrulebs. gamomdinare aqedan, maTi damsaxurebis

ugulebelyofa yovlad miuReblad migvaCnia. sakiTxi exeba ormxriv

valdebulebebs da uflebebs. Tu es ori “fenomeni” ar aris gawona-

sworebuli, sawarmos srulyofili marTva TiTqmis gamoricxulia.

sazRvargareTis analogiuri sawarmoebis Seswavlis dros

davinaxeT, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis (iaponia, germania, aSS)

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebi gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas uTmoben sawarmoSi m. q. k-is maqsimalurad gazrdas,

rogorc ityvian Sedegi amarTlebs saSualebas. droa saqarTveloSic

dainergos marTvis axali sistemebi.

Ggasagebia, rom erTpirovnuli administrirebis zogierTi

xelmZRvanelisaTvis sawarmos marTvaSi jer kidev miuRebelia

SromiTi amxanagobis warmomadgenlebis monawileoba. vfiqrobT es

faqti gamosworebadia, mTavaria sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi

midgoma (droSi) ramdenad swrafad Seicvleba. saqarTvelo, rogorc

saxelmwifo, jer kidev ZiebaSia. Tavisuflebis moyvaruli eri, ver

egueba qveynis da miTumetes ekonomikis maxinji sistemebiT marTvas.

igi mudmiv ZiebaSia da vidre srulyofilebas ar miaRwevs ar

gaCerdeba. Aam Yyvelafris droulad mogvarebaSi, sazogadoebas da

mis TiToeul wevrs, gansakuTrebiT energetikosebs, didi wvlilis

Setana SeuZliaT. mTavaria rodis iqneba sazogadoebis, Tu

TiToeulis ara, umravlesobis mzaoba am amocanebis gadasawyvetad.

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Tavi VI. energetikuli sawarmoebis sakadro politika

6.1. axali kadrebis aRzrdis meTodika, marTvis axali

wesebis pirobebSi

gaxde inJiner-energetikosi erT-erTi rTuli amocanaa. Taname-

drove energetikuli sawarmoebis marTva mWidrod aris dakavSire-

buli, rogorc rTul teqnikur mowyobiloba-danadgarebis, aseve

ekonomikuri da iuridiuli sakiTxebis codnasTan. miaRwio am dargSi

codnis maRal dones udidesi warmatebaa, rac did SromasTan aris

dakavSirebuli.

ra mdgomareobaa saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikaSi? sxvadasxva

mizezTa gamo, bolo periodSi energetikul sawarmoebSi kvalificiur

inJiner-teqnikuri personalis deficiti gaCnda. rac Seexeba axal

Sevsebas, statistikurad bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi axalgazrda

inJinerTa samuSaoze miReba katastrofulad Semcirda, rac aSkarad

energetikuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulTa dabali codnis

maCvenebelia. yovelive amis gamo aucilebeli gaxda kvlevis Catareba.

kvlevis periodSi (bolo 5 wlis manZilze) Cvens mier

Seswavlili iqna saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis energetikis,

telekomunikaciebis da sxva monaTesave (maT Soris quTaisis)

fakultetebis (garkveuli raodenobis) studentTa codnis done.

Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis Sedegad dazustda, rom axalgazrda

inJinerTa dabali momzadebis mizezi aris:

1. sajaro da umaRles saswavleblebSi reformebis dausrulebe-

li procesi;

2. uSualod studentTa mxridan swavlisadmi araseriozuli

damokidebuleba;

3. qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime socialuri, ekonomikuri da politi-

kuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, araxelsayreli saswavlo

pirobebis arseboba (saxelmwifos mxridan arasakmarisi dafi-

nanseba, mosaxleobis gaRatakeba, saswavlo institutebsa da

sawarmoo organizaciebs Soris aqtiuri urTierTTana-

mSromlobis nakleboba) da sxva;

codnis donis kidev ufro amaRlebis mizniT “saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo eleqtrosistema” iZulebuli gaxda gaexsna swavleba-

gadamzadebis centri, romlis daniSnulebaa, saqarTvelos energosis-

temisTvis da uSualod ”sax. eleqtrosistemisTvis” mcodne inJinrebis momzadeba.

swavleba-gadamzadebis centrSi kursdamTavrebul studentTa

miReba sakonkurso wesiT warmoebs. konkursantebs winaswar (sami

kviriT adre) eZlevaT sakonkurso sakiTxebi. sakiTxebi SerCeulia maT

mier energetikis fakultetze Seswavlili sagnebidan. konkurs-

gavlili studentebi “sse”-Si gadian SvidTvian uwyvet Teoriul da

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erTTvian praqtikul swavlebas. programis damTavrebis Semdeg

gamocdebis warmatebiT Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi maT asaqmeben. centrSi

swavla ufasoa. leqciebs kiTxuloben mcodne da gamocdili leqtor-

maswavleblebi. swavlis periodSi studentebs, garda aucilebeli

teqnikuri sagnebisa, ekiTxebaT iuridiuli, menejmentis, finansuri da

zogadenergetikuli sagnebi. maTTvis Seqmnilia normaluri saswavlo

pirobebi.

energetikaSi axalgazrda kadrebis aRzrdas gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs. logika martivia: ucodinari inJiner-teqnikuri

personali, an TavisTavs avnebs, an sxvisi marcxis mizezi xdeba

(samwuxarod daSvebuli Secdoma xSir SemTxvevaSi sikvdilianobis

mizezi xdeba). amis daSvebis ufleba namdvilad ara gvaqvs. miT umetes

Tanamedrove teqnikis pirobebSi, aseTi movlenebi ar unda xdebodes.

unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi energetikul

obieqtebze aTeulobiT kaci damarcxda, maT Soris umravlesoba

gardaicvala.

dRevandel, jer kidev moqmed Taobas sakmaod didi

cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba daugrovda, ramac unda uzrunvelyos

momavali Taobebis sworad aRzrda.

cxadia students swavlis normaluri pirobebi unda gaaCndes,

rac dafinansebasTan da swor saswavlo programasTan aris

dakavSirebuli.

nebismieri studentisaTvis dafinansebis moZieba rTulia. am

saqmeSi mas e.w. “avansis” wesiT, saxelmwifo, kerZo sawarmoo (rome-

lic momavalSi misi samuSao adgili gaxdeba) da mSoblebi unda

daexmaron. ratom aseTi ganrigi? saxelmwifo yvela SemTxvevaSi

dainteresebuli unda iyos, rom qveyanas ganaTlebuli, maRal-

kvalificiuri kadrebi hyavdes, romlebic momavalSi misi interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT dasaqmdebian. Tumca biujetis SesaZleblobebidan

gamomdinare sruli finansireba SeiZleba ver uzrunvelyos. nebismier

energetikul sawarmos (da aseve yvela im organizacias, visac

energetikis ganxriT sxvadasxva saxeobis inJiner-energetikosi

sWirdeba) interesebSi Sedis, drois ama Tu im periodSi, maRalk-

valificiuri energetikos-inJineri hyavdes, cxadia maTi momzadeba

sawarmos damoukideblad ar SeuZlia, amitom sawarmom unda

daukveTos umaRles saswavlebels. raodenoba aqac SezRuduli iqneba da ganisazRvreba moTxovnis mixedviT. rCeba mesame kategoria,

romelmac damfinansebeli an ver moiZia, an mxolod nawilobriv, am

SemTxvevaSi studenti iZulebuli iqneba, ojaxis, an sxva romelime

kerZo damfinanseblis xarjze uzrunvelyos swavlis safasuris

gadaxda.

damfinansebeli (saxelmwifo, kerZo sawarmoo, an individi),

umaRles-teqnikuri sasawavlebeli da studenti deben sammxriv

xelSekrulebas, sadac mkafiod iqneba Camoyalibebuli mizani,

142

pirobebi da sagarantio normebi. TiToeuli damfinansebeli moTxov-

naSi uTiTebs, Tu ra saxeobis (mimarTulebis) specialisti unda

moumzados umaRlesma saswavlebelma. urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZve-

lze ganisazRvreba momzadebis dro da xarisxi. dafinansebis

uzrunvelyofis SemTxvevaSi, umaRlesi saswavlebeli iRebs valdebu-

lebas damkveTis moTxovnis Sesabamisad aswavlos da moamzados

maRalkvalificiuri specialisti (Cvens SemTxvevaSi inJiner-energe-

tikosi).

saswavlo procesis (rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli

swavlis) damTavrebis Semdeg, kursdamTavrebuli midis damfinan-

seblis sawarmoSi, gadis winaswar dadgenil sakvalifikacio

swavlebas da iwyebs muSaobas. sammxrivi xelSekrulebis pirobebidan

gamomdinare, axalgazrda inJineri, sakuTari xelfasidan yovel-

Tviurad iwyebs swavlisTvis aRebuli Tanxis dafarvas.

swavlebis aseTi forma, TiToeul mxares (students, damfin-

ansebels da umaRles saswavlebels) akisrebs did pasuxismgeblobas.

gansakuTrebiT didia umaRlesi saswavleblis daniSnuleba.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom moTxovna maRali codnis mqone specialistis

(inJinris) momzadebazea gakeTebuli, unda uzrunvelyos, rogorc

Teoriuli aseve sawarmo-praqtikuli swavlebis maRal doneze

Catareba.

saswavleblisTvis, roca amocana cnobilia, mas ufleba unda

hqondes abiturientTa miRebis wesi Secvalos, kerZod gamomdinare

iqidan, rom miznobrivad maRalkvalificiuri kadri unda moamzados,

maRali donis SerCevis saSualebac unda gaaCndes.

energetikis fakultetze Semomsvlel studentebs, vidre

misaRebi gamocdebi daewyebaT saSualeba unda hqondeT Sexvdnen

fakultetis warmomadgenlebs (leqtor maswavleblebs, warCinebul

studentebs). gaecnon swavlis programas, Teoriuli da

laboratoriuli samuSaoebis mimdinareobas. saSualeba mieceT

xilvadi CvenebebiT naxon ZiriTadi energetikuli obieqtebi (el.

sadgurebi, qvesadgurebi, e.g.xazebi). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

auxsnan dargis daniSnuleba, sawarmoebis muSaobis principebi, maT

Soris finansuri mxare, (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tanamedrove

axalgazrdebi maqsimalurad midrekilni arian swrafad dasaqmebaze,

materialuri da finansuri warmatebebis miRwevaze).

pirveli kursis pirvel semestrSi msmenelebi miRebuli iqnebian

zemoT ganxiluli gacnobiTi programis gavlis Semdgom, anu

gasaubrebis safuZvelze. vinc pirveli semestris masalas gamocdebis

Sedegebis mixedviT daZlevs, swavlas gaagrZelebs meore semestrSi.

vinc ver daZlevs, survilis SemTxvevaSi, meore wels kvlav eqnebaT

Cabarebis SesaZlebloba.

143

am sistemiT fakultetis dekanati ecdeba SearCios misTvis

saWiro kontingenti, romelic momavalSi damkveTebis moTxovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT gaivlian srul saswavlo programas.

SeniSvna: aqac da sxvaganac igulixmeba maRali donis zneobrivi

da teqnikuri codnis mqone Sromismoyvare da Tavisi qveynis patrioti

axalgazrda kaci, radganac dargis da Sesabamisad qveynis

ganviTarebis udides mizans, mxolod maRali codnis da zneobis

mqone axalgazrdoba SeZlebs moemsaxuros.

6.2 dasaqmeba

kargi mcodne inJinris samuSaoze miReba ormxrivi mogebis

momtani unda iyos. mTavaria sawarmos mxridan rogori midgomebi

iqneba. pirvel rigSi samuSao adgili da pirobebi unda

Seesabamebodes Tanamedrove moTxovnebs (sisufTave, jansaRi

atmosfero, wesrigi, xelfasis odenoba). Semdgom inJinerma aucile-

blad unda igrZnos Tavi Semoqmedad, inJinruli codnis gamoyenebis

da ganxorcielebis avtorad, axali teqnikis aTvisebis da danergvis

Tanamonawiled. organizaciaSi axalgazrda specialistis mosvla

unda niSnavdes, “did ojaxSi” axali wevris momatebas. man Tavi

gariyulad ar unda igrZnos. masSi konkurents ki ara, aramed im

momavali Taobis warmomadgenels unda xedavdnen, romelmac droTa

ganmavlobaSi mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT unda Caibaros sawarmos awmyo

da momavali. Zveli da axali Taobis Serwyma maqsimalurad unda

waadges saqmes. bunebrivia axalgazrda specialists Tavidan ver

eqneba is unar-Cvevebi, rac saqmes da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobas

sWirdeba. es Cvevebi man TandaTan, Zveli specialistebis daxmarebiT

unda (aiTvisos) gamoimuSaos. xolo mas Semdeg, rac ukve srulad

aiTvisebs masze dakisrebul movaleobas, TviTonve unda gaxdes

sxvebisTvis kargi magaliTis mimcemi. samuSao procesis gaumjobesebis

organizatori. teqnikuri nawilis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT SeuZlia

axali winadadebebi waradginos. araa gamoricxuli rom mecnieruli

siaxle danergos da a.S. aqve gvinda erT mtkivneul sakiTxs SevexoT.

umaRlesi kursis damTavrebis Semdeg, kargi moswrebis

studentebs xSirad sTavazoben jer e.w. “magistraturaSi”, xolo misi

damTavrebis Semdgom (mokle droSi) “doqturanturaSi” Cabarebas. es

niSnavs Seudges mecnierul muSaobas. TavisTavad es cudi ar aris,

magram kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom studentma rac ginda kargad

daamTavros umaRlesi skolis Teoriuli kursi, Tu man garkveuli

codna da gamocdileba, praqtikul saqmianobidan ar aiTvisa

(igulisxmeba ori-sami wlis praqtikuli muSaobis gamocdileba,

romelime energetikuli an saswvlo-samecniero organizaciaSi

muSaoba), gansakuTrebiT im ganxriT ra mimarTulebiTac apirebs

mecnieruli kvlevebis Catarebas, kvlevis Sedegebi susti iqneba.

144

faqtiurad aseT dros xSirad xdeba sxvisi naazrevis gadmowera da

ara sakuTari kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebis mtkicebuleba.

mecnieruli muSaobisTvis axalgazrda specialisti unda momwifdes,

mas Sexeba unda hqondes, rogorc winamorbedebis miRwevebTan

(meTodebTan, sistemebTan da kvlevebis SedegebTan), aseve Tanamedrove

teqnikis da Teoriebis siaxleebTan. maT Soris bevr rameSi uSualod

sakuTari praqtikidan (gamocdilebidan) unda ixelmZRvanelos.

rogorc energetikaSi, aseve nebismier sxva dargSi, marTvis

axali wesebis SemoRebis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli adgili

axalgazrda kadrebis aRzrdaSi, cxadia leqtor-maswavleblebs

ekuTvniT. sakmaod didia maTi wvlili. imisTvis, rom maRali donis

specialisti gaizardos, saWiro da aucilebelia swori saswavlo

programa da kargi momzadebuli leqtor-maswavleblebi. leqtor-

maswavlebelTa sworad SerCeva-momzadeba uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo

saqmea. maswavlebeli garda “sakuTari” sagnis Rrmad codnisa, unda

flobdes metyvelebis (gadmocemis) karg unars da studentebTan

muSaobis fsiqologias. man Tavis Tavze ki ar unda “moirgos”

saswavlo programa, aramed piriqiT, TviTon unda moergos mas.

pedagogika da pedagogiuri muSaoba yvela maswavlebelma unda

icodes. amasTanave swavlebaSi mudmivad is siaxleebi unda Sehqondes,

rac axali teqnikis danergviT da sxvadasxva Teoriebis ganviTarebiT

iqneba gamowveuli.

is, rom leqtor-maswavleblebma kargad unda imuSaon, amaze ori

azri ar arsebobs, magram erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxi normaluri

samuSao pirobebis Seqmnaa. kerZod, aris Tu ara leqciebis kursis

Sesabamisad, saleqcio auditoriebi mowyobili, (laboratoriebi,

TvalsaCinoebebi, kompiuteruli teqnika, praqtikuli samuSaoebis

Catarebis adgili). aris Tu ara pedagogTa anazRaureba Sesabamisad

uzrunvelyofili. erTi sityviT Tanamedrove swavlis programa,

damoukidebeli, mudmivad ganaxlebadi da axali mecnieruli

miRwevebiT gajerebuli unda iyos.

umaRlesi saswavleblis administarcias (dro da dro) neba da

saSualeba unda hqondes, Tavisi leqtor-maswavleblebi, romelime

sazRvargareTis maRali donis samecniero dawesebulebebSi miavlinos

(institutSi, universitetSi, laboratoriaSi). maswavlebeli, romelic

Tavis codnas mudmivad ar imaRlebs, male “berdeba”.

6.3. dafinanseba

energosistemis marTvis axali wesebidan gamomdinare, TiToeul

dargs da maT Soris aucileblad energetikas, sakuTari an Sereuli

dafinansebiT moqmedi, rogorc saSualo teqnikuri, aseve umaRlesi

saswavleblebi unda hqondes, sadac saswavlo programebis mTavari

moTxovnebi dargis da saerTo jamSi qveynis interesebidan gamom-

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dinare unda xorcieldebodes. daTvladi unda iyos Tu romel

energetikul sawarmos, ra droSi, ra donis specialistis momzadeba

dasWirdeba. amis mixedviT unda izrunos ama Tu im energetikulma

sawarmom, (organizaciam) maTTvis saWiro mcodne specialistebis

(kadrebis) momzadebis dafinansebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, saqarTvelos

energosistemaSi daaxloebiT aTi aTasi specialisti muSaobs.

yovelwliurad energetikul sawarmoebSi, sxvadasxva mizeziT

saSualod 3 5 procenti `moZraobaSia”, anu Zveli kadri midis, axali

modis. amdenad sxvadasxva donis inJiner-teqnikuri personali

(saSualod samasi axali kadri) yovelwliurad unda momzaddes da

dasaqmdes. yovelive amaSi igulisxmeba, rogorc ZiriTadi

energetikuli organizaciebiTvis kadrebis momzadeba, aseve nebismieri

sxva dargis (mSenebloba, medicina, soflis meurneoba da a.S)

moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. Tanamedrove cxovrebis moTxovnebidan

gamomdinare energetikos-inJinrebze, moTxovna momavalSi kidev ufro

gaizrdeba. rac miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom xarisxiani momzadebis

procesi uwyvetad unda mimdinareobdes.

eris ganaTleba sawindaria TviT qveynis (saxelmwifos)

ganviTarebisa. gansakuTrebiT es exebaT “mcire” erebs. kacobriobis

istoriaSi cnobilia, rom mcodne, maRali zneobis mqone eri qmnis

maRal kulturas. sazogadoebas sTavazobs axal ideebs. eZebs Cixidan

gamosavals. aseTma erma icis, rom mTavari sakacobrio sakiTxi

mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis miRwevaa. gaunaTlebeli, Zalismieri

Tvisebebis mqone erebis Tvisebaa, samxedro Zlierebis mopoveba, sxvisi

teritoriebis da qonebis dapyroba-dataceba da saboloo jamSi

damoneba, an ganadgureba. samwuxarod aseTi qveynebi jer kidev

arseboben, Tumca msoflios mowinave sazogadoeba, aseT qveynebs sul

ufro metad akritikebs da vfiqrobT dadgeba dro, rodesac esa Tu

is “samxedro” qveyana sakuTar diqtats ver ganaxorcielebs. amdenad

qarTveli eris gadarCena ganaTlebaSi da maRali zneobis mopovebaSia.

maRali zneoba da ganaTleba TavisiT ar modis, mas didi Sroma da

keTili neba sWirdeba.

dRevandeli Taoba, istoriulad gadamwyvet droSi cxovrobs.

Tu ramdenad saRad Seafasebs movlenebs, miiRebs swor gadawyve-

tilebebs da maT cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielebs, amaze iqneba

damokidebuli rogorc dRevandeli, aseve momavali Taobebis bedi.

vilocoT rom dasawyevli Taoba ar gavxdeT.

6.4. Rvawlmosil eneregetikosTa dafaseba

qveynis ganviTarebis saqmeSi, eleqtroenergetikas uaRresad

mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. mis gareSe vercerTi sxva dargi ver

viTardeba. TviT energetikis ganviTareba calkeul specialistebzea

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damokidebuli. es iTxovs mudmivad daZabul muSaobas. maT ar

patioben Secdomebs. es saqme aTmagi pasuxismgeblobaa.

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT dargTa Soris, energetikis dargi,

erT-erTi rTuli sferoa. energetikosebi nebsiT Tu uneblied

sakuTar sicocxles “deben” sasworze. samwuxarod energetikas

yovelwliurad aTeulobiT specialistis sicocxle ewireba. samuSao

specifika mudmivad daZabulia, iTxovs did dakvirvebas da codnas.

amdenad am dargis specialistebis Sromis da Rvawlis dafaseba

aucilebelia.

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,

pirvel rigSi dargi da dargSi momuSave specialistebi, sakuTar

fulad fondebs TviTon qmnian, romelic SemdgomSi xmardeba iseT

RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa damsaxurebul energetikosTa dafaseba,

momavali kadrebis aRzrda, sportuli da dasasvenebeli kompleqsebis

mowyoba da sxva. garda amisa, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani fondi, es aris

TanamSromelTa socialuri daxmarebis fondi, romelic mudmivad

zrunavs nebismier energetikosze da gansakuTrebiT pensiaSi gasul

yofil TanamSromlebze.

sabWoTa periodSi, TiToeuli sawarmo, an organizacia,

ZiriTadad saxelmwifo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, mSromelTa

xelfasebidan garkveuli procentis dakavebis safuZvelze, kerZod

socialuri uzrunvelyofis dazRvevis fondis meSveobiT, xdeboda

pensiaSi gasuli TanamSromlebis pensiiT uzrunvelyofa, sadac

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo muSaobis staJi da sxva damsaxurebebi.

marTalia pensioneri amiT ver mdidrdeboda, magram minimalur

sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebebs ikmayofilebda.

dRevandel sinamdvileSi arsebobs saxelmwifo pensia, romelic

ZiriTadad moxucebulobis asaks miRweul moqalaqeebs urigeben. am

pensiis msyidvelobiTi unari ufro mcirea, vidre sabWoTa periodis.

es Tanxa saarsebo minimumze dabalia, faqtiurad amas cxovreba ar

hqvia, es ufro gaZlebazea gaTvlili. eleqtroinJiners, romelmac

ormoci weli rTul samuSaoze gaatara, pensiaSi gasvlis Semdgom,

faqtiurad siRaribeSi uwevs cxovreba. amis gamo Rvawlmosil, asakian

TanamSromlebs eSiniaT pensiaze gasvla, maSin rodesac ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebis analogiuri specialobis mqone TanamSromlebs

piriqiT uxariaT. maTi pensiis odenoba imdenad didia, rom garda

sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebisa, saSualeba eZlevaT

sxvadasxva qveynebSi imogzauron, Svilebs daexmaron, momvlelebi

daiqiraon, Raribebs daexmaron da sxv. erTi sityviT saamuri

cxovrebis, anu bednieri siberis dro udgebaT.

aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos energosistemaSi da

saerTod qveyanaSi analogiuri pirobebis Seqmna? vfiqrobT, rom aris.

energosistemis marTvis axali wesebis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli

TanamSromeli, romelic dasaqmebuli iqneba energetikul sawarmoSi,

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muSaobis dawyebis dRidan, rogorc minimumi aucileblad unda

zrunavdes sami ZiriTadi fondis: jandacvis, urTierTdaxmarebis da

sapensio fondebis Sesaqmnelad. am fondebis Seqmna SeiZleba, rogorc

administraciasTan urTierTobiT, aseve mis gareSec.

am fondebis finansirebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos:

1. TiToeli TanamSromlis Senatani. (yovelTviuri xelfasidan,

garkveuli procentis gadaxda).

2. (SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi) sawarmos wliuri mogebidan

garkveuli wili.

3. sxvadasxva sainvesticio fondi, sadazRvevo fondi, saxel-

mwifo xazina da a.S.

saxelmwifo diaxac dainteresebuli unda iyos Tavisi

moqalaqeebis keTildReobiT, im moqalaqeebis vinc saerTo dovlaTisa

da myari ekonomiuri bazis Seqmnas, mravali aTeuli weli moaxmara –

es maT daimsaxures.

aqvs Tu ara SesaZlebloba nebismier energetikul sawarmos,

daexmaros Tavis TanamSromlebs zemoT naxsenebi fondebis SeqmnaSi?

saxeobaTa mixedviT, eleqtroenergetikaSi sami saxis sawarmo

muSaobs: eleqtroenergiis warmoeba (generacia), eleqtrogadacema-

dispetCerizacia da gamanawilebeli, anu gadamyidveli kompania.

TiToeuli sawarmo Tavis Semosavals, warmoebuli, gatarebuli da

realizebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris xarjze iRebs. nebismieri

maTgani mogebazea dagegmili. iyo wlebi (1993-2007), rodesac

energetikuli sawarmoebi Tavisi kuTvnili Semosavalis 30%-ze mets

ver iRebdnen. nergetikosebis saxelfaso davalianeba aTeul

milionebs Seadgenda. dRes es mdgomareoba Secvlilia. TiTeuli

sawarmo, TiToeuli TanamSromeli droulad iRebs srul kuTvnil

Semosavlebs. es ki imis saSualebas iZleva, rom SromiTi koleqtivis

gadawyvetilebiT, administraciasTan SeTanxmebiT, energetikul

sawarmosa da mis TanamSromlebs, SeuZliaT garkveuli Tanxebi,

survilis DSemTxvevaSi, sapensio fondSi gadaricxon. sapensio fondis

siZliere gansazRvravs TiToeuli pensioneris yovelTviur sapensio

Semosavals. rac ufro didi iqneba yovelTviuri da yovelwliuri

Senatanebi, miT ufro gaizrdeba fondebis Semosavali da TiToeuli

pensioneris sargo.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu energetikuli sawarmoebi mogebaze

muSaoben, maT aucileblad SeuZliaT daexmaron sapensio fonds.

SesaZlebelia kanonSi damatebiTi cvlilebebis (debulebebis) Setana

gaxdes saWiro, rac sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis keTil nebazea

damokidebuli.

kvlevis srulyofis mizniT, vidre uSualod saqarTvelos

energosawarmoebis TanamSrmlebis sapensio fondis SemuSavebaze

gadavalT, aucilebelia gavecnoT msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis

sapensio fondebis muSaobisa da moqmedebis principebs, rac aqtiurad

148

dagvexmareba saqarTvelos energetikaSi momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri

personalisTvis pensiiT uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso variantebis

sworad SerCevaSi.

sxvadasxva qveynebis magaliTebis ganxilvis Sedegad Cveni

yuradReba SeCerebuli iqna ramodenime maTganze. am TvalsazrisiT

erT-erTi gamorCeulia Ciles varianti, romelic magaliTi gaxda

laTinuri qveynebisa da aseve sxva qveynebis (yazaxeTis, poloneTis,

ungreTis, amerikisa da nawilobriv germaniis) sapensio fondebis

axali principiT Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, SeiZleba iTqvas faqtobrivad

“axali sityva” aRmoCnda.

1981 wels CileSi sapensio reforma Catarda. am dros qveyana

maRali inflaciiTa da saxelmwifo biujetis deficitiT xasiaT-

deboda. Sesabamisad sapensio anazRaurebac dabali iyo, umuSevrobam

piks miaRwia. safondo da sainvesticio fondebi TiTqmis ar

arsebobda. sawarmoebis umrvlesoba gadasaxadebs ver ixdida. am

rTul viTarebaSi mcodne adamianebma Seqmnes arasaxelmwifo sapensio

sistema, romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi iyo Semdegi:

1. msurveli aucileblad saxelmwifo, an arasaxelmwifo sapensio

fondis wevri unda yofiliyo, sadac yovelTviurad gadaricxavda

xelfasis 10 %-s;

2. sapensio fondebis brunvis Sedegad Semosuli mogeba indivi-

dualuri angariSebis damatebiT wyaros warmoadgenda;

3. saxelmwifos mxridan dasaSvebad miaCndaT sagadasaxado

SeRavaTebiT sargebloba;

4. msurvels ufleba hqonda (aqvs) Tavisufali arCevani gaekeTebina,

Tu romel fondSi unda gawevrianebuliyo;

5. erTi fondidan meoreSi gadasvla Tavisuflad SeiZleba;

6. muSa-mosamsaxure TviTon wyvets, Tu rodis unda gavides pensiaSi;

7. yovel 4 TveSi erTxel sapensio fondis wevri misi fuladi

angariSis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb srul informacias iRebs.

postsabWoTa sivrceSi Ciles meTodis mixedviT, sapensio sistema

erT-erTma pirvelma yazaxeTma, Camoayaliba, romlis damaxasiaTebeli

faqtorebi Semdegia:

yazaxeTSi saxelmwifo sapensio fondi, sapensio anazRaurebis

saxelmwifo centrma Secvala, romelmac mTlianad moicva qveynis

sapensio saqmianoba.

saxelmwifo sapensio centris (SemdegSi ssc) muSaoba awyobilia

individualur sapensio angariSebze. es sistema ufro misaRebad

miaCniaT, vidre saxelmwifo fondSi yovelTviuri gadasaxadebis

gadaxda. sakontraqto pirobebSi ssc exmareba kerZo sapensio fon-

debsac.

yazaxeTSi arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis muSaobas, fasiani

qaRaldebis erovnuli komisia aregulirebs, romelic axorcielebs

licenzirebas, aqtivebTan mimarTebaSi akontrolebs kompaniebis

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muSaobas. yazaxeTis erovnuli banki aregulirebs im Semnaxveli

bankebis muSaobas, romlebic TanamSromloben sapensio fondebTan

(faqtobrivad menejeris rols asrulebs), Sromisa da socuzrun-

velyofis saministrosTan arsebuli, erovnuli sapensio samsaxuri,

akontrolebs da aregulirebs sapensio fondebis Sevsebas.

yazaxeTSi moqmedebaSia sapensio anazRaurebis saxelmwifo baza,

romelic uricxavs Tavis kuTvnil pensias yvelas, vinc sapensio asaks

miaRwia. sabaziso pensiis sistemis danergva xels uwyobs “samdonian”

sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemaze gadasvlas. pirveli done aris

sapensio bazis Seqmna, meore done - es aris pensiis danamati

“solidaruli” sistemidan. mesame done gulisxmobs keTili nebiT

damatebiT anazRaurebas da aseve sxvadasxva profesiuli kavSirebidan

sapensio gadaricxvebs.

germaniis sapensio modeli avstriis, italiis, safrangeTisa da

umravles dasavleT evropis qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. germa-

niaSi wlovani adamianebis sapensio dacvis principebi erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavdeba, rogorc finansirebis meTodiT, aseve daxmarebis gawevis

formiT da TviT saorganizacio struqturiTac. principebis

sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad wlovan adamianTa sapensio dacvis sistema

ZiriTadad sam safexurs eyrdnoba.

pirvel safexurs ganekuTvneba yvela is (calkeuli) sistema,

romelic funqcionirebs sakanonmdeblo normebiT da savaldebulod

iTvleba zogierT gansazRvrul pirTa rgolSi. germaniaSi aseTi

tipis oTxi savaldebulo sistema arsebobs.

pirvel safexurs ganekuTvneba yvela is (calkeuli) sistema,

romelc funqcionirebs sakanonmdeblo normebiT da savaldebulod

iTvleba zogierT gansazRvrul pirTa rgolSi. germaniaSi aseTi

tipis oTxi savaldebulo sistema arsebobs:

1. kanoniT dadgenili sapensio dazRveva, romelic muSebisa da

mosamsaxureebisTvis aucilebel sistemad iTvleba;

2. moxeleTa sapensio uzrunvelyofa, romelic saxelmwifo moxeleTa

aucilebel sistemad iTvleba;

3. moxucebulobis daxmareba (pensia) fermerebisTvis (miwis

muSakebisTvis), romelic yvela fermeris (miwis muSakis) da maTi

ojaxis wevrebis aucilebel sistemad iTvleba;

4. profesiuli jgufebis (eqimebi, afTiaqarebi, veterinarebi, arqiteq-

torebi, advokatebi, notariusebi da sxva) sapensio uzrunvelyofa.

moxucebulobis meore safexuris dacvas ganekuTvneba is

kategoria, romelTa uzrunvelyofas sawarmoebi ganapirobeben. sawar-

moebi Tavis TanamSromlebs pensiaze gasvlis dros damatebiT

anazRaurebas uweseben.

mesame safexuri – es aris pensionerTa pensiis (danamatis)

gazrda arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondidan.

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germaniis samsafexurianma sistemam, romelic sxvadasxva dade-

biT meqanizms Seicavs, (kerZod Tanxebis ganawilebisa da Sevsebis

swor meqanizms) kargi avtoriteti moipova da gavrceleba hpova

mraval qveyanaSi.

6.5. sapensio aqtivebis gamoyeneba da marTva

Aarasaxelmwifo sapensio aqtivebi, romelic grovdeba sapensio

fondebSi, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas sainvesticio moRvaweobis

gansaxorcieleblad. fondis administraciis muSaoba (Tavisi wevrebis

winaSe) did pasuxismgeblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. maTi saqmianoba

mravalferovania, maT Soris:

1. investireba (arsebuli kanonis moTxovnebis mixedviT), romlis

daniSnuleba fondis wevrebis Semosavlebis kidev ufro gazrdaa;

2. gansazRvrul droSi saxelSekrulebo moTxovnebis Sesruleba,

romlis moTxovnaa wevrebisTvis erTjeradi sapensio gadaxdebis

ganxorcieleba;

3. sicocxlis bolomde pensiis dazRvevis anazRaureba, sikvdilis an

dainvalidebis SemTxvevaSi fondis wevrebsa da sadazRvevo orga-

nizaciebs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebebis pirobebis mixedviT

anazRaureba;

4. profesiuli administraciebisa da sareklamo saagentoebis

momsaxurebis anazRaureba, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian sapen-

sio fondebis moRvaweobasTan da aseve kanoniT nebadarTuli

damatebiTi informaciebis gamoqveynebasTan;

5. sapensio fondebis aqtivebis marTvis periodSi, damsaxurebuli

TanamSromlebis saxelfaso anazRaureba da dajildoeba;

6. Semnaxveli personalis momsaxurebis saxelfaso anazRaurebis

gaweva;

7. sapensio fondebis muSaobis (gegmiuri) auditoruli Semowmebis

momsaxurebis gadasaxadebis gadaxda;

8. fasiani qaRaldebiT movaWre pirebis, aRricxvisa da

registrirebis, sapensio fondebis aqtivebis, sakuTrebis uflebisa

da sxva momsaxurebis anazRaureba;

9. sxvadasxva momsaxurebis anazRaureba, romelic gaTvaliswine-

bulia kanoniT arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis normebiTa da

wesebiT. sxva miznebiT sapensio aqtivebis gamoyeneba ikrZaleba.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT

arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebis Seqmnis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi da

buneba, kerZod:

1. sapensio fondis Seqmna TiToeuli normaluri qveynisa da

normaluri sazogadoebis aucilebeli piroba xdeba;

151

2. sapensio fondis kargad (an Tundac damakmayofileblad)

muSaobis erT-erT aucilebeli da gadamwyveti faqtoria,

mudmivi finansuri wyaroebiT uzrunvelyofa;

3. finansuri wyaroebi damokidebulia sapensio fondis wevrTa

pirad Senatanebze, sainvesticio brunvidan miRebul

Semosavlebze, wliur mogebaze, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynisa

da saerTaSoriso saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis daxmarebaze,

sakuTari saxelmwifos daxmarebaze, sapensio sadazRvevo

kompaniebis arsebobaze da maT muSaobaze.

saqarTvelos energetikuli sawarmoebis inJiner-teqnikuri

personalis is nawili, romelic sapensio asaks aris miRweuli,

moklebulia im sikeTeebs, rac msoflios mowinave qveynebis

pensionerebs gaaCniaT, amitom aucilebelia am mimarTulebiT

gatardes reformebi.

marTvis axali wesebis Tanaxmad, energetikul sawarmoebSi

momuSave inJiner-teqnikurma personalma saswrafod unda izrunos:

a) arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmnaze:

b) sapensio sadazRvevo kompaniis Seqmnaze; g) damatebiTi finansuri wyaroebis mopovebaze.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi sapensio fondis Seqmnisa da dafinansebis erT-

erTi mTavari wyaro inJiner-teqnikuri personalis piradi Senatanebi

unda iyos., Tu ramdeni procenti unda gadairicxos yovelTviuri

xelfasidan, am sakiTxs erToblivad aTanxmeben momavali pensionerebi

da sapensio fondis administracia.

sxvadasxva qveynis magaliTze umetes SemTxvevaSi yovelTviuri

Sesatani Tanxis saSualo sidide xelfasis 10%-iT ganisazRvreba. es

gamocdileba aprobirebulia mraval qveyanaSi. Tumca Cvens SemTxve-

vaSi es sidide sxvadasxva faqtorzea (xelfasis sidide, mudmivoba,

premireba da sxva) damokidebuli. saqarTvelos energosawarmoebSi

momuSave inJiner-teqnikuri personalis yovelTviuri xelfasi

gacilebiT ufro naklebia, vidre evropisa da amerikis qveynebSi

momuSave analogiuri kadris. amitom mxolod xelfasis safuZvelze

arasaxlmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmna did efeqts ver iZleva.

Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad mivediT im daskvnamde, rom auci-

lebelia damatebiTi Semosavlebi, erT-erTi aseTi wyaro sawarmoos

wliuri Semosavlidan, kerZod, wminda mogebidan garkveuli

procentis gadaricxva unda iyos. ratom wminda mogebidan?

saqme isaa, rom ama Tu im sawarmom wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tu kargad

imuSava da maqsimumi Semosavali miiRo, amaSi ”lomis wili”, cxadia,

SromiT koleqtivs (mis TiToeul wevrs) ekuTvnis. aqedan gamomdinare

wevrebs ufleba aqvT, mesakuTres mosTxovon wminda mogebidan mogebis

wili.

Tu saqmes progresulad SevxedavT, nebismieri mesakuTre (kerZo,

Tu saxelmwifo), cxadia, dainteresebuli iqneba, rac SeiZleba meti

152

Semosavali, meti mogeba miiRos. Tu am mogebis sidide SromiTi

koleqtivis karg muSaobazea damokidebuli, mesakuTre yovelTvis

daTanxmdeba wminda mogebidan garkveuli procenti (procentis sidide

erToblivad unda ganisazRvros) inJiner-teqnikuri personalis sape-

nsio fondSi gadaricxos. es praqtika saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar

aris miRebuli, magram es aucileblad SemosaRebia. mas mravalmxrivi

dadebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, efeqti sakmaod maRali iqneba.

arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis finansirebis mesame wyaro

fondSi dagrovili Tanxebis kvlav brunvaSi e.w. investiciebis saxiT

gamoyenebaa. fondis administracias SeuZlia (wevrebTan

konsultaciebis da SeTanxmebis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi) dagrovili

Tanxebi mimarTos ama Tu im momgebiani saqmis dasafinanseblad,

saidanac SeuZlia kargi mogeba miiRos.: magaliTad romelime hesis

mSeneblobaSi da a.S.

meoTxe wyaro _ saerTaSoriso fondebTan TanamSromlobiT

miRebuli Semosavlebi SeiZleba gaxdes, (am meTods sazRvargareTis

arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebi Zalian moxerxebulad iyeneben).

mexuTe wyaro _ arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebis sadazRvevo

kompaniebis daxmarebaa. saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT didi masStabis

sadazRvevo sapensio fondebi ar Camoyalibebula, magram es sakiTxi

uaxloes momavalSi gadawydeba, anu drois ambavia.

meeqvse Tavis daskvna

rogorc wina Tavebis ganxilvis dros aRvniSneT, energetkuli

sawarmoos ganviTarebis safuZveli maRal kvalificiuri inJiner-

teqnikuri personalis momzadebaa.

eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis danergvis

warmatebiT ganxorcieleba swored kadrebis momzadebis xarisxzea

damokidebuli. dRes saqarTveloSi politikuri, ekonomikuri,

fsiqologiuri da TviT TaobaTa Soris gansxvavebuli SexedulebaTa

gamo, jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli maRalkvalificiuri kadris

momzadebis srulyofili meTodika. cxadia amas dro sWirdeba, magram

ra qnan sawarmoebma da maT Soris enpergetikulma organizeciebma,

romelTac bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas ar aqvT

saSualeba mcodne kadrebiT daakompleqton TavianTi sawarmoebi.

kadrebis deficitis mizezi aris Semdegi: TaobaTa cvla (rac yvela

qveyanaSi gardauvalia), reformebis Sedegad mravali specialistis

usafuZvlod daTxovna da mesame, inJinruli codnis aTvisebs

sirTule. maincdamainc ver vityviT, rom axalgazrdobas didi

survili hqondes es rTuli specialoba aiTvisos, miTumetes roca

ver xedavs, sakuTari Sromis dafasebis Sedegs, perspeqtivas da

gansakuTrebiT sapensio asakSi gadasvlis faqts, sadac ase Tu

gagrZelda, SeiZleba saarsebo wyaros gareSec ki darCes.

153

sayuradReboa rom eleqtroenergetikas yovelTvis gaaCnia rogorc

kadrebis momzadebis, aseve maRali anazRaurebis micemis da kargi

sapensio fondis Seqmnis finansuri SesaaZlebloba.

am TavSi martivad, magram mizanmimarTulad aris Camoyalibebuli,

rogorc kadrebis momzadebis sqema, aseve Rvawlmosil adamianTa

dafasebis SesaZlebloba. kamaTi, azrTa gacvla-gamocvla ra Tqma

unda SeiZleba, mTavaria energetikulma sazogadoebam (mecnierebma,

moqmedma energetikosebma, kanonmdebel da aRmasrulebelma

organoebma) bolosdabolos unda daZlion is mankieri Tvisebebi, rac

dRemde borkilad moyveba dargs.

KerT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saqmea kadrebis momzadeba da

daostateba. oTxmocdTian wlebSi sabWoTa sistemidan gamosvla

rusebis siZulviliT ki ar iyo nakarnaxevi, aramed politikuri da

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis miRwevis mizniT. Tu Cvenma Taobam

dargebis ganviTarebaze ver izruna, ver dicva sakuTari uflebebi,

maSin ra gansxvavebaa diqtatori rusi iqneba Tu qarTveli.

axalgazrda kadrebis maRal doneze momzadeba da maTTvis

normaluri samuSao pirobebis Seqmna aucilebelia, Tundac im

faqtidan gamomdinare, rom saqarTveloSi energetikis ganviTareba

(romelic mcodne kadrebzea damokidebuli) gardauvalia. eleqtro-

energia ara marto pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, aramed

rogorc finansuri Semosavlis erT-erTi Zlieri wyaro.

gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis ZiriTad wyarod hidro resursi

rCeba, romelic amavdroulad ekologiurad sufTaa da SedarebiT

naklebi zianis miyeneba SeuZlia garemo bunebisTvis da mosaxle-

obisTvis (Tuki normebi iqneba daculi).

inJinruli codnis miReba da Semdgom aTeuli wlebis ganmav-

lobaSi am dargSi muSaoba didi sapasuxismgeblo da sapatio saqmea.

amitom am dargis muSakTa, rogorc samuSao pirobebi, aseve sapensio

periodi unda iyos dafasebuli da uzrunvelofili.

eleqtroenergetika nebismieri sxva dargis ganviTarebis erT-erTi

mTavari wyaroa, rac kidev ufro amyarebs sakuTar poziciebs.

axali sapensio sistemis Camoyalibeba diametralurad cvlis

energetikaSi momuSave kadrebis damokidebulebas. misi efeqti imdenad

didi iqneba, rom misabaZi magaliTi gaxdeba sxva dargebisTvisac,

amdenad es saqme saSuria.

154

saerTo daskvna

energetika rom qveynis ganviTarebis safuZvelia, amaze aravin

daobs. ufro metic, igi erovnuli usafrTxoebis rangSia ayvanili, ra mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi. pirvel TavSi warmodgenili

dokumenturi masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: saqarTveloSi eleqtroenergiis warmoeba daiwyo mecxramete

saukunis meore naxevarSi, ramac cxoveli interesi gamoiwvia.

uaxloes momavalSi eleqtroenergia gaxda nebismieri sxva dargis

ganviTarebis safuZveli. aRizardnen adgilobrivi kadrebi. qarTvelma

inJiner-teqnikurma personalma damoukideblad aiTvisa eleqtro-

sadgurebis, qvesadgurebis, eleqtrogadacemis xazebis proeqtireba,

mSenebloba, montaJ-gawyoba da eqspluatacia. 1950 wlisaTvis qveynis

erTiani energosistema miliard kilovatsaaTze met eleqtroenergias

gamoimuSavebda. saqarTvelom ganviTarebis piks 1989 wels miaRwia,

roca dadgmuli simZlavre 4000 megavats, xolo gamomuSaveba 14

miliard kilovatsaaTs aRemateboda. erTiani sabWoTa kavSiris

daSlis Sedegad daiSala erTiani energosistemac. saqarTvelos

energosistema am faqts moumzadebeli Sexvda, ris gamoc arsebuli

simZlavreebi da Sesabamisad gamomuSavebac ganaxevrda. Sedegad,

Catarebulma reformebma dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo. generaciis

sadgurebisa da eleqtrosistemisadmi gadamyidveli kompaniebis

mxridan finansurma davalianebam 1,5 miliard dolars gadaaWarba.

saxelmwifo sakuTreba kerZo kompaniebs gadaecaT (garda eleqtro-

sistemisa). tarifebis sidide 1990 welTan SedarebiT 200%-iT (da

metiT) gaizarda. bolo 20 (oci) wlis ganmavlobaSi raime seriozuli

simZlavreebis aTviseba ar ganxorcielebula. eleqtroenergiis yidva-

gayidva ver gadavida Tavisufali bazris principze. administraciuli

mmarTveloba kvlav sabWoTa sistemiT xorcieldeba (erTpirovnulad).

profesiuli kadrebis deficiti yovelwliurad izrdeba. bunebrivia

aseT pirobebSi dargis gaZlierebaze laparaki zedmetia. saWiroa

fundamentaluri cvlilebebi.

warmodgenilma mecnieruma naSromma ganapiroba saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikaSi marTvis axali sistemebis damuSaveba. SemuSave-

buli iqna axali meTodebi da modelebi. TiToeuli maTgani Rrma

kvlevis Sedegia. naSromis mTavari amosavali wertili saqarTvelos

energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa iyo, romlis miRweva axali

simZlavreebis aTvisebaze, eleqtroenergiis Tavisufali bazris

principiT vaWrobaze, administraciuli marTvis axal modelze,

inJinerTa momzadebis axal meTodze, Rvawlmosil energetikosTa

arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondis Seqmnaze da jamSi, xelSemwyobi

politikis gatarebazea damokidebuli. TiToeuli sakiTxi, Tavisi

sirTulidan gamomdinare, seriozul Seswavlas da specialur

155

midgomas saWiroebda. gamomdinare aqedan, Catarda xangrZlivi kvleva,

ris Sedegadac TiToeuli Tavis mixedviT miviReT Semdegi daskvna:

1) saqarTveloSi axali simZlavreebis aTviseba hidroresursebisa

da naxSiris bazaze unda ganxorcieldes. eleqtrosadgurebis

mSenebloba unda Catardes geologiis da ekologiis normebis sruli

dacviT ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

social-ekonomikuri interesebi. SenarCunebuli iqnas kulturuli da

sulieri memkvidreoba. axali simZlavreebis mSeneblobaSi, mTavari

roli saxelmwifos (rogorc aqciebis umetesi nawilis mesakuTres)

unda ekuTvnodes. mSeneblobis dafinansebaSi da Semdgom wilobrivad

sakuTrebis miRebaSi, upiratesoba sakuTari qveynis moqalaqeebs (da

maT Soris, energetikosebs) unda eZleodes. aseTi meTodi qveyanaSi

saSualo fenis Seqmnas Seuwyobs xels. axali simZlavreebis aTviseba,

mesame TavSi Camoyalibebul meTodikas unda emyarebodes, ris

mixedviTac yovel 5-10 weliwadSi saSualod 2,5 aTasi megavati unda

Seematos eleqtrosistemas, saidanac Semosavali saSualod 1,4

miliardi lari iqneba. dargidan Semosuli Semosavlebis didi nawili

qveyanaSi unda rCebodes.

2) dargis ganviTarebis saqmeSi erT-erT mtkivneul mxares

sawarmoebis administrirebis arsebuli forma warmoadgens, romelic

kvlav erTpirovnul gadawyvetilebebs efuZneba. meoTxe TavSi

warmodgenilia energetikuli sawarmoebis administrirebis axali

forma, rac sakvanZo sakiTxebis farTo masStabSi (inJiner-teqnikuri

personalis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT) ganxilvas gulisxmobs.

marTvis aseTi forma energetikuli sawarmos teqnikur uzrunvel-

yofas da maqsimalur finansur mogebas niSnavs. marTvis aseTi wesi

sajaroobazea damyarebuli, rac korufcias da calkeul pirTa

interesebs gamoricxavs. mesame TavSi srulyofilad aris aRwerili

am sqemis muSaobis forma da upiratesoba.

3) eleqtroenergiis warmoebis mTavari daniSnuleba (pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT) momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa, xolo

mwarmoebelTa (generacia, gadacema, dispetCerizacia, ganawileba)

interesi maqsimumi Semosavlis miRebaa. msoflio praqtikidan

gamomdinare, eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidvis sxvadasxva wesi

arsebobs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba Tavisufali bazris princips

eZleva. yidva-gayidvis kerZo saaqcio sazogadoeba mwarmoeblebs,

gadamyidvelebs da momxmareblebs (saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze) konkurenciis wesis pirobebSi srulad uzrunvelyofs,

rogorc misaRebi fasebiT, aseve maRali donis momsaxureobiT. am

SemTxvevaSi monopolizmi, uxarisxo denis miwodeba da momsaxurebis

dabali kultura miuRebelia. yidva-gayidvis aseTi meTodi dargis

ganviTarebis myari safuZveli xdeba.

4) swori administraciuli marTva, nebismieri sawarmos stabi-

luri ganviTarebis sawindaria. Tu TiToeuli wevris Semoqmedeba,

156

interesi da swrafva Tanxvedria mmarTveli rgolis gadawyve-

tilebebis, Sedegi yovelTvis ukeTesia. iseTi sakvanZo sakiTxebic,

rogoric sawarmos mizani, samuSaos specifikis Seswavla, kvartaluri

da wliuri angariSebis ganxilva, mogebis miReba da ganawileba,

sagadasaxado sistemis damuSaveba da xarisxis menejmentis danergvaa,

mxolod erTi kacis (vinc ginda iyos), an jgufis gadasawyveti ar

unda iyos. rac ufro meti warmomadgeneli miiRebs monawileobas (anu

erT sistemaSi mova) ise, rom qaosSi ar gadaizardos, miT ufro meti

optimaluri samoqmedo gegma da Sesabamisad kargi Sedegi miiReba.

5) Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi eleqtroenergetikuli sawarmoebis (da

aseve sxva dargebis) mudmivad mzardi winsvlis uzrunvelyofis

faqtori maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis (inJiner-teqnikuri personalis)

momzadebaa. Tu sawarmos (organizacias) am nawilSi Seferxeba aqvs, is

yoveldRiur konkurencias ver gauZlebs, amdenad am naSromSi

SemoTavazebuli swavlebis formis miReba warmatebis misaRwevad

aucilebelia. is vinc Tavis droze ar zrunavs TanamSromelTa

normaluri samuSao pirobebis Seqmnaze, maRali donis anazRaurebaze

da sapensio fondis Seqmnaze, warmatebebis didi imedi ar unda

hqondes. arasaxelmwifo sapensio fondebis Seqmna, romelic am Tavis

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, aucileblad gadasawyvetia. am

sakiTxiT mesakuTre TviTon unda iyos dainteresebuli, rac

SemdgomSi sawarmos da mTlianobaSi dargis ganviTarebis erT-erTi

mastimulirebeli faqtori gaxdeba.

zemoT CamoTvlil sakiTxTa gadawyvetis Sedegad vRebulobT,

qveynis energetikis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas, kerZod, yovel

xuT-aT weliwadSi simZlavreebis mateba 2,5 aTasi megavatiT ganisa-

zRvreba, gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis yidva-gayidva Tavisufali

bazris principiT ganxorcieldeba, administrirebis swori forma

Camoyalibdeba, swavlebis da dasvenebis normaluri pirobebi

Seiqmneba da Tu yovelive amis politikuri neba iarsebebs, dargis

ganviTarebas win veraferi daudgeba.

157

sqolioebis nusxa:

[1] CogovaZe g. CixlaZe n. yiasaSvili g. saqarTvelos

eleqtroenergetikis istoria. Tbilisi. 1998. gv. 15 - 260 [2] saqarTvelos kanoni eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis

Sesaxeb. sakanonmdeblo macne. Tbilisi. 2007. gv. 1 - 25

[3] saqarTvelos kanoni eleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis


[4] “saqenergos” wliuri angariSebi. Tbilisi. 1995. gv. 10 - 178

[5] “semekis” eleqtroenergiis moqmedi tarifis struqtura

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[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16] fircxelani n. satranzito

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[22] qaldani l. saluqvaZe m. samegrelos hava samegrelo zemo

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saqarTvelos mdinareebis mcire hidroenergetikuli teqnikuri

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[25] avtorTa jgufi: gamyreliZe e. WiTanava n. Ciqva l. goiSvili

b. aglaZe m. fircxelani m. arabuli k. cicqiSvili m. saqarTvelos

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