177

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

klmi

U;kl] lekt v

kSj bfrgkl

vè;k; 8

miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl

vkius fiNys vè;k; ls tkuk fd eqnz.k laLo`Qfr dk mn; oSQls gqvk vkSjfdl rjg lapkj osQ u, :iksa us yksxksa osQ ,d&nwljs osQ ckjs esa lkspus vkSj,d&nwljs ls tqM+us osQ rjhO+ksQ dks cny fn;kA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk fd eqnz.klaLo`Qfr us lkfgR; osQ u, :iksa dks laHko cuk;kA bl vè;k; esa gelkfgR; osQ ,d ,sls gh u, :iμmiU;klμosQ ckjs esa i<+saxs D;ksafd bldkvk/qfud lksp osQ <jsZ ls fugk;r u”knhdh fj'rk jgk gSA igys ge if'peesa miU;kl osQ bfrgkl dks vkSj fiQj Hkkjr osQ oqQN bykO+kQksa esa blosQ fodkldk vè;;u djsaxsA vki ns[ksaxs fd cgqr lkjs vkilh I+kQO+kZQ osQ ckotwn]nqfu;k osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa miU;klksa esa dkI+kQh vge lekurk,¡ FkhaA

178

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

miU;kl lkfgR; dh ,d vk/qfud fo/k gSA bldh iSnkb'k Nkis[+kkus osQe'khuh vkfo"dkj ls gqbZA

Nih fdrkc osQ cxSj miU;kl dh dYiuk ge ugha dj ldrsA vki tkursgSa (lkrok¡ vè;k;) fd izkphu dky esa ikaMqfyfi;k¡ gLrfyf[kr gksrh FkhaAblls izlkj pan yksxksa rd lhfer FkkA ysfdu e'khu ls Nius osQ cknmiU;klksa dks cgqr cM+k ikBd oxZ fey x;k vkSj tYn gh bls ”kcjnLryksdfiz;rk feyhA bl le; rd yanu tSls 'kgj cM+h rs”kh ls iSQy jgsFks vkSj NikbZ rFkk lapkj osQ vU; lk/uksa osQ vkus ls NksVs 'kgjksa ls Hkhmudk laioZQ vklku gks x;k FkkA vius fc[kjs gq, vkSj fofo/ ikBd&oxZosQ chp miU;klksa us oqQN lk>h #fp;k¡ O+kQk;e dhaA T;ksa&T;ksa ikBd dgkuhesa ?kqlrs x, vkSj dkYifud fO+kQjnkjksa ls mudk fj'rk curk x;k] R;ksa&R;ksaizse vkSj fookg rFkk L=kh&iq#"k&laca/ vkfn osQ ckjs esa os vyx rjg lslkspus yxsA

miU;kl us igys&igy tM+sa baXySaM vkSj I+kzQkal esa tekb±A gkyk¡fd miU;kll=kgoha lnh ls gh fy[ks tkus yxs Fks] ysfdu mudk vlyh fodklvBkjgoha lnh esa gh gqvkA buosQ ikBdksa esa baXySaM vkSj I+kzQkal osQ ikjaifjdHknz lekt osQ vykok nqdkunkj o eqa'kh oxZ osQ yksx Hkh 'kkfey gks x,A

ikBd oxZ vkSj fdrkcksa osQ ck”kkj osQ c<+us ls ys[kdksa dh vk; Hkh c<+hAoqQyhu oxZ osQ laj{k.k ls vk”kkn gksdj vc os [kqys fny ls vyx&vyx'kSfy;ksa esa rjg&rjg osQ iz;ksx djus yxsA vBkjgoha lnh osQ igys fgLlsesa fy[k jgs miU;kldkj gsujh I+kQh¯YMx us nkok fd;k fd mUgksaus ^viusfy, ,d vyx lkezkT; [kqn cuk;k gS* tgk¡ mUgha osQ cuk, O+kQkuwu pyrsgSaA okWYVj LdkWV us LdkWV yksdxhrksa dks ;kn vkSj tek djosQ LdkWVoa'kkoyh o mudh yM+kb;ksa osQ bfrgkl ij fy[ks vius miU;klksa esa mudkmi;ksx fd;kA nwljh rjI+kQ [+krwrh ;k i=kkRed miU;klksa esa futh i=kksa dksvk/kj cuk;k x;kA vBkjgoha lnh esa fy[ks x, lSeq,y fjpMZlu osQmiU;kl ikesyk esa iwjh dgkuh izsfe;ksa osQ vkilh [+krksa osQ ”kfj, dgh xbZgSA ikBdksa dks ukf;dk osQ eu dh ckr] mlosQ var}±}ksa dk irk ukf;dk dhfpfV~B;ksa ls gh pyrk gSA

1-1 izdk'ku ck”kkj

lekt osQ X+kjhc rcO+ksQ dkI+kQh vjls rd izdk'ku osQ ck”kkj ls ckgj jgsA'kq:&'kq: esa miU;kl lLrs rks Fks ughaA gsujh I+kQh¯YMx dk VkWe tksUl(1749) N% [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gqvk vkSj gj [kaM dh dher rhu f'k¯yxFkha] tks fd ,d vkSlr e”knwj osQ gÝ+rs&Hkj dh dekbZ gksrh FkhA

1 miU;kl dk mn;

u, 'kCnHknz lekt % tks yksx m¡Qps [+kkunku esa iSnkb'k vkSj m¡Qphlekftd gSfl;r dk nkok djrs Fks A mudk ekuuk Fkk fdlgh O;ogkj osQ ekud ogh r; djrs gSaA

i=kkRed miU;kl % i=kksa dh Üka`[kyk osQ :i esa fy[kk gqvkA

179

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

ysfdu tYn gh 1740 esa fdjk;s ij pyusokys iqLrdky;ksa dh LFkkiuk osQckn yksxksa osQ fy, fdrkcsa lqyHk gks xb±A rduhdh lq/kj ls Hkh NikbZ osQ[kpsZ esa deh vkbZ vkSj ekosZQfVax osQ u, rjhdksa ls fdrkcksa dh fcozQh c<+hAI+kzQkal esa izdk'kdksa dks yxk fd miU;klksa dks ?kaVs osQ fglkc ls fdjk;s ijmBkus ls ”;knk ykHk gksrk gSA ;kn jgs fd miU;kl c`gn Lrj ij mRikfnrvkSj csph tkus okyh loZizFke oLrqvksa esa ls ,d FkkA bldh yksdfiz;rk osQdbZ dkj.k FksA miU;klksa esa jph tk jgh nqfu;k fo'oluh; vkSj fnypLiFkh] vkSj lp yxrh FkhA miU;kl i<+rs gq, ikBd fdlh vkSj nqfu;k esapyk tkrk Fkk vkSj lalkj dks fdrkc osQ fO+kQjnkj dh u”kj ls ns[kus yxrkFkkA bUgsa vosQys&vosQys Hkh i<+k tk ldrk Fkk] vkSj nksLrksa&fj'rsnkjksa osQlkFk fey&cSB&cksydj Hkh bl ij ppkZ dh tk ldrh FkhA nsgkrh bykO+kQksaesa yksx vdlj bdV~Bk gksdj miU;klksa dks cM+s X+kkSj ls fdlh ,d dks i<+rsgq, lqurs ns[ks tk ldrs FksA dgk tkrk gS fd baXySaM osQ Lykm uked txgij yksx ;g tkudj cM+s [kq'k gq, fd fjpMZlu osQ miU;kl dh ukf;dk]ikesyk] mUgha osQ xk¡o esa C;kgh xbZ FkhA os mRlkg esa vkdj ppZ dh vksjHkkxs vkSj ogk¡ tkdj fxjtk?kj dh ?kafV;k¡ ctkus yxsA

pkYlZ fMosQUl us miU;kl fifDod isilZ dk 1836 esa ,d if=kdk esaèkkjkokfgd :i esa Niuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk FkhA lfp=k vkSj lLrh gksusdh otg ls if=kdkvksa dk viuk vkd"kZ.k FkkA /kjkokfgd eqnz.k osQ pyrsikBdksa dks jgL; dk e”kk feyus yxk] os vkil esa pfj=kksa ij ppkZ djusyxs] vkSj gÝ+rk&nj&gÝ+rk mudh dgkfu;ksa osQ lkFk thus yxsA Bhd mlhrjg tSls vkt osQ Vhoh lhfj;yksa osQ lkFk gksrk gSA

u, 'kCn/kjkokfgd % ,slh i¼fr ftlesa dgkuh dks fdLrksa essa Nkiktkrk gSA gj fdLr if=kdk ;k v[+kckj osQ vxys vad esaNirh gSA

fp=k 2& iqLrdky; uksfVlAiqLrdky;ksa dk dkI+kQh izpkj fd;k tkrk FkkA

fp=k 1 μ ^cks”k* }kjk LoSQps”k dk vkoj.k fp=kApkYlZ f}rh; dk igyk izdk'ku ^cks”k* ckbZ LoSQfp”k osQuke ls izdkf'kr gqvk Fkk (1836) vkSj ;g i=kdkjhfucaèkksa dk laxzg FkkA

fp=k 3 μ vkWy fn bZ;j jkmaM dk vkoj.k i`"BApkYlZ fMosQUl }kjk laikfnr if=kdk vkWy fn bZ;j jkmaMdk lcls egÙoiw.kZ igyw ;g Fkk fd mlesa fMosQUl osQmiU;kl /kjkokfgd :i esa Nirs FksA

180

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

fuEufyf[kr izdkj osQ miU;klksa dk D;k eryc gSA

i=kkRed miU;kl

/kjkokfgd miU;kl

nksuksa fO+kQLeksa osQ ckjs esa izfl¼ ,d&,d ys[kd dk uke ”k:jcrk,¡A

ppkZ djsa

fp=k 4 μ fy;ks VkyLVk; (1828&1910)AVkyLVk; izfl¼ :lh miU;kldkj Fks ftUgksaus xzkeh.k thou vkSj leqnk; ijdkI+kQh dqN fy[kkA

fp=k 5 μ pkYlZ fMosQUl 1812&1870

1-2 miU;klksa dh nqfu;k

blls igys vkusokyh reke fyf[kr o`Qfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa miU;kl vkeyksxksa dh f”kanxh osQ ”;knk O+kQjhc gSaA buesa jkT;ksa&lkezkT;ksa dh rO+kQnhjcnyus okyh egku gfLr;ksa dh gh ppkZ ugha gksrh cfYd buesa vke bulkuksadh jks”kkuk dh f”kanxh dk fp=k.k Hkh feyrk gSA

mUuhloha lnh esa ;wjksi us vkS|ksfxd ;qx esa izos'k fd;kA I+kSQfDVª;k¡ vkb±]O;olk; esa equkI+ksQ c<+s] vFkZO;oLFkk iSQyhA ysfdu lkFk gh e”knwjksa dhleL;k,¡ Hkh c<+ha] 'kgj vf/d dke vkSj de e”knwjh ij [kVrs Jfedksals Hkj x,A X+kjhc csjks”kxkj dke dh ryk'k esa lM+dksa dh [+kkd Nkuus yxsvkSj ooZQgkml ;k jSuclsjksa esa iukg ysus yxsA m|ksxksa dh izxfr osQlkFk&lkFk equkI+kQk[kksjksa dks lgh o e”knwjksa dks derj bulku ekuus dhizo`fÙk py iM+hA bl ?kVukozQe dh dM+h fuank djrs gq, pkYlZ fMosQUltSls miU;kldkjksa us yksxksa osQ thou o pfj=k ij vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nq"izHkkoksaosQ ckjs esa fy[kkA muosQ miU;kl gkMZ VkbEl (1854) esa of.kZr dksdVkmu,d mnkl dkYifud vkS|ksfxd 'kgj gS] tgk¡ e'khuksa dh Hkjekj gS] /q,¡mxyrh fpefu;k¡ gSa] iznw"k.k ls L;kg iM+h ufn;k¡ gSa] vkSj edku lc,d&lsA e”knwjksa dks ;gk¡ ^gkFk* dh laKk ls tkuk tkrk gS] vkSj e'khupykus osQ vykok mudh dksbZ vkSj vfLerk ughaA fMosQUl us u osQoy ykHkosQ yksHk dh vkykspuk dh cfYd mu fopkjksa dks Hkh vkM+s gkFkksa fy;k tksbulkuksa dks eg”k mRiknu dk vkS”kkj ekurs gSaA

vius nwljs miU;klksa esa Hkh fMosQUl us vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nkSj esa 'kgjh thoudh nqnZ'kk dk fp=k.k fd;kA mudk vksfyoj fV~oLV (1838) ,d ,sls

181

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

fp=k 6 & Hkw[kk vksfyoj [kkus osQ fy, vkSjek¡xrk gS tcfd dkj[+kkus esa dke djus okysckO+kQh cPps Mj ls mls ns[kus yxrs gSa] vksfyojV~foLV esa cuk fp=kA

fp=k 7 μ ,feyh tksyk] fp=kdkj ,MoMZ ekus] 1868ekus }kjk cuk, x, fp=k esa iz+Qkalhlh ys[kd vius es”k osQlkeus cSBs gSa vkSj bl fp=k ls fdrkcksa osQ lkFk muosQ xgjsfj'rs dh >yd feyrh gSA

vukFk dh dgkuh dgrk gS] ftls NksVs&eksVs vijkfèk;ksa vkSj fHk[kkfj;ksa dhnqfu;k esa jguk iM+kA ,d fueZe ooZQgkml ;k dke?kj (fp=k 6) esaiyus&c<+us osQ ckn vksfyoj dks varr% ,d vehu us xksn ys fy;k vkSjog lq[k ls jgus yxkA ij X+kjhcksa osQ thou ls tqM+k gj miU;kl ikBd dkslq[kkar dk vkuan ns ;g ”k:jh ugha FkkA ,d ;qok [kfud dh f”kanxh ijfyf[kr ,feyh ”kksyk dk tfeZuy (1885) [knku e”knwjksa osQ 'kkspuh;gkykr dk tk;”kk ysrk gSA bldk var nq[kn gS% uk;d ftl gM+rky dhvxqokbZ dj jgk gS] og vliQy jgrh gS vkSj mlosQ lkFk e”knwj mlosQf[+kykI+kQ [kM+s gks tkrs gSa] vk'kk dh dksbZ fdj.k ugha fn[krhA

1-3 leqnk; o lekt

miU;klksa osQ ”;knkrj ikBd 'kgjksa esa jgrs FksA miU;klksa us muesa xzkeh.kleqnk;ksa dh fu;fr osQ lkFk tqM+us dk Hkko iSnk fd;kA felky osQ rkSj ijmUuhloha lnh osQ miU;kldkj VkWel gkMhZ us baXySaM osQ rs”kh ls xk;c gksrsnsgkrh leqnk;ksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kkA ;g ogh le; Fkk] tc cM+s fdlkuksa us

182

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

u, 'kCntuHkk"kk (Vernacular) % vkSipkfjd] lkfgfR;d 'kSyh osQ ctk; lkekU;cksypky dh Hkk"kkA

fp=k 8 μ VkWel gkMhZ (1840&1928)

viuh ”kehuksa dks ckM+kcan dj fy;k Fkk] vkSj e'khuksa ij e”knwj yxkdjmUgksaus ck”kkj osQ fy, mRiknu 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA gesa bl cnyko dkvglkl gkMhZ osQ es;j vkWI+kQ oSQLVjfczt (1886) dks i<+dj gksrk gSA ;gdgkuh ekbdy gsapMZ dh gS] tks igys vukt dk O;kikjh gksrk gS] vkSjfiQj oSQLVjfczt uked nsgkrh 'kgj dk es;j cuus esa liQy gks tkrk gSAog Lora=k fopkjksa dk O;fDr gS] vius gh rjhO+ksQ ls O;kikj djrk gSA ijvius deZpkfj;ksa osQ lkFk mudk joS;k vfuf'prμdHkh csgn n;kyq] rksdHkh ,dne funZ;hμgksrk FkkA fygk”kk og vius izca/d o izfr}a}h]MkWuYM I+kQkjI+kzsQ osQ lkeus fVd ugha ikrkA I+kQkjI+kzsQ dh izca/u rduhd l{keFkh vkSj yksx ekurs Fks fd og gj fdlh osQ lkFk ,d&tSlk vkSj 'kkyhucrkZo djrk FkkA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd gkMhZ bl dgkuh esa ml xk;c gksrsoDr dk vI+kQlksl djrs gSa] ftlesa ,d rjg dk viukiu Fkk&gkyk¡fd mUgsaiqjkuh O;oLFkk dh [kkfe;ksa vkSj u;h [kwfc;ksa dk Hkh vglkl gSA

miU;kl vke yksxksa] tulk/kj.k] dh Hkk"kk dk bLrseky djrk gSA yksxksa dhvyx&vyx cksfy;ksa ls fudVrk cukdj miU;kl ,d jk"Vª osQ fofo/leqnk;ksa dh lk>k nqfu;k jprk gSA bl rjg miU;kl Hkk"kk dh vyx&vyx'kSfy;ksa ls Hkh lkexzh ysrs gSaA fdlh ,d gh miU;kl esa ,d lkFk 'kkL=kh;o lM+dNki Hkk"kk dks miU;kl dh viuh tuHkk"kk osQ lkFk feykdj is'kfd;k tk ldrk gSA jk"Vª dh gh rjg miU;kl Hkh dbZ laLo`Qfr;ksa dks ,dlkFk bdV~Bk djrk gSA

1-4 u;h efgyk

miU;kl ls lacaf/r lcls Hkyh ckr rks ;g gqbZ fd efgyk,¡ mlls tqM+haAvBkjgoha lnh esa eè;oxZ vkSj laiUu gq,A urhts esa efgykvksa dks miU;kli<+us vkSj fy[kus dk vodk'k fey ldkA vr% miU;klksa esa efgyk txrdks] mldh Hkkoukvksa] mlosQ rtqcks±] elyksa vkSj mldh igpku ls tqM+s eqíksadks le>k&ljkgk tkus yxkA

dbZ lkjs miU;kl ?kjsyw f”kanxh ij osaQfnzr FksA buesa efgykvksa dks vf/dkjosQ lkFk cksyus dk volj feykA vius vuqHkoksa dks vk/kj cukdj mUgksausikfjokfjd thou dh dgkfu;k¡ jprs gq, viuh lkoZtfud igpku cukbZA

tsu vkWfLVu osQ miU;klksa esa gesa mUuhloha lnh osQ fczVsu osQ xzkeh.k oqQyhulekt dh >k¡dh feyrh gSA gesa ,sls lekt osQ ckjs esa lkspus dh izsj.kkfeyrh gS tgk¡ efgykvksa dks /uh ;k tk;nkn okys oj [kkstdj vPNh*

183

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

fp=k 9 μ i<+rh gqbZ yM+dh] T;k¡ jsuksvk (1841&1919) osQ }kjk cuk;k x;k fp=kAmUuhloha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs ;wjksih; fp=kksa esa [kkeks'kh ls cSBh vius vosQys dejs esa i<+rh vkSjrksa dh rlohjsa dkI+kQh fn[kkbZ nsus yxh gSaA

fp=k 10 μ ,d ysf[kdk dk ?kj] tkWtZ Øwd'kkad }kjk cuk;k fp=kAtc vkSjrksa us miU;kl fy[kuk 'kq: dj fn;k rks cgqr lkjs yksxksa dks yxk fd os vc iRuh o ek¡dh ijaijkxr Hkwfedkvksa dks ugha l¡Hkkyssaxh vkSj ?kj vLr&O;Lr gks tk,¡xsA

184

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

fp=k 11 μ tsu vkWfLVu(1775&1817)A

fp=k 12 μ fookg vuqca/] fofy;e gksxkFkZ }kjk cuk;k fp=k (1697&1764)AtSlk fd vki ns[k ldrs gSa fp=k osQ vxys fgLls esa cSBs nks vkneh 'kknh osQ djkjukes ij nLr[+kr dj jgs gSatcfd vkSjr fdukjs cSBh jgrh gSA

'kkfn;k¡ djus osQ fy, mRlkfgr fd;k tkrk FkkA tsu vkWfLVu osQ miU;klizkbM ,aM izsT;qfMl dh igyh iafDr ns[ksa% ^;g ,d loZLoho`Qr lR; gSfd dksbZ vosQyk vkneh vxj ekynkj gS rks mls ,d vnn choh dhryk'k gksxhA* bl c;ku ls ge vkWfLVu osQ lekt dks le> ldrs gSa]fd muosQ miU;klksa dh vkSjrsa D;ksa ges'kk vPNh 'kknh vkSj iSls dhfI+kQjkO+kQ esa jgrh gSaA

ysfdu efgyk miU;kldkjksa us flI+kZQ x`gfLFku pfj=kksa dks gh yksdfiz; ughacuk;kA gesa mudh o`Qfr;ksa esa vdlj ,slh vkSjrsa feyrh gSa tks lkekftdekU;rkvksa dks ekuus osQ igys muls yM+rh gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ls ikfBdkvksadks fonzksg djus dh izsj.kk vo'; feyh gksxhA 'kkjykWV czkW.V dh 1874esa izdkf'kr tsu vk;j esa ;qorh tsu dks vk”kkn&[+k;ky vkSj n`<+ O;fDrRookyk fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;|fi ml nkSj dh efgykvksa dks [kkeks'k vkSj 'kkyhujgus dk laLdkj fn;k tkrk Fkk] ysfdu tsu nl lky dh mez esa gh cM+ksaosQ ik[kaM dk eq¡grksM+ tokc nsdj pkSadk nsrh gSA mlls ges'kk cqjk lqywddjus okyh viuh vkaV ls og dgrh gS% yksx vkidks usd vkSjr le>rsgSa] ysfdu gO+kQhO+kQr esa vki cqjh gSa--- vki 'kkfrj gSaA bl f”kanxh esa rks eSavkidks vkaV ugha dgus okyhA*

185

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

miU;kldkj vkSjrsa

tkWtZ bfy;V (1819&1880) dk vlyh uke esjh ,u bokUl FkkA

tkWtZ bfy;V mudk ys[kdh; uke Fkk os izfl¼ miU;kldkj Fks vkSj mudk ekuukFkk fd miU;klksa ls vkSjrksa dks [kqn dks LoNanrkiwoZd O;Dr djus dk volj feyrkgSA gj vkSjr lkfgR; fy[kus esa l{ke gksrh gSA

^dFkk ys[ku lkfgR; dh ,d ,slh 'kk[kk gS ftlesa vius <ax ls vkSjrsa enks± dh iwjhrjg cjkcjh dj ldrh gSA dksbZ 'kS{kf.kd cafn'k vkSjrksa dks dFkk ys[ku dh lkexzhls oafpr ugha dj ldrh vkSj dyk dh ,slh dksbZ iztkfr ugha gS tks dM+hvko';drkvksa ls bruh vk”kkn gksA*

tkWtZ bfY;V] ^flyh ukWoYl ckbZ ysMh ukWOkfyLV*] 1856

ckWDl 1

th-,- gsaVh (1832&1902)A

vaMj MªsDl Ý+ySx (1883) esa nks ;qok ,sfytkcsfFk;kbZ jksekapdkjhekSr osQ u”knhd igq¡p tkrs gSa ysfdu blosQ ckotwn bl ?keaMdks ugha NksM+rs fd os vaxzs”k gSaA

^ns[kks usM] fdLer us gesa mEehn ls ”;knk lkFk fn;k gSA gksldrk gS ge mlh fnu ej tkrs tc ge ;gk¡ igq¡ps Fks ysfdugeus rks eSnkuksa esa f'kdkj djrs Ng eghus e”ks ls fcrk fn,Avc ejuk gh gS rks ge vaxzs”kksa dh rjg vkSj bZlkb;ksa dh rjgcrkZo djrs gq, ejsaxsA*

ckWDl 2

fp=k 13 & 'kkjykWV czkW.V (1816&1855)A

1-5 ;qokvksa osQ fy, miU;kl

fd'kksjksa osQ fy, miU;klksa esa ,d u, rjg dk vkn'kZ iq#"k is'k fd;k x;ktks rkO+kQroj] n`<+] Lora=k vkSj lkglh FkkA ,sls ”;knkrj miU;klksa dhdFkkHkwfe ;wjksi ls nwj dgha ,slh txg ij gksrh Fkh] vkSj ?kVuk,¡ tks'k vkSj

lkgl osQ dkjukeksa ls Hkjh gksrh FkhaA mifuos'k dh LFkkiuk djusokyksa dksuk;d dk lEeku fn;k tkrk Fkk] D;ksafd os vutku okrkoj.k esa nslh yksxksals tw> jgs Fks] nslh lekt osQ vuq:i [kqn dks <kyrs gq, mls Hkh cnyjgs FksA os Hkw&Hkkxksa esa mifuos'k cukdj muesa jk"Vª fodflr dj jgs FksA blfo/k dh fdrkcksa esa vkj-,y- LVhosalu dh Vªs”kj vkbySaM (1883) vkSj#M;kMZ fdifyax dh taxy cqd (1894) cgqr e'kgwj gqb±A

fczrkuh lkezkT; osQ cksyckys osQ ”kekus esa th-,- gsaVh osQ ,sfrgkfldlkgfld miU;kl Hkh csgn yksdfiz; FksA muls vtuch bykO+kQksa ij fot;gkfly djus dk mRlkg vkSj gkSlys dk Hkko iSnk gksrk gksxkA budhi"BHkwfe esfDldks] vysD”kakfMª;k] lk;csfj;k tSls vusd ns'kksa dh gksrh FkhAbudh dgkfu;ksa esa vdlj ;qok yM+dksa dks ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk xokgcuk;k tkrk Fkk] mUgsa fdlh u fdlh lSfud dkjZokbZ esa Mkydj vaxzs”kh*fgEer dk ikB i<+k;k tkrk FkkA

fd'kksfj;ksa osQ fy, fy[kh izse dgkfu;k¡ Hkh blh ”kekus esa] [+kklrkSj ijvesfjdk esa] yksdfiz; gqb±A gsysu gaV tSDlu o`Qr jeksuk (1884) vkSjlw”ku owQfyt osQ Nn~e uke ls fy[kus okyh lkjk pkSalh owY”kh dh lhjh”kàkV osQVh fMM (1872) us dkI+kQh uke dek;kA

1-6 mifuos'kokn osQ ckn

bl rjg ;wjksi esa miU;kl dk mn; ml le; gqvk tc og ckO+kQh fo'oij vkSifuosf'kd O+kQC”kk tek jgk FkkA mifuos'kokn esa 'kq#vkrh miU;klksa

186

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

dk ;ksxnku ;gh Fkk fd bUgksaus vius ikBdksa esa mifuos'kdksa osQ egkuleqnk; dk fgLlk gksus dk vglkl HkjkA MSfu;y MsI+kQks o`Qr jkW clu ozwQlks(1719) dk uk;d lkgfld ;k=kh gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk nkl&O;kikjh gSA,d }hi ij tgk”kh nq?kZVuk osQ ckn iM+k gqvk og X+kSj&xksjs yksxksa dks cjkcjdk bulku ugha cfYd vius ls ghurj tho ekurk gSA ,d nslh* dks eqDrdjkdj mls og viuk X+kqyke cuk ysrk gSA og mlls mldk uke iwNukHkh ”k:jh ugha le>rk] cl viuh rjI+kQ ls mls izQkbMs dgrk gSA ij mlle; ozwQlks dk O;ogkj vekU; lk vlkekU; ugha le>k x;k] D;ksafd mlnkSj esa ”;knkrj ys[kd mifuos'kokn dks ,d lgt vkSj oqQnjrh ifj?kVukekurs FksA ftUgsa mifuos'kho`Qr ;k X+kqyke cuk;k x;k Fkk] mu yksxksa dksvkfnekuql] ccZj vkSj bulku ls derj ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj ;g Hkh fdmifuos'kokn mudks lH;] iw.kZ bulku cukus dk ”k:jh vkS”kkj FkkA dkI+kQhckn] chloha lnh esa vkdj gh tksliQ dkWujSM (1857&1924) tSls ys[kdksaus vius miU;klksa esa vkSifuosf'kd X+kqykeh osQ L;kg i{k dks mtkxj fd;kA

ftUgsa X+kqyke cuk;k x;k Fkk] mudk fo'okl Fkk fd miU;kl us mUgsa viuhvfLerk] vius elyksa vkSj jk"Vªh; ljksdkjksa dks le>us dk ekSO+kQk fn;kAvkb, ns[ksa fd miU;kl Hkkjr esa oSQls vkSj dc yksdfiz; gqvk vkSj lektosQ fy, bldk D;k egÙo jgk\

187

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

2 miU;kl Hkkjr vk;k

Hkkjr esa x| dFkk,¡ igys Hkh fy[kh tk jgh FkhaA felky osQ rkSj ijck.kHkV~V us lkroha lnh esa laLoQr esa dknEcjh fy[kh FkhA iapra=k ,d vkSje'kgwj mnkgj.k gSA blosQ vykok I+kQkjlh vkSj mnwZ esa Hkh lkgl] ohjrk vkSjprqjkbZ osQ fdLlksa dh yach ijaijk Fkh] ftls nkLrku dgrs FksA

ysfdu ;s o`Qfr;k¡ ge vkt ftls miU;kl dgrs gSa] muls fHkUu FkhaA Hkkjresa vk/qfud miU;kl dk fodkl mUuhloha lnh esa if'peh miU;kl lsHkkjrh;ksa osQ ifjp; osQ ckn gqvkA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa] NikbZ] vkSj ikBd&oxZosQ fodkl ls blesa dkI+kQh enn feyhA ;gk¡ osQ vkjafHkd miU;kl caxkyhvkSj ejkBh esa fy[ks x,A ejkBh dk igyk miU;kl ckck iÁ.kth dk ;equki;ZVu (1857) Fkk] ftlesa fo/okvksa dh nqnZ'kk dks vk/kj cukdjlhèkh&lknh dgkuh cquh xbZ FkhA blosQ ckn y{e.k eksjs'oj gkYcs o`QreqDrekyk (1861) vk;kA ;g dksbZ ;FkkFkZoknh oQfr ugha Fkh] cfYd blosQ”kfj, ,d :ekuh* dgkuh osQ dysoj esa uSfrd lh[k nsus dh dksf'k'k dhxbZ FkhA mUuhloha lnh osQ vxz.kh miU;kldkjksa us fdlh u fdlh mís';dks ysdj miU;kl jpsA mifuos'koknh 'kkldksa dks ml le; dh Hkkjrh;laLo`Qfr derj u”kj vkrh FkhA ogha Hkkjrh; miU;kldkjksa us ns'k esavkèkqfud lkfgR; dk fodkl djus osQ mís'; ls fy[kkμ,slk lkfgR; tksyksxksa esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk vkSj mifuos'kh 'kkldksa ls cjkcjh dk vglkltxk losQA

fofHkUu {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa miU;klksa osQ vuqokn ls miU;kl dh yksdfiz;rkrks c<+h gh] bldk dbZ vkSj bykO+kQksa esa fodkl Hkh gqvkA

2-1 nf{k.k Hkkjr esa miU;kl

nf{k.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh miU;kl vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ nkSjku ghvkus yxs FksA dbZ 'kq#vkrh miU;kl rks vaxsz”kh miU;klksa osQ vuqokn osQ :iesa NisA felky osQ rkSj ij ekykcj osQ mi&U;k;k/h'k] vks- panw esuu uscsatkfeu fM”jk;yh osQ miU;kl gsujh,Vk VsEiy dk ey;kye esa rtqZek(vuqokn) djus dh dksf'k'k dhA ysfdu mUgsa tYnh gh eglwl gqvk fdosQjy osQ muosQ ikB vaxzs”kh miU;klksa osQ pfj=kksa osQ jgu&lgu] muosQdiM+ksa] mudh cksypky] muosQ jLeks&fjokt ls okfdI+kQ ugha FksA mUgsavaxzs”kh miU;klksa dk BsB vuqokn fugk;r mckmQ yxrkA blfy, mUgksausvuqokn dk fopkj NksM+ fn;k vkSj ^vaxzs”kh miU;klksa dh r”kZ ij* ,dey;kye dgkuh fy[khA banqys[kk (1889) uked ;g e”ksnkj miU;kley;kye dk igyk vkèkqfud miU;kl ekuk x;kA

vka/z izns'k dk ekeyk Hkh yxHkx ,slk gh jgkA dk.MqoqQjh fojs'k¯yxe(1848&1919) us vksfyoj xksYMfLeFk osQ fodkj vkWI+kQ csdI+kQhYM dk

lkjs ejkBh miU;kl ;FkkFkZijd ugha FksA ukjks lnkf'ko fjRcwnus vius ejkBh miU;kl eatw?kks"k (1868) esa csgn lkSan;kZRed'kSyh dk bLrseky fd;k FkkA bl miU;kl esa gSjrvaxs”k?kVukvksa dh Hkjekj FkhA fjRcwn us tkucw> dj ;g 'kSyh pquhFkhA

mudk dguk Fkkμ

^'kknh osQ izfr gekjs joS;s rFkk dbZ vU; dkj.kksa ls ¯gnqvksa dh¯”knxh esa u rks fnypLi u”kfj, feyrs gSa vkSj u fnypLiewY;---A vxj ge jks”kejkZ osQ rtqcks± osQ ckjs esa fy[ksa rks muesadqN e”ksnkj ugha jgsxk blfy, vxj gesa euksjatd fdrkcfy[kuh gS rks gesa cstksM+ ph”kkssa dks ysuk gh iM+sxkA*

ckWDl 3

fp=k 14 μ pUnw esuu(1847&1899)A

188

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

fp=k 15 μ fidfod ,czkWM dk ,d fp=kAth-MCY;w-,e- jsukWYM~l }kjk fy[kh iqLrd fidfod ,czkWM ls fy;k x;k,d fp=kAjsukYM] ,iQ- ekj;ksu ØkI+kQksMZ vkSj esjh dksjsyh tSls mUuhloha lnh osQ NksVsvaxzs”k miU;kldkj vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa cgqr e'kgwj FksAmuosQ miU;kl ,sfrgkfld izse dFkk] jksekapdkjh fO+kQLlksa vkSj luluh ijvk/kfjr gksrs FksA os ;gk¡ vklkuh ls miyC/ Fks mudk dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksaesa vuqokn vkSj ^:ikarj.k* fd;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr esa jsukYM dk fidfod,czkWM (1839) pkYlZ fMosQUl osQ ewy miU;kl fidfod isilZ (1837) osQeqO+kQkcys T;knk izfl¼ FkkA

rsyqxw vuqokn 'kq: fd;k ij mUgksaus Hkh oSls gh dkj.kksa ls ;g ;kstuk R;kxnh vkSj fiQj 1878 esa jkt'ks[kj pfjrew fy[kkA

2-2 fganh miU;kl

mÙkj esa vk/qfud fganh lkfgR; osQ iqjks/k] HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz] us viuheaMyh osQ dfo;ksa o ys[kdksa dks nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa iqujZpuk vkSj vuqokn

djus dks mRlkfgr fd;kA mudh izsj.kk ls dbZ lkjs miU;kl vaxzs”kh ;kcaxkyh ls fganh esa ;k rks vuwfnr gq, ;k :ikarfjr] ysfdu fganh dk igykmiU;kl fy[kus dk Js; fnYyh osQ Jhfuokl nkl dks tkrk gSA

ijh{kk&xq# (1882) uked bl miU;kl esa [kq'kgky ifjokjksa osQ ;qokvksa dkscqjh lax&lksgcr osQ uSfrd [krjksa ls vkxkg fd;k x;kA

ijh{kk&xq# ls uo&fufeZr eè;oxZ dh van:uh o ckgjh nqfu;k dk irkpyrk gSA miU;kl osQ pfj=kksa dks vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls O+kQne feykus esaoSQlh eqf'dysa vkrh gSa vkSj viuh lkaLo`Qfrd vfLerk dks ysdj os D;klksprs gSa] ;g bl miU;kl dk dF; gSA vkSifuosf'kd vk/qfudrk dhnqfu;k mudks ,d lkFk Hk;kud vkSj vkd"kZd ekywe iM+rh gSA miU;klikBd dks thus osQ lgh rjhO+ksQ* crkrk gS] vkSj gj foosdoku* bulku ls;g mEehn djrk gS fd os lekt&prqj vkSj O;kogkfjd cusa ij lkFk ghviuh laLoQfr vkSj ijaijk esa tes jgdj b””kr vkSj xfjek dh f”kanxh ft,¡A

189

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

'kq#vkrh ¯gnh miU;kl dh nks vge fo'ks"krkvksa osQ ckjs esafy[ksaA

ppkZ djsa

vle esa miU;kl

vle esa lcls 'kq#vkrh miU;kl fe'kufj;ksa us fy[ks FksA muesals nks dk caxkyh esa vuqokn fd;k x;k FkkA bu miU;klksa esaiwQye.kh vkSj d#.kk uked miU;kl Hkh 'kkfey FksA

1888 esa vlfe;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa us dksydkrk esa vlfe;k Hkk"kkjmUufrlk/u uked laLFkk dk xBu fd;k vkSj tksudh osQ ukels ,d if=kdk fudkyuh 'kq: dj nhA bl if=kdk osQ ”kfj,u, ys[kdksa dks miU;kl dh foèkk dks fodflr djus dkekSO+kQk feykA jtuhdkark ckjnksysbZ us vle esa eukserh (1900)osQ uke ls igyk cM+k ,sfrgkfld miU;kl fy[kkA ;g miU;klcehZ vfrØe.k osQ ckjs esa Fkk ftldh dgkfu;k¡ ys[kd uslaHkor% mu iqjkus flikfg;ksa ls gh lquh gksxh tks 1819 osQvfHk;ku esa fgLlk ys pqosQ FksA ;g ,d nwljs osQ nq'eu nksifjokjksa ls laca/ j[kus okys nks izsfe;ksa dh dFkk gS tks ;q¼ osQdkj.k fcNM+ tkrs gSa vkSj ckn esa nqckjk feyrs gSaA

ckWDl 4

miU;kl osQ fO+kQjnkj vius deZ ls nks vyx lalkjksa osQ chp dh nwjh ikVusdh dksf'k'k djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa% os u;h o`Qf"k rduhd viukrs gSa]O;kikj&deZ dks vk/qfud cukrs gSa] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx cnyrs gSa rkfdog ik'pkR; foKku vkSj Hkkjrh; cqf¼ nksuksa dks vfHkO;fDr djus esa l{kegks losaQA ;qokvksa ls v[+kckj i<+us dh LoLFk vknr* Mkyus dh vihy dhtkrh gSA ysfdu miU;kl esa bl ckr ij ”kksj gS fd ;g lc eè;oxhZx`gLFkh osQ ikjaifjd ewY;ksa ij le>kSrk fd, cxSj gksA viuh reke vPNhea'kk osQ ckotwn ijh{kk&xq# cgqr ”;knk ikBd ugha tqVk ik;k] 'kk;nblfy, fd bldh 'kSyh oqQN vf/d mins'kkRed FkhA

¯gnh miU;kl dk ikBd&oxZ nsodh uanu [k=kh osQ ys[ku ls iSnk gqvkAekuk tkrk gS fd mudh csLV&lsyj paædkUrk larfr & tks I+kaQrklh osQ rRoksals cquk gqvk :ekuh miU;kl Fkk & us ml le; osQ f'kf{kr rcO+kQksa esa gnhHkk"kk vkSj ukxjh fyfi dks yksdfç; cukus esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA gkyk¡fdbls ek=k ^i<+us osQ e”ks* osQ fy, fy[kk x;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh blls blosQikBd&oxZ dh pkgr vkSj muosQ Hk; osQ ckjs esa Hkh fnypLi lqjkx feyrk gSA

çsepan osQ ys[ku osQ lkFk gnh miU;kl esa mRÑ"Vrk vkbZA mnwZ ls fy[kuk'kq: dj os ckn esa ¯gnh esa fy[kus yxs vkSj nksuksa gh Hkk"kkvksa esa mudkçHkko ”kcjnLr jgkA mUgksaus ikjaifjd fO+kQLlkxksbZ ls viuh 'kSyh osQ fy,çsj.kk yhA dbZ vkykspd ekurs gSa fd 1916 esa çdkf'kr muosQ miU;kllsoklnu us gnh miU;kl dks I+kQarklh] mins'k vkSj ljy euksjatu osQ nk;jsls mBkdj vke yksxksa dh ”knxh vkSj lkekftd ljksdkjksa ij fopkjusokyhfo/k cuk fn;kA bl miU;kl esa ewyr% efgykvksa dh nqjkoLFkk ij è;kufn;k x;k gS] ij cky&fookg vkSj ngst tSls lkekftd elys Hkh mBk,x, gSaA lkFk gh blls gesa irk pyrk gS fd mPp oxZ us vkSifuosf'kd'kkldksa ls Lo'kklu osQ tks Hkh FkksM+s&cgqr ekSO+ksQ feys] mudk mUgksaus fdlrjg bLrseky fd;kA

2-3 caxky esa miU;kl

mUuhloha lnh osQ caxky dk miU;kl nks lalkjksa esa thrk Fkk] oqQN rksHkwrdky esa jgrs Fks] muosQ fO+kQjnkj] efgyk ?kVuk,¡] vkSj çse dgkfu;k¡,sfrgkfld gksrh FkhaA tcfd ,d vkSj fO+kQLe osQ miU;kl lelkef;defgyk ?kjsyw ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij osaQfær Fks] efgyk ?kjsyw miU;kl vkerkSj ijlkekftd leL;kvksa vkSj L=kh&iq#"k laca/ksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwers FksA

dydÙkk dk iqjkuk O;kikjh oqQyhu oxZ laxhr vkSj u`R; lHkkvksa vkSjdkO;&çfr;ksfxrkvksa dks laj{k.k nsrkA blosQ cjDl u, Hkæyksd dksmiU;kl dh nqfu;k ”;knk jkl vkbZ] mUgsa ,dkar esa i<+uk ”;knk Hkk;k]dHkh&dHkkj lewg esa Hkh miU;kl i<+s tkrs FksA cafde paæ pV~Vksikè;k;vius ?kj esa tk=kk dk vk;kstu djrs Fks vkSj mlesa iwjk ifjokj 'kjhd gksrkFkkA ysfdu muosQ vius dejs esa lkfgfR;d fe=k bdV~Bk gksdj lkfgfR;d

190

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

mfM+;k miU;kl

1877&78 esa ukVddkj jke'kadj jk; us lkSnkfeuh osQ uke lsigys mfM+;k miU;kl dk /kjkokfgd izdk'ku 'kq: fd;kyssfdu os bls iwjk ugha dj ik,A 30 lky osQ Hkhrj mM+hlk esaiQdhj eksgu lsukifr (1843&1918) osQ :i esa ,d cM+kmiU;kldkj iSnk fd;kA muosQ ,d miU;kl dk uke N% ek.kksvkBkS xqaBkS (1902) Fkk ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS & Ng ,dM+vkSj cÙkhl xV~Bs ”kehuA bl miU;kl osQ lkFk ,d u, fO+kQLeosQ miU;kl dh /kjk 'kq: gqbZ tks ”kehu vkSj ml ij gO+kQ osQloky ls tqM+h FkhA bl miU;kl esa jkepanz eaxjkt dh dgkuhgS tks ,d ”kehankj osQ eSustj dh ukSdjh djrk gSA ;g eSustjvius vkylh vkSj fi;DdM+ ekfyd dks Bxrk gS vkSjfu%lUrku cqudj ifr&iRuh Hkfx;k vkSj lkfj;k dh mitkÅ”kehu dks gfFk;kus dh tqxr lksprk jgrk gSA eaxjkt cqudjnaifr dks csodwiQ cukdj mUgsa O+kQ”ksZ esa nck ysrk gS ftlls”kehu mldh gks tk,A ;g miU;kl ehy dk iRFkj lkfcrgqvk vkSj blus lkfcr dj fn;k fd miU;kl osQ ”kfj, xzkeh.keqn~nksa dks Hkh xgjh lksp dk vge fgLlk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA;g miU;kl fy[krs gq, iQdhj eksgu us caxky rFkk vU; LFkkuksaij cgqr lkjs ys[kdksa osQ fy, jkLrk [kksy fn;k FkkA

ckWDl 5

fp=k 17 & eafnj vkSj cSBdAnk,¡ fljs ij eafnj cuk gS tgk¡ ifjokj osQ yksx rFkk vU;yksx bd~VBk gksrs gSa tcfd ck,¡ fljs ij og cSBd gS ftlesacafde vius dqN nksLrksa osQ lkFk u;h lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa ijppkZ fd;k djrs FksA è;ku nsa] ijaijkxr vkSj vk/qfud&nksuksafO+kQLe dh txg ,d nwljs ls lVh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSaA ;gvkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vf/dka'k cqf¼thfo;ksa dh [kafMrthou'kSyh dh vksj laosQr gSA

fp=k 16 μ cafdepanz pV~Vksik/;k; (1838&1894)Afdrkc ij cafde osQ gkFk n'kkZrs gSa fd ys[ku ghmudh lkekftd gSfl;r vkSj jlw[k dk vk/kj FkhA

Ñfr;ksa dks i<+dj mudk ewY;kadu djrs Fks] muij cgl&eqckfglk djrsFksA tc cafde us vius igys miU;kl] nqxsZ'kuafnuh (1865) dk ,sls gh,d lewg esa ikB fd;k rks lHkk us nk¡rksa rys m¡xyh nck yh fd caxkyhx| us fdruh tYnh ,slh mRÑ"Vrk gkfly dj yh Fkh!

dFkkud esa jgL;&jksekap osQ mrkj&p<+ko dh iVqrk rks Fkh gh] mldh Hkk"kkHkh fujkyh FkhA bldh x|&'kSyh vius vki esa vkuan dk lzksr cu xbZA'kq:&'kq: esa caxkyh miU;klksa esa 'kgjh thou dh r”kZ ij cksypky dh'kSyh dk bLrseky gqvkA lkFk gh] efgykvksa esa çpfyr cksyh es;syh dkHkh mi;ksx fd;k x;kA ;g 'kSyh tYn gh cny xbZ & cafde dh Hkk"kklaLÑrfu"B Fkh ij mlesa cksfy;ksa dk Hkh iqV FkkA

miU;kl cgqr 'kh?kz caxky esa [kwc yksdfç; gks x;kA chloha lnh rdvkrs&vkrs ljy Hkk"kk esa dgkuh dgus dh mudh O+kQkfcfy;r us 'kjn paæpV~Vksikè;k; (1876&1938) dks caxky] ;k 'kk;n iwjs Hkkjr dk] lclsyksdfç; miU;kldkj cuk fn;kA

191

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

3 vkSifuosf'kd ”kekus esa miU;kl

lq/kj dk lans'k

cgqr lkjs 'kq#vkrh miU;klksa esa lq/kjoknh lans'k lkI+kQfn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, 1899 esa xqykoM+h osadVjko}kjk fy[ks x, dUuM+ miU;kl&bafnjkckbZ esa ukf;dk dkscgqr de mez esa ,d cw<+s ls C;kg fn;k tkrk gSA dqN ghle; esa mlosQ ifr dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS vkSj mls fo/ok dkthou thus dks foo'k fd;k tkrk gSA vius ifjokj vkSjlekt osQ fojks/ osQ ckotwn bafnjkckbZ viuh rkyhe tkjhj[krh gSA vkf[+kjdkj og nqckjk 'kknh djrh gSA bl ckj og,d vaxzs”kh i<+s&fy[ks vkneh ls 'kknh djrh gSA ml le;dukZVd osQ lkekftd lq/kjdksa osQ lkeus efgyk f'k{kk]foèkokvksa dh nqnZ'kk vkSj yM+fd;ksa osQ de mez esa fookg lsiSnk gksus okyh leL;kvksa ij dkI+kQh eaFku py jgk FkkA

ckWDl 6

fp=k 18 & miU;kl bafnjkckbZ dkvkoj.k i`"BAmUuhloha lnh osQ var esa fy[kk x;k miU;klbafnjkckbZ vkt Hkh yksdfiz; gS vksj mldkfu;fer :i ls iqueqZnz.k gks jgk gSA ;g gky ghosQ ,d laLdj.k dk vkoj.k i`"B gSA

vxj ge Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu bykO+kQksa esa miU;kl osQ fodkl dks X+kkSj ls ns[ksarks gesa muesa dbZ lkjh {ks=kh; fo'ks"krk,¡ fn[kkbZ nsaxh] ij muesa ,d rjg dhlekurk vkSj ckj&ckj fn[kus okyk iSVuZ Hkh u”kj vk,xkA ys[kdksa dksmiU;kl fy[kus dh çsj.kk dgk¡ ls feyrh Fkh\ mUgsa i<+rk dkSu Fkk\ i<+usdh laLÑfr fdl rjg fodflr gqbZ\ vkSifuosf'kd ifjos'k esa lkekftdifjorZu ls miU;kl fdl rjg :&c&: gqvk\ miU;klksa us vius ikBdksaosQ fy, dkSu&ls u, txr [kksys\ bu lokyksa dk tokc nsus dh dksf'k'kdjrs gq, ge ewy :i ls rhu vyx bykO+kQksa osQ bu rhu ys[kdksa osQ jpuktxr dks ns[ksaxs% panw esuu] cafde paæ pV~Vksikè;k; vkSj çsepanA

3-1 miU;kl osQ bLrseky

vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj dks miU;klksa esa nslh thou o jhfr&fjokt ls tqM+htkudkjh dk cgqewY; lzksr u”kj vk;kA ukuk çdkj osQ leqnk;ksa o tkfr;ksaokys Hkkjrh; lekt ij 'kklu djus osQ fy, bl rjg dh tkudkjh mi;ksxhFkhA Hkkjrh; ?kjksa osQ vanj D;k gksrk gS] Hkyk mUgsa oSQls irk py ikrk\ ijHkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ bu u, miU;klksa esa x`gLFkh dk foiqy o.kZu FkkA mUgsai<+dj yksxksa osQ igukos&vks<+kos] iwtk&ikB] muosQ fo'okl vkSj vkpkjvkfn osQ ckjs esa lgt irk py ldrk FkkA buesa ls oqQN fdrkcksa dk rksvaxzs”kh vuqokn Hkh gqvk] ftldks vatke nsus okys vdlj ;k rks fczrkuhç'kkld Fks] ;k bZlkbZ fe'kujhA

¯gnqLrkfu;ksa us miU;klksa dk bLrseky lekt esa tks mudh u”kj esa cqjkb;k¡Fkha] mudh vkykspuk djus vkSj muosQ bykt lq>kus osQ fy, fd;kAohjs'k¯yxe tSls ys[kdksa us miU;kl dk mi;ksx ewyr% vius fopkjksa dks”;knk ls ”;knk yksxksa rd igq¡pkus osQ fy, fd;kA

miU;klksa dh enn ls Hkwr osQ lkFk fj'rk Hkh O+kQk;e fd;k x;kA dbZ lkjsmiU;kl iqjkus ”kekus dh 'kkS;Z vkSj lkf”k'k dh jksekapd dgkfu;k¡ FksAçkphu dky dk efgek&xk;u djosQ bu Ñfr;ksa us vius ikBdksa esa jk"Vªh;xkSjo dh Hkkouk dk lapkj fd;kA

ij ;g Hkh lgh gS dksbZ Hkh O;fDr miU;klksa dks i<+ ldrk Fkk] c'krsZ mlsmldh Hkk"kk vkrh gksA bl rjg Hkk"kk osQ lk>k vk/kj ij ,d vyx fO+kQLedh lkewfgdrk Hkh iSnk gqbZA

vkius X+kkSj fd;k gksxk fd ,d gh bykO+ksQ osQ yksx vdlj ,d gh Hkk"kkdks vyx&vyx yg”ks esa cksyrs gSa&dHkh os ,d gh ph”k osQ fy, nwljs'kCn bLrseky djrs gSa] rks dHkh mlh 'kCn dk vyx <ax ls mPpkj.k fd;ktkrk gSA miU;kl osQ vkxeu osQ ckn bl rjg dh fofo/rk,¡ NikbZ dh

192

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kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

rfey Hkk"kk osQ lcls yksdfiz; ,sfrgkfld miU;kldkjvkj- Ñ".kewfrZ jgs gSa tks ^dfYd * osQ uke ls fy[krs FksAmUgksaus Lora=krk vkanksyu esa c<+p<+ dj fgLlk fy;k vkSj osizfl¼ rfey if=kdkvksa& vkuanfodkru vkSj dfYd osQ laikndFksA ljy Hkk"kk esa fy[ks vkSj cgknqjh] jksekap] jgL; ls HkjsmiU;klksa us rfey Hkkf"k;ksa dh ,d iwjh ih<+h dks viuseksgik'k esa ck¡/k gqvk FkkA

ckWDl 7

fp=k 19 & dfYd }kjk fyf[kr vkSjdfYd uked if=kdk esa /kjkokfgdizdkf'kr gq, miU;kl iksUuhf;ulsyou dk ,d iUuk] 1951

nqfu;k esa igyh ckj nkf[ky gqb±A miU;kl dk dkSu lk ik=k fdl rjgcksyrk gS] ;g mlosQ bykO+ksQ] oxZ ;k tkfr dk ifjpk;d cu x;kA blçdkj miU;kl osQ ”kfj, yksx ;g tku ik, fd muosQ bykO+ksQ osQ gh yksxmudh Hkk"kk fdl rjg vyx <ax ls cksyrs gSaA

3-2 vk/qfud gksus dh leL;k,¡

dkYifud dgkfu;k¡ gksus osQ ckotwn miU;kl vdlj vius ikBdksa lsmuosQ vlyh lalkj dh ckrsa djrsA ij ;g Hkh r; gS muesa nqfu;k dhvlfy;r oSlh gh ugha fn[kkbZ tkrh Fkh] tSlh og okO+kQbZ gSA dHkh&dHkhmuesa nqfu;k oSQlh gksuh pkfg,] mldk vkn'kZ is'k fd;k tkrk FkkAlkekftd miU;kldkj cgq/k vkn'kZ uk;d&ukf;dk,¡ is'k djrs Fks] ftUgsamuosQ ikBd ljkg losQ] ftudk os vuqlj.k dj losQA ;s vkn'kZ xq.k HkykoSQls ifjHkkf"kr gksrs Fks\ vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ dbZ miU;klksa esa vkn'kZO;fDr X+kqykeh osQ thou dh lcls vge nqfo/k dk liQyrkiwoZd fuokZgdjrk gS% ijaijk dks R;kxs fcuk vk/qfud oSQls cusa\ if'pe ls vkus okysfopkjksa dks viuh igpku [kks, cxSj oSQls Lohdkjsa\

panw esuu dh banqys[kk osQ :i esa ftl ik=k dk l`tu fd;k] ml viwoZlqanjh esa dbZ vn~Hkqr ckSf¼d vkSj dykRed çfrHkk,¡ Fkha] vkSj og laLÑro vaxzs”kh i<+h gqbZ FkhA uk;d ek/ou Hkh vkn'kZ jax esa j¡xk x;k FkkA ogeækl fo'ofo|ky; ls iSnk gq, u, vaxzs”kh&f'k{kk&çkIr uk;j oxZ dk

193

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

fp=k 20 μ dUuM+ if=kdk dFkkatfy dk vkoj.k i`"BAdFkkatfy dk izdk'ku 1929 esa 'kq: gqvk vkSj mlesafu;fer :i ls y?kqdFkk,¡ Nirh FkhaA bl rlohj esa ,dek¡ vius cPpksa dks dgkuh i<+dj lquk jgh gSA

lnL; FkkA lkFk gh og mPp dksfV dk laLÑrK* Hkh FkkA if'peh diM+srks igurk Fkk] ij lkFk gh] uk;j jhfr osQ eqrkfcO+kQ yach pqfV;k Hkh j[krk FkkA

”;knkrj miU;kl osQ uk;d o ukf;dk,¡ vk/qfud nqfu;k dh iSnkb'k FksAbl rjg os Hkkjr osQ iqjkus ”kekus osQ feFkdh; vkn'kZ pfj=kksa ls vyx FksAvkSifuosf'kd ;qx esa vaxzs”kh&f'kf{kr oxZ dks ik'pkR; jgu&lgu vkSjfopkj vkd£"kr djrs FksA ij mUgsa bldk Hkh vans'kk Fkk fd if'peh ewY;ksadks Fkksd&Hkko ls viuk ysus ij dgha mudh viuh ikjaifjd thou&'kSyhu u"V gks tk,A banqys[kk vkSj ek/ou tSls fO+kQjnkjksa us ikBdksa dks fn[kk;kfd oSQls Hkkjrh; vkSj fons'kh thou&'kSyh esa vkn'kZ rkyesy fcBk;k tkldrk gSA

3-3 ikB dk vkuan

ckO+kQh nqfu;k dh rjg miU;kl Hkkjr esa Hkh eè;oxZ osQ euksjatu dkyksdfç; ekè;e cu x;kA fdrkcksa osQ pyu esa vkus osQ ckn yksxksa osQ gkFkeu&cgyko osQ u, rjhO+ksQ yx x,A lfp=k fdrkcsa] nwljh Hkk"kkvksa lsvuqokn] yksdfç; xkus] ftUgsa dHkh&dHkh lelkef;d ?kVukvksa osQ vk/kjij jpk tkrk Fkk] ;s lc euksjatu osQ u, lk/u FksA ¯çV dh bl u;hlaLÑfr esa miU;kl tYn gh egk&yksdfç; gks x,A

felky osQ rkSj ij rfey esa chloha lnh osQ 'kq#vkrh n'kdksa esa miU;klksadh ck<+&lh vk xbZA ikBdksa ek¡x iwjh djus osQ fy, tklwlh vkSjjgL;kRed miU;kl dks rks dbZ nI+ksQ Nkiuk iM+rk Fkk&vkSj oqQNsd rks 22ckj iqueqZfær gq,A

miU;kl dh enn ls yksxksa us ekSu jgdj i<+uk lh[kkA ge pqipki i<+usosQ ,sls vknh gks pqosQ gSa fd gekjs fy, ;g lkspuk Hkh eqf'dy gks tkrkgS fd igys osQ ”kekus esa ;g vke pyu ugha FkkA

mUuhloha lnh osQ vkf[kj rd cfYd 'kk;n chloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr rdfyf[kr ikB cksy&cksy dj i<+k tkrk Fkk rkfd bdV~Bk yksx lqu losaQAdHkh&dHkh miU;kl Hkh ,sls gh i<+s tkrs jgs ij vkerkSj ij miU;klvosQys esa vkSj [kkeks'k jgdj gh i<+s tkrsA ?kj esa vosQyk cSBk ;k jsyxkM+hesa lI+kQj djrk O;fDr miU;kl i<+us dk vkuan ys ldrk FkkA fdlhHkhM+&Hkjs dejs esa Hkh ikBd miU;kl dh nqfu;k eas Mwcdj lc&oqQN Hkwyldrk FkkA bl rjg miU;kl i<+uk ,d fnokLoIu ns[kus tSlk FkkA

194

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

4 efgyk,¡ vkSj miU;kl

oqQN yksxksa dks ;g ¯prk lrkus yxh fd miU;kl dk yksxksa osQ ”ksgu ijD;k çHkko iM+sxkμD;ksafd ”;knkrj ikBd rks gO+kQhO+kQr dh nqfu;k ls ,slsdkYifud txr esa pys tkrs Fks] tgk¡ oqQN Hkh gks ldrk FkkA muesa ls oqQNus i=k&if=kdkvksa esa ys[k fy[kdj yksxksa ls vihy dh fd os miU;klksa osQuSfrd nq"çHkko ls cpsaA ;g funsZ'k [+kklrkSj ij efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dksyf{kr Fkk % ekuk tkrk Fkk fd mUgsa cM+h vklkuh ls cgdk;k tk ldrk gSA

oqQN ek¡&cki miU;klksa dks vius cPpksa dh igq¡p ls ckgj] elyu NTtsij fNikdj] j[krs FksA ;qok vdlj i<+us dk dke pksjh&fNis djrs FksAysfdu ;g mRlkg flI+kZQ ;qokvksa rd lhfer ugha FkkA cM+h&cw<+h efgyk,¡tks vkerkSj ij i<+h&fy[kh ugha Fkha] Hkh yksdfç; rfey miU;klksa dksvius iksrs&iksfr;ksa ls cM+h rYyhurk ls lqurh Fkha] tks fd nknh&ukuh dhdgkfu;ksa dh dgkor dk ,dne myV fO+kQLlk gqvkA

ysfdu efgyk,¡ iq#"kksa }kjk fy[kh xbZ dgkfu;ksa dh ikfBdk&ek=k cudjugha jghaA oqQN Hkk"kkvksa esa mudh lcls 'kq#vkrh jpuk,¡ dfork,¡] ys[k ;kvkRedFkkRed c;ku FkhaA chloha lnh osQ vkjafHkd n'kdksa esa nf{k.k Hkkjrdh ysf[kdkvksa us miU;kl vkSj dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[kus 'kq: dj fn,Aefgykvksa osQ chp miU;kl dh yksdfç;rk dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fdblls ukjhRo dh ,d u;h ifjdYiuk mHkjrh FkhA dbZ miU;klksa dh ewydFkkud çse&dgkfu;ksa esa ,slh efgyk,¡ vkrh Fkha] tks vius lkFkh ;k fj'rsdks Lo;a pqu ldrh Fkha] ;k mUgsa vLohdkj ldrh FkhaA ;kuh buesa ,slhefgykvksa dk fp=k.k Fkk tks viuh ¯”knxh dh ekyfdu [kqn FkhaA oqQNysf[kdkvksa us ,slh ukfj;ksa osQ ckjs esa fy[kk ftUgksaus vkSjrksa osQ lkFk&lkFkenks± dh nqfu;k Hkh cny MkyhA

jksoSQ;k gqlSu (1880&1932) lekt lq/kjd Fkha] ftUgksaus fo/ok gksus osQckn dydÙkk esa ,d ckfydk fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus vaxzs”kh esalqYrkuk dk LoIu (1905) uked ,d O;aX;kRed I+kaQrklh fy[kh] ftlesaml myV&iqyV Hkjh nqfu;k dh ckr dh xbZ tgk¡ efgykvksa us iq#"kksa dhtxg ys yh gSA muosQ miU;kl in~ejkx us viuh fdLer dk I+kSQlyk [kqndjosQ efgykvksa dh n'kk lq/kjus dk vkàku fd;kA

gSjr dh ckr ugha fd dbZ lkjs enZ efgykvksa }kjk miU;kl fy[kus ;k i<+usosQ pyu dks 'kd dh u”kj ls ns[krs FksA 'kd djus okyksa esa gj leqnk;

u, 'kCnO;aX; % ys[ku] fp=kdkjh] js[kkadu vkfn osQ ekè;e ls fu:i.k dk ,d ,slk <axftlesa gkL;ijd vkSj prqj <ax ls lekt dh vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA

fp=k 21 μ i<+rh gqbZ ,d vkSjr] lR;sUnzukFk fc'kh }kjk cuk;k dk"B fp=kAbl dk"B fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd fdlrjg vkSjrsa Hkh i<+us dk e”kk ysus yxh FkhaAmUuhloha lnh osQ var esa i<+rh gqbZ vkSjrksadh Nfo;k¡ Hkkjr dh yksdfiz; if=kdkvksa esavdlj fn[kkbZ nsus yxh FkhaA

vkSjrksa dks miU;kl D;ksa ugha i<+uk pkfg,A

1927 esa izdkf'kr ,d rfey ys[k ,d va'kμ

^fiz; cPpksa] bu miU;klksa dks i<+uk er] Nwuk Hkh ughaA rqEgkjh¯”knxh rckg gks tk,xhA rqEgsa chekfj;k¡ vkSj O;kf/;k¡ ?ksj ysaxhAbZ'oj us rqEgsa D;ksa iSnk fd;k gS& bruh NksVh&lh mez esa HkVdusosQ fy,\ chekj iM+us osQ fy,\ rqEgkjs Hkkb;ksa] fj'rsnkjksa vkSjvklikl okyksa dh ?k`.kk dk ik=k cuus osQ fy,\ ughaA ughaArqEgsa ek¡ cuuk gS] rqEgsa vPNh ¯”knxh pkfg,_ ;gh rqEgkjk nSohmn~ns'; gSA rqEgsa bl egku mn~ns'; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, tUefy;k gS] D;k rqEgsa bu--- miU;klksa osQ ihNs ikxy gksdj viuh¯”knxh cckZn dj nsuh pkfg,\*

fFk:-oh-dk- }kjk fyf[kr fuca/_ ,-vkj- osadVpyifr }kjkvuwfnrA Ïksr

lzksr&d

195

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

osQ yksx FksA bZlkbZ /eZçpkjd vkSj caxkyh osQ 'kk;n igys miU;kl d#.kkvks iwQyeuhj fccj.k dh ysf[kdk gkuk ewysUl vius ikBdksa dks crkrh gSafd os xqIr :i ls fy[kk djrh FkhaA chloha lnh esa 'kSyckyk ?kks"k t;kblfy, fy[k ikb± D;ksafd mUgsa vius ifr dk laj{k.k çkIr FkkA tSlk fdgesa nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ n"Vkar ls irk gS] ;gk¡ Hkh yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa dksi<+us ls fu#Rlkfgr fd;k tkrk FkkA

4-1 tkfr çFkk] ^fuEu tkfr;k¡* vkSj vYila[;d

vkidks irk gS fd banqys[kk ,d çse dgkuh FkhA ysfdu ;g mPp tkfr*dh ,d oSokfgd leL;k ls Hkh :&c&: Fkh ftl ij blosQ fy[ks tkusosQ oD+r okn&fookn py jgk FkkA uEcwnjh czkã.k ml le; osQjy osQ cM+s”kehankj Fks vkSj uk;jksa dk ,d cM+k rcO+kQk muosQ jS;r@yxkunkj FksA viusvki /u v£tr dj vehj cus uk;jksa dh u;h ih<+h uk;j efgykvksa osQlkFk uEcwnjh czkã.kksa osQ fj'rs ij vkifÙk trkus yxhA os pkgrs Fks fd 'kknhvkSj laifÙk dks ysdj u, O+kQkuwu cuk, tk,¡A

bl fookn osQ vkyksd esa banqys[kk dks i<+uk dkI+kQh fnypLi gksxkA tksbanqys[kk ls 'kknh osQ fy, vkusokys lwjh uEcwnjh uked csoowQI+kQ ”kehankj dksbl miU;kl osQ O;aX; dk f'kdkj cuk;k x;k gSA cqf¼eku ukf;dk mldksvLohdkj dj nsrh gS] vkSj i<+s&fy[ks] lqanj] uk;j ek/ou dks pqurh gS]fiQj ;qok naifr eækl vkdj jgrs gSa] tgk¡ ek/ou flfoy lsok esa ukSdjhdjrk gSA lwjh uEcwnjh dks 'kknh dh rM+i Fkh] fygk”kk og mlh ifjokjdh ,d X+kjhc lacaèkh ls 'kknh jpk dj pyk tkrk gS] ;g lksprs gq, fdmlus banqys[kk ls gh 'kknh dh gSA panw esuu pkgrs gSa fd muosQ ikBduk;d&ukf;dk }kjk viuk, x, u, ewY;ksa dks ljkgsa vkSj lwjh uEcwnjh osQvuSfrd gFkdaMksa dh unk djsaA

bafnjkckbZ vkSj banqys[kk tSls miU;kl mPp tkfr osQ miU;kldkjksa }kjk] ewy:i ls oSls gh pfj=kksa dks ysdj fy[ks x, FksA ysfdu lkjs miU;kl ,slsgh ugha FksA

mÙkjh osQjy dh ^fuEu* tkfr osQ ys[kd ikSFksjh oqaQtkEcq us 1892 esaljLorhfot;e uked miU;kl fy[kk] ftlesa tkfr&neu dh dM+h unkdh xbZA bl miU;kl dk vNwr* uk;d czkã.k ”kehankj osQ ”kqYe ls cpusosQ fy, 'kgj Hkkx tkrk gSA og bZlkbZ /eZ viuk ysrk gS] i<+&fy[kdjtt cudj] LFkkuh; dpgjh esa okil vkrk gSA blh chp xk¡o okys ;glkspdj fd ”kehankj us mldh gR;k dj nh gS] vnkyr esa eqO+kQnek dj nsrsgSaA ekeys dh lquokbZ osQ vkf[+kj esa tt viuh vlyh igpku [kksyrk gSvkSj uEcwnjh dks vius fd, ij i'pkrki gksrk gS] og lq/j tkrk gSA blrjg ljLorhfot;e fuEu tkfr osQ yksxksa dh rjDO+kQh osQ fy, f'k{kk osQegÙo dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA

fdrkcksa osQ lkFk vkSjrsa

^vktdy ge dkyh fdukjh okyh lkfM+;k¡ igus vkSj gkFkksa esaeksVh&eksVh fdrkcsa fy, vkSjrksa dks vius ?kj esa Vgyrs ns[krsgSaA muosQ gkFkksa esa vdlj fdrkcsa ns[kdj muosQ HkkbZ ;k ifrHk;Hkhr gks tkrs gSa&dgha os fdlh 'kCn dk eryc u iwN ysaA*

lk/kj.kh] 1880

ckWDl 8

fp=k 22 μ ekykckj C;wVh] jfo oekZ dk fp=kApUnw esuu dk ekuuk Fkk fd miU;kl HkhHkkjrh; fp=kdyk osQ {ks=k esa lkeus vk jgs u,#>kuksa dh rjg gSaAjktk jfo oekZ bl dky osQ lcls izeq[k rSyfp=kdkjksa esa Fks (1848&1906)A pUnw esuu usviuh ukf;dkvksa dk ftl rjg fp=k.k fd;kgS ml ij jfo oekZ osQ fp=kksa dk vlj Hkh gksldrk gSA

196

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

caxky esa Hkh 1920 osQ vklikl ,d u;h fO+kQLe osQ miU;kl dk vkuk gqvkftuesa fdlkuksa vkSj fuEu tkfr;ksa ls tqM+s elys mBk, x,A v}Sr eYykceZu (1914&51) us rhrk'k ,dVh unhj uke (1956) osQ :i esa rhrk'kunh esa eNyh ekjdj thusokys eYykgksa osQ thou ij ,d egkdkO;kRedmiU;kl fy[kkA blesa eYykgksa dh rhu ihf<+;ksa dh] mudh lrr =kklfn;ksadh vkSj viuh lqgkxjkr dks gh ,d&nwljs ls fcNqM+ x, ek¡&cki osQ csVsvuar dh dgkfu;k¡ gSaA vuar viuh fcjknjh dks NksM+dj 'kgj vkdj i<+kbZdjrk gSA miU;kl esa eYykgksa osQ lkeqnkf;d thou dk] muosQ gksyh vkSjdkyh iwtk mRloksa dks Hkh] ukSdk&nkSM+] HkfV;kyh xkuksa] fdlkuksa ls muosQfj'rs] nksLrh&nq'euh vkSj mPp tkfr;ksa osQ lkFk lkFk mudh oSeuL;rk dkfo'kn o.kZu gSA ij /hjs&/hjs 'kgj ls vkrs lkaLÑfrd çHkkoksa osQ ncko esaleqnk; esa njkj iM+ tkrh gS] eYykg vkil esa yM+us yxrs gSaA leqnk; vkSjunh osQ chp cM+k u”knhdh vkilh laca/ gSA mudk var Hkh lkFk&lkFkgksrk gSμT;ksa&T;ksa unh lw[krh gS] leqnk; ejrk tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd ceZu lsigys osQ miU;kldkjksa us Hkh ^fuEu* tkfr osQ fO+kQjnkj jps Fks ij rhrk'kblfy, [+kkl gS pw¡fd ys[kd [kqn fuEu* tkfr osQ eYykg leqnk; osQ FksA

oD+r osQ lkFk miU;kl&ekè;e esa ,sls leqnk;ksa dks LFkku feyus yxk tkslkfgfR;d ifjn`'; ij vc rd u”kj ugha vk, FksA felky osQ rkSj ijoSdkse eqgEen c'khj (1908&96) ey;kye esa e'kgwj gksusokys 'kq#vkrheqfLye miU;kldkjksa esa ls ,d FksA

c'khj dh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ugha osQ cjkcj gqbZ FkhA mudh ”;knkrj Ñfr;k¡muosQ vius vuqHkoksa] u fd i<+h gqbZ fdrkcksa] ij vk/kfjr FkhaA ik¡p lkydh mez esa LowQy dh i<+kbZ djrs le; mUgksaus ued lR;kxzg esa Hkkx ysusosQ fy, ?kj NksM+ fn;kA ckn esa lkyksa rd og Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa?kwers jgs] fiQj vjc x,] tgk”k ij dke fd;k] lwI+kQh vkSj gnw laU;kfl;ksadh lksgcr dh] igyokuh Hkh lh[khA

c'khj dh miU;kfldk,¡ vkSj dgkfu;k¡ vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa fy[khxbZ FkhaA c'khj osQ miU;kl eqfLye ?kjksa dh jks”kkuk dh ”knxh dks pqVhysvank”k esa c;ku djrs FksA vius ys[ku esa mUgksaus X+kjhc] ikxyiu] vkSj canhthou ij ,sls dFkkud jps tks ey;kye esa ml le; vke ugha FksA

fp=k 23 μ fdrkcsa l¡Hkkys c'khjAys[kd osQ rkSj ij vius 'kq#vkrh lkyksa esac'khj dks viuh fdrkcksa osQ lgkjsjks”kh&jksVh pykus esa Hkkjh ijs'kkuh is'kvkbZA os [kqn viuh fdrkcsa ?kjksa vkSjnqdkuksa esa tkdj csprs FksA c'khj us viuhdqN dgkfu;ksa esa mu fnuksa dk Hkh f”kØfd;k gS tc os viuh gh fdrkcksa dks?kwe&?kwedj csprs FksA

197

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

5 jk"Vª vkSj mldk bfrgkl

vkSifuosf'kd bfrgkldkjksa }kjk fy[ks x, bfrgkl esa ¯gnqLrkfu;ksa dksvkerkSj ij de”kksj] vkil esa foHkkftr vkSj vaxzs”kksa ij fuHkZj crk;k tkrkFkkA bl bfrgkl ls Hkkjr osQ u, ç'kkldksa vkSj ckSf¼dksa dks vlarks"k gksukykf”keh FkkA u gh mudk fo'okl lqjksa&vlqjksa osQ gSjrvaxs”k vkSj vaèkfo'oklhdkjukeksa o fdjnkjksa ls iVh ikjaifjd ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;ksa ij te ldrk FkkA,sls ekul dks Hkwr osQ ,d u, n`f"Vdks.k dh njdkj Fkh] os ;g trkukpkgrs Fks fd Hkkjrh; Lora=k psruk okys Fks] vkSj bfrgkl esa Hkh vk”kkn&[+k;kyjgs FksA mUgsa miU;kl us ,d vPNk lek/ku eqgS;k djk;kA blesa jk"VªHkwrdky esa dfYir fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] vkSj bl rjg vrhr esa ,sfrgkfldpfj=k vkSj LFkku] ?kVuk,¡ vkSj rkjh[+k gks ldrh FkhaA

caxky esa dbZ lkjs miU;kl ejkBksa o jktiwrksa dks ysdj fy[ks x,A bulsvf[ky&Hkkjrh;rk dk vglkl iSnk gqvkA muesa dfYir jk"Vª :ekuh lkgl]ohjrk] vkSj R;kx ls vksr&çksr FkkA ;s ,sls xq.k Fks ftUgsa mUuhloha lnh osQnÝ+rjksa vkSj lM+dksa ij ikuk eqf'dy FkkA bl rjg miU;kl esa X+kqyke turkus viuh pkgr dks lkdkj djus dk ”kfj;k <w¡<+kA Hkwnsc eq[kksikè;k;(1827&94) Ñr v¡xqfj;k fcfuekW; (1857) caxky esa fy[kk tkus okykigyk ,sfrgkfld miU;kl FkkA blosQ uk;d f'kokth /wrZ vkSj oqQfVyvkSjax”ksc ls dbZ ckj yksgk ysrs gSaA eku ¯lg f'kokth dks 'kkafr&le>kSrkosQ fy, vkxzg djrs gSaA ysfdu ;g le>us osQ ckn fd vkSjax”ksc mUgsau”kjcan djuk pkgrk gS] f'kokth Hkkx fudyrs gSa vkSj fiQj ls tax osQeSnku esa u”kj vkrs gSaA muosQ lkgl vkSj thou dk çsj.kkÏksr ;g fo'oklgS fd os ¯gnqvksa dh vk”kknh osQ fy, yM+ jgs jk"Vªoknh gSaA

miU;kl esa dfYir jk"Vª esa bruh rkO+kQr Fkh fd blls çsfjr gksdj vlyhjktuhfrd vkanksyu mB [kM+s gq,A cafde dk vkuaneB (1882) eqlyekuksals yM+dj ¯gnw lkezkT; LFkkfir djus okys ¯gnw lSU;&laxBu dh dgkuhdgrk gSA bl ,d miU;kl us rjg&rjg osQ Lora=krk&lsukfu;ksa dks çsfjrfd;kA

buesa ls oqQN miU;kl gesa jk"Vª osQ ckjs esa ,d vkSj rjg ls lkspus dks etcwjdjrs gSaA D;k Hkkjr dks flI+kZQ ,d /k£ed leqnk; dk gksuk Fkk\ fdu yksxksaosQ ikl bl jk"Vª osQ oklh gksus dk O+kqQnjrh nkok Fkk\

5-1 miU;kl vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k

lkgl vkSj 'kkS;Z'kkyh vrhr osQ vkg~oku osQ ”kfj, miU;kl dks ,d lk>sjk"Vª osQ vglkl dks yksdfç; cukus esa enn feyhA lk>k lekt fn[kkus dk,d vkSj rjhdk ;g Fkk fd miU;kl esa gj rcO+ksQ ;k oxZ osQ pfj=k x<+stk,¡A çsepan osQ miU;klksa esa lekt osQ gj Lrj ls vk, ukukfo/

fp=k 24 μ psEehu fI+kQYe dk n`';Acgqr lkjs miU;klksa ij fI+kQYesa cuhA rd"kh f'ko'kadj fiYyS(1912&99) }kjk fyf[kr miU;kl psEehu (>haxk] 1956)osQjy osQ eNqvkjk leqnk; dh i`"BHkwfe ij vkèkkfjr gSvkSj mlosQ ik=k ey;kye dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa ckr djrsgSaA jkew dj;kr osQ funsZ'ku esa psEehu fI+kQYe 1965 esa cukbZxbZA

fp=k 25 μ dUuM+ fI+kQYe pksekuk nqnhdk ,d n`'; (pksek dk <ksy] funsZ'kdch-oh- dkjar] 1975)A;g fI+kQYe 1930 esa izfl¼ dUuM+miU;kldkj f'kojke dkjar (1902&1997)}kjk fy[ks x, blh uke osQ miU;kl ijvk/kfjr gSA

198

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

'kfDr'kkyh pfj=k gSaA ogk¡ vkidks ,d rjI+kQ ”kehankjh vkSj uokc feysaxs rksnwljh rjI+kQ fdlku vkSj Hkwfeghu e”knwj] eè;oxZ osQ ukSdjh&is'kk yksxfeysaxs rks lekt osQ gkf'k, ij iM+s bulku HkhA mudh efgyk,¡&[+kklrkSjij fupys oxZ dh X+kSj&vk/qfud vkSjrsa&Hkh rkO+kQroj O;fDrRo dh ekyfdugSaA vius dbZ nhxj ledkyhuksa osQ foijhr] çsepan us çkphu bfrgkl lseksg ls ijgs”k fd;kA muosQ miU;klksa esa vrhr osQ egÙo dks u Hkwyrs gq,Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[kus dh igy fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

lekt osQ fofHkUu rcO+kQksa ls vkrs iszepan osQ ik=k tuoknh ewY;ksa ijvkèkkfjr lekt cukrs fn[krs gSaA jaxHkwfe dk osQaæh; pfj=k] lwjnkl]rFkkdfFkr vNwr tkfr dk T;ksfrghu fHk[kkjh gSA bl rjg osQ uk;d* dkp;u vius vki esa [+kkl ckr gSA lans'k ;g gS fd lcls ncs&oqQpys&lrk,yksx Hkh lkfgfR;d jpuk osQ fo"k; gks ldrs gSaA ge lwjnkl dks rEckowQI+kSQDVªh osQ fy, O+kQC”ks ls viuh ”kehu dks cpkus osQ fy, la?k"kZjr ikrs gSaAdgkuh i<+rs&i<+rs gesa lekt vkSj vke yksxksa osQ thou ij vkS|ksxhdj.kosQ vlj osQ ckjs esa lkspus yxrs gSaA blls njvly fdldk I+kQk;nk gksrkgS\ D;k blosQ fgr esa thus osQ vU; rjhO+kQksa dh cfy nsuk ”k:jh gS\ lwjnkldh dgkuh osQ lzksr egkRek xk¡/h osQ O;fDrRo vkSj fopkjksa esa [kksts tkldrs gSaA

xksnku (1936) çsepan dh lcls e'kgwj Ñfr gSA ;g Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ijfy[kk x;k egku miU;kl gSA bl miU;kl esa fdlku gksjh vkSj mldh chohèkfu;k dh dgkuh gSA lekt esa lÙkk osQ ekfyd yksxμ”kehankj] egktu]iqtkjh vkSj vkSifuosf'kd ukSdj'kkghμmUgsa vius neu osQ nq"pØ esa ,slkiQk¡lrs gSa fd os Hkwfeghu e”knwj cu tkrs gSaA ij lcosQ ckotwn gksjh vkSj/fu;k vkf[+kj rd viuh xfjek cuk, j[krs gSaA

fu"d"kZ

geus ns[kk fd vius bfrgkl esa miU;kl fdl rjg if'pe vkSj Hkkjr nksuksatxgksa ij fofHkUu rcO+kQksa osQ yksxksa dh ”knxh dk vge fgLlk cu tkrkgSA NikbZ dh rduhd esa fodkl osQ pyrs ;g vius NksVs ikBd&oxZ lsckgj fudyrk gqvk iBu osQ u, rjhO+ksQ lq>krk gSA miU;klksa us ,sls yksxksadh dgkfu;k¡ x<+ha] ftuosQ ckjs esa vkerkSj ij f'kf{kr o eèoxhZ; lekt

xksnku dks i<+saA la{ksi esa fy[ksaμ

miU;kl esa izsepan us fdlkuksa dh ¯”knxh dk fdl rjg o.kZu fd;k gSAegkeanh osQ le; fdlkuksa dh ¯”knxh oSQlh Fkh] blosQ ckjs esa miU;kl gesa D;kcrkrk gSA

xfrfof/

fp=k 26 μ izsepan(1880μ1936)A

cafde dh e`R;q osQ ckn jchUnzukFk VSxksj (1861&1941) uscaxyk miU;kl dks vkSj fodflr fd;kA muosQ 'kq#vkrhmiU;kl ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ij vk/kfjr gksrs FksA ckn esa os?kjsyw laca/ksa osQ ckjs esa dgkfu;k¡ fy[kus yxsA VSxksj eq[; :ils vkSjrksa dh gkyr vkSj jk"Vªokn ij fy[krs gSaA mudh ;s nksuksa¯prk,¡ ?kjs ck;js (1916) esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa ftldk 1919 esavaxzs”kh esa n gkse ,.M n oYMZ osQ uke ls vuqokn fd;k x;kFkkA ;g ,d mnkjoknh tehankj fuf[kys'k dh iRuh fceyk dhdgkuh gSA fuf[kys'k dks yxrk gS fd og vius ns'k osQ X+kjhcvkSj gkf'k;kbZ yksxksa dh ¯”knxh esa lq/kj ykdj ns'k dks cpkldrk gSA ysfdu fceyk vius ifr osQ nksLr lanhi dh vksjvkdf"kZr gS tks pjeiaFkh fopkjksa esa fo'okl j[krk gSA lanhivaxzs”kksa dks m[kkM+ isaQdus osQ m|e esa bruk [kks;k gqvk gS fdmls ^fupyh* tkfr;ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dks ijk;kiu eglwl gksusyxs rks Hkh dksbZ fnDdr ugha gSA lanhi dh Vksyh esa 'kkfeygksdj fceyk osQ Hkhrj vkReegÙo vkSj LokfHkeku dh Hkkouktkx mBrh gSA jchUnzukFk us vkSjrksa osQ fy, jk"Vªoknh vkanksyuesa fgLlsnkjh osQ vUrfoZjks/h izHkkoksa dks Hkh n'kkZ;k gSA Vksyh osQ;qok lnL; fceyk dh Hkys gh rkjhI+kQ djrs gksa ysfdu blosQckotwn og muosQ I+kSQlyksa dks izHkkfor ugha dj ldrhA oLrqr%lanhi vkanksyu osQ fy, pank bdV~Bk djus esa mldk bLrsekygh djrk gSA VSxksj osQ miU;kl blfy, è;ku [khaprs gSa D;ksafdmudks i<+dj ge vkSjr&enZ osQ fj'rksa vkSj jk"Vªokn nksuksa osQckjs esa] iqufoZpkj dks ckè; gks tkrs gSaA

ckWDl 9

199

miU;kl] le

kt v

kSj bfrg

kl

osQ chp tkudkjh ugha osQ cjkcj FkhA geus çsepan osQ gokys ls oqQN ,slhfelkysa ns[kha] ysfdu ;s mnkgj.k nwljs miU;kldkjksa esa Hkh ekStwn gSaA

fHkUu&fHkUu i"BHkwfe osQ yksxksa dks ,d lkFk ykus ij ,d lk>k lkeqnkf;dle> curh gSA ,sls leqnk; dk lcls X+kkSjryc :i jk"Vª dk gSA ;g ckrHkh mruh gh vge gS fd rkO+kQroj vkSj de”kksj nksuksa rjg osQ yksxksa olaLÑfr;ksa osQ lkFk ykdj miU;kl bu leqnk;ksa dh çÑfr osQ ckjs esa cgqrlkjs loky [kM+s djrk gSA ge dg ldrs gSa fd miU;kl lk>siu dk ,dvglkl iSnk djrk gS vkSj lkFk gh vyx&vyx rjg osQ yksxksa] leqnk;ksavkSj ewY;ksa dk cks/ djkrk gSA lkFk gh fofHkUu lewgksa osQ yksx ftl rjgviuh igpku ij lksprs gq,] mlij loky mBkrs gSa] miU;kl gesa bldkHkh vank”kk nsrk gSA

200

Hkkjr v

kSj le

dkyhu fo'

o

la{ksi esa fy[ksa

ifj;kstuk dk;Z

1 budh O;k[;k djsaμ

(d) fczVsu esa vk, lkekftd cnykoksa ls ikfBdkvksa dh la[;k esa b”kkI+kQk gqvkA

([k) jkfcUlu Øwlks osQ os dkSu&ls ÑR; gSa ftuosQ dkj.k og gesa BsB mifuos'kdkj fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gSA

(x) 1740 osQ ckn X+kjhc yksx Hkh miU;kl i<+us yxsA

(?k) vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr osQ miU;kldkj ,d jktuSfrd mn~ns'; osQ fy, fy[k jgs FksA

2- rduhd vkSj lekt esa vk, mu cnykoksa osQ ckjs esa crykb, ftuosQ pyrs vBkjgoha lnh osQ ;wjksi esa miU;kli<+us okyksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gqbZA

3- fuEufyf[kr ij fVIi.kh fy[ksaμ

(d) mfM+;k miU;kl

([k) tsu vkWfLVu }kjk vkSjrksa dk fp=k.k

(x) miU;kl ijh{kk&xq# esa n'kkZ;h xbZ u, eè;oxZ dh rlohj

dYiuk dhft, fd vki lu~ 3035 osQ bfrgkldkj gSaA vHkh vkius nks ,sls miU;kl ns[ks gSa tks chloha lnh esa fy[ks x, FksA mumiU;klksa ls vkidks ml ”kekus osQ lekt vkSj jhfrfjoktksa osQ ckjs esa D;k irk pyrk gS\

ppkZ djsa

1- mUuhloha lnh osQ fczVsu esa vk, ,sls dqN lkekftd cnykoksa dh ppkZ djsa ftuosQ ckjs esa VkWel gkMhZ vkSj pkYlZ fMosQUl usfy[kk gSA

2- mUuhloha lnh osQ ;wjksi vkSj Hkkjr] nksuksa txg miU;kl i<+us okyh vkSjrksa osQ ckjs esa tks ¯prk iSnk gqbZ mls la{ksi esa fy[ksaAbu ¯prkvksa ls bl ckjs esa D;k irk pyrk gS fd ml le; vkSjrksa dks fdl rjg ns[kk tkrk Fkk\

3- vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa miU;kl fdl rjg vkSifuos'kdkjksa vkSj jk"Vªokfn;ksa] nksuksa osQ fy, ykHknk;d Fkk\

4- bl ckjs esa crk,¡ fd gekjs ns'k esa miU;klksa esa tkfr osQ eqn~ns dks fdl rjg mBk;k x;kA fdUghsa nks miU;klksa dk mnkgj.knsa vkSj crk,¡ fd mUgksaus ikBdksa dks ekStwnk lkekftd eqn~nksa osQ ckjs esa lkspus dks izsfjr djus osQ fy, D;k iz;kl fd,A

5- crkb, fd Hkkjrh; miU;klksa us ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; tqM+ko dk vglkl iSnk djus osQ fy, fdl rjg dh dksf'k'ksa dhaAppkZ djsa

la{ksi

esa fy[ksa

ifj;kstuk dk;Z