STRUCTURE 2 – FALL 2012

Module 7 & 8

Comparison

Noun Clauses

October, 14th 2012

Elizabeth Valentin

elizabeth.valentin@outlook.com

Skype: elizabeth.valentin

Universitas Terbuka Korea Selatan

MODULE 7 - COMPARISON

Structure 1

Positive degree Comparison degree Superlative degree

Smart Smarter Smartest

Good Better Best

Expensive More expensive The most expensive

Bad Worse Worst

Example: • This watch is as expensive as yours. • John is smarter than Juli.• John is the smartest in his class. • This clothes is the most expensive clothes in the store.

Unclear Comparison

Unclear Comparison• Atau Ambiguous Comparison

Ketidakjelasan bagian mana yang dibandingkan

1. He likes Rina better than Mary.Subjek (he) / Objek (Rina) yang dibandingkan? He likes Rina better than he likes Mary. Object comparison

He likes Rina better than Mary does. He likes Rina better than Mary likes RinaSubject comparison

Unclear Comparison

1. Bob loved his horse much more than his wife.

‘his wife’ : sebagai subjek atau objek?

Bob loved his horse much more than his wife loved his horse.

‘his wife’ sebagai subjekBob loved his horse much more than he did his wife.

‘his wife’ sebagai objek

Illogical Comparisons• Kalimat yang menunjukkan perbandingan yang tidak

sepadan

1. She has a car smaller than her brother.

2. Mary’s grades are better than last year.

Seharusnya:

3. Her car is smaller than her brother’s.

4. Mary’s grades are better now than they were last year.

Repeating Comparison

The + comparative, the + comparative

Perubahan yang terjadi secara bersamaanMakin ..., makin ....

Example: - The more, the merrier. - The sooner you start, the more quickly you will finish. - The more dangerous it is, the more I like it.

The + comparative, the + comparative

• Salah!• The more it is dangerous, the more I like it.

• Benar!• The more dangerous it is, the more I like it.

• Salah!• The more you know people, the less time you have to see them.

• Benar!• The more people you know, the less time you have to see them.

More + adjective/adverb/noun tidak bisa dipisahkan

The + comparative, the + comparative

• Bagian kedua dari kalimat (setelah koma) dapat dibalik susunannya.

• The more people that sign up for the trip, the cheaper the price will be.

• The more people that sign up for the trip, the cheaper will be the price.

The + comparative form• Digunakan untuk membandingkan 2 benda atau 2 hal

saja. • The + superlative : membandingkan 3 hal atau lebih.

• Example: • I think this painting is the more interesting of the two.

• Comparative adjective

• Of the two students, Rina works the harder. • Comparative adverb

• Of the two wars, the Diponegoro War was the longer.

Double Comparison

Double Comparison• Menyatakan perubahan terus menerus

Example:- She is getting fatter and fatter.

(tanpa menggunakan more, bentuk comparative diulang)- He felt himself becoming more and more nervous.

(menggunakan more, kata ‘more’ diulang)

Note: More = -er & Most = -estjadi tidak dipakai 2 kaliHe is more lonelier here than he was in America (lonelier)Joe kicked the ball the most farthest of all (farthest)

More Used as non-comparative

More• Sebagai noun, pronoun (kata ganti), adjective

1. Noun yang bearti ‘tambahan’• What more do you want?• There is hardly any more. • May I have a few more?• There are still one more.

Bisa didahului any, one, a few, atau berdiri sendiri.

More

2. Pronoun • There is still a lot of food. Do you want to have some

more? • There is still a lot of fried rice. Do you want to have some

more?

More menggantikan ‘food’ dan ‘fried rice’.

More

3. Adjective determiner.• Bentuk comparative dari ‘much’ dan ‘many’.

• We need more help.• Do you have any more paper?• More people drink wine these days. • My children need more writing books.

Dapat dipakai untuk uncountable (1-2) atau countable (3-4)

More of• More of bisa diikuti oleh kata benda yang mempunyai

determiner seperti:• Article : a, an, the• Possesive : my, your, his, her, their, our• Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

• May I have some more of your grapes, please? • You have to read more of this information. • I don’t think any more of the students want to take this

course.

Less and Fewer

Less and Fewer

Less Fewer

Arti/makna Tidak banyak/sedikit

Bentuk comparative dari Little Few

Noun Uncountable noun Plural countable

Less: • Less butter• Less foodFewer: • Fewer eggs• Fewer meals

Less and Fewer• Adjective dan determiner

• After his marriage, Bill had less money than before.• Mr. Benny had fewer customers yesterday than today.

• Adverb tidak terlalu banyak• Eat less, drink less, and sleep more. • Please behave less foolishly.

• Less = ‘tidak kurang’ apabila didahului kata ‘no’• His salary is no less than 5 million rupiahs a month.

• Noun kurang atau jumlah yang lebih sedikit• I can finish this work in less than an hour.• I want fewer of these and more of those.

Less• Diikuti kata sifat dan membentuk comparative

• He was less hurt than frightened.• Try to be less impatient.

• Bisa di ganti dengan ‘not so ... as.. ‘• He was not so hurt as frightened.• Try to be not so impatient.

• None the less : ‘tidak kurang dari’• Though he cannot leave the house, he is none the less. • Although he is pension, he is none the less.

MODULE 8 – NOUN CLAUSES

What is noun clause?• His story was interesting. • What he said was interesting

• I heard his story.• I heard what he said.

Noun sebagai subjek

Noun sebagai objek.

Klausa Kelompok kata yang mempunyai Subjek dan Predikat.

What is noun clause?

Question words Whether That

WhenWhereWhy HowWhoWhomWhich whose

if

Kata-kata yang dipergunakan untuk memperkenalkan noun clauses.

Noun Clause with Question WordsQuestion Noun Clause

Where does she live? I don’t know where she lives.

What did he say? I couldn’t hear what he said.

When do they arrive? Do you know when they arrive?

Pattern: Where + she + lives Q S P

Question Noun Clause

Who lives there? I don’t know who lives there.

What happened? Please tell me what happened.

Who is at the door? I don’t know who is at the door.

Pattern: Who + lives there S P

Pattern: What + happened S P

Pattern: Who + is at the door S P

Noun Clause with Question WordsQuestion Noun Clause

Who is she? I don’t know who she is.

What are these men? I don’t know what those men are.

Whose house is that? I wonder whose house that is.

Pattern: Who + is + she V Aux S

Pattern: Who + she + is V S Aux

Question Noun Clause

What did he say? What he said surprised me.

What should they do? What they should do is obvious.

• Noun clause sebagai subjek.• Subjek dalam bentuk noun clause menggunakan singular verb.

Whether or If• Noun clause dengan whether/if dikembangkan dari Yes/No Question.

Yes/No Question Noun Clause

Will she come? I don’t know whether she will come.I don’t know if she will come.

Does he need help? I wonder whether he needs help.I wonder if he needs help.

Without ‘or not’ With ‘or not’

I don’t know whether she will come. I don’t know whether she will come or not.

I wonder whether he needs help. I wonder whether or not he needs help.

I don’t know if she will come. I don’t know if she will come or not.

Pattern: • Whether or not• Whether …. or not• If …. or not

‘Or Not’ tidak mengubah makna kalimat, hanya memberi penekanan.

QW followed by Infinitives.

• QW with Inf memiliki makna yang sama dengan should – can/could.

Should – Can/Could QW with Inf

I don’t know what I should do. I don’t know what to do.

Pramuki can’t decide whether she should go or stay home.

Pramuki can’t decide whether to go or to stay home.

Please tell me how I can get to the Post Office.

Please tell me how to get to the Post Office.

Jamal told us where we could find it. Jamal told us where to find it.

Noun Clause with that• Noun clause with that berasal dari statement (pernyataan)• Statement : expression of an idea or a fact.

Statement Noun Clause

She is a good teacher. I think that she is a good teacher.I think she is a good teacher.

The world is round. We know (that) the world is round.

• That : hanya untuk menunjukkan awal dari noun clause. • Contoh diatas: noun clause sebagai objek dari suatu predikat. • ‘that’ dapat dihilangkan dalam percakapan.

Noun Clause with thatStatement Noun Clause

She doesn’t understand chinese. 1. That she doesn’t understand Chinese is obvious.2. It is obvious that she doesn’t understand Chinese.

The world is round. 3. That the world is round is a fact.4. It is a fact that the world is round.

• Pada contoh 1 dan 3, noun clause sebagai subjek. • Jika sebagai subjek, that tidak dihilangkan. • Pada contoh 2 dan 4, It digunakan sebagai subjek.

Noun Clause with that• Bisa diikuti dengan kata kerja

• Assume, believe, guess, learn, know, think, hope, notice, etc• Example: I don’t think that he is strong enough to do the job.

• Bisa diikuti dengan kata sifat• Be aware, be afraid, be happy, be certain, etc• Example: I am certain that he is sick.