MT S BI HC RT RA T M HNH PHT TRIN BC U

PGS.TS. inh Cng Tun

Vin Nghin Cu Chu u

Nhn chung, cc quc gia Bc u s hu trong tay mnh mt m hnh pht trin nht nh ph thuc vo hon cnh lch s, vn ho v kinh t ca tng nc, nhng c bn nc Bc u u c chung nhng nguyn tc, mc tiu, tr ct chnh sch trong thc hin m hnh pht trin ca mnh. Chnh v vy hnh thnh nn mt m hnh pht trin kiu Bc u Scandinavia c nhng c trng ring so vi cc khu vc khc chu u.

S pht trin ca m hnh Bc u cho thy mt c im ni bt, l vai tr quan trng ca nh nc v ca khu vc cng cng. Ti cc nc Bc u, hng ho cng cng dng nh nhiu hn cc loi hng ho khc v cc dch v phc li cng cng chim u th. Cng c nhng bng chng thc t cho thy s pht trin ca khu vc t nhn, nhng s pht trin ny c s kim sot ca khu vc nh nc.

Vic lm y l chin lc u tin ch yu ca m hnh Bc u. Xoay quanh vn vic lm y l quyn li ca ph n, tr em, ngi v hu, ngi bnh tt, nhng dch v chm sc sc kho v cc

dch v x hi khc. X hi Bc u c nh gi l nhng x hi giu c, thnh vng, cng bng v dn ch. Tuy cn gp mt s kh khn thch thc nht nh, nhng x hi Bc u c nh gi l mt x hi l tng v l mu hnh pht trin ca th gii.

Qua nghin cu phn tch cng c th phn loi m hnh Bc u thnh 2 nhm: nhm Thu in v Phn Lan; nhm an Mch v Na Uy. X hi phc li ca an Mch v Na Uy mang tnh cht t do hn trong khi m hnh phc li x hi ca Thu in v Phn Lan mang tnh cht k lut v nghip on hn. Tuy nhin, khng d dng phn bit m hnh pht trin ca cc nc trn. Mi nc c mt thnh cng, trn con ng pht trin ca h, v tu chung li cc nc u c nhng c im chung tng ng ca c nhm Bc u.

Nghin cu m hnh Bc u gi m mt s bi hc kinh nghim ni bt. Th nht, vo nhng thi im khng hong kinh t, chnh tr, x hi... c im ca cc chnh sch x hi, mi quan h gia nh nc v

CHNH TR - AN NINH CHU U

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No1 (136).2012 4

cc nhm kinh t - x hi ch cht trong x hi ng vai tr rt quan trng, gip tm kim nhng gii php, li ra thot ra khi tnh hnh khng hong .

Th hai, t kinh nghim Thu in, Phn Lan trong thp k gn y c th thy cc h thng, th ch dn ch c th thch ng vi nhng thch thc mi ny sinh trong qu trnh pht trin (c bn trong v bn ngoi).

Hin nay, cc nh nc phc li Bc u ni ring v chu u ni chung cng gp phi nhng thch thc mi trong lch s nh s chuyn i nhanh sang giai on x hi hu cng nghip, gia tng ton cu ho, chuyn i, thay i trong cu trc nhn khu (t l sinh thp, xu hng gi ho nhn khu tng, di c ni a, khu vc tng), cc quan h x hi, xu hng tin ti ho nhp chu u (EU) v ng li chnh tr mi, hu chin tranh lnh ..., song c th ni, cc nh nc phc li dn ch x hi iu chnh chnh sch x hi kh tt, theo hng duy tr tnh hp php, tnh chnh danh ca h thng ny, ngay c khi nhng bin i v thc tin mi ca nn kinh t ngy cng gay gt hn.

C trong lch s v hin ti, nh nc phc li Bc u c th m t l a chc nng. Vic nh gi thnh tu, mc thnh cng ca m hnh c xem xt v cn phi tnh n nhng gi tr c bit, cc mc tiu, nhim v chnh tr x hi nh cng bng,

cng l, gn kt, n nh, m bo an ninh v vt cht v th lc, hnh phc cho con ngi v tng trng kinh t v.v...

Cc bi hc thc t v iu hnh qun l x hi ca Bc u chng minh rng, s tng trng kinh t thc hin song hnh vi mt s kin to v phc li x hi, vi phm vi v ch hng li ch ho phng khc nhau. Song, phn u tng trng kinh t v nng cao hiu sut lao ng khng phi l mc tiu duy nht ng li nh nc phc li Bc u v chu u ni chung. ng li chnh tr v vic kin to nh nc phc li cng chnh l nhm thc hin mc tiu bnh ng ho cc c hi sng cn ca mi ngi dn, m bo cng bng x hi, gn kt x hi v n nh x hi. Cc c im ny gn cht vi tng trng kinh t v ng thi pht trin kinh t, mi trng u t v cc u tin la chn chnh tr, h t tng, cc li ch v nhng gi tr c cao trong x hi. Vic chn la v thc hin loi chnh sch nh nc phc li x hi no ph thuc vo kiu loi chnh ph, h t tng chnh tr v nhng nguyn vng, mong mun ca c tri tham gia bu c (V d, v vic p ng nhu cu, v iu nh nc cn v phi c trch nhim thc hin, v ph thuc vo bi cnh chnh tr vn ho (cc cu trc chun mc, k vng, gi tr x hi...) cng nh mc pht trin kinh t v kh nng vn dng nhng c s l lun v tri thc nn tng, tin cn thit cho tng trng kinh t v hiu qu.

Mt s bi hc... 5

Th ba, nh nc phc li nhm phc v nhiu chc nng, thng bt u i t cc mc tiu, phm vi hp sang m rng bao qut v ton din. Ban u, mc tiu quan trng nht m cc nc ny thng tnh n l cn nhc v hi ho x hi v h tr ch li ch. V d, thc hin xa i gim ngho, h tr cc nhu cu, dch v ti thiu c bn l mt mc tiu quan trng trong chng trnh x hi. Theo thi gian, mt s chng trnh c pht trin m rng nhm m bo phng nga nhng ri ro, bin c trong i sng c nhn, do b mt thu nhp, nhm mc tiu ti phn b thu nhp theo chu trnh sng ca mi cng dn, ti phn b ngun lc trong v gia cc nhm x hi, cung cp, m bo an ninh c bn cho tt c mi cng dn. Theo ngha ny, c th ni nh nc phc li Bc u c coi l cng c n nh x hi hu hiu, nhm phng nga nhng bt n x hi, nhng phn khng bt ng v hn ch nn ngho i lan rng trong x hi. Vic kt hp gia cu trc qun tr dn ch, pht trin nn kinh t t bn th trng c iu tit v xy dng cc thit ch phc li tng i ton din gip quc gia thch ng v p ng nhng nhu cu x hi ang thay i mt cch kh thnh cng Bc u.

Kinh nghim ca Bc u trong sut mt th k qua cho thy, s tham gia th trng lao ng ngy cng cao v tng ln vn c th cng ng hnh vi s m rng h thng an sinh x hi. T thp k 1960 n nay, t l

dn c c vic lm y v bn vng c m rng v bnh ng, chuyn hng t m hnh ngi kim sng chnh l nam gii sang m hnh c nam v n cng kim sng, cng chia s trch nhim gia nh v iu ny tr thnh chun mc chnh sch cng cng theo phng thc qun l (ngun cu lao ng) theo t tng trng phi Keyn. An sinh x hi c m rng v nng cp, xt c v mc ch li ch ho phng v phm vi bao ph ti ton b dn c hu ht cc loi hnh bo him x hi.

cp v m, thm ch mt s ch bo him tht nghip c th to ra hiu ng ngc, nh c th to ra cc khuyn khch cho c nhn t b th trng lao ng, song quan im chnh l vn tht nghip khng cn c coi l vn ca c nhn m l quan tm ca c x hi. V vy, th trng lao ng c pht trin tr thnh yu t chnh ca nn kinh t tin t, trong khi , h thng an sinh x hi tr thnh cc thit ch c bn ca nh nc phc li hin i.

Xt ngha rng nht, vic iu hnh kinh t v m tr thnh mt phn khng tch ri ca cng tc qun tr x hi. Bc u, s ha nhp h thng song hnh vi ho nhp x hi, da trn cc quan im lun thuyt x hi hc cu trc - chc nng cng nh nhng quan im l lun nh hng ch th - quyn cng dn. V vy, ri ro ca cng dn khi b mt vic, ri vo tnh trng bn l v tch bit x hi c tch cc khc phc.

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No1 (136).2012 6

cp v m, trch nhim ca chnh ph l phi to ra cc iu kin doanh nghip c th pht trin v gn cht vi trch nhim chung ca mi cng dn, ngi c nng lc/kh nng cn phi lm vic hoc phi t c trnh hc vn c tham gia lao ng y trn th trng lao ng.

Mc d h thng an sinh x hi cung cp cc ch li ch khc nhau (tr em, ngi gi..), song chun mc ni tri Bc u v Ty u ni chung l thanh nin, trung nin, c nam v n, cn phi l ngi tch cc trn th trng lao ng c thu nhp c lp. S chp thun chun mc x hi ny c duy tr v cng c, khng ch th hin thun tu kha cnh thu nhp tin t, m cn nhng c im x hi nh v th, c quyn, quyn lc c ph bin cng ng, tu theo vic c nhn c lm vic hoc khng lm vic. Cc c ch gim st x hi cng ng Bc u tng i gn kt v bnh ng, ni s khc bit gia nh nc v x hi c khong cch Blurred ln, s bt tun th qui nh c th dn n mt danh d hoc b loi tr khi nhm x hi ni tri vv. iu ny cho thy, kha cnh ca lgc o c ca nh nc phc li hin i c ngha rt quan trng.

Bc u, t l dn c tham gia lao ng cc khu vc hin i ca nn kinh t (ngoi nng nghip v cc cng vic ni tr khng c tnh cng) tng ln trong sut th k 20 (tr hai giai on ngn l thp k

1930, mt phn ca thp k 1990). Mt phm tr x hi nh cc b ni tr gn nh bin mt khi i sng x hi. nh hng tch cc ca h thng gio dc l nh hng pht trin cc k nng, trnh cao. tui v gii tnh ca thnh phn lc lng lao ng thay i nhanh chng trong sut th k qua.

Ngy cng c nhiu ch li ch ho phng cho thai sn, ngh chm sc con ci cng nh s pht trin cc h thng dch v chm sc tr em to ra mi trng thn thin ni lm vic, thn thin cho gia nh, thn thin cho ph n, to iu kin thun li cho ph n tham gia lao ng Bc u trong sut nhng nm 1980-1990. Yu t quan trng khc l s huy ng chnh tr ca ph n din ra kh nhanh. Ph n tham gia nhiu vo cc ng chnh tr, cng on, c ting ni quan trng cc lnh vc ra quyt nh nh Quc hi, Chnh ph v b my Nh nc.

Lnh vc quan trng thay i t duy v ci cch nh nc phc li Bc u l cc chnh sch vic lm. Tnh trng tht nghip v thiu vic lm, vn khng lm vic, lun c t r trn bn ngh s v thu ht s quan tm chnh tr rt ln trong x hi.

Th t, to ra vic lm lun l trng tm u tin ca h thng lut php, chnh sch phc li l c im ca nh nc phc li, c s gn b cht ch thit ch phc li vi

Mt s bi hc... 7

vic lm. Cc nh nc Bc u u th hin l cc x hi c da trn c s, nn tng to ra s lng vic lm ln v nh nc phc li ch cao. V vy, chnh sch th trng lao ng tch cc v tip cn cng vic l hn tng ca chnh sch phc li k t Chin tranh th gii th Hai.

Vo thp k 1990, mt cch tip cn cng vic v hot ng mi c iu chnh, vi vic tht cht tiu ch v ngi c th hng ch li ch, gim dn thi gian v mc h tr. V d, bn nc Bc u p dng cc iu kin cht ch hn v vic hng ch bo him tht nghip: Na Uy, tiu ch v bo him y t cho ngi tn tt; Phn Lan v Thu in - iu kin hng bo him m au c tht cht hn v.v...

Tuy nhin, so vi nhiu nc chu u,

c th khng nh, cc nh nc phc li

Bc u vn th hin nhng nt khc bit v

khng theo hng hi t vi m hnh tn - t

do v bo tr x hi, hoc theo hng tip

cn th trng t do v gii iu tit v thc

hin phc li ti thiu vn c coi l nn

tng thc hin cc chnh sch to vic lm

tch cc nhng nm gn y.

Th nm, bn cnh s c o ca m

hnh Bc u, khng th khng cp n s

pht trin nng lc ca chnh ph v cc th

ch trong thc y phc li v hm tch

cc i vi vic thc hin cc chnh sch

ph qut v mc phc li chung trong x

hi.

Trc khi ct cnh v kinh t v cng nghip, cc x hi Bc u tng i bnh ng v trong sut 100 nm pht trin, kt hp gia kin to nh nc phc li v pht trin kinh t thnh cng nht, cc x hi ny th hin tinh thn khng chp thun vi tnh trng bt bnh ng x hi, ngho i hn hu ht cc nc pht trin nht. Trong na u th k 20, phm vi lp qui hoch x hi bao gm thit lp v pht trin an sinh x hi, h thng y t v gio dc l kt qu r rng ca qu trnh chnh tr dn ch nhm cn bng yu cu pht trin tng trng kinh t v cng bng x hi Bc u.

Lch s Bc u cho thy, phc li x hi c th mang tnh cht tch cc v tiu cc. V truyn thng, v nhng l do tn gio v vn ho khc nhau, cc nc Bc u k tha nhng di sn rt mnh m v tinh thn, ng x o c trong cng vic v l ngun lc ni ti rt ln cho s pht trin v tn ti ca nh nc phc li cng nh m bo nng sut lao ng cao.

Tt c cc nc Bc u u bt u pht trin cc nh nc phc li t t, bt u t nhng chng trnh vi qui m, gii hn chng mc, da trn thm nh mc thu nhp, hoc chng trnh hn ch cho mt s nhm i tng nht nh. S la chn cc gii php th ch ban u c tc dng hiu

Nghin cu Chu u - European studies review No1 (136).2012 8

qu l m rng v pht trin tip theo. V d, cc chng trnh u tin da trn nguyn tc thm nh kinh t, s d dng chuyn sang chng trnh ph qut hn l nhng chng trnh lc u ch nhm cho nhm dn c tham gia tch cc vo th trng lao ng (V d, chng trnh cho cng nhn doanh nghip).

Th su, cc mc tiu gio dc ph thng, cung cp dch v y t ph qut l c bit quan trng, v c u tin cao nhm pht trin kinh t v hng thnh quc gia lin tc trong nhiu nm. Trch nhim ca nh nc v khu vc cng i vi m bo sc kho dn c c khng nh t rt sm nhm to ra ca ci, ti sn v sc mnh quc gia. Trng tm nhn mnh u tin l thc hin gio dc bt buc v c tnh ph qut, iu ny khng ch l tin cn thit thc y pht trin kinh t, m cn c c x hi nhn nhn l rt quan trng mi dn c c th thng hiu mi vn bn, gio l Kinh thnh v nhn thc lut php. Ngi dn t trnh gio dc ph thng ph cp v gio dc chuyn nghip, trnh cao l cng c thc hin cng nghip ho, hin i ho nn kinh t v pht trin kinh t nhanh ngay t u th k XX.

Cc mc tiu an sinh x hi v nh nc phc li c th nhm nhiu mc ch nh m bo ngun tr cp cho tht nghip, tui gi, m au... Cc chnh sch an sinh x hi cng th hin cc u tin chnh tr - x hi,

v c nh hnh bi vn ho, truyn thng, pht trin kinh t, cng ngh, cu trc x hi v quan h x hi. D nhin, cn rt thn trng khi bn lun v con ng ng n, cn nhc v tnh hp l ca cc chnh sch x hi ca cc chnh ph. Nhng quan tm, gi tr u tin ct li, quan nim v cng bng, cng l x hi, on kt x hi, n nh v bnh ng ho cc c hi c sng t t ca mi cng dn l ni tri v u tin cao ca x hi.

Mt kha cnh ch cht ca h thng an sinh x hi chnh l cn phi t chc v to ra nhng khuyn khch mi ngi u phi lm vic v y l nhim v rt quan trng ca mi chnh ph. Mt hiu qu ni bt ca h thng bo him tht nghip l n c th to ra nhng iu kin thc y qu trnh ti cu trc cc ngnh cng nghip, kinh doanh... m bo an ninh kinh t c th gip gim bt s chng c, i khng ca cng nhn v ngi lao ng i vi nhng thay i. Cc ch li ch phc li bt buc ca chnh ph, v bao ph cho mi ngi lao ng/cng nhn khng ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic c bit hoc c im ca ni lm vic, thi gian ca doanh nghip... c th s c li cho mc linh hot, di ng lao ng, tc ng n thay i cu trc kinh t v tng trng. Cc ch bo him tht nghip quc gia u cn th hin tnh cht thn thin vi lao ng-vic lm.

Mt s bi hc... 9

Kinh nghim Bc u cho thy, khng

c mi lin h trc tip gia phm vi, qui m

nh nc phc li, mc ngha v thu, t

l vic lm, nng sut lao ng v tng

trng kinh t. V d ca Thu in, v

Phn Lan vo thp k 1990 cho thy nh

nc phc li dn ch ton din c kh

nng thc hin nhng iu chnh trong

qu trnh xy dng chnh sch kch thch

tng trng kinh t mi khi gp suy thoi

hoc bt ng. Cc nh nc phc li pht

trin, vi cc ch an sinh x hi thng

thi c th vt qua c khng hong d

dng hn hoc vi chi ph x hi t tn km

hn (v kha cnh ngho i, bt bnh ng).

An sinh x hi c coi l cng c gim

sc rt quan trng. Cc th ch dn ch c

th p ng tt i vi cc thch thc kinh t

x hi.

Th by, bi hc khc l, trong giai

on ton cu ho cn thit phi tng cng

cng c h thng an sinh x hi quc gia, v

nhim v ny ngy cng tr nn cp thit

hn trc. V d, trong th gii ngy cng

ton cu ho mnh, s thay i nhanh trn

th trng lao ng, mc di ng lao

ng cao, ch vic lm linh hot hn, tnh

trng ngi lao ng "nhy vic" nhiu hn

trong th trng lao ng. Chnh mu hnh

mi ny c th to ra s thay i trong h

thng hu tr v lm cho h thng ny minh

bch hn, khng ph thuc vo nhng nm

lm vic tt nht, hoc nhng nm cui c

thu nhp, v vy iu cng bng hn l cn

tnh ton mc hu tr da trn mc ng gp

ca tt c cc nm lm vic ca ngi lao

ng.

_______________________________

Ti liu tham kho

1. Esping Andersen G, 1990, Three

world of capitalism, Princeton. Princeton

University Press.

2. Esping Andersen G (ed), 1996,

Welfare states in transition: National global

economies. London: Sage publication.

3. Esping-Andersen, 1999, Social

foundations of Post-industrial economies,

Oxford University Press.

4. Dally, 2000, The Gender division of

welfare, Cambrige University Press.

5. Titmuss R A, 1974, Social policy,

London: Allen and Unwin

6. Stephen, J. D, 1995, The

Scandinavian welfare states: Achievements,

crisis and prospects, UNRISD.