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Mark Release Recapture (MRR) ofAgriocnemis femina (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

in Upland Ricefield at North of Sumatra, Indonesia

Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar1, Che Salmah Md. Rawi2 & Zulkifli Nasution31Postgraduate Student in School of Biological Sciences University Science Malaysia

2School of Biological Sciences University Science Malaysia3

Dept. Agrotechnology Universitas Sumatera [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Mark-Release-Recapture was a methods to monitor the movements of damselflys Agriocnemis femina(Odonata: Libellulidae) adults in upland rice field in North Sumatera, Indonesia. Both male and femaledragonflies were widely distributed within their home range of approximately 35 m radii. Adult movementswere highly localized and the longest distance traveled was about 90 m. Males compare females in 2010were 1360 individuals and 1033 individuals, while percentage recapture showed score range 8.08-18.46.Lincoln index (N) calculated from 25 catched with score 51-687 (2009 year) and 70-1903 (2010 year).Active feeding activity of both sexesA. femina reflected effective predation of pests in upland ricefield.

Key words: MRR,Agriocnemis femina, upland rice field, North of Sumatra.

Abstract

Proses ditandai-dilepas-ditangkap kembali adalah suatu metode memonitor pergerakan capungAgriocnemis femina (Odonata: Labellulidae) dewasa pada tanaman padi di dataran tinggi di SumateraUtara, Indonesia. Kedua jenis, jantan dan betina capung tersebar secara meluas sampai jarak berradius 35meter. Pergerakan capung lokal dewasa sangat tinggi dapat mencapai 90 meter. Jantan berbanding betinatahun 2010 adalah 1360 individu berbanding 1033 individu, sedangkan persentase tertangkap kembaliadalah 8.08-18.46. Indeks Lincoln (N) dihitung dari 25 kali penangkapan dengan nilai 51-687 (tahun 2009)

dan 70-1903 (tahun 2010). Aktivitas makan jantan dan betina capungA. femina mendukung predasi efektifdari hama-hama pada padi sawah dataran tinggi.

Kata Kunci:pergerakan lokal,Agriocnemis femina, padi dataran tinggi, Sumatera Utara.

Introduction

One way to understand the distribution and abundance of organism to perform mark recapture

studies on a species within its environment. Agriocnemis femina is a small damselfly endemic in Sumatra.

If field studies are intensive, the data will not only help as certain the role of a species in its environment,

but the study can serve as a model for analyzing population of the same or similar species, such as to

butterfly was done andN. tullia by [3].

Small sized zygopteran, A. femina commonly found in tropical rice fields [1]; [5]; [7]; [8]

continuously habour around rice plants, thus rendering them a suitable natural enemy of rice pests [6]; [23];

[26]). Other rice field species such as Orthetrum j. japonicum (Uhler), Sympetrum spp. and Pantala

flavescent(Burmeister) are stronger fliers, bigger in size and usually prefer bigger moving preys [24]; [15];

[9]. Although these species can colonize a wider range of habitats, most of the important rice pests are

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small micro lepidopteran and leaf and plant hoppers that live close to the plants [19], hence not easily

accessible to them.

This study investigates the movement pattern and sex ratio ofAgriocnemis femina in rice field

using Mark Release Recapture (MMR). The gut contents of a dragonfly represent the feeding activity on

the day an individual is collected (Mayhew 1994). Thus the feeding pattern and gregariousness of this

species would reflect its potential as a predator of rice pests.

Materials and Methods

A rich source ofA. femina was discovered in an 10 ha rice field plot in Manik Rambung Village,

Siantar, North of Sumatra. The rice field depends on irrigated with 2 rice crops are grown in a year. Rice

cultivation is fully mechanized with minimum pesticides usage. The first plot is a small area on a 30

incline. The facing slope measure 20 m by 20 m with 8 plot areas. A small underground water source

emerges 15 m of the study site near to highway of Sidamanik, tea plantation areas. The short section of

stream was also sampled.

Individuals were marked on the wing with a unique member using a permanent pilot felt tipped

pen and released at the place of capture. Individuals from the channel site with a dash (-120 m) to prevent

confusion with individuals from the area below. The following data were recorded for each capture: 1)

Number: 2) Sex ratio: 3) State of maturity: 4) activity: and 5) quadrate.

A. femina was studies between 18 May 2009 until 6 August 2009 using the mark-release-recapture

(MRR) technique. A preliminary observation showed tat this species moved less than 35 m from a release

point. Thus its home range is within 35 m radii. Therefore 8 points (stations 1 through 8) in the rice field

were selected as capture and release stations. There are drainage canals (2 m wide) around the plots and

canal runs approximately across the centre of the study area near same of the mark and release station. The

adults were captured from 0900 hr until 1200 hr using a 30 cm-diameter butterfly net. [13]; [14]; [21]

at 3 to 4 day intervals.

The sex of individual of Odonata, marking and recapture stations were recorded. Recaptured

adults were categorized into residents and non-residents based on their marking stations. Residents referred

to those that were marked in one station and recaptured in another. The non-residents were further divided

into 2 groups: as emigrants, according to their station of capture and mark, and as immigrants according to

their station of recapture [20].

Result and Discussions

Comparison Adults of Male and FemaleA. femina

According to table 1 showed 2393 individual ofA. femina were marked. More less than of 1033

females captured, marked and released (43.17%) of the recaptured males such as 1360 (56.83%) of the

recaptured females had moved to a different station before they were recaptured.

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Table 1. Calculation sex ratio ofA. femina at Manik Rambung, Siantar

Date Stations Sex Total

18-3-10 1-8 23 16 3921-3-10 1-8 22 27 4925-3-10 1-8 40 29 69

28-3-10 1-8 35 47 8201-4-10 1-8 32 37 6904-4-10 1-8 48 31 7908-4-10 1-8 65 50 11511-4-10 1-8 72 48 12015-4-10 1-8 86 60 14618-4-10 1-8 95 63 15822-4-10 1-8 87 70 15725-4-10 1-8 77 77 15429-4-10 1-8 82 75 15702-5-10 1-8 58 55 11306-5-10 1-8 65 48 11309-5-10 1-8 60 41 101

13-5-10 1-8 66 44 11016-5-10 1-8 66 42 10820-5-10 1-8 61 40 10123-5-10 1-8 62 37 9927-5-10 1-8 50 33 8330-5-10 1-8 42 25 6702-6-10 1-8 36 22 5806-6-10 1-8 30 16 46Total 1-8 1360 1033 2393

A total of 2393 individual ofA. femina were marked, consist of 1033 individuals females

captured, marked and released (43.17%) compare to males were 1360 individuals (56.83%) of the

recaptured had moved to a different station before they were recaptured. The majority ofA. femina moved

considerably within 20 m radii. About 5% of the females and slightly less males released at station 3 were

recaptured at station 4, approximately 32 m apart. Less than 3% of individuals translocated between

stations that were 46-73 m from each ather (stations 7 & 4 and stations 7 & 8). These lower percentages of

recovery were also related to the recapture rate [3]. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the common

home range forA. femina is approximately 30 m. Limited spatial movements resulted in very localized

distributions ofA. femina within its breeding habitat. The farthest distance covered in this study was 130 m

(stations 1 and stations 8).

Residents Range and Lincoln Index

Adults were classified into 3 states of maturity: teneral, juvenile, and maturity. Teneral had just

enclosed and possessed glistening wings, soft bodies and pale colours. Teneral were delicate and required

great care in marking. Juveniles possessed a hardened cuticle but were not sexually mature. We classified

all light green colour of female as juvenile. Mature colour with reproductively active, their colour greenish

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reflection. Some pairs found were also found in Copula, but they were probably near to changing colour.

hind wings (hw) 10 mm, labrum metallic purple polymorphic, mature with variable marking, immature

bright red, bifurcated flap, common in drains and ponds in disturb, open areas, 0-1600 metres, slow flowing

water, tropics, abdomen with line green and caudal oranye (see figure 1). Components of residents and non-

residents in each stations. More residents were recaptured at stations 1, 3, 7 and 8. In stations 7 and 8,

majority of the recaptures were residents since these stations were comparatively far from other stations

and were densely covered by grasses suitable for dragonfly habitats.

Figure 1. Agriocnemis femina (2009)

Travel distance recorded was only that between released (marked) and recaptured (remarked)

stations. Residents ranged from 21.86 % to 40.00% and Lincoln index showed score range between 14.20and 47.54 (Table 2). Figure 1, Tables 2, and Table 3 showed that movements of adults were rather limited

as stations 1, 3, 7 and 8 especially, both male and female residents made up most of the recaptures at the

stations. However, 23 males (1.69%) and 16 females (1.55%) released at were recaptured in stations 1 on

18 March 2010, the farthest stations apart. Substantial numbers of adults moved from their released station

to other areas. Station 1 through 6 were less than 20 m apart and about 5 % ofA. femina released there

translocated between these stations. Station was approximately 130 m from station 8. Only adults (out of

2393 males and females released) moved reciprocally between the 2 stations. Therefore it can be assumed

that the maximum distance traveled by this species is approximately 90 m.

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Table 2. MRR I (2009)Agriocnemis femina at Manik Rambung Village, North Sumatera

Marking

occasion

Date Temperature

(C)

Wind

M per min

Interval

days

Colour New

Mark

Spoilt Recapture Total

Recapture

Total

Release

%

Recapture

Lincoln

index

1 21-5-09 36 57.8 - White 39 0 02 24-5-09 36 48.5 3 White 42 10 32 84 39 38.10 51

3 28-5-09 35.5 36.5 4 White green 49 6 20 75 71 26.67 1744 31-5-09 35.8 34.5 3 White green 69 4 26 99 69 26.26 1835 04-6-09 36 25.8 4 Green Oranye 82 3 28 113 95 24.78 2786 07-6-09 36.5 27.9 3 Green Oranye 69 5 35 109 110 32.11 2177 11-6-09 37 41.5 4 Green Oranye Adults 79 6 55 140 104 39.29 1498 14-6-09 36 29.7 3 Green Oranye Adults 115 7 60 92 134 65.22 257

9 18-6-09 36.5 41.8 4 White green 120 8 65 285 175 22.81 32310 21-6-09 37 42.5 3 White green 146 8 69 223 185 30.94 39111 25-6-09 35.5 39.6 4 White green 158 10 68 236 215 28.82 50012 28-6-09 37 43.6 3 Green Oranye 157 9 47 213 226 22.07 75513 02-7-09 36.5 28.5 4 Green Oranye 154 6 56 216 204 25.93 56114 05-7-09 37 44,6 3 Green Oranye Adults 157 7 48 212 210 22.64 687

15 09-7-09 36.5 43.7 4 Green Oranye Adults 113 5 50 168 205 29.76 46316 12-7-09 35.5 54.4 3 Green Oranye Adults 113 4 45 163 163 27.61 40917 16-7-09 35.5 53.6 4 White 101 6 55 162 158 33.95 29018 19-7-09 37 56.4 3 White 110 9 52 171 156 30.41 33019 23-7-09 35.5 45.8 4 Green Oranye 108 7 46 161 162 28.57 38020 26-7-09 36 39.6 3 Green Oranye 101 4 39 144 154 27.08 39921 30-7-09 35.5 43.7 4 Green Oranye Adults 99 6 37 142 140 26.06 37522 02-8-09 37 52.6 3 White green 83 5 30 118 136 25.42 37623 06-8-09 36 43.8 4 White green 67 4 28 99 113 28.28 27024 09-8-09 35.5 34.5 3 Green Oranye 58 3 26 87 95 29.89 21125 13-8-09 36 41.5 4 Green Oranye 46 2 30 165 84 18.18 129

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Table 3. MRR II (2010)Agriocnemis femina at Manik Rambung Village, North Sumatera

Marking

occasion

Date Temperature

(C)

Wind

M per min

Interval

days

Colour New

Mark

Spoilt Recapture Total

Recapture

Total

Release

%

Recapture

Lincoln

index

1 14-3-10 36.0 57.8 4 White 203 8.08 02 18-3-10 36.0 48.5 3 White 167 15 16 198 183 10.42 9103 21-3-10 35.5 36.5 4 White green 206 9 25 240 231 13.40 19034 25-3-10 35.8 34.5 3 White green 175 6 28 209 203 15.90 12695 28-3-10 36.0 25.8 4 Green Oranye 159 5 31 195 190 11.85 9756 01-4-10 36.5 27.9 3 Green Oranye 178 8 25 211 203 20.63 14457 04-4-10 37.0 41.5 4 Green Oranye Adults 90 10 26 126 116 14.14 4028 08-4-10 36.0 29.7 3 Green Oranye Adults 152 12 27 191 179 15.47 1008

9 11-4-10 36.5 41.8 4 White green 144 9 28 181 172 11.64 88510 15-4-10 37.0 42.5 3 White green 159 8 22 189 181 9.33 130811 18-4-10 35.5 39.6 4 White green 165 10 18 193 183 14.69 167812 22-4-10 37.0 43.6 3 Green Oranye 168 12 31 211 199 13.27 107813 25-4-10 36.5 28.5 4 Green Oranye 164 6 26 196 190 18.13 119914 29-4-10 37.0 44,6 3 Green Oranye Adults 126 5 29 160 155 18.46 67315 02-5-10 36.5 43.7 4 Green Oranye Adults 147 12 36 195 183 11.93 74716 06-5-10 35.5 54.4 3 Green Oranye Adults 147 8 21 176 167 9.90 116917 09-5-10 35.5 53.6 4 White 164 9 19 192 183 15.47 158018 13-5-10 37.0 56.4 3 White 141 12 28 181 169 10.56 85119 16-5-10 35.5 45.8 4 Green Oranye 136 8 17 161 153 14.94 122420 20-5-10 36.0 39.6 3 Green Oranye 142 6 26 174 168 16.48 91721 23-5-10 35.5 43.7 4 Green Oranye Adults 137 10 29 176 166 14.81 78422 27-5-10 37.0 52.6 3 White green 37 9 8 54 45 17.12 20823 30-5-10 36.0 43.8 4 White green 86 6 19 111 105 18.03 47524 02-6-10 35.5 34.5 3 Green Oranye 42 8 11 61 53 25.71 20225 06-6-10 35.0 40.5 4 Green Oranye 21 5 9 35 30 70

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In general, dragonflies are more mobile and more conspicuous [25]. Sympetrum spp. fly over

longer distances beyond their reproductive areas [24]; [15]. Males ofS. darwinianum fly over a distance of

1.1 km. In contrast, mobility is low in many species of damselflies [18].Ischnura elegans (Van der Linden)

do not move more than 100 m. About 47 to 71% of males and about 61% of females remain within the

immediate surrounding of their emergence sites [17]. Males of Calopteryx aequabilis move an average

distance of 35 m while females travel only about 50 m in a day [4]. Due to short distances and weak

fluttering flight [6], the movement ofN. tullia resembles that of the damselflies [3].

Habitat availability of fruits flies for example, availability of fruits is the main factor influencing

their movements around an orchard [20]; [22]. In the rice fields, harvesting of rice removes a large area of

suitable habitats forA. femina. The odonates then resort to ratoon crops and grasses around the fields.

Stations 1 through 6 for instance, were delimited by small bunds that formed the edge of a drainage canal.

After ploughing, only grasses along the bunds were available in the area. Consequently, less odonates

found their shelters there. In contrast, stations 7 and 8 were bordered by a drain and bunds densely covered

by grasses.While residents ranged from 21.86 % to 40.00% and Lincoln index showed score range between

14.20 and 47.54. Compare some index such as Jaccard, Jolly-Seber, etc. Lincoln index can used for

determine estimate population insects in the filed. Otherwise, very little movements out of these stations

were observed. Highly localized movement enables the species to be widely distributed within its home

range. A small body size enables this odonate species to actively hover around rice plants and prey on pest

species including those located in between the leaf blades. Since this species feeds actively throughout the

day, most pest species as well as those that are active at different hours will be accessible to it.

Conclusions

Male and female ofA. femina were widely distributed within their home range of approximately

35 m radii. Adult movements were highly localized and the longest distance traveled was about 90 m. Mark

Release Recapture (MRR) collected of males compare females from 25 catched were 1360 individuals and

1033 individuals. Lincoln index (N) calculated from 25 catched with score 14.20-47.54. Active feeding

activity of both sexes A. femina reflected effective predation of pests in upland ricefield. This study

indicates thatA. femina has a good potential to be an effective predator in the rice field.

AcknowledgementsWe are indebted to Rivo Haspendar for helping us in the field. We are very much grateful to Mr.

Silalahi and Mr. Nainggolan and family for allowing us to work in their rice field. Thanks are due to

Dr. Che Salmah Md. Rawi for reading and comments on the earlier version of this manuscript. This

research was funded by Hibah Strategis Nasional of Ministry of Higher Education Indonesian, Universitas

Sumatera Utara, and University Science Malaysia.

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