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.......................... 205 , . 23. 1912. 30. 1913. , , , 2011,
. 304 ( )
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Zapisi iz Indije, Beograd, 2011, 909 str. (. )
...............................................................................
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, - , , E-mail: [email protected]
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: , - , , , II (12821321). : II , , , , , () -, , XIIIXIV .
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, , , .
Mag. Aleksandar Uzelac Research Assistant HISTORY INSTITUTE,
BELGRADE MERCENARY ARMIES OF KING STEPHEN URO II MILUTIN (Summary)
In this article, attempt is made to cover several questions related
to
mercenary armies in Serbia during the reign of King Stephen Uro
II Milutin (12821321): origins of the mercenaries, the events in
which they took part, their organization, expenses and finally
causes of their frequent and numerous presence.
The basic and the most visible trait of these mercenary armies
is their heterogeneity. Sources speak of the three ethnically
distinct groups of mercena-ries: those from surrounding lands,
Orientals and Westerners. Bulgarian and Greek mercenaries were used
in the campaign against Byzantium in 1284 and in later events
during Serb-Byzantine war. They also participated in the struggle
for the throne between Milutins sons Constantine and Stephen in
13211322. The Orientals (Turkopoles, Cumans, Alans and Tatars) are
mentioned in sources during the civil war between Milutin and
Dragutin in 13101311, in which they provided crucial help for
Milutins side, as well as in several subsequent episo-des. Western
mercenaries were also present in Serbia at the time, but evidences
are scanty; the only confirmed example is the case of Francesco de
Salomone f Treviso, who was knighted by Milutin in 1304. The most
important of all these groups in military context were the
Orientals. Two thousand Cumans who ser-ved as kings bodyguards and
1.500 Turkopols under the leadership of Constan-tine Malik were the
most numerous mercenary contingents, not only during the reign of
Milutin, but in Nemanji state in general.
Hiring of the mercenaries was the task given only to the most
confidential people; even Milutins designated successor Constantine
was directly involved. Hiring was expensive and frequently it put
the state in great financial straits. Since funds of the state
treasury were not sufficient to cover the costs of the mercenary
armies, extraordinarily financial measures were taken. In 1310,
Ori-
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27
entals were partly equipped and financed from the treasury of
Hilandar monastery, while in 1320, in order to secure funds for
hiring Greek mercenaries, special financial contribution was
requested from authorities of Republic of Ra-gusa, Numerous and
frequent presence of mercenary armies in Serbia at the end of
Thirteenth and at the beginning of the Fourteenth century may be
linked to internal difficulties and precarious position of the
ruler himself. Therefore, due to the unreliability of domestic army
who was recruited from the ranks of frequently unfaithful
aristocracy, employment of the mercenaries was the need and the
necessity. The way in which Stephen Uro II Milutin used foreign
soldi-ers is an important indicator of the means and ends of the
state policies. It is also a vivid testimony of his statesmanlike
abilities and qualities.
