Upload
vuongnguyet
View
219
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
This document is downloaded at: 2018-05-21T21:50:48Z
Title Notes on Classification of Mixed Flagellation Type, Marine BacteriaWhich Utilize Algal Polysaccharides
Author(s) Fujita, Yuji; Zenitani, Buhei
Citation 長崎大学水産学部研究報告, v.32, pp.79-84; 1971
Issue Date 1971-12
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/31088
Right
NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE
http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp
79
Notes on Classification of Mixed Flagellation
Type, Marine Bacteria Which Utilize
Algal Polysaccharides
Yuji FUJITA and Buhei ZENITANI
Abstract
Mixed flagellation type was found on sixteen strains of marine bacteria which
attack algal polysaccharide or chitin. Cf these, six strains were identified as
chitinoclastic Beneckea spp. , but the digestion of agar or alginate was not a
suitable property to characterize a genus in the family Achromobacteriaceae from
a numerical analysis.
Introduction
In the course of a study of bacteria of marine origin, we found mixed
flagellation types of marine bacteria which attack agar, alginate or chitin. Such
a mixed flagellation type is considered to be a specific character, because the
flagellation, either polar or peritrichous, is usually a useful diagnostic criterion
for bacterial classification. On the other hand, YAPHE1) presented some
proposals on the classification of bacteria which utilize the polysaccharide of
marine algae, and also WOOD2) considered to be undesirable to use polysaccharide
attacking ability as genus key for pragmatic classification.
In this paper, notes on the presence of specific flagellation of the isolates
and on the applicability of agar- and alginate-decomposition as genus key will be
described.
Materials and Methods
Bacterial strains : Sixteen strains with mixed flagella were isolated from
Porphyra yezoensis which were decaying or diseased in the laver culture farm.
Characteristics of test strains : Detailed characteristics of the test strains
will be described elsewhere. Agar digestion in ZOBELL's 2216E agar plate was
observed visually, and agar softening was tested by an addition of Lugol solution
Alginic acid-digestion was detected by the method of KIMURA3) . The degradation
of chitin was determined by the formation of clear ring around the colonies
developed on ZOBELL's 2216E agar plate containing 0.4% chitin. The cultures
were incubated at 20°C for one week.
80 Bull. Fac, Fish., Nagasaki Univ., No. 32 (1971)
Observation of cell morphology : The flagella of test strains were examined
by electron microscope after cultivation on ZOBELL’s 2216E agar plate for 10 hrs.
A suspention of cells was prepared with distilled water, and it was placed on a
grid. Cultivation with collodion film was also used; cell suspension with 75%o aged
sea water was inoculated on collodion film covering the surface of the agar plate,
and observations were made on the bacteria grown on the film for 5 to 6 hrs.
Metal-shadowed preparations were made by drying the suspention on a grid and
shadowing with platinum-palladium at an angle of 450.
ldentification of test strains : Similarity values of all the test strains were
calculated by SNEATH’s method4): S-value = Ns/Ns+Nd (90). Reciprocal mean
similarity values5) were obtained by formula, RMS-value : Ts/N一一一1 (%). The
groups obtained by numerical analysis were identified by BERGEY’s manua16).
Results and Discussion
All the tested strains were gram-negative, KOVACS’ oxidase-positive ; the
cell form was rods in most strains and slightly curved rods or pleomorphic in
some strains. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the flagellated form
with a thick polar flagellum in addition to finer lateral flagella or a polar
flagellum only was unusual. Various types of flagellated bacteria are shown in
Figs.1to 6. The lateral and single polar flagellations observed in the same
strain are shown in Figs. 7 to 10. The morphology of these is similar to the
phenomenon of mixed flagellation which was first fully described by LEIFSON
and HuGH7).
In the identification of bacteria by BERGEY/s manual, it is necessary to
determine the true morphology of such a mixed flagellated form to be either
polar or peritrichous. LEIFSON8) considered that mixed polar and peritrichous
flagellation is a characteristic of Aeromonas spp. . Species of Aeromonas generally
have a polar flagellumi. But, in OF test with’,MOF medium9) by HUGH and
LEIFSON’s method,iO) our strains were not fermentative without producing any
large amount of gas, which is an important character of Aeromonas i i). When
’the true morphology of these strains are assumed to be peritrichous flagella as
Agarbacte7ium alginicum of ADAMS et ali2)., the test strains should be classified
in the family Achromobacteriaceae. According to the abilitieS to attack algal
polysaccharide or chitin, the test strains belong to either Agarbactevium which
attacks agar and/or alginate or Benechea which attacks chitin and sometimes horny
substances. Therefore, for the strains having the abilities to attack both algal
polysaccharide and’ chitin, it is difficult to determine the genus they belong.
Hence, we attempted to submit a numerical analysis based on 89 unit chara-
cters of test strains, and obtained the results as shown in Table 1. .All the test
strains were divided at least into three groups (Table 2). Group 1 was identified
81Y. FuJITA and B. ZENITANI: Mixed Flagellation of Marine Bacteria
く
、灘欝.縫繍懸盤・
縫
轟
聡礫難難灘騒嚢L讐…
Fig. 3. Strain P3.×7,400
Fig. 6. Strain Sl.×7,600
Fig. 2. Strain A3.×8,500.
Fig. 5. Strain S3.×8,800.
Fig. 1. Strain A3.×8,000.
Fig. 4. Strain K7.×7,100.
Bull Fac Fish,Nagasaki Univ,No 32 (1971)82
綴
騨獣蟻
C灘総懸難灘・
Fig 8 Stram P3 ×7,700 Fig 9 Stram P3 ×7,300
Figs 11 and 12 Strain K7 by membrane culture with
Fig 7 Stram P3 ×8,400
Fig 10 Stram P3 ×7,700
collodion film ×6,800
Y. FuJITA and B. ZENITANI : Mixed Flagellation of Marine Bacteria 83
Table 1. Similarity values of sixteen strains of mixed
flagellation type marine bacteria.
Strain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
L2。34ゑ色乳&軌n瓦拡鳳肱凪鳳
2723333113212311
KKLLPFBBPSFSAAAE
00
X2
V9
U8
U6
U5
U6
U5
T6
S9
U4
U2
T2
U0
S6
S5
1
00
W0
W0
U9
U9
U1
U4
T6
T0
T7
T0
T2
T6
S1
S2
1
100
77 100
67 83 100
67 74 85
63 67 54
60 61 53
57 54 50
43 52 52
59 57 51
56 49 49
52 52 53
43 43 45
32 34 37
41 46 41
100
52 100
51 90 100
40 69 78
43 63 68
51 59 63
43 63 69
47 55 62
46 47 51
36 36 41
33 43 52
100
78 100
63 70 100
64 70 70
59 65 68
49 52 52
49 57 48
51 54 58
100
71 100
55 66
51 53
65 65
100
65
77
100
61 100
Table 2. Reciprocal mean similarity values (RMS-value) of 16 strains
of bacteria which attack agar, alginate or chitin.
Group1
1
皿
皿
Strain RMS-value, % Decomposition of
Agar Alginate Chitin
ロ の サ
リ の
123456
ロ コ ロ ロ ロ
78901⊥2
1⊥1⊥-⊥
コ
の
サ コ
QU4戸06
111⊥-⊥
272333 311321 2311
KKLLPF BBPSFS AAAE
1一 16 62
61
58
60
57
54
59
62
58
60
59
59
58
54
46
52
1-6’
7一 12
13-16
484642 940957 1008
676ρ0
777777 677666
***
十十十一
「
[
* **
一十一十十
十十十十
十十【
十十十十十十 十十十十
十十十十十十
RMS-value was calculated from the data of Table 1.
十 positive and 一 negative, ln decomposition of agar ;
and 十 liquefaction.
十* softening
84 Bull. Fac. Fish., Nagasaki Univ., No. 32 (1971)
as the genus Beneohea, and two strains attacking both chitin and alginate could
be classified into this group. Groups II and III were suggested to be of the
genus Agarbacterium by BERGEY’s system. But the property of agar digestion
was variable and agar-softening strains or alginate attacking strains were found
even in group 1.
From the results mentioned above, the abilities to attack agar and/or alginate
are not considered as a suitable property to characterize a genus as compared
with the chitinoclastic activity. Furthermore, the presence of mixed flagellation
type remains as a problem as to whether such a genus should be placed in the
family A chromobacteriaceae or family Pseudomonadaceae, because the type of
flagellation of Agarbacterium has not been determined.
)1
)2
)3
)4
)5
)6
)7
)8
)9
10)
11)
12)
References
W. YApHE: Proposals on the classification of microorganisms which utilize the
polysaccharides of marine algae and a definition for agar. ln t’ Symp. Marine
Microbiol.,” (C.H. Oppenheimer, ed,), pp. 588-593. Tomas, C. C. Publisher, lllinois
(1963)
E. J. F. WooD: Microbiology of oceans and estuaries. pp. 42, 51. Elsevi-er Publ.
Co. London (1967)
T. KIMuRA : A rnethod for rapid detection of alginic acid digesting bacteria. Bulg.
Fac. Fish. Elokkaido Univ.,12, 41-47 (1961)
P. H. A. SNEATH : Some thoughts on bacterial classification. 」. gen. Microbiol.,
17, 184-200 (1957). The application of computers to taxonomy. lbid,, 17, .201-226 t
(1957)
K. HAyAsHI : New concept of center species and a new genus llalococcus induced
theoretically. ln ”Taxonomy of microorganisms”. Proc. 10th 1.A.M. Symp. Microbiol. ,
1968. pp. 59-88 (1968)
R. S. BREED, E. G. D. MURRAY and N. R. SMITH (Eds) : BERGEy’s manual of
determinative bacteriology, 7th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore (1957)
E. LEIFsoN and R. HuGH : Variation in shape and arrangement of bacterial flagella.
」. Baicteriol., 65, 263-271 (1953)
E. LEiFsoN : Mixed polar and peritrichous flagellation of marine bacteria.
」. Bacteriol., 86, 166-167 (1963)
E. LEIFsoN : Determination of carbohydrate metabolism of marine bacteria.
J. Ba・cterioZ., 85, 1183-1184 (1963)
R. HuGH and E. LEIFsoN : The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus
oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate by various Gram-negative bacteria. f. Bacteriol. ,
66, 24-26 (1953)
J. M. SHEwAN, G. HoBBs and W, HODcTKiss:A determinative scheme for the
identification of certain genera of Gram-negative bacteria, with special reference to
the Pseudomonadaceae. f. appt. Bacteriol., 23, 379-390 (1960)
J.N.ADAMS, J. WILLIAMs and W. J. PAyNE : Agarbacteriunz aZ.pinicunz, the appropriate
taxonomic designation for Alginomonas alginica. 」. Bacteriol., 81, 162-163 (1961)