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This document is downloaded at: 2018-05-21T21:50:48Z Title Notes on Classification of Mixed Flagellation Type, Marine Bacteria Which Utilize Algal Polysaccharides Author(s) Fujita, Yuji; Zenitani, Buhei Citation 長崎大学水産学部研究報告, v.32, pp.79-84; 1971 Issue Date 1971-12 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/31088 Right NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp

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This document is downloaded at: 2018-05-21T21:50:48Z

Title Notes on Classification of Mixed Flagellation Type, Marine BacteriaWhich Utilize Algal Polysaccharides

Author(s) Fujita, Yuji; Zenitani, Buhei

Citation 長崎大学水産学部研究報告, v.32, pp.79-84; 1971

Issue Date 1971-12

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/31088

Right

NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE

http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp

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79

Notes on Classification of Mixed Flagellation

Type, Marine Bacteria Which Utilize

Algal Polysaccharides

Yuji FUJITA and Buhei ZENITANI

Abstract

Mixed flagellation type was found on sixteen strains of marine bacteria which

attack algal polysaccharide or chitin. Cf these, six strains were identified as

chitinoclastic Beneckea spp. , but the digestion of agar or alginate was not a

suitable property to characterize a genus in the family Achromobacteriaceae from

a numerical analysis.

Introduction

In the course of a study of bacteria of marine origin, we found mixed

flagellation types of marine bacteria which attack agar, alginate or chitin. Such

a mixed flagellation type is considered to be a specific character, because the

flagellation, either polar or peritrichous, is usually a useful diagnostic criterion

for bacterial classification. On the other hand, YAPHE1) presented some

proposals on the classification of bacteria which utilize the polysaccharide of

marine algae, and also WOOD2) considered to be undesirable to use polysaccharide

attacking ability as genus key for pragmatic classification.

In this paper, notes on the presence of specific flagellation of the isolates

and on the applicability of agar- and alginate-decomposition as genus key will be

described.

Materials and Methods

Bacterial strains : Sixteen strains with mixed flagella were isolated from

Porphyra yezoensis which were decaying or diseased in the laver culture farm.

Characteristics of test strains : Detailed characteristics of the test strains

will be described elsewhere. Agar digestion in ZOBELL's 2216E agar plate was

observed visually, and agar softening was tested by an addition of Lugol solution

Alginic acid-digestion was detected by the method of KIMURA3) . The degradation

of chitin was determined by the formation of clear ring around the colonies

developed on ZOBELL's 2216E agar plate containing 0.4% chitin. The cultures

were incubated at 20°C for one week.

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80 Bull. Fac, Fish., Nagasaki Univ., No. 32 (1971)

    Observation of cell morphology : The flagella of test strains were examined

by electron microscope after cultivation on ZOBELL’s 2216E agar plate for 10 hrs.

A suspention of cells was prepared with distilled water, and it was placed on a

grid. Cultivation with collodion film was also used; cell suspension with 75%o aged

sea water was inoculated on collodion film covering the surface of the agar plate,

and observations were made on the bacteria grown on the film for 5 to 6 hrs.

Metal-shadowed preparations were made by drying the suspention on a grid and

shadowing with platinum-palladium at an angle of 450.

   ldentification of test strains : Similarity values of all the test strains were

calculated by SNEATH’s method4): S-value = Ns/Ns+Nd (90). Reciprocal mean

similarity values5) were obtained by formula, RMS-value : Ts/N一一一1 (%). The

groups obtained by numerical analysis were identified by BERGEY’s manua16).

Results and Discussion

   All the tested strains were gram-negative, KOVACS’ oxidase-positive ; the

cell form was rods in most strains and slightly curved rods or pleomorphic in

some strains. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the flagellated form

with a thick polar flagellum in addition to finer lateral flagella or a polar

flagellum only was unusual. Various types of flagellated bacteria are shown in

Figs.1to 6. The lateral and single polar flagellations observed in the same

strain are shown in Figs. 7 to 10. The morphology of these is similar to the

phenomenon of mixed flagellation which was first fully described by LEIFSON

and HuGH7).

    In the identification of bacteria by BERGEY/s manual, it is necessary to

determine the true morphology of such a mixed flagellated form to be either

polar or peritrichous. LEIFSON8) considered that mixed polar and peritrichous

flagellation is a characteristic of Aeromonas spp. . Species of Aeromonas generally

have a polar flagellumi. But, in OF test with’,MOF medium9) by HUGH and

LEIFSON’s method,iO) our strains were not fermentative without producing any

large amount of gas, which is an important character of Aeromonas i i). When

’the true morphology of these strains are assumed to be peritrichous flagella as

Agarbacte7ium alginicum of ADAMS et ali2)., the test strains should be classified

in the family Achromobacteriaceae. According to the abilitieS to attack algal

polysaccharide or chitin, the test strains belong to either Agarbactevium which

attacks agar and/or alginate or Benechea which attacks chitin and sometimes horny

substances. Therefore, for the strains having the abilities to attack both algal

polysaccharide and’ chitin, it is difficult to determine the genus they belong.

    Hence, we attempted to submit a numerical analysis based on 89 unit chara-

cters of test strains, and obtained the results as shown in Table 1. .All the test

strains were divided at least into three groups (Table 2). Group 1 was identified

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81Y. FuJITA and B. ZENITANI: Mixed Flagellation of Marine Bacteria

   く  

、灘欝.縫繍懸盤・

    轟

聡礫難難灘騒嚢L讐…

Fig. 3. Strain P3.×7,400

Fig. 6. Strain Sl.×7,600

Fig. 2. Strain A3.×8,500.

Fig. 5. Strain S3.×8,800.

Fig. 1. Strain A3.×8,000.

Fig. 4. Strain K7.×7,100.

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Bull Fac Fish,Nagasaki Univ,No 32 (1971)82

 騨獣蟻 

  

C灘総懸難灘・

Fig 8 Stram P3 ×7,700 Fig 9 Stram P3 ×7,300

Figs 11 and 12 Strain K7 by membrane culture with

Fig 7 Stram P3 ×8,400

Fig 10 Stram P3 ×7,700

collodion film ×6,800

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Y. FuJITA and B. ZENITANI : Mixed Flagellation of Marine Bacteria 83

Table 1. Similarity values of sixteen strains of mixed

flagellation type marine bacteria.

Strain 1 2 3 4 5 6  7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

L2。34ゑ色乳&軌n瓦拡鳳肱凪鳳

2723333113212311

KKLLPFBBPSFSAAAE

00

X2

V9

U8

U6

U5

U6

U5

T6

S9

U4

U2

T2

U0

S6

S5

1

00

W0

W0

U9

U9

U1

U4

T6

T0

T7

T0

T2

T6

S1

S2

1

100

77 100

67 83 100

67 74 85

63 67 54

60 61 53

57 54 50

43 52 52

59 57 51

56 49 49

52 52 53

43 43 45

32 34 37

41 46 41

100

52 100

51 90 100

40 69 78

43 63 68

51 59 63

43 63 69

47 55 62

46 47 51

36 36 41

33 43 52

100

78 100

63 70 100

64 70 70

59 65 68

49 52 52

49 57 48

51 54 58

100

71 100

55 66

51 53

65 65

100

65

77

100

61 100

Table 2. Reciprocal mean similarity values (RMS-value) of 16 strains

of bacteria which attack agar, alginate or chitin.

Group1

1

Strain RMS-value, %    Decomposition of

Agar Alginate Chitin

ロ   の   サ   

リ       の

123456

ロ   コ   ロ   ロ   ロ    

78901⊥2

   1⊥1⊥-⊥

コ   

の   

サ    コ

QU4戸06

111⊥-⊥

272333 311321 2311

KKLLPF BBPSFS AAAE

1一 16 62

     61

     58

     60

     57

     54

     59

     62

     58

     60

     59

     59

     58

     54

     46

     52

1-6’

7一 12

13-16

484642 940957 1008

              676ρ0

777777 677666

***

十十十一

*  **

一十一十十

十十十十

十十【

十十十十十十 十十十十

十十十十十十

RMS-value was calculated from the data of Table 1.

十 positive and 一 negative, ln decomposition of agar ;

and 十 liquefaction.

十* softening

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84 Bull. Fac. Fish., Nagasaki Univ., No. 32 (1971)

as the genus Beneohea, and two strains attacking both chitin and alginate could

be classified into this group. Groups II and III were suggested to be of the

genus Agarbacterium by BERGEY’s system. But the property of agar digestion

was variable and agar-softening strains or alginate attacking strains were found

even in group 1.

    From the results mentioned above, the abilities to attack agar and/or alginate

are not considered as a suitable property to characterize a genus as compared

with the chitinoclastic activity. Furthermore, the presence of mixed flagellation

type remains as a problem as to whether such a genus should be placed in the

family A chromobacteriaceae or family Pseudomonadaceae, because the type of

flagellation of Agarbacterium has not been determined.

)1

)2

)3

)4

)5

)6

)7

)8

)9

10)

11)

12)

                              References

W. YApHE: Proposals on the classification of microorganisms which utilize the

polysaccharides of marine algae and a definition for agar. ln t’ Symp. Marine

Microbiol.,” (C.H. Oppenheimer, ed,), pp. 588-593. Tomas, C. C. Publisher, lllinois

(1963)

E. J. F. WooD: Microbiology of oceans and estuaries. pp. 42, 51. Elsevi-er Publ.

Co. London (1967)

T. KIMuRA : A rnethod for rapid detection of alginic acid digesting bacteria. Bulg.

Fac. Fish. Elokkaido Univ.,12, 41-47 (1961)

P. H. A. SNEATH : Some thoughts on bacterial classification. 」. gen. Microbiol.,

17, 184-200 (1957). The application of computers to taxonomy. lbid,, 17, .201-226                                                                  t

(1957)

K. HAyAsHI : New concept of center species and a new genus llalococcus induced

theoretically. ln ”Taxonomy of microorganisms”. Proc. 10th 1.A.M. Symp. Microbiol. ,

1968. pp. 59-88 (1968)

R. S. BREED, E. G. D. MURRAY and N. R. SMITH (Eds) : BERGEy’s manual of

determinative bacteriology, 7th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore (1957)

E. LEIFsoN and R. HuGH : Variation in shape and arrangement of bacterial flagella.

」. Baicteriol., 65, 263-271 (1953)

E. LEiFsoN : Mixed polar and peritrichous flagellation of marine bacteria.

」. Bacteriol., 86, 166-167 (1963)

E. LEIFsoN : Determination of carbohydrate metabolism of marine bacteria.

J. Ba・cterioZ., 85, 1183-1184 (1963)

R. HuGH and E. LEIFsoN : The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus

oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate by various Gram-negative bacteria. f. Bacteriol. ,

66, 24-26 (1953)

J. M. SHEwAN, G. HoBBs and W, HODcTKiss:A determinative scheme for the

identification of certain genera of Gram-negative bacteria, with special reference to

the Pseudomonadaceae. f. appt. Bacteriol., 23, 379-390 (1960)

J.N.ADAMS, J. WILLIAMs and W. J. PAyNE : Agarbacteriunz aZ.pinicunz, the appropriate

taxonomic designation for Alginomonas alginica. 」. Bacteriol., 81, 162-163 (1961)