Napoli Città Giovane. Politiche e Strategie dell’Amministrazione Pubblica

7/23/2019 Napoli Città Giovane. Politiche e Strategie dell’Amministrazione Pubblica

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/napoli-citta-giovane-politiche-e-strategie-dellamministrazione-pubblica 1/170

]KNSM_TNPÆ @MAJN TP]@N @N KIVGJN‚ CM@M_NDG NN ―

CIDGJPÆ @N TGDNGJGANI

Dgrtg `n Ji}rmi Eiantprijm nkDGE]KNDI\NGKM V]OOJNDI* TGDNIJM M VGJNPNDI

Pmtn `n Ji}rmink

Dge}kndi|ngkm m d}jp}rm angsiknjn

KIVGJN DNPPÆ ANGSIKM VGJNPNDBM M TP_IPMANM @MJJ„IEENKNTP_I\NGKM V]OOJNDI

VM_ JM K]GSM AMKM_I\NGKN

_mjipgrmDb+ eg Vrgc+_iccimjm Tisgkir`g

Dik`nìpiEirni _gomrp}ddneipr+ E9=6666?9

Ikkg Iddi`mendg ?66>%?696



9

i Pm+Vmrdbî* kgkgtpikpm p}ppg*

bin tmevrm tiv}pg `nren y}ikpg cgttngragajngtg `n em+



?

NK@NDM

NKP_G@]\NGKM =

N DIVNPGJGN ANGSIKN DGEM DIPMAG_NI TGDNIJM

N+9 N angsikn kmjjg tdmkirng dgkpmevgrikmg 99

N+? Ji eivvi `mn sijgrn angsiknjn ??

N+4 Ji cn`}dni kmjjm ntpnp}|ngkn 4?

N+0 Ji virpmdnvi|ngkm angsiknjm 42

NN DIVNPGJG

JM VGJNPNDBM ANGSIKNJN NK NPIJNI

NN+9 Jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn vmr n enkgrn 0>

NN+9+9 Nj omk — mttmrm< nk`ndipgrm `mj jnsmjjg `ny}ijnpæ `n }k tntpmei tgdnijm+ Ji jmaam 4?2'?666 =4

NN+9+? Nj Vnikg `n \gki m ji Dirpi `mn Tmrsn|n tgdnijn =3

NN+? Jm vgjnpndbm vmr n angsikn 39

NN+?+9 Vgjnpndbm ‚angsikn―< }ki rntgrti i jnsmjjgNkpmrki|ngkijm 30

NN+?+? Nj Jnorg Onikdg< ‚}k k}gsg nev}jtg vmr ji angsmkpþ m}rgvmi― 31

NN+4 J‗Npijni m jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn 10

NN+4+9 Nj Enkntpmrg vmr jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn 1>

NN+4+? Nj r}gjg `majn Mkpn Jgdijn 24



4

NNN DIVNPGJGJM VGJNPNDBM ANGSIKNJN @MJ DGE]KM @N KIVGJN

NNN+9 Kivgjn* ji rmijpæ }roiki >9NNN+? ]k vgttnonjm vrgcnjg `mn angsikn kivgjmpikn >3

NNN+4 J‗nkìankm mevnrndi 961

NNN+0 Jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn+Ji sgdm `mn ‚vrgpiagkntpn― 96>

NNN+0+9 Nj Vnikg Jgdijm Angsikn 99?

NNN+0+? Nkn|nipnsm d}jp}rijn angsiknjn 992

NNN+0+4 Ji _mangkm Dievikni m jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn 9?9

NNN+0+0 N angsikn kivgjmpikn m jm ntpnp}|ngkn 9?0

IVVMK@NDM

JM NKPM_SNTPM TMENTP_]PP]_IPM IN V_GPIAGKNTPN@MJJM VGJNPNDBM ANGSIKNJN @MJ DGE]KM @N KIVGJN

Nkpmrsntpi I % @nrnamkpm `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn 9?1

Nkpmrsntpi O % Ittmttgrm ijjm Vgjnpndbm Tgdnijn m Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn 906

ONOJNGA_ICNI 939

TNPGA_ICNI 93>



0

_NKA_I\NIEMKPN

I dgkdj}tngkm `n y}mtpg jisgrg `n pmtn* â `gsmrgtg vgrrm n enmn vnþ tmkpnpnrnkari|niemkpn ijjm vmrtgkm dbm bg is}pg eg`g `n dgkgtdmrm nk y}mtpg nevgrpikpmvmrng`g `mjji eni snpi m dbm en bikkg in}pipi i drmtdmrm tni ìj v}kpg `n sntpinkpmjjmpp}ijm tni ìj v}kpg `n sntpi }eikg+

M‗ `nccndnjm nk vgdbm rnabm rndgrìrm p}ppm jm vmrtgkm dbm* i sirng pnpgjg*

bikkg dgkprno}npg i rmk`mrm enajngrm y}mtpg vmrng`g+@mtn`mrg nkkik|np}ppg rnkari|nirm nj Vrgc+ Jmjjg Tisgkir`g vmr n vrm|ngtn

nktmakiemkpn `}rikpm y}mtp‗}jpneg ikkg `n ji}rmi eiantprijm m vmr jm k}emrgtmgrm `m`ndipm ijji eni pmtn+ Vrgoionjemkpm tmk|i nj t}g t}vvgrpg kgk tirmn rn}tdnpii` irrnsirm cnk y}n* mtgrpik`gen i` nktntpmrm m i vrgtma}nrm nj vmrdgrtg nkprivrmtgikdbm y}ik`g gakn vgttnonjnpæ en tmeorisi vmr`}pi* m` isrmn vrmcmrnpg egjjirmp}ppg* cidmk`gen `mtntpmrm ì pijm vrgvgtnpg+ Ikdgri* rnkari|ng tmkpnpiemkpm jiVrgc+tti Ieijni Div}pg dbm â tpipi tmevrm `ntvgknonjm i `nrnemrm n enmn `}oon`}rikpm ji tpmt}ri `n y}mtpg jisgrg* egtprik`gen tmevrm virpndgjirm `ntvgknonjnpæm cgrkmk`gen pmtpn m ìpn nk`ntvmktionjn vmr ji rmijn||i|ngkm `n y}mtpi pmtn+

Nkgjprm* sgrrmn mtvrnemrm nj eng vnþ tnkdmrg iccmppg ijjm @gpp+ttm* kgkdbî dirmiendbm* @iknmji @m Eiantprnt* Eirnjmki @n Ogknpg m Vigji Eirnajnikg vmr nk}emrgtn dgktnajn* ei tgvripp}ppg vmr nj t}vvgrpg egrijm m j‗iendn|ni `negtpripiennk y}mtpn `}m `nccndnjn m j}kabn ikkn+

Kgk tg tm prgsg jm virgjm an}tpm vmr rnkari|nirm n enmn amknpgrn m ji enicienajni* vmrÿ sgrrmn dbm y}mtpg eng pria}ir`g riaan}kpg* vmr y}ikpg vgttnonjm*cgttm }k vrmeng ikdbm vmr jgrg m vmr n tidrncndn dbm bikkg cippg vmr em m vmr nj engc}p}rg+

I eng Kgkkg* }k arik`m }geg* vrme}rgtg* gkmtpg* mtprmeiemkpm o}gkg*

`m`ndg y}mtpi pmtn< n t}gn gddbn en ‚`ndmsikg― tmevrm y}ikpg cgttm gragajngtg `nem+

Vmr }jpneg* ei kgk vmr gr`nkm `n nevgrpik|i* `mtn`mrg rnkari|nirm Mkrndg*vmr mttmren tpipg iddikpg y}ik`g bg is}pg ontgakg `mjji t}i vrmtmk|i* eitgvripp}ppg vmrdbî drm`g dbm isrmoom `mtn`mripg sm`mrm y}mtpi pmtn pmrenkipiy}ikpg kmtt}k ijprg+



=

NKP_G@]\NGKM

Nj vrmtmkpm jisgrg tn dgkdmkpri t}jjm vrnkdnvijn ippnsnpæ m tpripmanm vrgegttm

ìj Dge}km `n Kivgjn nk rncmrnemkpg ijjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn t}j pmrrnpgrng* i

virpnrm ì }k nky}i`riemkpg pmgrndg t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm nk Npijni m ìj

rmjipnsg tdmkirng kgreipnsg ki|ngkijm m` nkpmrki|ngkijm+

Nj jisgrg tn dgkdmkpri t}j dgkpmtpg tgdng%d}jp}rijm kivgjmpikg* t}j vrgcnjg `mn

angsikn `mj pmrrnpgrng m t}jjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn emttm nk ippg ìjj‗ipp}ijm

Ieenkntpri|ngkm V}oojndi+

@mcnknrm dgti tgkg jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn rndbnm`m ijd}km rncjmttngkn t}

gonmppnsn* tpr}emkpn m` nkn|nipnsm vrgegttm i jnsmjjg nkpmrki|ngkijm* ki|ngkijm m

jgdijm nk cisgrm `mn angsikn+ Nk jmppmrip}ri kgk â vrmtmkpm }ki `mcnkn|ngkm dge}km*

}knsgdi m dgk`nsnti `n dgti tn nkpmk`m vmr Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn* ìpg dbm gakn

vimtm bi ji vrgvrni vgjnpndi ki|ngkijm m `mdn`m y}ijn tgkg jm cnkijnpæ i d}n `msgkg

dgrrntvgk`mrm jm vgjnpndbm rnsgjpm i y}mtpi tvmdncndi dipmagrni tgdnijm+ Nkcippn jm

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn dgevrmk`gkg }k nktnmem `n nkpmrsmkpn rnsgjpn in angsikn "dgem

i` mtmevng y}mjjn rna}irìkpn nj jisgrg* ji tij}pm* ji d}jp}ri* j‗ntpr}|ngkm* ji

cgrei|ngkm vrgcmttngkijm* j‗nkcgrei|ngkm* mdd+. nj dbm rmk`m egjpg dgevjmtti }ki

vgttnonjm `mcnkn|ngkm+

Virpmk`g ì y}mtpg itt}kpg* tn v}ÿ `n dgktma}mk|i njj}tprirm ormsmemkpm ji

tpr}pp}ri `mj tma}mkpm jisgrg* dbm tn dgevgkm `n prm divnpgjn+



3

Nj vrneg â `m`ndipg ijjm vrnkdnvijn pmgrnm dbm rna}irìkg n angsikn nk y}ikpg

dipmagrni tgdnijm nk dgkpnk}g e}piemkpg* ei tgvripp}ppg dgem gaamppg `n rndmrdi*

kmj pmevg `nsmk}pg tmevrm vnþ tnakncndipnsg+ Nk y}mtpi tgdnmpæ tmevrm vnþ nkdmrpi*

`gsm nj dieoniemkpg â `nsmkpipg j‗ittm vgrpikpm* ajn nk`nsn`}n tgkg vnþ cidnjemkpm

dgjpn ìj `ntiang mtntpmk|nijm nk virpndgjirm n angsikn* dbm kmj jgrg vmrdgrtg `n

drmtdnpi bikkg ontgakg `n dmrpm||m* `n tpionjnpæ m `n dgkpnk}npæ+

Gaan ji tgdnmpæ* dbm `n cippn mtnam nkmsnpionjemkpm dgkpnk}n dieoniemkpn m

rn`mcnkn|ngkn "Oi}eik* 9>>>.* rnksni n rnpn tgdnijn dbm tdik`ntdgkg nj vittiaang ijjg

tpip}t `n i`}jpg dgem ji dgkdj}tngkm `majn tp}`n* j‗}tdnpi ì diti* j‗nkarmttg kmj

egk`g `mj jisgrg* pmkmk`g n angsikn nk }ki citm `n ‚egripgrni tgdnijm― dbm* tm ì

}k jipg vmremppm }ki cgrei|ngkm vnþ i`ma}ipi* ìjj‗ijprg nevm`ntdm ijj‗i`gjmtdmkpm

`n riaan}kamrm }ki vnmki i}pgkgeni* jitdnik`gjg i j}kag nk }k vmrng`g `n

nk`mcnknpm||i "`m Jnjjg* ?661.+ Angsikn `mcnknpn dgem }ki amkmri|ngkm `mj rntdbng*

vgndbî dgk`nsn`gkg jm dgk`n|ngkn `mjj‗ipp}ijm tgdnmpæ `mj rntdbng "Omdh* ?666i.*

dirippmrn||ipi ì vi}rm m` gvvgrp}knpæ* vmr`npi `n dmrpm||m* i}emkpg `mjjm

nktnd}rm||m m `mjjm dit}ijnpæ nk`gppm m` nkprg`gppm ìjji eg`mrknpæ tpmtti+ Mttn

tmeorikg vgttm`mrm }k‗}kndi dmrpm||i< y}mjji `n kgk ismr `nrnppg kmikdbm ijji

dmrpm||i* dbm nksmdm tn vrmtmkpisi nk eiknmri vnþ msn`mkpm kmjjm amkmri|ngkn

vrmdm`mkpn+N angsikn `‗gaan tgkg kmdmttirniemkpm m kgk dgjvmsgjemkpm crianjn* nk

y}ikpg nktmrnpn nk }k dieoniemkpg d}jp}rijm* tgdnijm m` mdgkgendg dbm kgk

dgktmkpm jgrg `n dgktma}nrm nk vgdg pmevg jg tpip}t `n i`}jpg+

Nj tmdgk`g divnpgjg* nksmdm* gccrm }ki vikgriendi t} y}ijn tgkg jm vrnkdnvijn

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn t}j vnikg ki|ngkijm m` nkpmrki|ngkijm+ Tn virpm y}nk`n ìjji



1

vrmtmkpi|ngkm `mjjm `nrmppnsm tpionjnpm ìjj‗]kngkm M}rgvmi* dgk virpndgjirm

iddm|ngkm ij Jnorg Onikdg t}jji angsmkpþ* kipg dgk j‗gonmppnsg `n itdgjpirm n

angsikn* gccrnrm }ki ditti `n rntgkik|i ijjm nkn|nipnsm jgdijn* nkdgriaanirm ajn Tpipn

emeorn i emajng dggvmrirm* issnirm i|ngkn dgkdrmpm kmj y}i`rg `mn vrgarieen

m}rgvmn mtntpmkpn m emajng nktmrnrm ji `nemktngkm ‚angsmkpþ― kmjj‗nktnmem `mjjm

vgjnpndbm* vmr drmirm jm dgk`n|ngkn `n }ki vnmki virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn ijji snpi

`n tgdnmpæ `megdripndbm* ivmrpm m tgjnìjn+ Tn vrgdm`m vgn* dgk j‗ikijn||irm* kmjjg

tvmdncndg* nj vikgriei kgreipnsg npijnikg m y}mjjg jgdijm m ji rmjipnsi nevgrpik|i

dbm bikkg kmjji vrgarieei|ngkm `n pijn vgjnpndbm+

Nkcnkm* vmr mkprirm kmn emrnpn m `mjjm tpripmanm `mjjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn

rmjipnsm ij dgkpmtpg virpmkgvmg* nj pmr|g divnpgjg vrmtmkpi j‗nkìankm mevnrndi* `n

dirippmrm mtvjgripnsi m `mtdrnppnsi* dgk`gppi ipprismrtg nkpmrsntpm y}ijnpipnsm

tmentpr}pp}ripm in vrgpiagkntpn `mjjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn i Kivgjn< j‗Ittmttgrm ijjm

Vgjnpndbm Tgdnijn m Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn % An}jng _nddng % m ijji `nrnamkpm `mj

Tmrsn|ng Angsikn % @gemkndi Dgvvgji % `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn* rmijn||ipm pri

Kgsmeorm ?696 m Amkking ?699+ Pijn nkpmrsntpm tgkg tpipm dgk`gppm dgk

j‗gonmppnsg `n nkìairm ajn mccmppn `mjjm vgjnpndbm vmr n angsikn t}j pmrrnpgrng8 jm

ippnsnpæ m jm tpripmanm rnt}jpipm vnþ mccndidn* jm drnpndnpæ rmjipnsm m* vnþ nk amkmrijm* n

cmkgemkn m jm `nkiendbm dbm dirippmrn||ikg j‗}knsmrtg angsiknjm kivgjmpikg+ Tm tn ikijn||i nj vikgriei `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn vrmvgtpm ijji vrgarieei|ngkm m

rmijn||i|ngkm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn gaan* dn tn prgsi `n crgkpm }ki rmijpæ tvmttg

crieemkpipi dbm vrg`}dm k}emrgtn `gd}emkpn dgk jnkmm a}nì tvmttg

`ntgegamkmm m` nkdividn `n rntvgk`mrm in ontgakn `n p}ppn+



2

I sgjpm tn pritd}rikg jm vmd}jnirnpæ pmrrnpgrnijn* jm mtnamk|m `n }ki rmijpæ

jgdijm m tgvripp}ppg tn nakgrikg n ontgakn `mn tgaamppn `mtpnkipirn `mjjm vgjnpndbm+

@!ijpri virpm vrgvrng jm tsirnipm cgrem vrmtmkpn t}j pmrrnpgrng tgkg }ki rnddbm||i

vmr ajn gvmripgrn dbm km rnmtdikg i dgajnmrm nkpmrmttikpn nk`ndi|ngkn tgdnijn+ Ji

dgkgtdmk|i m jg tdieong `n y}mtpm mtvmrnmk|m `n vmr tî dgtpnp}ntdgkg }k vittiaang

t}ddmttnsg kmjji drmi|ngkm `n }k vmrdgrtg gvmripnsg dgk`nsntg+

N angsikn tgkg }ki dipmagrni tgdnijm nk dgkpnk}g egsnemkpg m

pritcgrei|ngkm "Tisgkir`g* ?661. m y}nk`n ivvingkg tmevrm vnþ tc}aamkpn* jgkpikn

tni ìjjm ntpnp}|ngkn dbm `mjjm ittgdni|ngkn g ìn ar}vvn nkcgreijn+

J‗}knsmrtg angsiknjm rivvrmtmkpi }ki rnddi rntgrti vmr n pmrrnpgrn* ei

viri`gttijemkpm* vmr y}ikpg dnÿ tni ioogkìkpmemkpm iccmreipg ì rndmrdbm m ì

`noippnpn v}oojndn* tn ci `nccndgjpæ i rndgkgtdmrm n angsikn dgem tgaamppn dividn i

vnmkg pnpgjg `n virpmdnvirm m `n dgevnmrm `mjjm tdmjpm riangkipm m dgktivmsgjn+ N

angsikn tgkg dgktn`mripn ittmkpn m vgdg virpmdnvn ijji snpi vgjnpndi m tgdnijm* m p}ppg

y}mtpg kgk ci ijprg dbm ijnemkpirm }ki tgrpi `n vrgcm|ni dbm tn i}pgi`mevnm vmr d}n

n angsikn dgktn`mripn vittnsn* tc}aagkg ijji snpi v}oojndi m tn rnc}anikg nk }ki

`nemktngkm vrnsipi m vnþ nk`nsn`}ijm+ Y}mtpn angsikn tnjmk|ngtn* nksntnonjn

"@nieikpn* 9>>>.* dgtprmppn i snsmrm vrgnmppipn tgjg kmj vrmtmkpm* dbm drmtdgkg nk

}ki tgdnmpæ `nsmrti nk dgtpikpm e}piemkpg* nk d}n n vmrdgrtn `n snpi tgkg tmevrmemkg jnkmirn ei nk`nsn`}ijn* tgkg nksmdm vgrpipgrn `n sijgrn vrgcgk`n* `n }ki cgrpm

n`mkpnpæ* `n }ki arik`m drmipnsnpæ m dividnpæ `n nkn|nipnsi* dbm v}ÿ mttmrm cgkpm `n

kgk vgdbn tpnegjn vmr dbn tn prgsi i amtpnrm m i` nevjmemkpirm jm vgjnpndbm jgdijn m

ki|ngkijn+



>

Mttn tgkg `gpipn `n }ki `nemktngkm rmji|ngkijm cgrpm dbm vgkagkg ijji oitm

`mj vrgdmttg `n drmtdnpi m i}pgrmijn||i|ngkm `mj tî* ji y}ijm pmk`m i tsnj}vvirtn dgk

}ki dgtpikpm ippmk|ngkm ij eikpmknemkpg `mjjm vrgvrnm ri`ndn `‗ivvirpmkmk|i* i`

}ki dge}knpæ oitipi t} rivvgrpn cienjnirn* `n iendn|ni m `n mtvmrnmk|m dge}kn+

Jm `nccndgjpæ `n iddmttg ij emrdipg `mj jisgrg* `n snsmrm }ki vrgvrni

i}pgkgeni mdgkgendi m* y}nk`n* `n mkprirm kmj egk`g `majn i`}jpn* jn dgtprnkam i

kgk tdmajnmrm* jitdnik`gjn nk }ki dgk`n|ngkm `n ‚angsikn tmk|i pmevg― "@ij Jiag*

Egjnkirn* ?669.* vmr tmevrm angsikn+

M Kivgjn* nk rncmrnemkpg ijjm i|ngkn vrgarieeipgrnm nk eipmrni `n Vgjnpndbm

Angsiknjn* tn dgjjgdi nk }k dgkpmtpg nkpmrmttikpm m dgkpri``npgrng+

Gddgrrm y}nk`n ikijn||irm nk eg`g enripg jm ippnsnpæ nkprivrmtm kmj

vikgriei dievikg nk y}mtpn }jpnen ikkn8 mtienkirjm kmj dgkpmtpg amkmrijm `mjjm

vgjnpndbm vrgarieeipm i jnsmjjg ki|ngkijm m` m}rgvmg* vmr sij}pirm dgti â tpipg

cippg m dgti vgprmoom mttmrm nksmdm enajngripg m vrgamppipg nk c}p}rg vmr n angsikn+

Â y}mtpg j‗gonmppnsg dbm tn vrgvgkm nj pmr|g divnpgjg ikijn||ik`g nk

virpndgjirm nj ditg Kivgjn< pijm rncjmttngkm* tn dgkdmkpri* `}ky}m* t}jj‗}knsmrtg

angsiknjm* virpmk`g ì }ki dnrdgtdrnppi ikijntn `mn ontgakn m `mjjm tvmdncndbm

mtnamk|m jgdijn* dgk rncmrnemkpg ijjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn m ijjm rmjipnsm rndi`}pm t}j

pmrrnpgrng kivgjmpikg+



96

N DIVNPGJG

N ANGSIKN DGEM DIPMAG_NI TGDNIJM



99

N+9 N angsikn kmjjg tdmkirng dgkpmevgrikmg

Ijjm sgjpm }kg tn drm`m nkdgevjmpg

m` â tgjpikpg angsikm+

Npijg Dijsnkg

Vmr virjirm `n angsikn* â gvvgrp}kg cgrknrm }ki `mcnkn|ngkm `mj dgkdmppg*

y}mtpngkm tdgkpipi tgjg nk ivvirmk|i+ Ajn tp}`n tgdngjgandn nk eipmrni* bikkg

nkcippn dbnirnpg dgem ji kg|ngkm `n angsnkm||i tni rmjipnsi m` idy}ntpn tmktg* tgjg nk

rivvgrpg ij dgkpmtpg tpgrndg m tgdng%d}jp}rijm nk d}n mtti snmkm i`gvmripi+ I pij

vrgvgtnpg* oitpn vmktirm dgem kmjjm tgdnmpæ vrmnk`}tprnijn kgk sn cgttm }k pmevg

vmr mttmrm angsikn* ei ji priktn|ngkm ìjj‗nkcik|ni ijj‗mpæ i`}jpi issmknttm nk

eiknmri vrmttgdbî neem`nipi* tdik`npi ì vrmdntn rnpn `n vittiaang dbm issmknsikg

nk dgnkdn`mk|i dgk j‗mpæ ongjgandi+ Ji angsmkpþ mri dgktn`mripi nk vittipg* }kg

tpipg `n tij}pm m `n snagrm `mj dgrvg* tpneipg vrgvrng vmr ji t}i ormsnpæ* emkprm mri

tdgkgtdn}pi ji kg|ngkm `n angsnkm||i ‚tgdnijm― vmr d}n* `nsmkpirm ongjgandiemkpm

angsikn tnakncndisi mttmrm dgktn`mripn tgdnijemkpm i`}jpn+ Tgjg nk pmevn vnþ rmdmkpn

tn dgenkdni i virjirm `n angsikn kmj tmktg nk d}n nkpmk`nieg gaan* vmktik`g kgk

pikpg ijj‗mpæ ongjgandi y}ikpg vn}ppgtpg i }ki dgk`n|ngkm ‚tgdnijm―+ Nk Angsikn

tmk|i Pmevg* @ij Jiag m Egjnkirn "?669* v+94. iccmreikg<

Ji dgtpr}|ngkm tgdnijm `mjji dipmagrni `mjji angsnkm||i rntvgk`m i ontgakn m i

`nkiendbm omk vrmdntn+ Kgk i ditg â kmj dgrtg `mjj‗Gppgdmkpg* nkdgkdgenpik|i dgk j‗iccmreirtn `mjji tgdnmpæ nk`}tprnijm m dgk j‗itdmti `mjjiograbmtni i djittm `genkikpm* dbm vrmk`m dgrvg nj enpg `mjji angsnkm||idgem mpæ cgreipnsi `mj vmrdgrtg `n snpi+

Vmrpikpg â tgjg dgk ji cnkm `mjj‗ikdnmk rîanem* dbm ji kg|ngkm `n angsmkpþ tn

mtpmk`m i tpripn vnþ ievn `mjji vgvgji|ngkm m kgk rmtpi mtdj}tnsi `mn dmpn

vrnsnjmanipn dbm `ntvgkagkg `mjjm vgttnonjnpæ mdgkgendbm "Ieip}rg* ?661.+



9?

Ieip}rg virji `n `njipi|ngkm pmevgrijm `mn dgkcnkn `mjji angsnkm||i i

tma}npg `mjji tdgjirn||i|ngkm `n eitti m `mjjm vgjnpndbm `n qmjcirm m i }ki t}i

eirdipi mtpmktngkm kmjji tpripncndi|ngkm tgdnijm+ Kmjj‗Gppgdmkpg }k smkpmkkm mri

anæ tgdnijemkpm ‚smddbng―* nk y}ikpg nj t}g c}p}rg tgdnijm mri grein `mcnknpg*

emkprm }k t}g dgmpikmg kmj tmdgjg t}ddmttnsg* â ‚angsikm― i p}ppn ajn mccmppn* nk

y}ikpg nj tnakncndipg `mj pmrenkm tn mtpmk`m cnkg i` nk`ndirm ‚dbn}ky}m tni anæ

nktmrnpg kmj emrdipg `mn dgkt}en* ei kgk tni ikdgri mkpripg nk y}mjjg `mj jisgrg g

`mjji vrg`}|ngkm― "@‗Mrieg* ?669* v+4?.+

N angsikn* ipp}ijemkpm rivvrmtmkpikg }k gaamppg `n tp}`ng iccitdnkikpm nk

y}ikpg rncjmppgkg j‗ieonsijmk|i `mn vrgdmttn `n priktn|ngkm< ì }ki virpm

mtvrnegkg ji tvmrik|i nkdj}ti kmj dieoniemkpg tgdnijm* ìjj‗ijpri rntvmddbnikg

}ki tmrnm `n rmtntpmk|m m dgkpri``n|ngkn dbm nj e}piemkpg tgdnijm vrg`}dm*

nkmsnpionjemkpm+

Tgkg grein nkk}emrmsgjn ajn tp}`n eg`mrkn `mtpnkipn i priddnirm }ki

vikgriendi `mjjm rndmrdbm tgdngjgandbm nkmrmkpn ij egk`g angsiknjm i virpnrm ìj

`gvga}mrri tnkg in angrkn kgtprn+ Dngkgkgtpikpm nj ¨vnikmpi¸ angsikn kgk â ein

tpipg in vrnen vgtpn `mjj‗iamkì `mjji rndmrdi nk Npijni< eikdi ikdgri }ki smri m

vrgvrni nkìankm `n oitm* ikdbm tgjg `mtdrnppnsi+ Eikdi* nktgeei* }k Jnorg

Onikdg t}jjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn kmj kgtprg Vimtm "O}||n* Disijjn* `m Jnjjg* ?661*v+ 99.+

@mj rmtpg jg tpmttg dgkdmppg `n angsikm â sirnionjm i tmdgkì `mn vmrng`n m

`mjjm d}jp}rm+ Y}mtpg vmrdbî tn prippi `n }k dgkdmppg `n kip}ri rmji|ngkijm+ Dgtê

dgem iccmrei `m Jnjjg* tn â ‚angsikn― nk rivvgrpg i` }k egk`g ‚i`}jpg―* m n `}m

pmrenkn `mjji rmji|ngkm tn `mcnkntdgkg rmdnvrgdiemkpm+ @n dgktma}mk|i* jm rndmrdbm



94

t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm bikkg vrgarmttnsiemkpm nkkij|ipg j‗mpæ eittnei mkprg

ji y}ijm dgtpr}nrm n vnikn `n dgevgrpiemkpg+ Kmajn ikkn Dnky}ikpi ji citdni `‗mpæ

dgktn`mripi* ikìsi ìn 9= in ?6 ikkn m tvmttg tn virjisi kgk pikpg `mjji angsmkpþ

y}ikpg `mjj‗i`gjmtdmk|i+ Y}mtpi mpæ t}ddmttnsiemkpm* â tpipi vgrpipi in ?=* in ?> m

vrgarmttnsiemkpm in 40* dgk y}ijdbm rmdmkpm rndmrdi dbm dgktn`mri nj ‚angsikm―

cnkg in 4> ikkn+

Nj vittiaang ì }ki citm `mjji snpi i` }k!ijpri â `nsmkpipg sni sni emkg kmppg

m vnþ tc}eipg8 jm tdi`mk|m dbm bikkg ì tmevrm dgkprittmakipg ji snpi `majn

nk`nsn`}n* `mcnkmk`g jm dnky}m citn* dgktn`mripm jm pivvm `n }ki eirdni `n

issndnkiemkpg ijji dgk`n|ngkm `n vnmki dnppi`nkik|i kmj egk`g i`}jpg "vgrpirm i

pmrenkm ajn tp}`n* prgsirm jisgrg* ikìrm sni ìjji diti `mn amknpgrn* tvgtirtn* ismrm

`mn cnajn. tgkg `nsmkpipm tmevrm vnþ cj}n`m* nk ijd}kn ditn* cnkg i tdgevirnrm "`m

Jnjjg* ?661* v+9?.+ Tmeori mttmrm `n crgkpm i }ki amkmri|ngkm dbm vgttnm`m grein

dgem dirippmrntpndi tpr}pp}rijm y}mjj‗n`mkpnpæ ¨cj}nì¸ `mtdrnppi ì \~ae}kp

Oi}eik+ Tnieg `nkik|n i }ki amkmri|ngkm dbm `mjji cjmttnonjnpæ `mrnsikpm ìn

rivvgrpn mdgkgendn m jisgripnsn* bi cippg grein }ki dirippmrntpndi n`mkpnpirni*

nktmrmk`g kmj vrgvrng @KI y}mjji dbm kmj _ivvgrpg Angsikn* ji tmtpi nkìankm

`mjj‗Ntpnp}pg NI_@9 t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm nk Npijni* â dbnieipi ¨j‗irpm `mjji

kisnai|ngkm i sntpi¸< }ki cj}n`npæ mtvmrnmk|nijm* ìpi ìjjm dgkpnk}m priktn|ngkn pri`nsmrtm ippnsnpæ m r}gjn tgdnijn* kmjji rndmrdi dbm gakn angsikm dgevnm vmr prgsirm nj

vrgvrng vgtpg kmj egk`g "O}||n* Disijjn* @m Jnjjg* ?661* v+ 9?.+ I` nkdn`mrm t}n

9 J‗Ntpnp}pg NI_@ â ippnsg ìj 9>39 kmj dievg `mjji rndmrdi tgdngjgandi+ C}jdrg `mjj‗ippnsnpæ `nrndmrdi `n Ntpnp}pg NI_@ _VT "_ndmrdbm Vgjnpndbm m Tgdngmdgkgendbm. â j‗gttmrsi|ngkm `mncmkgemkn jmaipn ijji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm* ikijn||ipi tni kmn t}gn itvmppn tpr}pp}rijn* tni nk emrnpgijjm egpnsi|ngkn m in sntt}pn nk`nsn`}ijn+ _mijn||i nkgjprm* rndmrdbm m tp}`n t} vrgojmeipndbm vnþievnm* dgk virpndgjirm rncmrnemkpg ijjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn* tdgjitpndbm* d}jp}rijn m `mj jisgrg*cgrkmk`g }k t}vvgrpg dgkdrmpg m` mccndidm iajn gvmripgrn nevmakipn kmj crgkpmaanirm `geik`m

tmevrm vnþ k}emrgtm m dgevjmttm ì virpm `mjji dge}knpæ dnsnjm+bppv<''qqq+ntpnp}pgnir`+np'nkprg+itv " ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< ='96'?696.+



90

vmrdgrtn mtntpmk|nijn sn tgkg jm nevrmtdnk`nonjn tnp}i|ngkn `n snpi* n cippgrn

dgkpnkamkpn mjj‗mtntpmrm* tnikg mttn `n dirippmrm vmrtgkijm dbm tgdnijm?+

Ji angsnkm||i â tpipi `mcnknpi ì jmppmripn m vgmpn dgem j‗mpæ `mj cmrsgrm*

`mjj‗mkp}tniteg* `mjji jnomrpæ* j‗mpæ nk d}n tn â nk ari`g `n snsmrm vnmkiemkpm jm

angnm `mjj‗mtntpmk|i m tn bi ji vgttnonjnpæ `n vrgamppirm m `n tgakirm nj c}p}rg+ M‗

vmrÿ ikdbm }k!mpæ `n p}roiemkpn* `n vittngkn cgrpn m sngjmkpm* `n iegrm vmr n arik`n

n`mijn ei ikdbm `n nktpionjnpæ m tgccmrmk|i+ Ji tgdnmpæ* nkcippn* dbnm`m tmevrm vnþ in

angsikn }k!iìppionjnpæ dgkpnk}i dbm dgevgrpi dgtpikpm egonjnpi|ngkm `n rntgrtm

nkpmrkm m` mtpmrkm `n crgkpm in dieoniemkpn+

Nj ¨cmkgemkg¸ `mj angsikm i`}jpg g `mjji i`gjmtdmk|i j}kai* vrmtmkpm nk

Npijni ì ijd}kn ikkn* ei dbm tgjg rmdmkpmemkpm bi t}tdnpipg }k arik`m nkpmrmttm ì

virpm `mn tgdngjgan* vtndgjgan* mdgkgentpn* â }k cmkgemkg ieona}g* dgevjmttg dbm

v}ÿ mttmrm nkpmrvrmpipg tni dgem tdmjpi `n snpi dbm dgem kmdmttnpæ m dge}ky}m* nk

amkmrijm* dgem ji pmk`mk|i i vmreikmrm vnþ i j}kag kmjji cienajni `n

ivvirpmkmk|i+ Iddikpg ijji cna}ri `mj angsikm i`}jpg* y}mjji `mjj‗mpmrkiemkpm

angsikm* `n dgj}n dbm msnpi y}ijtnitn rmtvgktionjnpæ* y}ijtnitn `mdntngkm dbm vgtti

nkpiddirm j‗my}njnorng riaan}kpg* }tik`g j‗nk`nccmrmk|i dgem td}`g+

Kmjji tgdnmpæ ìjjm enjjm gvvgrp}knpæ* ìn enjjm sgjpn* `mj egjpmvjndm* kgk tn

v}ÿ snsmrm tmk|i tdmajnmrm* tmk|i sij}pirm+ Prgvvm sgjpm vmrÿ* dn tn neoippm nk }kitgdnmpæ magdmkprndi "Omdh* 9>>1.* gvvgrp}kntpi* dbm ci jmsi t}jji nkdividnpæ `n

iccrgkpirm nk eg`g dgtdnmkpm m dgevjmpg jm `mdntngkn m jm tdmjpm dbm ji snpi nevgkm+

Snsmrm* rncjmppmrm* sij}pirm m tdmajnmrm tgkg* `mn egemkpn nevrmtdnk`nonjn ìjji

? Cr}ppg pri n vnþ nevgrpikpn `mjj‗mtvmrnmk|i eip}ripi nk vnþ `n 06 ikkn `n ippnsnpæ â nj ‚ _ivvgrpg

angsikn―* rmijn||ipg ìjj‗Ntpnp}pg NI_@ gakn y}ipprg ikkn* ìj 9>20+ Ditg vrmttgdbî }kndg nkNpijni m nk M}rgvi* nj _ivvgrpg Angsikn dgtpnp}ntdm }ki vrm|ngti gttmrsi|ngkm `mjji `nkiendi `n

ippmaaniemkpn* gvnkngkn m dgevgrpiemkpn `mn angsikn npijnikn* nk }k irdg `n pmevg vnþ dbmsmkpmkkijm+



9=

rmtvgktionjnpæ+ ]k‗mtntpmk|i tmk|i rmtvgktionjnpæ "Or}hkmr* ?669. â }ki mtntpmk|i

tmk|i tdmjpi m y}nk`n tvmttg* }ki ‚kgk mtntpmk|i―+ J‗nkdividnpæ `n mttmrm

rmtvgktionjn â }k ippmaaniemkpg dbm gjprm i k}gdmrm i tm tpmttn* nk y}ikpg kgk ci

drmtdmrm nkpmjjmpp}ijemkpm m` megpnsiemkpm* bi ikdbm `mn rncjmttn t}ajn ijprn* t}jjm

vmrtgkm dgk d}n tn mkpri nk rmji|ngkm+ Pijm ippmaaniemkpg kgk gccrm ji vgttnonjnpæ `n

rncjmppmrm m y}nk`n `n sij}pirm jm dgktma}mk|m `mjjm vrgvrnm i|ngkn+ Ji snpi

eg`mrki* ji rmijpæ nk d}n tn snsm dmrpg kgk â cidnjm m tvmttg drmi `mn tmkpnemkpn `n

teirrnemkpg tgvripp}ppg kmn vnþ angsikn m nk eg`g virpndgjirm kmjjm vmrtgkm vnþ

tmktnonjn m y}nk`n vnþ `mogjn+ J‗ijj}kaiemkpg `mjji snpi jitdni t}vvgrrm dbm j‗nk`nsn`}g iooni p}ppg nj

pmevg vmr vrmvirirtn m nevmakirtn kmjj‗mtntpmk|i+ Ji tvmrik|i `n snpi drmi y}nk`n

gri vnþ dbm nk vittipg jm dgk`n|ngkn gaamppnsm vmr vgpmr rmtpirm angsikn* nkpmk`mk`g

ji angsnkm||i dgem nj vmrng`g `mjj‗nkdmrpm||i* tm kgk `mjji eikdik|i `n

`ntpnk|ngkm pri tî* ajn ijprn m ji rmijpæ* g ikdgri `mjj‗nk`nccmrmk|ni|ngkm tmtt}ijm*

kmjj‗njj}tngkm dbm ji eiaangr virpm `mjjm vgttnonjnpæ rmtpnkg tmevrm ivmrpm+ Y}mtpi

dgkdm|ngkm siai `mjj‗mtntpmk|i* vrgvrni `mjj‗i`gjmtdmk|i* â ittin vrmgdd}vikpm

y}ik`g vrgtma}m kmn vgtp%i`gjmtdmkpn* pikpg nkdmrpn kmjjm jgrg egpnsi|ngkn ì kgk

ismr cn`}dni nk tm tpmttn+ Ijd}kn tgccrgkg `n y}mtpg tpipg `n dgtm* pmemk`g ikdbm

}ki dmrpi tvmrtgkijn||i|ngkm kmn rivvgrpn dgk ajn ijprn+ Egjpn rnksnikg jm tdi`mk|m msnsgkg kmjji vrgssntgrnmpæ* kgk tivmk`g tm vgprikkg dgkpnk}irm y}mj dbm bikkg

nkn|nipg kmn `nsmrtn dievn `mjj‗mtntpmk|i+ Ijprn ikdgri snsgkg j‗mvgdi `mjji

angsmkpþ dgem cnkm i tm tpmtti m dgem }kg tpipg `}rip}rg "O}||n* Disijjn* `m Jnjjg*

?66?.+



93

N angsikn `mj Pmr|g Enjjmkkng snsgkg `}ky}m* ‚egemkpikmm nk`nsn`}ijnpæ―*

ag`gkg `n }ki ‚tmdgkì snpi― m egjpmvjndn n`mkpnpæ* g isipir* nk Tmdgk` Jncm

vn}ppgtpg dbm nk ijprn `nccmrmkpn j}gabn snrp}ijn* emppmk`g nk tdmki tm tpmttn m nj

vrgvrng egk`g nkpmrngrm+ Angsikn neemrtn nk }ki `nemktngkm tvi|ng%pmevgrijm

tmevrm vnþ `nttgjpi* dbm v}r snsmk`g nk }k‗mvgdi dirippmrn||ipi ìjj‗iddmjmri|ngkm*

tn rnprgsikg nk }ki viri`gttijm dgk`n|ngkm `n rijjmkpiemkpg* `n ‚vrgj}kaiemkpg

`mjji angsnkm||i―* `n ‚`njipi|ngkm angsiknjm―+ @i }ki vgtn|ngkm `n dbn v}ÿ

iooippmrm jm oirrnmrm m n dgkcnkn `mj pmevg m `mjjg tvi|ng* i }ki dgk`n|ngkm `n

vrnangkni* kmjjm aioonm `n }ki ‚angsnkm||i cgr|ipi― "Tisgkir`g* ?661.+

Nk mccmppn sn tgkg gaan angsikn nevmakipn nk vrgdmttn `n eip}ri|ngkm dbm

rndbnm`gkg vnþ pmevg m tgkg dirippmrn||ipn ì }ki dgk`n|ngkm `n egripgrni* gttni

}ki tgtvmktngkm `mjjm tdi`mk|m m `majn goojnabn jmaipn ij vittiaang ijji snpi

i`}jpi+ Y}mjjn dbm kgk bikkg virpndgjiremkpm `mtn`mrng `n `nsmkpirm i`}jpn* kgk

snsgkg ji jgrg angsmkpþ dgem }ki citm vrgvm`m}pndi ijj‗nkarmttg ijji snpi i`}jpi*

ei dgem }k vmrng`g `n pmevg dbm bi sijgrm nk tî m vmr tî+ Nk vittipg nksmdm* nj

vmrng`g `mjji angsnkm||i mri sntt}pg nk c}k|ngkm `mjji snpi t}ddmttnsi m `n

}k‗mtntpmk|i i}pgkgei< ji angsmkpþ mri y}nk`n }ki pivvi vrmviripgrni+ I` gaan* ji

angsmkpþ dgtê vrgj}kaipi* vrgsgdi }ki dmrpi nk`mpmrenkipm||i kmjjm tdmjpm `n snpi+

Ijd}kn vrmcmrntdgkg rnksnirm jm tdmjpm `mcnknpnsm m rnpirìrm y}nk`n j‗nkarmttg kmjjisnpi i`}jpi g j‗itt}k|ngkm `n nevmakn `mcnknpnsn+ Kgk nkpmrrgaik`gtn t}n jgrg

vrgojmen `‗i}pgkgeni* kgk tn tmkpgkg goojnaipn i cirm tdmjpm cgkìemkpijn+ @‗ijprg

dikpg* nk `nsmrtn tmppgrn `mjji snpi tn kgpi }ki cgrpm pmk`mk|i ijji tvmrnemkpi|ngkm<

dgtê n angsikn vgttgkg jitdnirm ji cienajni* ei rnpgrkirsn `gvg }k nkt}ddmttg g }ki

`nccndgjpæ+ Ji `nccmrmk|i vrnkdnvijm rntvmppg ijji eiaangr virpm `mjjm amkmri|ngkn



91

vrmdm`mkpn "dbm dgevnsikg tdmjpm vrmdntm dgk vrngrnpæ vmrpnkmkpn. dgktntpm kmjji

vrgvmktngkm i snsmrm dgkpmevgrikmiemkpm `nsmrtn itvmppn `mjji snpi* itvmppn i sgjpm

dgkpri``nppgrn* tmk|i tpionjnrm }ki amrirdbni kmn vrgvrn ontgakn m sijgrn+ Ijd}kn

angsikn tgkg gaan egjpg `nvmk`mkpn ìj ontgakg `n cirm mtvmrnmk|m vmrdbî* vmr ji

eikdipi pritenttngkm `n sijgrn m nktmakiemkpn* drm`gkg dbm kgk tn tivvni k}jji `n

y}mtpi snpi m dbm p}ppg tni ì tdgvrnrm m ì nksmkpirm+ Vmr y}mtpg vrmtmkpikg tvmttg

}k‗n`mkpnpæ siai* cjmttnonjm `n crgkpm ijji egjpmvjndnpæ `mjjm tgjjmdnpi|ngkn

dgkpmevgrikmm* tnikg mttm dgkprgvrg`}dmkpn g ij dgkprirng cr}pp}gtm+ Vmrpikpg*

kmjji tgdnmpæ dgkpmevgrikmi nj c}p}rg â `nsmkpipg }k!nkdgaknpi* }ki `nemktngkm

pmevgrijm jgkpiki m nkneeiankionjm+ Kmj vmrng`g tpgrndg dbm snsnieg*

dirippmrn||ipg ìj dieoniemkpg* ìjji e}pmsgjm||i* â `nsmkpipg `nccndnjm g

i``nrnpp}ri nevgttnonjm cirm `mjjm tdmjpm g vrgamppn i j}kag pmrenkm+ Tp}`nirm m

dgevrmk`mrm jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn â dgevjmttg m ikdgri vnþ dgevjmttg* â

nk`nsn`}irm jm vgjnpndbm iìppm i cidnjnpirm ji jgrg mkpripi kmjji snpi i`}jpi+ Dnÿ

tnakncndi dbm kmjji vrnei eg`mrknpæ mri ippmtg* `ncc}tg m dgk`nsntg enrirm i vrmdntm

empm `n j}kag vmrng`g m neemramrtn kmj pmkpipnsg `n riaan}kamrjm< ji rndmrdi `mjji

aripncndi|ngkm y}gpn`niki mri jnenpipi i cisgrm `mjj‗nksmtpnemkpg `n j}kag vmrng`g*

vgttnonjm ari|nm i` }k dgkpmtpg tpionjm m vrmsm`nonjm* nk d}n jm rmagjm tgdnijn m

egrijn mrikg vrm`mpmrenkipm m nk`ntd}ttm+ J‗}geg vgtp%eg`mrkg* nksmdm* dbm snsmm nkpmriantdm nk }ki tgdnmpæ ìn dgkcnkn jionjn* ìn pmevn tprmppn m ìn dieoniemkpn

rmvmkpnkn m nkdmttikpn* dmrdi ji aripncndi|ngkm kmjj‗gaan vmrdbî `mj `geikn kgk bi

dmrpm||i< snsm i angrkipi vmrdbî ji vrgarieei|ngkm tn tdgkpri nkmsnpionjemkpm dgk

}ki smjgdnpæ `n e}piemkpn dbm eg`ncndi m ijpmri `n dgkpnk}g vmrdgrtn m rmagjm<

¨tnieg kmjj‗mvgdi mjj‗nkdmrpm||i ongaricndi¸ "_ievi|n* ?66=.+



92

Dgk ji vrgtvmppnsi `n rneikmrm vmr tmevrm* viri`gttijemkpm /angsikn/ "m

dngâ `ntgdd}vipn* m dngâ vrmdirn* kgk iccrikdipn kmj egk`g* eikpmk}pn ìn amknpgrn.*

nj angsikm rmijm snsm nk`}ooniemkpm }k tmktg `n nkdmrpm||i* `n vrmdirnmpæ

tpr}pp}rijm dbm ty}irdni nk `}m nj t}g grn||gkpm `n vrgamppi|ngkm+ Drgjjikg y}nk`n n

sijgrn vnþ mjmemkpirn m ji vgttnonjnpæ dgkdrmpi `n rmijn||irjn+

Nj vrmtmkpm â `nsmkpipg j‗}kndg pmevg `mjji snpi* nj vittipg m n t}gn sijgrn

tgkg tgvnpn* nj c}p}rg `nsmkpi tmevrm vnþ siag m nkdmrpg+ Snsgkg nk }k mpmrkg

vrmtmkpm* tmk|i rncmrnemkpn vittipn m c}p}rg* n sijgrn `n nmrn tgkg di`}pn ìsikpn in

jgrg gddbn* emkprm gaan snsgkg ji drntn dbm â tpipi i j}kag vrmviripi ìn jgrg vi`rn*

tmk|i vnþ ismrm ji dividnpæ `n rmijn||irm nj vrgvrng c}p}rg+ Ji drntn `n sijgrn* dbm tpi

`nsmkpik`g tmevrm vnþ drntn `!n`mkpnpæ* dgk`n|ngki p}ppn ajn itvmppn `mjji snpi+ ]k

`ncc}tg tmkpnemkpg `n vrmdirnmpæ bi cisgrnpg ji kitdnpi `n }k vmktnmrg ‚rmsmrtnonjm―*

}k vmktnmrg nk d}n p}ppg itt}em }k sijgrm rmjipnsg* `gsm k}jji â dmrpg m vmr tmevrm+

Nk ‚Dgtpr}nrm ji vrgvrni snpi―* Omdh tgtpnmkm dbm dbn virji `n ¨nk`nsn`}g¸

tmeori y}ikpgemkg vgttm`mrm ikdgri }ki dmrpm||i< bi vrmtmkpm j‗}knpæ `mjji

vrgvrni snpi* dnÿ dbm ¨kgk â `nsntnonjm¸+ V}rp}ppisni* anæ ì pmevg ajn tdrnppgrn

emppgkg nk `ntd}ttngkm pijm n`mi+

@gk Dbntdngppm iantdm nk oitm i }ki jgandi t}vmripi* tma}mk`g jm rmagjm `n

}k egk`g grein tdgevirtg "y}mjjg `mjji disijjmrni. iajn ijogrn `mjj‗mpæ eg`mrki*kmjji y}ijm jm ikpndbm dmrpm||m tgkg `nsmkpipm jmaamk`m m n k}gsn sijgrn `msgkg

ikdgri mttmrm mjiogripn+ @gk Dbntdngppm tn teirrntdm nk }k egk`g `n ieona}npæ*

dbm memragkg `gvg dbm @ng bi jitdnipg sidikpm "g cgrtm tn â sntpg tgpprirrm. nj

j}gag vrnsnjmanipg ì d}n tgrsmajnisi m gr`nkisi gakn dgti+ Nk gvmrm t}ddmttnsm

dgem Eiìem Ogsir~ `n Cji}omrp nj egk`g mtpmrkg bi anæ nkn|nipg i ¨dgjjittirm¸+



9>

Dbn tn issmkp}ri ijji tdgvmrpi `mjji vrgvrni snpi m km nkìai jm cgkìemkpi "m ajn

ionttn. cnkntdm vmr tmkpnrtn eikdirm nj pmrrmkg tgppg n vnm`n "Omdh* 9>>1.+

Jm ntpnp}|ngkn pri`n|ngkijn "cienajni* td}gji* mkpn jgdijn* dbnmti* egk`g `mj

jisgrg mdd+. kgk tgkg vnþ nk ari`g `n vrgemppmrm tpionjnpæ m dgmrmk|i+ Ji

e}pmsgjm||i `mj rmijm dbnm`m jgrg }ki dgkpnk}i gvmri `n pritcgrei|ngkm m

iìppiemkpg iccnkdbî jm c}k|ngkn mtvjmpipm `nsmkpnkg tmevrm vnþ rmtvgktnsm ijjm

memramkpn rndbnmtpm tgdnijn+ Y}mn angsikn dbm kgk prgsikg em||n g sijgrn pijn ì

dgkpmkmrm nj dgkcjnppg m jm dgkpri``n|ngkn vrg`gppm ìjji dgevjmttnpæ* vgttgkg

rmianrm cgrkmk`g rntvgtpm `ntviripm* i`gppik`g dgevgrpiemkpn m tpnjn `n snpi

‚ijpmrkipnsn― g `msnikpn+ Nj vrgj}kaiemkpg `mj pmevg `m`ndipg ijjg tp}`ng m ji

`nccndgjpæ `n nktmrnemkpg jisgripnsg rijjmkpikg m i sgjpm ojgddikg j‗nkarmttg

mccmppnsg `mn angsikn kmjji tgdnmpæ `majn i`}jpn+ Nj jisgrg nkpmtg dgem nj egemkpg

mccmppnsg `n nktmrnemkpg `mn angsikn kmjji tgdnmpæ `majn i`}jpn â `nsmkpipg }ki empi

tmevrm vnþ nrriaan}kanonjm+ Ji vgttnonjnpæ `n mttmrm mdgkgendiemkpm nk`nvmk`mkpn

m `n rmijn||irtn vrgcmttngkijemkpm* emppmk`g i cr}ppg jm dividnpæ m jm dgkgtdmk|m

idd}e}jipm nk ikkn `n tp}`ng* â gtpidgjipi ì egjpmvjndn cippgrn `n dirippmrm

mdgkgendg m tgdnijm+

Moomkm* i virpnrm ì y}mtpg itt}kpg pmgrndg* jm rndmrdbm dgk`gppm pri ji cnkm

`majn ikkn Gppikpi m j‗nkn|ng `majn ikkn Kgsikpi egtprisikg dgem ji arik vir pm `ndgjgrg dbm vgpmsikg mttmrm `mcnknpn angsikn%i`}jpn g i`}jpn pg}p dg}rp cgttmrg* nk

rmijpæ* nk }kg tpipg ongaricndg vnþ vrgttneg i y}mjjg i`gjmtdmk|nijm* dirippmrn||ipg

ì }ki cgrpm `nvmk`mk|i ìjji cienajni* dbm kgk i y}mjjg i`}jpg* dgkpri``ntpnkpg ì

eiaangrm nk`nvmk`mk|i m i}pgkgeni+ Nkcippn* ji y}gpi `mn angsikn ?=%?>mkkn dbm

ismsi jitdnipg ji cienajni `‗grnankm vmr ikìrm i snsmrm i}pgkgeiemkpm



?6

riaan}kamsi nj 06- kmj 9>>? vmr tdmk`mrm cnkg ij 4?- kmj ?660+ Virijjmjiemkpm* n

?=%?>mkkn dbm ismsikg anæ ìpg snpi i` }ki dgksnsmk|i g ij eiprnegkng mrikg nj

43- kmj 9>>? m tgkg sni sni tdmtn cnkg i` irrnsirm ij ?1- kmj ?660+

Tmdgk`g }k‗nkìankm dgk`gppi ìjj‗Ntpip4* ‚ Jm `nccndgjpæ kmjji priktn|ngkm `mn

angsikn ijjg tpipg i`}jpg m jm drnpndnpæ kmn vmrdgrtn `n snpi cmeenknjn* `ncc}ti nj ?2

`ndmeorm ?66>* rna}irìkpm }k dievngkm `n `nmdn enji nk`nsn`}n vrmdm`mkpmemkpm

nkpmrsntpipn nk gdditngkm `mjj‗nkìankm ‚Cienajni m tgaamppn tgdnijn― dgk`gppi kmj

kgsmeorm `mj ?664* ji vmreikmk|i vrgj}kaipi `mn angsikn nk cienajni â }kg `mn

vrnkdnvijn vrgojmen `mj Vimtm+

Cippgrn mdgkgendn* nk virpndgjirm j‗iddmttg `mn angsikn ij emrdipg `mj jisgrg

m ij emrdipg ionpipnsg ì }k jipg* m cippgrn d}jp}rij n ìjj‗ijprg* tgkg cgkìemkpijn

kmjji rmijn||i|ngkm `mjjm nkpmk|ngkn `n }tdnpi ìjji cienajni `n grnankm+ Tn

dgktn`mrikg nk y}mtpg ditg vmrtgkm pri 92 m 4> ikkn* dgevrmk`mk`g }ki citdni dbm

v}r kgk mttmk`g vnþ angsikm vmreikm ikdgri nk eg`g rnjmsikpm kmjji diti `mn

amknpgrn + Jm vmrtgkm ìn 92 in 4> ikkn dbm* kmj ?664* snsmsikg kmjji cienajni `n

grnankm mrikg vgdg vnþ `n 2 enjngkn 466 enji* virn ij 01*1- `majn nk`nsn`}n `mjji

tpmtti djittm `n mpæ+ Pri n eitdbn ji vmrdmkp}ijm riaan}kamsi nj =4*=-* pri jm `gkkm

nj 09*1-+ Pri n 46 m n 40 ikkn snsmsikg vrmttg ji diti `mn amknpgrn y}ipprg }genkn

t} `nmdn m `}m `gkkm t} `nmdn+ Ikdbm ìn 4= in 4> ikkn ji vrgvgr|ngkm `mjjmvmrtgkm dbm snsmsikg kmjji cienajni `n grnankm mri dgktn`mrmsgjm< nj 91*=- `majn

}genkn m nj >*4- `mjjm `gkkm+ N ìpn `mjj‗nkìankm `n rnpgrkg bikkg msn`mk|nipg dbm

pri nj ?664 m nj ?661 vgdbn }genkn m vgdbm `gkkm nj ?6*2- kmj dgevjmttg bikkg

jitdnipg ji diti `mn amknpgrn + T} 966 dbm kmj ?664 ismsikg `ndbniripg `n mttmrm

4 Vmr }ki vnþ ivvrgcgk`npi jmpp}ri `mn ìpn `mjj!nkìankm Ntpip dcr+

bppv<''qqq+ntpip+np'tijitpievi'dge}kndipn'kgkWdijmkìrng'?66>9??2W66' "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg<46'96'?696.+



?9

dmrpn `n }tdnrm ìjji cienajni `n grnankm* km tgkg }tdnpn vgdg vnþ `mjji empæ

"=4*0-.+ Pri dgjgrg dbm nksmdm ismsikg `ndbniripg dbm vrgoionjemkpm isrmoomrg

jitdnipg ji diti `mn amknpgrn* tgjg nj ?0*?- j‗bi cippg+ @}ky}m* kgkgtpikpm

j‗nkpmk|ngkm* egjpn tgkg n angsikn dbm vgn kgk tgkg }tdnpn ìjji cienajni `n grnankm+

Cna}ri 9 % Vmrtgkm `n 92%4> ikkn ij ?664 dbm snsmsikg dgk ijemkg }k amknpgrm m`mrikg dmjnon g k}onjn vmr mtnpg ij ?661 m nkpmk|ngkm ij ?664 rna}ir`g ijj‗}tdnpi ìjjicienajni `n grnankm kmn prm ikkn t}ddmttnsn ij ?664+ Ikkn ?664 m?661 "vmr 966 vmrtgkmdgk jm tpmttm dirippmrntpndbm m dgk ji tpmtti nkpmk|ngkm.

Vmr dgkdj}`mrm* n angsikn eikncmtpikg `nsmrtm crianjnpæ v}r rmtpik`g ivmrpn*

`ntvgknonjn m amkmrgtn+ Kgk tgkg vnþ vrnangknmrn `mjjm n`mgjganm* dgem jm

amkmri|ngkn vrmdm`mkpn+ Itvnrikg i rivvgrpn i}pmkpndn m tgkg nk dmrdi `mjji smrnpæ*

ei kgk prgsik`gjn kmjji rmijpæ* tvmrikg `n tdgvrnrjn `mkprg `n tî+ ]k tnenjm

ippmaaniemkpg jn vrm`ntvgkm i rnvnmairtn t}jjm vrgvrnm tmkti|ngkn m

t}jj‗nk`nsn`}ijnteg* emppmk`g ij vrgvrng tmrsn|ng n jmaien tgdnijn m nj tmktg

`mjj‗nkpmrmttm amkmrijm+ Ikdbm tm nj dgkpmtpg tgdnijm kgk jn in}pi i tsnj}vvirm }ki

smri m vrgvrni `nemktngkm tvnrnp}ijm* tgkg vrgkpn i nevmakirtn vmr ijd}km arik`n

di}tm+



??

N+? Ji eivvi `mn sijgrn angsiknjn

Tn vgttgkg dgktn`mrirm ‚sijgrn― p}ppn y}mn vrnkdnvn* y}mjjm rmagjm m y}mjjm

jnkmm `n dgk`gppi dbm vmremppgkg ijjm vmrtgkm `n dgtpr}nrm ji jgrg mtntpmk|i* `n

tpionjnrm jm vrgvrnm vrngrnpæ m `n dgevnmrm `mjjm tdmjpm+ Tgkg `mn drnpmrn `n

sij}pi|ngkm vmr ji tmjm|ngkm pri ijpmrkipnsm `n i|ngkm* cgre}jipn t}jji oitm `n

an}`n|n rntvmppg i dnÿ dbm â an}tpg* o}gkg* omjjg g nk oitm i dgevgrpiemkpn

mpndiemkpm rnjmsikpn+ Mttn nkdgrvgrikg y}nk`n* }k mjmemkpg egrijm'kgreipnsg

kgkdbî nj rncmrnemkpg ijj‗ivvrgsi|ngkm g `ntivvrgsi|ngkm tgdnijm+ Nkgjprm*

j‗nk`nsn`}i|ngkm `n sijgrn tpionjn g* vmr emajng `nrm* `n }k tntpmei sijgrnijm*

tnakncndi dbm vgpræ* dgk }ki dmrpi vrmsm`nonjnpæ* grnmkpirm jm tdmjpm `mn tgaamppn nk

tnp}i|ngkn `nsmrtm "Airmjjn* Vijegkirn* Tdngjji* ?663.+ Ajn tp}`n tgdngjgandn `n

Virtgkt* dgtê dgem y}mjjn `n @}rhbmne m Qmomr i pij vrgvgtnpg* `negtprikg }ki

dgkdm|ngkm grnmkpipnsi `mn sijgrn* tmdgk`g ji y}ijm j‗gr`nkm tgdnijm m

j‗nkpmari|ngkm kmjji tgdnmpæ* tgkg j‗mtnpg `n }k tntpmei `n sijgrn cgrpmemkpm

dgk`nsntg " Tdngjji* 9>>4.+ @n dgktma}mk|i* y}ik`g tn virji `n ‚tntpmei `n sijgrn―

m `mjji jgrg tpr}pp}ri|ngkm* jg tn ci dgk ji dgktivmsgjm||i dbm n sijgrn kgk tgkg

mkpnpæ nk`nvmk`mkpn jm }km ìjjm ijprm* omktê tgkg }ki dirippmrntpndi vrgvrni `n

dnitd}ki tgdnmpæ m ar}vvg tgdnijm dbm rivvrmtmkpi ji tvmdncndi c}k|ngkm `n

iìppiemkpg i y}mj ar}vvg ij t}g ieonmkpm+

Dgeemkpik`g nj dgevgrpiemkpg `n egjpn angsikn* jm vmrtgkm cgrtm* nk eg`g

ikdbm }k vg! prgvvg tmevjndntpndg* iccmreikg dbm ‚n riai||n `n gaan― kgk bikkg



?4

vnþ sijgrn* kgk bikkg k}jji nk d}n drm`mrm* kgk bikkg kmtt}k nkpmrmttm smrg

ijj!nkc}grn mj `nsmrpnemkpg+

Nk Npijni* dgtê dgem nk ijprn vimtn nk`}tprnijn||ipn* jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn

`msgkg jgppirm dgkprg pikpn cippgrn dbm angrkg vmr angrkg rmk`gkg tmevrm vnþ

`nccndnjn jm jgrg dgk`n|ngkn+ Ji `nccndgjpæ `n prgsirm }k vgtpg `n jisgrg* m y}nk`n }k

rm``npg dbm jn rmkì i}pgt}ccndnmkpn* vgrpi n angsikn i dgevnmrm pikpn tidrncndn m

tmkpnrtn cr}tpripn tvmttg nk eg`g }enjnikpm8 ji `nccndgjpæ kmj vrgarieeirm nj c}p}rg*

jn vgrpi i vrgj}kairm ji snpi kmjji cienajni vipmrki* `mj}`mk`gjn kmj jgrg ontgakg `n

i}pgkgeni m `n jnomrpæ `!mtvmrnmk|i+ Nj drgjjg `n pikpm dmrpm||m m `n pikpn enpn jn vgrpi

i }k i drntn `n sijgrn n`mijn vmr d}n p}ppg ivvirm dgkpnkamkpm8 jm ntpnp}|ngkn anæ

pijsgjpi dgtê jgkpikm ìj vimtm rmijm* ivvingkg in angsikn ikdgri vnþ `ntpikpn m

nkdividn `n rntgjsmrm g tgjiemkpm divnrm n jgrg vrgojmen+ Ji drntn `mn sijgrn n`mijn

ivvirm gaan rntgj}pnsg kmj amkmrijm teirrnemkpg m tmktg `n tgjnp}`nkm kmn angsikn+

Nj kgk ismr ijd}k v}kpg `n rncmrnemkpg sijn`g vgrpi* nkmsnpionjemkpm* jm angsikn

amkmri|ngkn i` }ki drntn `!n`mkpnpæ m i` }k rncn}pg idrnpndg m` nkdgkdj}`mkpm `mj

vittipg+ Nk p}ppm jm mvgdbm dn tgkg tpipn dgkpritpn pri smddbnm m k}gsm amkmri|ngkn*

dgtnddbî nj ontgakg `n rncjmttngkm m nj tmktg `mjji ent}ri* vrgvrng `majn ik|nikn*

`msm tdgkprirtn dgk j!mt}omrik|i* j!mkp}tniteg m ji sgajni `mj k}gsg* pnvndn `mn

angsikn+ Vmrdbî n angsikn* dgk ji jgrg drmipnsnpæ* `nsmkpikg egpgrm vrgv}jtgrm`mjj‗nkkgsi|ngkm m `mjjg tsnj}vvg "Ieip}rg* Tisgkir`g* ?663.+ Mtntpm }k rivvgrpg

`nijmppndg pri nj egk`g `mn angsikn m nj egk`g `majn ik|nikn< y}mtpn }jpnen jitdnikg

ji jgrg mtvmrnmk|i* ìkkg nj tmktg `mjji dgkpnk}npæ* emkprm n angsikn bikkg nj

dgevnpg* }ki sgjpi rmdmvnpg nj emajng `mj vittipg* `n tvnkamrm gjprm* smrtg nj k}gsg*

jm dgkgtdmk|m m jm ippnsnpæ }eikm+ J!mkp}tniteg m j!nrr}mk|i `mn angsikn kmjji tpgrni



?0

bikkg tmevrm is}pg nj dgevnpg `n rgevmrm j!neegonjnteg m j!nkmr|ni* nj tmktg `mjji

ent}ri m ji eg`mri|ngkm `majn ik|nikn y}mjjg nksmdm `n airikpnrm ijji tgdnmpæ ji

tpionjnpæ* nj tmktg `mjji dgkpnk}npæ m ji tnd}rm||i tvnrnp}ijm+ Ajn n`mijn m n sijgrn

egrijn rivvrmtmkpikg nj jmaiem tvnrnp}ijm pri jm smddbnm m jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn< nj

tmktg `mjji dgkpnk}npæ* dbm v}r tn issmrpm kmj t}ddm`mrtn `mjjm mvgdbm tpgrndbm m

`mjji tgdnmpæ* â ìpg vrgvrng ì y}mtpg rndgkgtdmrtn nk y}ijdgti `n tvnrnp}ijemkpm

n`mkpndg* dgem }k n`mijm pmtpiemkpg dbm jm amkmri|ngkn tn pritemppgkg+ Egjpn `n

y}mtpn n`mijn vmr ijd}kn tn dgkdrmpn||isikg kmjji cienajni* kmjji viprni* kmjji

`msg|ngkm rmjnangti* vmr ajn ijprn nk sijgrn m` mtmevjirn dgevgrpiemkpn dgem

j!gkmtpæ* ji an}tpn|ni8 nk ijprn ikdgri nk n`mgjganm g ikdbm nk dmrpm dgkcripmrknpm

rmjnangtm* dbm dgktmkpnsikg `n rnprgsirtn nk }ki tgjnìrnmpæ dbm kgk ismsi dgkcnkn

amgaricndn m `n tmkpnrtn dgeviakn g /cripmjjn/ dgk pikpn }genkn tdgkgtdn}pn m jgkpikn

ikdbm `mdnkm `n enajnini `n dbnjgemprn+ Di`}pm jm n`mgjganm* egjpn `n y}mtpn n`mijn

kgk iccitdnkikg grein vnþ n angsikn< nj dgkt}enteg m ji dgrti ij `mkirg bikkg

cippg vni||i v}jnpi `n p}ppg y}mtpg+

Drm`mrm nk y}ijdgti s}gj `nrm ismrm }k cnkm kmjji snpi* jgppirm* tidrncndirtn vmr

y}ijdgti* ei y}ik`g p}ppg v}ÿ mttmrm cidnjemkpm dgky}ntpipg dgj `mkirg m dgk

mttg tmevrm vnþ dgtm k}gsm vgttgkg mttmrm gppmk}pm m dgkt}eipm* mddg dbm ikdbm

ji jnomrpæ `nsmkpi tmdgk`g }k eijnkpmtg vmrenttnsnteg* }k eg`g `!mttmrm vnþ gemkg /dgkt}eionjm/* vnþ dbm ji dgky}ntpi `n }ki `naknpæ }eiki kmj rntvmppg

nkkik|np}ppg `mjji jnomrpæ m `mn `nrnppn `mj vrgttneg+

N sijgrn tgkg mjmemkpn dbm ipprno}ntdgkg tnakncndipg ijj‗ianrm* nk y}ikpg

nkcj}mk|ikg `nrmppiemkpm jm tdmjpm `mn eg`n m `mn em||n `mjj‗i|ngkm8 mttn tn

idy}ntpikg e}pik`g kmj pmevg* ipprismrtg ji d}jp}ri m rivvgrpik`gtn ijj‗ieonmkpm



?=

dbm tn crmy}mkpi "_iag|nkn* ?661.+ Ji ¨cienajni nkkik|np}ppg¸ dgem kn`g* dgem

gitn `n jnomri mtvrmttngkm* dgem tgtpmakg d}n ivvgaanirtn* dgem cgkpm tgjnì `n

dmrpm||m8 tma}npi ìn rivvgrpn iendijn m pri virn dbm `nsmkpikg dikijn `n rncmrnemkpg

vrmsijmkpn tm kgk* i``nrnpp}ri* mtdj}tnsn+ Y}mtpg* dmrpiemkpm* â }kg `mn vrnen prippn

dirippmrn||ikpn jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn dbm* nk amkmrijm* â tpipg mpndbmppipg dgk

j‗mtvrmttngkm ¨j‗nrrmtntpnonjm itdmti `mjji tgdnijnpæ rntprmppi¸ "`m Jnjjg* ?66?.* i`

nk`ndirm ji sijgrn||i|ngkm tmevrm eiaangrm m tmevrm vnþ `ncc}ti `n p}ppg dnÿ dbm

ippnmkm jm rmji|ngkn nkpmrvmrtgkijn iccmppnsm vnþ sndnkm+

@goonieg vgn* rndgrìrm ajn mjmsipn pittn `n `ntgdd}vi|ngkm angsiknjm dbm

dirippmrn||ikg nj kgtprg Vimtm* nk d}n â vrmtmkpm }k emrdipg `mj jisgrg rnan`g m

vrgpm|ngkntpi smrtg jm amkmri|ngkn i`}jpm dbm eij tn iddgeviaki dgk j‗ittmk|i `n

vgjnpndbm ippnsm dbm dgktmkpikg cjmttnonjnpæ tmk|i vrmdirnmpæ+ Dgtê* emkprm nk arik

virpm `‗M}rgvi ji `ntgdd}vi|ngkm m ji vrmdirnmpæ tn vrmtmkpikg pritsmrtijn m* ik|n*

dgjvntdgkg eiaangremkpm jm amkmri|ngkn i`}jpm emkg dgevmpnpnsm* nk Npijni nj

tntpmei graikn||ipnsg m vrmsn`mk|nijm â cgrpmemkpm tonjikdnipg i tcisgrm `mn

angsikn "_m~kmrn* 9>>1 m ?66?.+

@‗ijpri virpm* kgk si `nemkpndipi ji pri`n|ngkm d}jp}rijm `mj kgtprg Vimtm nk

d}n vrmsijm }k eg`mjjg em`npmrrikmg `n cienajni dbm sm`m dgem kip}rijm j‗}tdnpi

ìj k}djmg `‗grnankm dgkpmtp}ijm ij eiprnegkng g y}ikpgemkg* ijji dgksnsmk|i+@}ky}m* angsikn dbm tp}`nikg tmevrm `n vnþ m idd}e}jikg ippmtm mjmsipm smrtg ji

vrgvrni rmijn||i|ngkm vrgcmttngkijm tn prgsikg `n crgkpm i` }k emrdipg `mj jisgrg

nktpionjm* nkdmrpg* `nccndnjm+ Dnÿ jn dgtprnkam ijj‗ippmti `mjj‗i}pgkgeni< mttn dm`gkg i

snsmrm nk }k jneog `n `nvmk`mk|i vrgj}kaipi ìjji cienajni `‗grnankm tmk|i dbm i



?3

y}mtpg tn dgkprivvgkai }k y}i`rg pri`n|ngkijm — d}jp}rijm dbm nkdij|n

ijj‗nk`nvmk`mk|i+

]k }jpmrngrm prippg dbm iddge}ki jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn â nj dgtn``mppg

vrmtmkpnteg dbm tn dirippmrn||i vmr j‗ippmaaniemkpg `n cgrpm sijgrn||i|ngkm `mj y}n

m` gri i tdivnpg `mjjm `nemktngkn jmaipm ijji emegrni `mj vittipg m ijji

vrgamppi|ngkm `mj c}p}rg+ Pijm ippmaaniemkpg â tpipg tvmttg jmppg nk dbnism kmaipnsi

ei itt}em k}gsm tc}eip}rm tm dgkpmtp}ijn||ipg nk }k y}i`rg tgdnijm dbm tn

`ntpnka}m vmr j‗nkdmrpm||i* n rivn`n rnpen `n pritcgrei|ngkm* j‗nevrmsm`nonjnpæ `mj

`geikn+ Ji dbnism `n jmpp}ri â `}vjndm m ikpnpmpndi< tnieg `n crgkpm i`

}k‗nkdividnpæ `n j}kanenrik|i ì virpm `mn angsikn gssmrg ijj‗memramrm `n }k

vriaeipnteg dbm nevgkm nj vrnsnjmanirm gonmppnsn i em`ng g ormsm vmrng`g7 Vmr

y}ikpg sntpg nk vrmdm`mk|i* tmeori dbm y}mtpg prippg kgk siì nkpmrvrmpipg dgem

j‗mtnpg `n }k vrgdmttg `n tdmjpi ri|ngkijm `mpmrenkipg ì neeip}rnpæ g nkdgtdnmk|i*

vn}ppgtpg dgem nj tmakg `n }k kmdmttirng iìppiemkpg `mjj‗}geg "angsikm. dbm

snsm kmjji tmdgkì eg`mrknpæ0 +

Tnenjemkpm ijji rmsmrtnonjnpæ `mjjm tdmjpm< gakn i|ngkm m gakn `mdntngkm snmkm

dgktn`mripi rmsgdionjm* eg`ncndionjm8 k}jji v}ÿ ivvirnrm nrrmsmrtnonjm nk }ki

tgdnmpæ dbm nksmdm â rmsmrtnonjm* nkdmrpi m dgkpri``nppgrni+ Dnÿ tnakncndi ikdbm dbm

i}emkpikg ajn tvi|n dgkdmttn ij rntdbng* dbm snmkm vnþ cidnjemkpm jmppg nk dbnismdgkpnkamkpm m pmevgrikmi< ji `ncc}tngkm `mjj‗iddmppionjnpæ `mj rntdbng "Omdh*

?666i. dgtpnp}ntdm* nkcippn* }k }jpmrngrm prippg dbm tmeori dirippmrn||irm jm k}gsm

amkmri|ngkn+ Ji pri`n|ngkijm sijmk|i kmaipnsi `mj dgkdmppg tgppmtg ij rntdbng tn si

pritcgreik`g vittik`g ì `ntsijgrm i sijgrm< rntdbng kgk vnþ dgem vmrndgjg g

0 Nk rncmrnemkpg ijj‗ikijntn* tn smì j‗nkìankm `mjj‗ntpnp}pg NI_@ ‚Sijgrn m Cn`}dni pri n angsikn

npijnikn― v}oojndipi t}j tnpg bppv<''qqq+vgjnpndbmangsiknjnmtvgrp+np'det%}vjgi`'rivvgrpgdgevjmpg+v`c "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 46'96'?696.+



?1

vmr`npi omktê dgem vrgsi `n tî* vgrpi `n vittiaang smrtg nj t}ddmttg m nj

t}vmriemkpg `mn vrgvrn jnenpn* dbm pijgri tn pri`}dm nk }k iooittiemkpg `mn jnsmjjn

`n a}ir`ni* i` mtmevng* ikdbm kmj ditg `mjj‗itt}k|ngkm `n tgtpik|m vtndgprgvm+

Nkcnkm* }k ijprg prippg dbm si dirippmrn||ik`g tmevrm vnþ n angsikn `‗gaan* â nj

`nccgk`mrtn `n }ki amkmrijm tcn`}dni kmjj‗ijprg< nj vrgttneg â vmrdmvnpg* vmr jg vnþ*

dgem }ki enkiddni vn}ppgtpg dbm dgem }ki rntgrti+ ]jpmrngrm nkv}p dbm tvnkam ajn

nk`nsn`}n i rnkdbn}`mrtn kmj vrgvrng nkpgrkg tgdnijm* dgem }kndi cgkpm `n tnd}rm||i

m vrgpm|ngkm+ Dgtê* cienajni m ar}vvg `mn virn `nsmkpikg dikijn `n rncmrnemkpg

mtdj}tnsn* emkprm p}ppg dnÿ dbm â mtpmrkg m emkg kgpg* ivviripg ntpnp}|ngkijm

dgevrmtg* â sntpg dgk `nccn`mk|i+

Vrgoionjemkpm vmr y}mtpi amkmri|ngkm â y}ikpg ein smri ji pmtn `n Oi}eik

mtvrmtti nk Ji tgjnp}`nkm `mj dnppi`nkg ajgoijm< j‗mtntpmk|i `mn dnppi`nkn nk }ki

tgdnmpæ ajgoijm nk d}n p}ppg dnÿ dbm dgkpi kmjji snpi* iegrn* iendn|nm* itvnri|ngkn*

ivvirm priktnpgrng* c}aamsgjm* s}jkmrionjm* nkdmrpg "Oi}eik* ?666.+ Vmr d}n* }ki

amkmri|ngkm grein pritcgreipi ì mpæ `mj vgttnonjm i mpæ `mjj„nevgttnonjm "@ij

Jiag* Egjnkirn* ?669* v+?9.+

J!}geg kgk sijm vmr y}mjjg dbm bi* dgem sgrrmoomrg cirdn drm`mrm n

vmrt}itgrn gdd}jpn `mj dgkt}enteg* ei vmr y}mjjg dbm â m vmr y}mjjg dbm ti+

Tgjpikpg vrmk`mk`g dgtdnmk|i `n y}mtpg tn v}ÿ ismrm ji vgttnonjnpæ `n rnprgsirm }kismri `nemktngkm }eiki m `n kgk mttmrm vnþ tgjpikpg n /pmrenkijn/ `mn emttiaan

v}oojndnpirn+

Dgktn`mrnieg n rnt}jpipn `mjjm nkìankn t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm rmijn||ipm

ìjj‗Ntpnp}pg NI_@* mttm gccrgkg ìpn dgkpmtp}ijn+



?2

Gttmrsik`g ji piomjji 4+9* nkcippn* vgttnieg smrncndirm nkkik|np}ppg ji

vrgvmktngkm ijji dbn}t}ri smrtg nj vrnsipg dbm vnþ tgvri ioonieg `mcnknpg dgem }k

vrneg prippg dirippmrntpndg `mjjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn+ P}ppg dnÿ dbm ippnmkm

ijj‗nevmakg m ijji tcmri v}oojndi bi rnjmsik|i dgkpmk}pi* emkprm jm rmji|ngkn

vrneirnm nkpnem* kgpm* vrgpmppnsm tgkg rnpmk}pm egjpg nevgrpikpn ìjji y}itn pgpijnpæ

`mn angsikn npijnikn+ Jm vrngrnpæ tmeorikg `mcnknrtn ippgrkg i cienajni* iegrm*

iendn|ni< â ¨j‗nrrmtntpnonjm itdmti `mjji tgdnijnpæ rntprmppi¸ "`m Jnjjg* ?66?.+

Y}mtpn sijgrn tgkg iddgeviakipn ì tij}pm* vidm m jnomrpæ+ Ji tij}pm* nk

virpndgjirm* â j‗npme eiaangremkpm dgk`nsntg< tmeormrmoom* y}nk`n* dbm ji

vgvgji|ngkm angsiknjm dgk`nsnì nj egppg tmdgk`g d}n ‚y}ik`g d‗â ji tij}pm d‗â

p}ppg―+

P}ppisni* si rndgrìpg dbm jm i|ngkn kgk kmdmttirniemkpm tma}gkg nk eg`g

dgmrmkpm ajn nevmripnsn d}n tn i`mrntdm< nk y}mtpg tmktg* tn rntdgkprikg k}emrgtn

ìpn dbm egtprikg dgem n dgevgrpiemkpn i`gppipn ìn angsikn tnikg tvmttg dgkprirn

ij jgrg omkmttmrm m ijji p}pmji `mj jgrg dgrvg* tgtpmk}pn ì }k ippmaaniemkpg

cipijntpi kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjji tij}pm "O}||n* 9>>38 O}||n* Disijjn* `m Jnjjg* ?66?.+

Pri n sijgrn an}`ndipn nevgrpikpn ì tmppm angsikn t} `nmdn nkdgkprnieg ji vidm

m ji jnomrpæ* nj d}n sijgrm vrmenkmkpmemkpm dgjjmppnsg ivvirm `nttgkikpm rntvmppg ij

vrneipg `mjji rmji|ngkijnpæ rntprmppi+ Dnÿ v}ÿ mttmrm tvnmaipg ìj cippg dbm pijnsijgrn sikkg nkpmrvrmpipn kgk pikpg dgem omkn dgjjmppnsn* y}ikpg dgem vrmrmy}ntnpn

kmdmttirn ij tnkagjg nk`nsn`}g vmr vgpmr dgk`}rrm jnomriemkpm ji vrgvrni mtntpmk|i*

ijji vgttnonjnpæ `n iccmrei|ngkm `mj tî* nk y}ikpg vrmrmy}ntnpn tgdnijn vmr

j‗i}pgrmijn||i|ngkm `majn nk`nsn`}n< sijgrn dbm rna}irìkg ji y}ijnpæ `mn rivvgrpn

nkpmrvmrtgkijn* jg tpirm omkm dgk ajn ijprn* ji tcmri `mjj‗nkpnenpæ jgkpikn ì gakn n`mi



?>

`n meikdnvi|ngkm+ Tma}m vgn ji `nemktngkm `mjj‗nevmakg v}oojndg m vrnsipg dgk

ji tgjnìrnmpæ "01*?-.* ajn nkpmrmttn d}jp}rijn "0?*1-. m j‗nevmakg tgdnijm "?2*3-.8

`mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn dgk ji viprni "?=*1-. m rmjnangkm "?9*1-. ei ikdbm `mjj‗ijpri

ciddni `mjj‗iccmrei|ngkm nk`nsn`}ijm dgem nj `nsmrpnemkpg "09*2-.* nj omkmttmrm

mdgkgendg "4>*?-.* jg tvgrp "40*>-.* nj cirm dirrnmri "?1*9-. m nj a}iìakirm

egjpg "?=*3-.+

Pio+ 4+9 Itvmppn `mjji snpi tmdgk`g j‗gr`nkm `n nevgrpik|i "sijgrn vmrdmkp}ijn.

Vmr knmkpm g vgdg Iooitpik|i Egjpg

nevgrpikpm nevgrpikpm nevgrpikpm

Ji tij}pm 6*= 1*3 >9*4

Ji cienajni 6*1 9?*2 23*=

Ji vidm ? 91*2 26*?

Ji jnomrpæ ?*9 92*4 1>*3

J‗iegrm ?*0 ?9*3 13

Jm iendn|nm ?*1 ?4 10*4

J‗ntpr}|ngkm 0 ?1 32*9

Nj jisgrg ?*3 46*? 31*?Ji `megdri|ni =*> ?2 33*9

J‗i}pgrmijn||i|ngkm 0*3 49*4 30*9

Nj rntvmppg `mjjm rmagjm = 41*1 =1*4

Ji tnd}rm||i m j‗gr`nkm v}oojndg 1*4 06*= =?*?

Nj pmevg jnomrg 3*1 09*2 =9*=

Ji tgjnìrnmpæ >*= 04*4 01*?

Ajn nkpmrmttn d}jp}rijn 94*9 00*9 0?*1

Nj `nsmrpnemkpg 3*? =? 09*2

Nj omkmttmrm mdgkgendg 3*= =0*0 4>*?

Jg tvgrp ?=*9 06 40*>

J‗nevmakg tgdnijm ?9*4 =6*9 ?2*3

Nj cirm dirrnmri ?>*= 04*0 ?1*9

Ji viprni 46 00*4 ?=*1

Nj a}iìakirm egjpg ??*3 =9*2 ?=*3

Ji rmjnangkm 09*9 41*? ?9*1

Nj vrmtpnang tgdnijm 06*4 0?*4 91*0

J‗ippnsnpæ vgjnpndi 14*2 ?6 3*?



46

Dgem tn v}ÿ kgpirm j‗ippnsnpæ vgjnpndi â rnpmk}pi egjpg nevgrpikpm ì ivvmki nj 3-

`mn angsikn+ Nj ìpg "dgem sm`rmeg vgn* piomjji 4+?. kgk â pikpg `nsmrtg ì y}mjjg

`n smkp‗ikkn ci8 nk tmdgk`g j}gag — dgem sntpg — j‗ippnsnpæ vgjnpndi kgk

kmdmttirniemkpm â ittnenjionjm ijj‗nevmakg vgjnpndg vgndbî* ioonieg sntpg*

mtntpgkg tmakijn — vmr y}ikpg `mogjn m dnrdgtdrnppn — dbm egtprikg j‗memramrm `n

k}gsn eg`n `n dgkdmvnrm j‗nevmakg smrtg ji dgjjmppnsnpæ dbm kgk â vnþ `mcnknonjm

vgjnpndg nk tmktg tprmppg "Oi||ikmjji* Arittn ?663.+ Â nkpmrmttikpm rnjmsirm dbm jg

tdmkirng dgtê `mjnkmipg tn vrmtmkpi dgk`nsntg ìn `nsmrtn tgppgar}vvn `mjji

vgvgji|ngkm angsiknjm+ ]jpmrngrm tmakijm* y}mtpg* `mj vrgdmttg `n gegjgai|ngkm

nkpmrkg ijjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn+ J‗}kndi mddm|ngkm â `gs}pi ijj‗mpæ< ij drmtdmrm `n

mtti* nkcippn* vmr`gkg rnjmsik|i n sijgrn jmaipn ijji tvmktnmripm||i pnvndi

`mjj‗i`gjmtdmk|i "iendn|ni* pmevg jnomrg* `nsmrpnemkpg* tvgrp* omjjm||i cntndi. m

itt}egkg eiaangr vmtg ajn npme dbm msgdikg ji dgjjmppnsnpæ* j‗nevmakg m nj

dgkprgjjg ntpnp}|ngkijm "cienajni* jisgrg* nevmakg tgdnijm m d}jp}rijm* tnd}rm||i*

gr`nkm* rntvmppg `mjjm rmagjm* `megdri|ni.+

Vmr y}ikpg rna}irì nj v}kpg `n sntpi `nidrgkndg* dbm dgktn`mri nj prmk`

`mjj‗}jpneg smkpmkkng* jm nkìankn t}jji dgk`n|ngkn angsiknjm nk Npijni "Disijjn* `m

Jnjjg mp+ij+ 9>208 Disijjn* `m Jnjjg 9>>48 O}||n* Disijjn* `m Jnjjg* 9>>18 O}||n*

Disijjn* `m Jnjjg* ?66?. bikkg egtpripg }k ikìemkpg dbm* vmr y}ikpg kgk`nttnenjm kmajn ikkn nk eg`g ri`ndijm* vrmtmkpi `mn jnmsn e}piemkpn kmn tntpmen `n

rncmrnemkpg `mjjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn+



49

Pio+ 4+? Angsikn m sijgrn % - `n 9=%?0mkkn dbm rntvgk`gkg `n rntvgtpi ‚Egjpgnevgrpikpm― ijji `geikì ‚Ji vrmag `n `nren y}ikpg Jmn dgktn`mri nevgrpikpn vmr ji T}isnpi jm dgtm `n y}mtpg mjmkdg<― vmr ikkg `mjji rnjmsi|ngkm+

Ikdgri }ki sgjpi* n ìpn nkcnreikg n vrgdmttn vrmdm`mkpmemkpm `mtdrnppn< ji

tpionjn||i|ngkm "cienajni. m nj riccgr|iemkpg "iendn|ni. `mjjm vrngrnpæ iccmppnsm* nj

dgkpmknemkpg `mjji rnjmsik|i ipprno}npi ij jisgrg* ijji dirrnmri m ijji tgjnìrnmpæ* ji

drmtdnpi `mjj‗itvmppg m`gkntpndg jmaipg ij pmevg jnomrg* nj vmreikmrm nk vgtn|ngkn `n

knddbni `mjji `nemktngkm jmaipi ijj‗nevmakg "nkpmrmttn d}jp}rijn* nevmakg tgdnijm*

ippnsnpæ vgjnpndi.+

Nj jisgrg* v}r vmr`mk`g v}kpn vmrdmkp}ijn* rneikm dge}ky}m }ki `nemktngkm

egjpg nevgrpikpm vmr y}itn `}m angsikn t} prm+ I y}mtpg vrgvgtnpg* â nkpmrmttikpm

kgpirm dbm dgmrmkpmemkpm dgk nj vnþ ievng tntpmei sijgrnijm `n rncmrnemkpg* tm tn

dgktn`mrikg jm `nemktngkn nkpmrkm ij jisgrg* â vgttnonjm gttmrsirm dbm vmr n angsikn

vmr`gkg rnjmsik|i j‗mjmemkpg `mj vrmtpnang m `mjji aripncndi|ngkm mdgkgendi i

cisgrm `mjji tnd}rm||i m* ikdbm y}n* `mjj‗i}pgrmijn||i|ngkm vmrtgkijm+ N ìpn nkcippn*

emppgkg nk j}dm dgem nj jisgrg smkai sntpg tmevrm emkg dgem nevmripnsg

vrmppiemkpm tpr}emkpijm m tmevrm vnþ dgem cgkpm `n aripncndi|ngkm+ Ik|n*

j‗i}tvndng `mn angsikn — dbm nksmtpgkg nk vmrdgrtn cgreipnsn tmevrm vnþ vrgj}kaipn

% rntnm`m vrgvrng nk y}mtpg< prgsirm }k jisgrg dbm* iddikpg ijji tnd}rm||i* dgktmkpi



4?

ji drmtdnpi vmrtgkijm* ji aripncndi|ngkm* j‗i}pgrmijn||i|ngkm+ Kgk tp}vntdm* `}ky}m*

rnjmsirm ji vrmcmrmk|i tmevrm vnþ `ncc}ti vrmttg jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn `mj jisgrg

i}pgkgeg rntvmppg i y}mjjg `nvmk`mkpm "Dbnmtn* ?66?.+

Itvmppg rnjmsikpm ì dgktn`mrirm kmj ditg nk d}n tn sgajnikg n`mirm m

nevjmemkpirm k}gsm vgjnpndbm dgk m vmr n angsikn jmaipm ijji jgrg virpmdnvi|ngkm ij

emrdipg `mj jisgrg+ N pijmkpn* jg tsnj}vvg `mjji drmipnsnpæ* nj tgtpmakg

ijj‗nevrmk`npgrnijnpæ m ijj‗i}pgvrgeg|ngkm tmeorikg prgsirm pmrrmkg cmrpnjm nk }ki

vgvgji|ngkm angsiknjm dbm bi sgajni `n prgsirm kmj jisgrg tpnegjn* tcn`m m* dgem

vnþ sgjpm rneirdipg* rmijn||i|ngkm vmrtgkijm+

N+4 Ji cn`}dni kmjjm ntpnp}|ngkn

Tp}`nirm ji angsnkm||i kgk s}gj `nrm tgjg vrmk`mrm nk mtiem dgem jm vmrtgkm

vittikg ì }ki dgk`n|ngkm i` }k‗ijpri* ìjj‗mttmrm tp}`mkpm ijj‗mttmrm jisgripgrm*

ìjj‗mttmrm `nvmk`mkpm mdgkgendiemkpm ijj‗mttmrm nk`nvmk`mkpm* ìjj‗mttmrm cnajng

ijj‗mttmrm amknpgrm+ Ji angsnkm||i* dgem citm `mjji snpi* dgktntpm ikdbm

kmjj‗nkprmddng `n rmji|ngkn dbm jmai }ki vmrtgki nk angsikm mpæ i` ijprm vmrtgkm*

`mkprg ji cienajni* kmjji td}gji* kmj pmevg jnomrg* kmj jisgrg* kmj j}gag nk d}n tn

ionpi+ Nj eg`g nk d}n tn tpr}pp}rikg y}mtpm rmji|ngkn m nj tnakncndipg dbm i` mttm n

angsikn ipprno}ntdgkg tgkg mjmemkpn mttmk|nijn vmr rndgtpr}nrm m dgevrmk`mrm dgti

â ji angsnkm||i+

Nj dgkdmppg `n divnpijm tgdnijm bi dgkgtdn}pg* kmaj‗}jpnen ikkn* }ki kgpmsgjm

nevgrpik|i kmajn tp}`n tgdngjgandn m vgjnpgjgandn+ Nj pmrenkm rneikì i

nkpmrvrmpi|ngkn m `mcnkn|ngkn `nsmrtm* iajn tp}`n m ijjm ikijntn `n i}pgrn dgem



44

Og}r`nm} "9>26.* Dgjmeik "9>22.* V}pkie "9>>4.* C}h}~iei "9>>4. m `nsmrtn

ijprn* dbm bikkg ivvrgcgk`npg nj dgkdmppg dgk `nsmrtm ijprm tc}eip}rm+

Nj tgdngjgag crikdmtm Vnmrrm Og}r`nm} "9>26* v+?.* `ntpnka}m mtvjndnpiemkpm nj

divnpijm tgdnijm ì y}mjjg mdgkgendg m d}jp}rijm* `mcnkmk`gjg dgem<

j‗nktnmem `mjjm rntgrtm ipp}ijn m vgpmk|nijn jmaipm ij vgttmttg `n }ki rmpmtpionjm `n rmji|ngkn vnþ g emkg ntpnp}|ngkijn||ipm m ijj‗ivvirpmkmk|i i` }kar}vvg nk y}ikpg nktnmem `n iamkpn kgk tgjg `gpipn `n vrgvrnmpæ dge}kn* eiikdbm }knpn ì rmji|ngkn vmreikmkpn m }pnjn

m ikdgri*

nj sgj}em `mj divnpijm tgdnijm `nvmk`m ìjj‗mtpmktngkm `mjji rmpm `n jmaien dbmnj tgaamppg v}ÿ mccmppnsiemkpm egonjnpirm m ìj sgj}em vgttm`}pg nk vrgvrngìajn nk`nsn`}n in y}ijn majn â jmaipg+

N`mkpncndi vmrpikpg* nj divnpijm tgdnijm nk }k tmp `n rmji|ngkn dgkpnk}m kmj pmevg m

y}nk`n* dgem }ki dirippmrntpndi `mn kmpqgrht tgdnijn+ Y}mtpm rmji|ngkn tgkg }pnjn

vmr nj riaan}kanemkpg `n `mpmrenkipn tdgvn* rncmrmk`gtn ijji rmpm `n rmji|ngknvmrtgkijn dbm }k nk`nsn`}g v}ÿ `nrmppiemkpm g nk`nrmppiemkpm egonjnpirm ij cnkm `n

riaan}kamrm n t}gn gonmppnsn vmr enajngrirm ji t}i vgtn|ngkm tgdnijm+ @n

dgktma}mk|i nj dgkdmppg `n divnpijm tgdnijm* rneikì i y}mjj‗nktnmem `n rntgrtm

eipmrnijn m tneogjndbm `n d}n nj tgaamppg v}ÿ }t}cr}nrm* vmrdbî â nktmrnpg nk }k

tntpmei `n rmpn "ji cienajni* ji virmkpmji* ajn iendn* n sndnkn* n dgjjmabn `n jisgrg* n

dgkgtdmkpn* mdd+. dbm v}ÿ dgkkmppmrtn dgk ijprn tntpmen+ Nk ijprn pmrenkn* nj divnpijm

tgdnijm â j‗nktnmem `mjjm rntgrtm ivvrgvrnionjn ipprismrtg jm rmji|ngkn nkpmrvmrtgkijn+

Nk y}mtpi vrgtvmppnsi* kmpqgrh m divnpijm tgdnijm tgkg tprmppiemkpm jmaipn "

Tisgkir`g* ?664.+

Mtntpgkg `}m `mcnkn|ngkn `n divnpijm tgdnijm dgk`nsntm ìajn tp}`ngtn* dbm

cikkg rncmrnemkpg i }m ivvrgddn nccmrmkpn* }kg nk`nsn`}ijntpi m j‗ijprg rmji|ngkijm+



40

Vmr j‗ivvrgddng nk`nsn`}ijntpi* Liemt Dgjmeik"9>22. tgtpnmkm dbm nj divnpijm

tgdnijm â ¨j‗nktnmem `mn jmaien t}n y}ijn }ki vmrtgki g }k ar}vvg v}ÿ dgkpirm vmr

rmijn||irm n vrgvrn gonmppnsn¸+ Nj divnpijm â `mcnknpg ìjji t}i c}k|ngkm+ Kgk â }ki

tnkagji mkpnpæ* ei }ki sirnmpæ `n `nccmrmkpn mkpnpæ dbm bikkg `}m dirippmrntpndbm nk

dge}km< dgktntpgkg p}ppm `n y}ijdbm itvmppg `mjji tpr}pp}ri tgdnijm m cidnjnpikg jm

i|ngkn `majn nk`nsn`}n dbm tn prgsikg `mkprg y}mjji tpr}pp}ri+ Dgem ijprm cgrem `n

divnpijm* nj divnpijm tgdnijm â vrg`}ppnsg* nk y}ikpg rmk`m vgttnonjm nj

riaan}kanemkpg `n dmrpn tdgvn dbm kgk vgprmoomrg mttmrm gppmk}pn nk t}i ittmk|i+

Nkgjprm nj divnpijm tgdnijm* dgem nj divnpijm cntndg m nj divnpijm }eikg kgk â

dgevjmpiemkpm c}kanonjm vgndbî emkprm }ki ìpi cgrei `n divnpijm tgdnijm v}ÿ

cidnjnpirm dmrpm i|ngkn* vmr ijprm v}ÿ mttmrm ìkkgtg+ Ijprm t}m dirippmrntpndbm tgkg

j‗nk`nsntnonjnpæ m j‗nkijnmkionjnpæ+ Kgk â `n vrgvrnmpæ `n dbn km prim vrgcnppg vmrpikpg

Dgjmeik dgkdj}`m dbm ¨nj divnpijm tgdnijm nkmrntdm ijji tpr}pp}ri `mjjm rmji|ngkn cri

vmrtgkm+ Kgk â tnp}ipg kî kmajn nk`nsn`}n kî nk tpr}emkpn cntndn `mjji vrg`}|ngkm¸+

Vmr j‗ivvrgddng rmji|ngkijm nksmdm* _gomrp V}pkie "9>>4. iccmrei dbm nj

divnpijm tgdnijm â ¨j‗nktnmem `n y}mj djnei rmji|ngkijm `n cn`}dni* `n ivvirpmkmk|i*

`n tmktg dnsndg dbm vmremppm nj o}gk c}k|ngkiemkpg `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn m `n vrgamppn

`n pnvg mdgkgendg¸+ V}pkie vgkm j‗iddmkpg t}ajn itvmppn `mjji snpi tgdnijm* rmpn*

kgrem m cn`}dni dbm cidnjnpikg j‗i|ngkm dgjjmppnsi+ Pri y}mtpn cippgrn nk`nsn`}i jidnsndkmtt "d}jp}ri dnsndi.+ Ji d}jp}ri dnsndi â n`mkpncndipi dgk ji `ncc}tngkm `n

}k‗ievni cn`}dni nkpmrvmrtgkijm dbm cidnjnpi ji dggvmri|ngkm pri n dnppi`nkn vmr

gonmppnsn dge}kn m nj c}k|ngkiemkpg `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn vgjnpndbm+ T}j vnikg mevnrndg

ji dnsndkmtt snmkm ent}ripi dgk rncmrnemkpg ijji virpmdnvi|ngkm i` ittgdni|ngkn+



4=

¨Nj divnpijm tgdnijm â ìpg ìjji `gpi|ngkm dgevjmttnsi `n rntgrtm neeipmrnijn

`n d}n }k nk`nsn`}g g }ki dgjjmppnsnpæ vgttgkg `ntvgrrm vmr nj vrgvrng ianrm+ Ji

cn`}dni km â }ki dgevgkmkpm cgkìemkpijm< i jnsmjjg nk`nsn`}ijm mtti dgktmkpm nj

o}gk c}k|ngkiemkpg `n rmji|ngkn nkpmrvmrtgkijn m nj riaan}kanemkpg `n gonmppnsn

ijj‗nkpmrkg `mj vnddgjg ar}vvg8 i jnsmjjg dgjjmppnsg* ji cn`}dni kmjjm ntpnp}|ngkn

dgtpnp}ntdm ji vrmemtti vmr }k tntpmei tgdng%mdgkgendg ki|ngkijm tpionjm*

mccndnmkpm m `megdripndg¸+ Dgk y}mtpm virgjm "Dirpgddn* ?6668 @nikn* ?6668

Oiakitdg mp ij+ ?6698 Ji Sijjm* ?66?.* Irnikki Oi||ikmjji ivrm ji pmr|i virpm `mj

_ivvgrpg Angsikn* ji tmtpi nkìankm `mjj‗Ntpnp}pg NI_@ t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm

nk Npijni* ‚N angsikn a}irìkg ji tgdnmpæ< ji cn`}dni kmjjm ntpnp}|ngkn― + Ji

eikdik|i `n cn`}dni kmjjm ntpnp}|ngkn* d}n â iccnìpi ji rnvrg`}|ngkm `mjji tgdnmpæ

ìj v}kpg `n sntpi vgjnpndg* mdgkgendg* an}rn`ndg m d}jp}rijm* â egpnsg `n

dgevgrpiemkpn nk`nsn`}ijn `ntc}k|ngkijn* dbm `mpmrenkmrmoomrg }k `mpmrngriemkpg

`mj tntpmei%tgdnmpæ+

Ei dbm dgt‗â ji cn`}dni7 Knhjit J}beikk "?666.* ji `mcnkntdm dgem }ki

tnp}i|ngkm mjmemkpirm `mjji snpi tgdnijm* nkpmk`mk`gji kmj tmktg vnþ ievng `mj

pmrenkm* dgem nj cirm iccnìemkpg t}jjm vrgvrnm itvmppipnsm+ J‗}geg* nk

`mpmrenkipm dnrdgtpik|m* kgk vgprmoom kmvv}rm ij|irtn ìj jmppg gakn eippnki* tmk|i

cn`}dni+ Smrrmoom ittgjpg ì }ki vi}ri nk`mpmrenkipi m ì }k vikndg virijn||ikpm*kgk tirmoom kmvv}rm nk ari`g `n cgre}jirm dbniriemkpm }ki `mpmrenkipi tcn`}dni m

rmk`mrji cgkìemkpg `n nkn|nipnsm `ncmktnsm* vgndbî y}mtpg sgrrmoom `nrm dbm majn

bi tcn`}dni tgppg ijprn itvmppn+ Vmr y}mtpi riangkm kmtt}k nk`nsn`}g â nk ari`g `n

tgvvgrpirm }k dgkcrgkpg dgtê `nrmppg dgk j‗mtprmei dgevjmttnpæ `mj egk`g+ Ikdgri

tgtpnmkm dbm* `gsm d‗â ji cn`}dni* dn tgkg vnþ vgttnonjnpæ `n mtvmrnmk|i m `n i|ngkm* m



43

i}emkpikg tni ji dgevjmttnpæ `mj tntpmei tgdnijm* tni nj k}emrg `n vgttnonjnpæ dbm

mttg v}ÿ dgkdnjnirm dgk ji tpr}pp}ri* vgndbî dgk ji cn`}dni ioonieg i `ntvgtn|ngkm

}ki vnþ mccndidm cgrei `n rn`}|ngkm `mjji dgevjmttnpæ "nsn* v+99.+ Jm vrnkdnvijn

nkìankn mevnrndbm dgk`gppm kmajn }jpnen ikkn nk Npijni t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm=*

mccmppnsiemkpm bikkg emttg nk j}dm nj vrgarmttnsg ijjgkpikiemkpg `mn angsikn

ìjji snpi vgjnpndi m tgdnijm+ Nk virpndgjirm* n virpnpn vgjnpndn kgk tmeorikg vnþ nk

ari`g `n cgrknrm }k‗ivvirpmkmk|i dgjjmppnsi m }ki sntngkm `mj egk`g }knpirni+ Jm

n`mgjganm tn crikp}eikg m n angsikn pmk`gkg i dgtpr}nrtn }k‗n`mkpnpæ ijj‗nkpmrkg `n

vmrdgrtn emkg priddnipn m vrgoionjemkpm ikdbm emkg egkgjnpndn msn`mk|nik`g dgtê

ikdbm }ki eiaangrm i}pgkgeni kmn vmrdgrtn nk`nsn`}ijn `n snpi+ Ikdbm tm â omkm

tri`ndirm j‗n`mi dge}km tmdgk`g d}n jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn tirmoomrg tmk|i

sijgrn* tgtvmtm nk }k mpmrkg vrmtmkpm tmk|i vrgamppn* jm vnþ rmdmkpn rndmrdbm

dgk`gppm t}n angsikn vrmtmkpikg rnt}jpipn kgk pikpg dgkcgrpikpn+ Dgem `mppg* n ìpn

virjikg `n }ki amkmri|ngkm dbm `nji|ngki nk eg`g nk`mcnknpg jm tdmjpm dbm eirdikg

j‗mpæ i`}jpi* }ki amkmri|ngkm dbm pmk`m i cirtn ‚nksntnonjm― "@nieikpn* 9>>>. m

gjprmp}ppg dgk pmk`mk|m nevrgkpipm ijji dbn}t}ri smrtg nj vrnsipg m i }k

tgaamppnsnteg tmevrm vnþ eirdipg+

Ji cn`}dni â }ki dgevgkmkpm cgkìemkpijm `n nkpmari|ngkm tgdnijm m iantdm

t}jj‗nkpmri|ngkm tgdnijm i `nsmr tn jnsmjjn "Dirpgddn* ?6668 @nikn* ?6668 Oiakitdg mpij+ ?6698 Ji Sijjm* ?66?.<

% t}j vnikg nkpmrvmrtgkijm â j‗mjmemkpg dbm vmremppm ji dgtpr}|ngkm `n

rmji|ngkn vgtnpnsm m` mccndnmkpn8

= Tn smìkg i y}mtpg vrgvgtnpg jm nkìankn dgk`gppm ìjj‗Ntpnp}pg NI_@8 nk virpndgjirm* O}||n D+*

Disijjn I+* `m Jnjjg I+* Angsikn `mj k}gsg tmdgjg+ Y}nkpg rivvgrpg NI_@ t}jji dgk`n|ngkmangsiknjm nk Npijni* nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* ?66?+



41

% ijj‗nkpmrkg `mj vnddgjg ar}vvg `n rncmrnemkpg* â nj dipijn||ipgrm dbm

dgktmkpm nj riaan}kanemkpg `n gonmppnsn dge}kn8

% i jnsmjjg dgjjmppnsg* nkpmti dgem cn`}dni mtvrmtti ìn dnppi`nkn smrtg jm

ntpnp}|ngkn* dgtpnp}ntdm ji vrmemtti vmr }k tntpmei vgjnpndg* mdgkgendg m tgdnijm

tpionjm m` mccndnmkpm m* nk }jpnei ikijntn* `megdripndg+

Ji cn`}dni vmrpikpg* dgem cippgrm nk`nvmk`mkpm dbm nk`}dm m dgk`n|ngki

i|ngkn nk`nsn`}ijn m tgdnijn+ P}ppisni* mtti â ij dgkpmevg cippgrm `nvmk`mkpm dbm

`mrnsi ì ijprm sirnionjn< ji cn`}dni nkcippn* rivvrmtmkpi }k pittmjjg nkpmrem`ng pri

rivvrmtmkpi|ngkn* vmrdm|ngkn* tntpmen `n drm`mk|m* ippmtm* vrngrnpæ sijgrnijn ì }ki

virpm m ji virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi v}oojndi* j‗nevmakg* j‗iccm|ngkm "g `nticcm|ngkm.

ijji rmt v}ojndi* ìjj‗ijpri+

Nj tgaamppg â nk ari`g `n iddgrìrm cn`}dni ikdbm nk eiknmri nk`nrmppi* i

`ntpik|i* tni kmn dgkcrgkpn `majn ijprn dbm kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn+ Nkcippn* ¨Ji

cn`}dni smrtg ajn ijprn ikgknen m smrtg jm ntpnp}|ngkn kgk v}ÿ mtntpmrm tm kgk â

tgtpmk}pi ìjji cn`}dni nkpmrvmrtgkijm m ìjji cn`}dni nk tm tpmttn eip}ripm kmjjm

dmrdbnm tgdnijn nk d}n tn â priktnpipn¸ "E}ppn* 9>>2* v+=0.+ Y}mtpg ievjniemkpg `mj

riaang `n i|ngkm `mjji cn`}dni â rmtg vgttnonjm ì `nsmrtn cippgrn* vrneg cri p}ppn

j‗mtntpmk|i `n graikn||i|ngkn cgreijn dbm jmanppneikg ji cn`}dni m ji rmk`gkg

vgttnonjm ipprismrtg j‗ivvjndi|ngkm n kgrem m tik|ngkn+

Tntpmen n drm`mk|m_ivvrmtmkpi|ngkn

Vmrdm|ngkn_ncmrnemkpnsijgrnijn

Cn`}dni

Virpmdnvi|ngkmNevmakg

Iccm|ngkm' `nticcm|ngkm ijjirmt v}ojndi



42

Vmr dgkdj}`mrm nj dgkdmppg `n cn`}dni v}ÿ mttmrm ikijn||ipg ì `nsmrtn v}kpn

`n sntpi+ Nj t}g r}gjg dbnism â dgkkmttg ijji vgttnonjnpæ `n tmevjncndirm ji rmijpæ*

vmremppmk`g ijj‗nk`nsn`}g `n vrmk`mrm `mdntngkn nk dgk`n|ngkn `n nkdmrpm||i+ Ji

cn`}dni snmkm ivvrmti kmjj‗ieonpg `n rmji|ngkn dgkkgpipm iccmppnsiemkpm dbm

mtijpikg j‗nevgrpik|i `mjji dgevgkmkpm megpnsi i d}n vrgarmttnsiemkpm tn

iccnikdi y}mjji dgaknpnsi* dbm vrmsm`m ji dividnpæ `n dijdgjirm nj jnsmjjg `n rntdbng

nktnpg kmjjm `nsmrtm tnp}i|ngkn nk d}n mkpri nk angdg ji cn`}dni+ Nkcnkm* }k r}gjg

nevgrpikpm kmjj‗ipprno}|ngkm `n cn`}dni â tsgjpg ikdbm ì dirippmrntpndbm nk`nsn`}ijn

y}ijn ji dgevmpmk|i m ji rmv}pi|ngkm* nevgrpikpn ikdbm kmj vittiaang ìjji cn`}dni

nkpmrvmrtgkijm i y}mjji tntpmendi* dgem ikdbm jm kgrem m ji vrmtmk|i `n vgttnonjn

nkpmrem`nirn* dgem ajn gvnkngk jmi`mr "Oi||ikmjji* @mj}di* Arittn* ?661.+

N+0 Ji virpmdnvi|ngkm angsiknjm

Gaamppg `n gttmrsi|ngkm vrnsnjmanipg `mn e}piemkpn tgdnijn m `mjj‗msgj}|ngkm

`mn rivvgrpn pri vgjnpndi m tgdnmpæ* gaan tgkg n angsikn* n y}ijn bikkg teirrnpg ji

jgrg tgaamppnsnpæ tgdnijm m ikdgr `n vnþ* ji jgrg tgaamppnsnpæ vgjnpndi* dgtê dgem

`negtprikg ajn tp}`n t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm `n p}ppi M}rgvi+

Jm `nkiendbm rndgrrmkpn kmjji virpmdnvi|ngkm angsiknjm bikkg dngâ ri`ndn

jgkpikm* rnkpriddnionjn kmn e}piemkpn dbm nksmtpgkg nj tntpmei vgjnpndg nk amkmrijm+

Tmeormrmoom* dn tn prgsn `nkik|n i y}mjji ‚amkmri|ngkm nksntnonjm― "@nieikpn*

9>>>.* gssmrg i }ki amkmri|ngkm `nccndnjemkpm dgjjgdionjm ì }k v}kpg `n sntpi

tgdnijm< n angsikn `mj RRN tmdgjg* dgkprirniemkpm in jgrg dgmpikmn `mj Tmttikpgppg*



4>

ivvingkg rnvnmaipn t} jgrg tpmttn* emkg n`mijntpn* vrgkpn i` nk`nsn`}irm tpripmanm `n

iìppiemkpg ijj‗ipp}ijm tgdnmpæ dbm tn vrmtmkpi tmevrm vnþ crieemkpipi "non`me.+

Ei tm ji dbnism `n jmpp}ri `mn e}piemkpn tgdnijn si rntdgkpripi kmjjm

vgpmk|nijnpæ `mn angsikn* ji di}ti `mjji jgrg nkkmaionjm `ntpik|i ìjji vgjnpndi* `msm

mttmrm rnkpriddnipi kmjji drntn `mj tntpmei tgdnijm m kmj tntpmei vgjnpndg m `n

dgktma}mk|i* kmjji rgpp}ri `mn `}m tntpmen* pikp‗â dbm jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn*

grein neemrtm nk y}mtpg vrgdmttg dgkpnk}g `n pritcgrei|ngkm dbm dgnksgjam ji

tgdnmpæ* n eg`mjjn `n dgevgrpiemkpg* ji tcmri `mn sijgrn m `mjjm n`mgjganm m y}nk`n

`mjji vgjnpndi* snsgkg nk }ki dgk`n|ngkm `n ntgjiemkpg* `n `ntgrnmkpiemkpg m

nkdmrpm||i* dbm jn tvnkam i vrmk`mrm jm `ntpik|m ì }ki vgjnpndi dbm* tmdgk`g jgrg* jn

rivvrmtmkpi tmevrm emkg "Div}pg* ?661.+

N angsikn m n dnppi`nkn nk amkmrijm* virpmdnvikg ijji vgjnpndi vmr eikncmtpirm nj

vrgvrng dgktmktg g `nttmktg kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn snamkpn m`

msmkp}ijemkpm* vmr ianrm t}jji tpr}pp}ri `mjjm `nt}a}iajnik|m mtntpmkpn nk }ki

`mpmrenkipi tgdnmpæ "Vn||grkg* 9>>4.+ Ji virpmdnvi|ngkm vgjnpndi v}ÿ eikncmtpirtn

i `nsmrtn jnsmjjn< ìj tmevjndm nkpmrmttm vmrtgkijm* dgem pmkmrtn ij dgrrmkpm `mjjm

sndmk`m vgjnpndbm vn}ppgtpg dbm ittntpmrm i` }k `noippnpg vgjnpndg* ijji

virpmdnvi|ngkm ij tntpmei `n rivvrmtmkpik|i ntpnp}|ngkijm* ijji virpmdnvi|ngkm kgk

dgksmk|ngkijm* `mcnknpi dgem ji eikncmtpi|ngkm nk dgrpmn g j‗i`mtngkm iogndgppiaan+ Kgkgtpikpm vmrÿ* jm nkk}emrmsgjn vgttnonjnpæ dbm n angsikn bikkg i

`ntvgtn|ngkm vmr rmji|ngkirtn dgk ji vgjnpndi* vrmsijm nj `ntnkpmrmttm m nj `ntpiddg*

dgtê dgem ievniemkpm `negtpripg ìjjm `nsmrtm nkìankn ki|ngkijn+

Snsnieg* tgtpnmkm Omdh "?666o.* nk }ki tgdnmpæ dbm ci jmsi t} }k vrgdmttg `n

/nk`nsn`}ijn||i|ngkm/ dbm `nttgjsm jm cgrem `n snpi vrmdgtpnp}npm* m j!ivvirpmkmk|i i



06

}ki djittm tgdnijm* i }ki ki|ngkm g i }ki cienajni* `nsmkpi dgtê* }k s}gpg

tne}jidrg vrm`ntvgtpg vmr }k pmevgrikmg rnvirg nk }ki rmijpæ nk d}n öntgaki

tmevrm tivmrtn nevgrrm t}jji dgkdgrrmk|i vmr gppmkmrm rntgrtm jnenpipm¸+ Ji

/tmdgkì eg`mrknpæ/ â y}nk`n }ki tgdnmpæ `mj rntdbng amkmrijn||ipg g* vnþ

vrgtindiemkpm* `mjji vrmdirnmpæ* `gsm k}jji* ìj jisgrg ijji cienajni* â vnþ

airikpnpg+ Vmr Omdh y}mtpg kgk rivvrmtmkpi }ki `ntdgkpnk}npæ kmj vrgdmttg `n

eg`mrkn||i|ngkm+

Ji tmdgkì eg`mrknpæ % g mvgdi `mjji /eg`mrkn||i|ngkm rncjmttnsi/ — â

vn}ppgtpg nj dgevnemkpg `mjji eg`mrkn||i|ngkm issnipi dgk ji rnsgj}|ngkm

nk`}tprnijm m dbm bi nj v}kpg `n tsnj}vvg vnþ ijpg kmjjg tpipg tgdnijm* dbm

ntpnp}|ngkijn||i nkcippn nj vrnkdnvng `n nk`nsn`}ijn||i|ngkm+

Cnkg iaj‗ikkn Tmttikpi ji vgjnpndi angsiknjm tn mri jnenpipi i rncjmppmrm jm

cgrem virpmdnvipnsm m jm jgandbm `n n`mkpncndi|ngkm `mppipm ìn virpnpn vgjnpndn+

‚Jm amkmri|ngkn angsiknjn `maj‗ikkn Tmppikpi* rncn}pikg g tm tn s}gjm*

ivvingkg `ntnkdikpipm rntvmppg ijjm n`mgjganm m in pri`n|ngkijn vrgamppn `n

meikdnvi|ngkm pnvndn `mjji eg`mrknpæ― "Diknajni*?66?i* v+?1.+

Nj `mdjnkg `mjjm n`mgjganm* v}ÿ mttmrm jmppg dgem nj dgrrntvmppnsg vgjnpndg `n

}k vnþ ievng vrgdmttg rivvrmtmkpipg ìjji di`}pi `n cn`}dni `n y}mjjm dbm nj pmgrndg

`mjji tgdnmpæ vgtpeg`mrki* Lmik C+ J~gpir` "9>29. bi dbnieipg jm empi kirri|ngkn<‚jm arik`n kirri|ngkn― rmjipnsm ij vrgarmttg }eikg* ijji riangkm* ijji

meikdnvi|ngkm tgdnijm* y}ijn vrnkdnvn dgtpnp}pnsn `mjjm `gpprnkm jnomrijn*

`megdripndbm* tgdnijntpm m dge}kntpm* dgk n rntvmppnsn virpnpn m egsnemkpn+ Tn prippi

vmrpikpg* `n }k ievng vrgarmttg `n e}piemkpg d}jp}rijm* dbm vrg`}dm }k

ippmaaniemkpg `n `ntnkdikpg rntvmppg in vrgamppn `mjji vgjnpndi m `mjji eg`mrknpæ+



09

Vmrpikpg nj drgjjg `mjjm n`mgjganm vgjnpndbm i sikpiaang `mj jnomrijnteg `mjjm

tgdnmpæ `n dgkt}eg m ji drmtdnpi `mjj‗nk`nsn`}ijnteg3* bikkg cisgrnpg ji tcn`}dni

kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjj‗ippnsnpæ vgjnpndi m `mj tntpmei `n rivvrmtmkpi|ngkm `megdripndi+

Jm arik`n tcn`m tgdnijn tgkg tpipm rnevni||ipm ìjjm rnsmk`ndi|ngkn tgaamppnsm m

tmppgrnijn+ Nk dgevmktg* si kgpipg dbm j‗ippnsnpæ vgjnpndi vmr`m drm`npg iajn gddbn

`mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn y}ik`g kgk â vnþ dividm `n vmrtma}nrm j‗nkpmrmttm

amkmrijm+

N angsikn tgkg tpipn n rmijn vrgpiagkntpn `n sirn egsnemkpn `n vrgpmtpi m `n

rnsgj}|ngkn+ Dgem vrgsipg* ji rncgrei vrgpmtpikpm* â }k mtmevng `mn vnþ

tprigr`nkirn egsnemkpn angsiknjn `mjji tpgrni+ Jg tsnj}vvg `megaricndg* â tpipg }k

mjmemkpg dmkprijm `mn egemkpn rnsgj}|ngkirn dbm bikkg nksmtpnpg j‗M}rgvi pri nj

RSNN m nj pir`g RSNNN tmdgjg+ ]ki kgpmsgjm mtviktngkm `mjji citdni angsiknjm kmn

vimtn gddn`mkpijn sm`m ippmtpirtn kmj dgrtg `mjji tpgrni* cnkg ijji tsgjpi `n }k

egsnemkpg citdntpi m` ijprn ar}vvn mtprmentpn `gvg nj vrneg arik`m dgkcjnppg

egk`nijm+ Y}irikp‗ikkn `gvg* ji amkmri|ngkm `mjji oio~ ogge kipi `gvg ji NN

A}mrri Egk`nijm dgktma}ê }k arik`m t}ddmttg vgjnpndg dgk jm eikncmtpi|ngkn m jm

vrgpmtpm `maj‗ikkn Tmttikpi "B}kpnkapgk* ?666.+

N angsikn tgkg }ki dipmagrni tgdnijm nk dgkpnk}g egsnemkpg m

pritcgrei|ngkm m y}nk`n tmeori `nccndnjm vgpmr nvgpn||irm j!itt}k|ngkm `n }k!}kndiempg`gjgani `n vrgamppi|ngkm+

@i ikkn ji tgdngjgani `mjji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm msn`mk|ni }k

ijjgkpikiemkpg `mn angsikn ìjji vgjnpndi* ijemkg kmjjm t}m cgrem ntpnp}|ngkijn<

3 Vmr vrgdmttg `n nk`nsn`}ijn||i|ngkm tn nkpmk`m vgrrm j‗nk`nsn`}g ij dmkprg rntvmppg ijji tgdnmpæ+ Dnÿbi vgrpipg* tgvripp}ppg kmjjm d}jp}rm gddn`mkpijn* ijj‗iccmrei|ngkm `mn `nrnppn nk`nsn`}ijn m `mjji

`naknpæ `mjj‗mttmrm }eikg* drmik`g tmevrm }ki dgkprivvgtn|ngkm pri vmrtgki m dge}knpæ*irrnsik`g i` }k vrgcgk`g tdgjjiemkpg pri `nrnppn m `gsmrn `mj tnkagjg m `mjji dgjjmppnsnpæ+



0?

virpnpn vgjnpndn* tnkìdipn m graikn||i|ngkn angsiknjn kgk tmeorikg vnþ dividn `n

tsgjamrm jm jgrg c}k|ngkn `n riddgr`g pri dnppi`nkn m ntpnp}|ngkn* `n graikn||i|ngkm

`mjj!i|ngkm dgjjmppnsi m `n dgtpr}|ngkm `n n`mkpnpæ vgjnpndbm pri jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn+

N angsikn rntvmddbnikg m ij pmevg tpmttg `nsmkagkg vrgpiagkntpn `n }k `}vjndm

vrgdmttg `n `mntpnp}|ngkijn||i|ngkm m `n `mtgdnijn||i|ngkm "Pg}rinkm 9>>2.* dbm

rn`mcnkntdm jm cgrem `mj jmaiem tgdnijm m vgjnpndg+

Ji virgji dbnism rndgrrmkpm nk p}ppn n `gd}emkpn `m`ndipn ijjm vgjnpndbm

angsiknjn â ‚virpmdnvi|ngkm―+ Y}mtpg pmrenkm tnakncndi jmppmrijemkpm ‚vrmk`mrm

virpm― g ‚mttmr virpmdnvm― `n y}ijdgti "`n }k ar}vvg* `n }k vmktnmrg* `n }k!i|ngkm.+

Nj pmrenkm v}ÿ vrmsm`mrm }k!ippnp}`nkm ‚ippnsi― "vrmk`mrm virpm nk eg`g sgjgkpirng.

g ‚vittnsi― "mttmrm vrmtmkpm tmk|i }k dgnksgjanemkpg ippnsg.+

]kg tp}`ng `mjj‗ntpnp}pg Nir` `mj ?669 t}jji ‚Dgk`n|ngkm m t}jjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn

nk M}rgvi―1* ippmtpi dbm<

Ji virpmdnvi|ngkm i` ittgdni|ngkn â dgktn`mripi }k nk`ndipgrm `n oitm `mjjnsmjjg amkmrijm n nkpmari|ngkm m dnppi`nkik|i tgdnijm+

Mddg `}ky}m dbm ikdbm j!gonmppnsg ‚m}rgvmg― `mjji Tpripmani `n Jntogki vrmsm`m

}k ‚vrmk`mrm virpm ippnsg― ì virpm `mn angsikn* nk eg`g ì mttmrm rntgrtm nk ari`g

`n nk`nrn||irm ji dge}knpæ m}rgvmi nk }ki tgdnmpæ `mjji dgkgtdmk|i+

Ji virpmdnvi|ngkm tgdnijm m vgjnpndi dgtpnp}ntdm j‗mjmemkpg cgkìemkpijm`mjji d}jp}ri `megdripndi m` â tprmppiemkpm dgjjmaipi dgk ji tgdnijn||i|ngkmvgjnpndi+ Ji tgdnijn||i|ngkm vgjnpndi cgrkntdm in angsikn mtvmrnmk|m mdgevmpmk|m vmr }jpmrngrn ippnsnpæ i sijmk|i tgdnijm+

1 Nj _ivvgrpg `n tnkpmtn â dgkt}jpionjm ij tnpg bppv<''qqq+ntpnp}pgnir`+np'ìpi'rndmrdbm'M}rgvi+V@C"ìpi }jpneg iddmttg ?0'9?'?696.+ Ajn ieonpn `n nkìankm `mjji rndmrdi nk y}mtpngkm tgkg tpipn< 9+ji dgk`n|ngkm `mn angsikn pri n 9= m n ?= ikkn nk M}rgvi* ?+ jg tpipg `mjjm vgjnpndbm i cisgrm `mnangsikn nk M}rgvi m 4+ n vmrdgrtn `n cgrei|ngkm vmr ajn gvmripgrn angsiknjn+



04

_na}irì n sijgrn m jg tsnj}vvg `mj vgpmk|nijm }eikg `mn angsikn* n jgrg`mtn`mrn* jm jgrg d}rngtnpæ m nj vnidmrm `n tdgvrnrm m tvmrnemkpirm vmrtsnj}vvirm k}gsm vrgtvmppnsm iìppm in angsikn+_na}irì p}ppn n angsikn* tni y}mjjn dbm virpmdnvikg i` ittgdni|ngkn m

graikn||i|ngkn tni y}mjjn ij `n c}grn ìjjm graikn||i|ngkn+

]ki vrnei m cgrtm vnþ rndgkgtdn}pi cgrei `n virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn â y}mjji

‚vgjnpndi―+ Virpmdnvirm â y}nk`n gvvgtpg `n ‚rneikmrm mtdj}tn* in eirankn―+

Virpmdnvirm tnakncndi y}nk`n ‚ìrm }k dgkprno}pg―+

]ki `mjjm vrnem dgktma}mk|m `n y}mtpn prippn rnjmsipi ìajn tp}`ngtn â ji

`ncc}ti `nticcm|ngkm ì virpm `mn angsikn kmn dgkcrgkpn `n p}ppg dnÿ dbm ippnmkm ijji

rmt v}ojndi+

N angsikn `‗gaan ivvirpmkagkg i` }ki amkmri|ngkm vgdg sgpipi ijji

egonjnpi|ngkm* vnþ nkpmrmttipi i sijgrn||irm ji vrgvrni nk`nsn`}ijnpæ dbm i nkpmttmrm

rivvgrpn dgk ji dgjjmppnsnpæ+ ]ki amkmri|ngkm dbm mtvrnem kgreijnpæ m rncj}ttg m

dbm* vmrpikpg* rivvrmtmkpi }ki vrgcgkì rgpp}ri rntvmppg i y}mjjm vittipm* dbm

ismsikg cippg `mj vrgpiagknteg }k jgrg eg`mjjg d}jp}rijm "Disijjn* 9>>0o.+

P}ppisni* si ikdbm rndgkgtdn}pg dbm vnþ dbm }k dijg `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm

v}oojndi m vgjnpndi* tn ittntpm i` }k dijg `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm virpnpndi m in

egsnemkpn< ‚Ji arik`m eiaangrik|i `mn angsikn bi dmrpiemkpm* nk p}ppi M}rgvi*

sgjpipg jm tvijjm ijji vgjnpndi* tm vmr vgjnpndi tn nkpmk`m ji amtpngkm y}gpn`niki `majn

iccirn v}oojndn ipprismrtg jm graikn||i|ngkn `mn virpnpn+ Tgkg vgdbn n angsikn dbm

k}prgkg cn`}dni kmn virpnpn― "Disijjn ?66?* v+=92.+ Ei y}mtpg kgk si jny}nìpg dgk

j‗idd}ti `n ivipni* `n nk`nccmrmk|i g `ntnkpmrmttm ì virpm `mn angsikn y}ikpg

vn}ppgtpg dgk ji kitdnpi `n k}gsn eg`n `n nkpmk`mrm m `mdjnkirm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm+ N

virpnpn m n egsnemkpn kgk rntvgk`gkg vnþ ijjm mtnamk|m `mjjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn<

tgkg vmrdmvnpn dgem emtdbnkn* dgem vgrpipgrn m `ncmktgrn `n nkpmrmttn vmrtgkijn g



00

`n ar}vvg m kgk dgem tgaamppn `ntnkpmrmttipn m ippnsn vmr nj omkm `n p}ppn< ‚@i kgn â

y}itn ìpg vmr tdgkpipg dbm dbn bi riaan}kpg nj vgpmrm jg }tn vmr cirm ajn nkpmrmttn

vrgvrn m `mjji vrgvrni virpm* ij v}kpg dbm y}ik`g dnÿ vgn mccmppnsiemkpm iddi`m kgk

t}tdnpi vnþ kmvv}rm tdikìjg― "non`me.+

Ji tgdnmpæ dgkpmevgrikmi egjpnvjndi* ì }ki virpm* jm rntgrtm m ji jnomrpæ* ì

}ki virpm* jm rntgrtm m ji jnomrpæ* ìjj‗ijpri* n rntdbn< ji arik`m sirnmpæ `n emttiaan m

ntpik|m d}jp}rijn vgttg `ntgrnmkpirm m `nccgk`mrm* nk }k angsikm* tmkpnemkpn `n

tcn`}dni m `n nkdmrpm||i "An``mkt* 9>>08 Emj}ddn* 9>>9* Disijjn* 9>>0i.

N angsikn a}irìkg gjprm n dgkcnkn ki|ngkijn m ajn nkpmrmttn `mj Vimtm m enrikg

i k}gsn arik`n gonmppnsn mpndn* ieonmkpijn* `n jgppi ijji `nt}a}iajnik|i ajgoijm<

dbnm`gkg k}gsn eg`n `n virpmdnvirm vnþ `ntnkpmrmttipn* oitipn t} }ki tgjnìrnmpæ

tnkdmri m drm`nonjm+

Y}mtpi nkpmrvrmpi|ngkm* dbm tn ijjgkpiki ìjjg tpmrmgpnvg dbm pmk`m i

jny}nìrm n angsikn `‗gaan dgem }ki amkmri|ngkm nk`nccmrmkpm m ivipndi* â

t}ccriaipi ikdbm ì ijd}kn ìpn mevnrndn* tmvv}r `n dirippmrm jgdijm+ Kgk tgjg n

angsikn egtprikg `n ivvrm||irm jm ittgdni|ngkn sgjgkpirntpndbm "m `n cnìrtn `n mttm.

cgkìpm t}n vrnkdnvn `n tgjnìrnmpæ* rmji|ngkijnpæ vgtnpnsi* an}tpn|ni m `ntnkpmrmttm*

ei dgktn`mrikg ji rmijn||i|ngkm `n msmkpn d}jp}rijn m tgdnijn dgem cgrem `n

virpmdnvi|ngkm vgjnpndi nk tmktg tprmppg vnþ `mjjm eikncmtpi|ngkn `n dgkpmtpi|ngkm g`nttmktg `n crgkpm i tdmjpm vgjnpndbm agsmrkipnsm+

_ntvmppg ijji tcmri vgjnpndi m ijj‗nevmakg v}oojndg m dnsndg â grein idy}ntnpg

dbm jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn eikncmtpikg }ki tnkagjirm ieonsijmk|i< ì }k jipg* tn

rmantpri ji drntn `mj dgnksgjanemkpg angsiknjm smrtg jm cgrem virpmdnvipnsm

djittndbm "virpnpn* tnkìdipn* virpmdnvi|ngkm mjmppgrijm.* }k dgktn`mrmsgjm



0=

`ntnkpmrmttm vmr jm y}mtpngkn vgjnpndbm pri`n|ngkijn* m nkcnkm }ki kmppi rn`}|ngkm `mn

jnsmjjn `n cn`}dni smrtg jm ntpnp}|ngkn+ @ijj‗ijprg jipg* n angsikn dgtpnp}ntdgkg nj

ar}vvg tgdnijm nk d}n tn rmantpri }k drmtdmkpm nkpmrmttm smrtg k}gsm pmeipndbm m

k}gsm egìjnpæ `n virpmdnvi|ngkm+ Pijm vrgdmttg nk`ndi dbm ¨ â nk ippg }k vrgdmttg

`n pritcgrei|ngkm `mjji d}jp}ri vgjnpndi t} oitn amkmri|ngkijn ¸ "Dngkn* ?661* v+9?.+

Tm vmrpikpg* tn ikijn||i nj vikgriei `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn vrmvgtpm ijji

vrgarieei|ngkm m rmijn||i|ngkm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn gaan* dn tn prgsi `n crgkpm

}ki rmijpæ tvmttg crieemkpipi dbm vrg`}dm k}emrgtn `gd}emkpn dgk jnkmm a}nì

tvmttg `ntgegamkmm m` nkdividn `n rntvgk`mrm in ontgakn `n p}ppn+

Kmjjg tvmdncndg* i sgjpm tn pritd}rikg jm vmd}jnirnpæ pmrrnpgrnijn* jm mtnamk|m `n

}ki rmijpæ jgdijm m tgvripp}ppg tn nakgrikg n ontgakn `mn tgaamppn `mtpnkipirn `mjjm

vgjnpndbm+ @!ijpri virpm vrgvrng jm tsirnipm cgrem vrmtmkpn t}j pmrrnpgrng tgkg }ki

rnddbm||i vmr ajn gvmripgrn dbm km rnmtdikg i dgajnmrm nkpmrmttikpn nk`ndi|ngkn

tgdnijn+ Ji dgkgtdmk|i m jg tdieong `n y}mtpm mtvmrnmk|m `n vmr tî dgtpnp}ntdgkg }k

vittiaang t}ddmttnsg kmjji drmi|ngkm `n }k vmrdgrtg gvmripnsg dgk`nsntg+

K}emrgtm nkìankn ki|ngkijn m nkpmrki|ngkijn "Tdngjji* ?660.* bikkg

egtpripg dgem kmjjm tgdnmpæ dgkpmevgrikmm nj jnsmjjg `n cn`}dni smrtg jm ntpnp}|ngkn

`mv}pipm ijj‗graikn||i|ngkm m ijji amtpngkm `mjji snpi v}oojndi vrmtmkpn }k

ikìemkpg nk `ntdmti* tgvripp}ppg ippmaaniemkpg `n drmtdmkpm tcn`}dni tndgkdrmpn||i nk `nticcm|ngkm m nk }k `ntpiddg vrgarmttnsg `majn nk`nsn`}n ìjji snpi

v}oojndi* dbm rntdbnikg `n enkiddnirm n cgkìemkpn tpmttn `mjji `megdri|ni m dbm

tmeorikg dirippmrn||irm* nk virpndgjirm* jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn+

J‗ittgdni|ngknteg* tmeori rivvrmtmkpirm }k‗nevgrpikpm dmrknmri pri ji tcmri

v}oojndi m vrnsipi* }kg tvi|ng dgkdrmpg `gsm ajn nk`nsn`}n tn graikn||ikg dgem



03

tgdnmpæ dnsnjm m tn i}pg`mcnkntdgkg* rniccmreik`g ji vrgvrni mtntpmk|i+ D‗â vgn*

ikdbm dbn tdmajnm }ki cgrei `n virpmdnvi|ngkm i y}ikpg issnmkm kmj egk`g

vgjnpndg* tmk|i nevmakirtn nk vrnei vmrtgki+ Nk y}mtpg ditg* tn vrmk`m virpm ijji

snpi vgjnpndi nk eg`g nk`nrmppg itdgjpik`g m a}irìk`g dgk nkpmrmttm y}mjjg dbm

snmkm t}jji tdmki vgjnpndi* pmkmk`gtn nkcgreipn* `ntd}pmk`g m sij}pik`g

vgtnpnsiemkpm g kmaipnsiemkpm jm citn m ajn tsnj}vvn `mjjm sndmk`m vgjnpndbm+ I pij

vrgvgtnpg* Oiroiajn m Eiddmjjn "9>>=. mcnkntdgkg y}mtpi cgrei n rmji|ngkm dgk ji

tcmri vgjnpndi ‚virpmdnvi|ngkm nksntnonjm―+

Ji sijgrn||i|ngkm `mj eiprnegkng* ji cienajni dgevgtpi ì }k }geg m }ki

`gkki dgk n jgrg cnajn* ji td}gji m j‗m`}di|ngkm* ji cgrei|ngkm ij tmktg `mjji jmaam

dnsnjm m egrijm* j‗nktmrnemkpg tgdnijm m vrgcmttngkijm `mjjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn* ji

y}ijnpæ `mjj‗ieonmkpm* nj tmktg `mjji an}tpn|ni m `mjji vidm* tgkg ijd}kn `mn vrgamppn

ì tgtpmkmrm vmr rntsmajnirm j‗nkpmrmttm `mn angsikn smrtg ji snpi vgjnpndi+

Vmr dgkdj}`mrm* n angsikn itvnrikg i cirm nj jgrg nkarmttg kmjji snpi+

Kgkgtpikpm }k dmrpg tri`ndiemkpg d}jp}rijm* rmjnangtg m egrijm* dmrdikg `n prgsirm

`mjjm snm `‗iddmttg* vmrdbî tvmttg tn tgkg cippn ì tî* nk }k kirdntnteg `njiaikpm m

kmjj‗nkdgtpik|i+ Ji crianjnpæ `mjj‗ng* }ki sntngkm pmevgrijm rn`gppi ijjm sgajnm `mj

egemkpg m ijjm dnrdgtpik|m* m }k‗nkpmrngrnpæ rntprmppi ijjm tgjm rntgkik|m vtndbndbm*

jn dgkcnkikg kmjj‗nk`nsn`}ijnteg+ Vmrdnÿ ijd}kn tgkg ikagtdnipn ìjj‗nevmakg mìjji rmji|ngkm ntpnp}|ngkijm* v}r `mtn`mrik`g tvgtirtn m cgkìrm }ki cienajni+

Vrmcmrntdgkg eikpmkmrm rivvgrpn nkpnentpndn m j}`ndn* kip}rijemkpm dgk vnþ vmrtgkm*

rivvgrpn dbm vmrÿ rmtpikg ij `n c}grn `mj jmaiem tgdnijm+ Nj jgrg vrgcnjg vtndgjgandg

â ikdbm nj rnt}jpipg `n }ki m`}di|ngkm nkdmkpripi t}jj‗iccmppnsg* t}n vnidmrn

neem`nipn m t}jji rgpp}ri pri n amknpgrn i di}ti `mj `nsgr|ng dbm* pri j‗ijprg* kmjjm



01

rivvrmtmkpi|ngkn tgdnijn â ijj‗grnankm `mjj‗nktnd}rm||i iccmppnsi* `mj `}oong t} `n tî

`n crgkpm ijj‗ijprg m `mj tmktg `mjj‗nevmakg+ Â vgttnonjm vrge}gsmrm

}k‗m`}di|ngkm vnþ rmijntpi* dbm kgk rnkdbn}ì ji vmrtgki kmajn gaamppn emkpijn m

kmj kirdntnteg `mjj‗i`gjmtdmk|i* vmr tpnegjirm nksmdm j‗nkpmrmttm i `nsmkpirm

i`}jpn+

Virjik`g `}ky}m `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* dn tn v}ÿ dbnm`mrm y}ijn tnikg n

rnt}jpipn vgtnpnsn dbm jm ntpnp}|ngkn nkpmrki|ngkijn* m}rgvmm* ki|ngkijn* rmangkijn m

jgdijn bikkg is}pg t}j pmrrnpgrng8 y}ijm ippnsnpæ `n nk`nrn||g â rnt}jpipi vnþ mccndidm*

y}ijn tgkg tpipn n cmkgemkn m jm `nkiendbm dbm bikkg vgrpipg ij dmkprg

`mjj!ippmk|ngkm egk`nijm ji dipmagrni tgdnijm `mn angsikn+

Y}ik`g vgn tn `msgkg vrmk`mrm `mdntngkn m dgkdmrpirm vgjnpndbm nk tmppgrn `n

rmdmkpm dgtpnp}|ngkm y}ijn jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* eikdikg dgkgtdmk|m `n oitm `mn

vrgdmttn m `mn cmkgemkn nk ippg+



02

NN DIVNPGJG

JM VGJNPNDBM ANGSIKNJN NK NPIJNI



0>

NN+9 Jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn vmr n enkgrn

/Ji tgdnmpæ dgkpmevgrikmi dgem dgevgtpi ì }ki dgeonki|ngkm `n gr`nkm m

vrgarmttg* dbm j!ikpndbnpæ dgktn`mrisi ittgj}piemkpm nkdgkdnjnionjn* rivvrmtmkpikg

tmevrm `n vnþ vmr ji kip}ri `mjji dnsnjpæ eg`mrki `}m dgk`n|ngkn ma}ijemkpm

nevgrpikpn* ji d}n nkpnei m` nk`nttgj}onjm dgeonki|ngkm dirippmrn||i grein m ji

cgkìemkpijm `nccndgjpæ m ji vrnkdnvijm rntgrti `n gakn smrg tntpmei vgjnpndg/

"Dgepm* 9>31.+ Dgk nj t}g Dgrtg `n cnjgtgcni vgtnpnsi* I}a}tpm Dgepm c} nj vrneg

pmgrndg `mj vgtnpnsnteg+ Gaamppg `mjjm t}m rndmrdbm pmgrmpndg%tdnmkpncndbm* â nj

vrgojmei `mjjg tsnj}vvg* `mjji tpr}pp}ri m `mjji c}k|ngkm `mj tivmrm kmjji tgdnmpæ*

vmrpikpg majn â dgksnkpg `mjji kmdmttnpæ `n nkpmarirm j!nk`nsn`}g kmj tgdnijm pikpg ì

dgkprno}nrm ijji kitdnpi `n vgjnpndi tgdnijm+

J‗nkprg`}|ngkm `mn `nrnppn tgdnijn â tpipi }k‗nkkgsi|ngkm `n sitpi vgrpipi

kmjj‗msgj}|ngkm `mjjg tpipg eg`mrkg+ Gaan nkcippn* vmr virjirm `n vgjnpndbm tgdnijn

ontgaki rncmrnrtn vrnkdnvijemkpm ijjm jnkmm a}nì m iajn nkpmrsmkpn vmr nj

dieoniemkpg* nj eikpmknemkpg g ji drmi|ngkm `n dgk`n|ngkn `n snpi dbm

cisgrntdikg nj omkmttmrm }eikg+ Jg tp}`ng `mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn vmrpikpg* tn

nktmrntdm kmj y}i`rg vnþ ievng `mjjm vgjnpndbm v}oojndbm* sijm i `nrm dgem* vmrdbî

m dgk y}ijn mccmppn n `nsmrtn tntpmen vgjnpndn vmrtma}gkg dmrpn dgrtn `n i|ngkm vmr

rntgjsmrm vrgojmen `n rnjmsik|i dgjjmppnsi+

¨ J‗ikijntn `mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn â y}nk`n* jg tp}`ng `n }k tgppg%nktnmem `n

dgrtn `n i|ngkm* sgjpn i rntgjsmrm vrgojmen m i riaan}kamrm gonmppnsn `n kip}ri

tgdnijm¸ "Cmrrmri* ?663* v+9%?.+ Y}mtpn gonmppnsn bikkg i dbm cirm dgk nj omkmttmrm

"qmjcirm. `mn dnppi`nkn m rna}irìkg jm jgrg dgk`n|ngkn `n snpi* jm rntgrtm m jm



=6

gvvgrp}knpæ i jgrg `ntvgtn|ngkm kmjjm sirnm citn `mjji jgrg mtntpmk|i "g dndjg `n

snpi.+

Dgtê* ji vgjnpndi tgdnijm â y}mjji virpm `mjji vgjnpndi v}oojndi dbm bi i dbm

cirm dgk y}mtpngkn tgdnijn* enri vmrpikpg i enajngrirm nj omkmttmrm }eikg m i

tg``ntcirm jm }eikm kmdmttnpæ< j!ntpr}|ngkm* ji tij}pm* j!ijjgaang m ji vrmsn`mk|i

tgdnijm2+

Kmjjm `megdri|nm dgkpmevgrikmm* jm kgrem* ajn tpikìr` m jm rmagjm `mjjm

vgjnpndbm tgdnijn tgkg nkdgrvgripm kmjji kg|ngkm `n dnppi`nkik|i tgdnijm "Eirtbijj*

9>26.+ Vmrpikpg mttmrm dnppi`nkg s}gj `nrm kgk tgjg ag`mrm `n `nrnppn dnsnjn m vgjnpndn*

ei ikdbm `n `nrnppn tgdnijn dbm pnvndiemkpm tn dgkcna}rikg dgem `nrnppn — tvmppik|m*

kmj tmktg dbm ìkkg pnpgjg i` gppmkmrm rntgrtm "i` mtmevng j‗iddmttg i` }k

tmrsn|ng. dbm tgrrmaagkg jm dgk`n|ngkn `n snpi "Cmrrmri* ?663.++

‚Nk Npijni eikdi }ki smri vgjnpndi tgdnijm vmr ji cienajni―* dgtê ippmtpisi

Dbniri Tiridmkg* `n dgktma}mk|i ajn gonmppnsn m jm ent}rm `msgkg mttmrm rndgtpr}npn

ijj‗nkpmrkg `mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn nk amkmrijm m ìjji jmantji|ngkm tgdnijm m cntdijm+

@ipi ji crieemkpi|ngkm `majn ippgrn m `maj‗ieonpn dbm dgkprno}ntdgkg i ìr snpi i

}ki vgjnpndi cienjnirm nevjndnpi* kgk tgrvrmk`m tgjg dbm jm ent}rm tnikg tvmttg

nki`ma}ipm m ei ikdbm dbm ajn gonmppnsn vmrtma}npipn tnikg dgkpri``nppgrn* ijpiemkpm

`nccmrmk|nipn* tm kgk i``nrnpp}ri dgk mccmppn dgkprirn rntvmppg i y}mjjn `mtn`mripn+Jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn vmr ji cienajni kmj kgtprg vimtm tgkg rnj}ppikpn mieonsijmkpn tgvripp}ppg vmrdbî tgkg nj rnt}jpipg `n }k‗ittmk|i "Tiridmkg*9>>2.+

Vmr ji dgtpr}|ngkm `n }ki dge}knpæ tgjnì tgkg kmdmttirn nkpmrsmkpn pmk`mkpn i

dgkprgjjirm jm dgk`n|ngkn `n snpi* i tsnj}vvirm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn dnppi`nkn* ji

2

Vmr }ki vgttnonjm `mcnkn|ngkm `n vgjnpndbm tgdnijn dcr+ bppv<''mk+qnhnvm`ni+gra'qnhn'TgdnijWvgjnd~"ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 69'69'?699.+

http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=it&langpair=en%7Cit&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needs&rurl=translate.google.it&usg=ALkJrhhGunxmk43vnaU0UhS6b5xirHphTg





=9

dgtpnp}|ngkm `n vgjnpndbm `n em`ni|ngkm dbm vmremppgkg `n t}vmrirm jm `nccn`mk|m m

n vrman}`n|n m cisgrnrm nj `nijgag vrge}gsmk`g }ki enajngrm dgevrmktngkm m

dgmtngkm+

¨Jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn iccrgkpikg }ki dgkpnk}i pmktngkm cri ontgakn* ippmtm

tgdnijn m rntvgtpm¸ "@m Ieorgang* ?66=* v+9=.+ J‗mjmemkpg dge}km `n y}mtpm

vgjnpndbm â nj rivvgrpg cri n ar}vvn m ji dgtpnp}|ngkm `n mjmemkpn dbm vgrpikg ij

tmktg `n dge}knpæ* ji vrgeg|ngkm `mjji cn`}dni* j‗mjnenki|ngkm `n dgkcjnppg* ji

drmi|ngkm `n }ki dge}kndi|ngkm }pnjm m rmijm cri tnkagjn* ar}vvn m ntpnp}|ngkn+

Vgjnpndbm ‚jmaamrm― ei kgk nevrgssntipm* dbm vrmt}vvgkagkg }k itdgjpg dgtpikpm*

tpr}emkpn dgmrmkpn* pmevnteg kmajn nkpmrsmkpn "EdEnjjik m Dbisnt* 9>23.+

Y}mtpn mjmemkpn i virpnrm ìajn ikkn ‗>6 tn tgkg nktmrnpn ijj‗nkpmrkg `n }k

vrgdmttg `n dieoniemkpg ri`ndijm dbm tn â nki}a}ripg nk Npijni dgk }ki tmrnm `n

nkpmrsmkpn* `ntmakn `n jmaam* rmagjiemkpn* dbm bikkg eg`ncndipg tni ji amtpngkm `mj

pmrrnpgrng tni ajn nkpmrsmkpn ittntpmk|nijn+ Tn â ittntpnpg kmj dgrtg `n y}mtpn }jpnen ikkn

i` }ki tmrnm `n eg`ncndi|ngkn dnrdi ji amtpngkm `mj pmrrnpgrng dbm â `nsmkpipi kgk

vnþ }k‗ippnsnpæ mtdj}tnsiemkpm r ntmrsipi ijjg Tpipg % Ki|ngkm>+

Kmj ?666* vmrpikpg* dgk ji jmaam%y}i`rg vmr ji rmijn||i|ngkm `mj tntpmei

nkpmaripg `n nkpmrsmkpn m `n tmrsn|n tgdnijn "J+ 4?2'?66696.* snmkm nkprg`gppi }ki

> Vrnei `mjj‗ivvrgsi|ngkm `mjji jmaam k+ 4?2 `mj ?666* t}jj!ittntpmk|i tgdnijm* nj tmppgrm mri ikdgri`ntdnvjnkipg ìjji jmaam 91 j}ajng 92>6* k+ 3>1? m t}ddmttnsm eg`ncndi|ngkn* dgtn``mppi /jmaamDrntvn/ dgk d}n tn iddmkp}ÿ kgpmsgjemkpm j!nkpmrsmkpg `mjjg Tpipg kmjji snpi `mjjm Gvmrm Vnm dbm`nsmkkmrg nk tma}npg i dnÿ Ntpnp}|ngkn `n V}oojndi Ittntpmk|i m Omkmcndmk|i "NVIO.+

96 Gonmppnsg `mjji jmaam â y}mjjg `n `ntdnvjnkirm ji rmijn||i|ngkm `n }k tntpmei nkpmaripg `n nkpmrsmkpnm tmrsn|n tgdnijn* ijjm vmrtgkm m ijjm cienajnm vmr airikpnrm ji y}ijnpæ `mjji snpi* ittnd}rirm jm virngvvgrp}knpæ* rne}gsmrm jm `ntdrnenki|ngkn* vrmsmknrm* mjnenkirm g rn`}rrm jm dgk`n|ngkn `n ontgakgm `n `ntiang+ N `mtpnkipirn tgkg p}ppn dnppi`nkn npijnikn dbm smrtikg nk dgk`n|ngkn `n vgsmrpæ*nkdividnpæ* nkionjnpæ g `nccndgjpæ `n nktmrnemkpg tgdnijm tmdgk`g viriemprn tpionjnpn ìj Vnikgki|ngkijm "irp+?.+ jg Tpipg* jm rmangkn m ajn mkpn jgdijn rndgkgtdgkg* vrge}gsgkg* iamsgjikg njtgtpmakg m ji y}ijncndi|ngkm ijjm GKV "Jm graikn||i|ngkn kgk vrgcnp. nk y}ijnpæ `n tgaamppn ippnsn

kmjji vrgamppi|ngkm m rmijn||i|ngkm `mjji amtpngkm m gccmrpi `mn tmrsn|n tgdnijn+ Jm _mangkn* t}jjioitm `n }k ippg `n nk`nrn||g m dggr`nkiemkpg `mj Agsmrkg* i`gppikg tvmdncndn nk`nrn||n vmr



=?

rncgrei ri`ndijm `mj eg`mjjg ittntpmk|nijm npijnikg+ Dgk ji jmaam%y}i`rg jm vmrtgkm

smkagkg rndgkgtdn}pm* gjprm dbm dgem `mtpnkipirn `majn nkpmrsmkpn* ikdbm

dgem tgaamppn ippnsn* dngâ tgaamppn dividn `n vrg`}rrm mttn tpmttn `majn in}pn+ Pijm

kgreipnsi bi cnkijemkpm* tgtpnp}npg ji Jmaam Drntvn `mj 92>6+ Mtti cgrkntdm nj

y}i`rg `n rncmrnemkpg `mjjm vgjnpndbm kgk vrmsn`mk|nijn m kgk tiknpirnm nk }k

dgkpmtpg kgk ntpnp}|ngkijm `mjj‗ graikn||i|ngkm `mjjg Tpipg* pritcgreipg nk tmktg

cm`mrijntpi* m `mn t}gn jnsmjjn pmrrnpgrnijn* vrgvgkmk`gtn `n t}vmrirm egjpm `mjjm

pri`n|ngkijn `mogjm||m m ikgeijnm t}j vnikg dgeviripg `mjj‗ittntpmk|i tgdnijm nk

Npijni "Tiridmkg* 9>>3* ?66?.+

Tdgvg vrnkdnvijm `mjji jmaam â* gjprm ji tmevjndm ittntpmk|i `mj tnkagjg*

ikdbm nj tgtpmakg `mjji vmrtgki ijj‗nkpmrkg `mj vrgvrng k}djmg cienjnirm *

¨tmakik`g }ki tsgjpi egjpg nevgrpikpm vmr jg Tpipg tgdnijm Npijnikg¸ "Tiridmkg*

?66?*v+?>.+

J‗Mkpm Jgdijm* ì virpm t}i* vrgssm`m ijji rmijn||i|ngkm `mn tmrsn|n nktnmem iajn

graiknten kgk j}dripnsn `n }pnjnpæ tgdnijm< dggvmripnsm tgdnijn* sgjgkpirnipg*

ittgdni|ngkn `n vrgeg|ngkm tgdnijm* cgkì|ngkn* mkpn `n viprgkipg+

]ki cnkijnpæ `mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn â `n vgpmk|nirm ji dividnpæ vrgv}jtnsi `n p}ppn ajn

ippgrn kmj pmrrnpgrng+ J‗Mkpm Jgdijm kgk dm`m nj r}gjg `n rmagjipgrm m airikpm `mjji

rmpm `mn tmrsn|n* kmjj‗nkpmrmttm `mj tnkagjg dnppi`nkg m `mj tntpmei%pmrrnpgrng+ Kgkoitpi dgtpr}nrm ajn tpmttn tmrsn|n t} p}ppg nj pmrrnpgrng ki|ngkijm8 gddgrrm dbm n tmrsn|n

ioonikg ikdbm jm tpmttm y}ijnpæ m ji rncgrei vrge}gsm tpikìr` gegamkmn* tni i

rmagjiemkpirm n rivvgrpn pri mkpn jgdijn m Pmr|g Tmppgrm* nk virpndgjirm rntvmppg in tntpmen `niccnìemkpg m `n mrgai|ngkm `mn tmrsn|n ijji vmrtgki "irp+=.+ Nk rncmrnemkpg dcr+bppv<''qqq+cgreivmr+dge'tgdnijm?'kgreipnsi'jmaam4?2W?666+bpej "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg<64'69'?699.+



=4

jnsmjjg tpr}pp}rijm dbm graikn||ipnsg* rmagjik`g jm dgevmpmk|m ntpnp}|ngkijn nk

eipmrni+ Vmr y}mtpg â kmdmttirng }k eiaangr dggr`nkiemkpg* dgtê ì `mcnknrm v}kpn

`n rncmrnemkpg dge}kn vmr j!ippnsnpæ `n p}ppn ajn gvmripgrn `mj tntpmei+ Nj

dggr`nkiemkpg â vgttnonjm tm d!â }k `gd}emkpg vrgarieeipndg dge}km* dbm ji

jmaam nk`nsn`}i kmj Vnikg `n |gki `mn tmrsn|n tgdnijn ijji Vmrtgki+

Vmr ji vrnei sgjpi* snmkm ntpnp}npg }k cgk`g ki|ngkijm vmr jm vgjnpndbm m ajn

nkpmrsmkpn tgdnijn* iaarmaik`g m ievjnik`g n cnkik|niemkpn tmppgrnijn mtntpmkpn m

`mtpnkik`gjn ijji vrgarieei|ngkm rmangkijm m `majn mkpn jgdijn+

NN+9+9 Nj omk — mttmrm< nk`ndipgrm `mj jnsmjjg `n y}ijnpæ `n }k tntpmei

tgdnijm+ Ji jmaam 4?2'?666

Ji jmaam 4?2 `mj ?666 rivvrmtmkpi ji vnþ arik`m kgsnpæ kmj dievg `mn

tmrsn|n tgdnijn nk Npijni* mtti vrmt}vvgkm ji dgtpr}|ngkm `n }k k}gsg tntpmei nk d}n

rnmkprikg p}ppn ajn ippgrn* tnikg mttn tmevjndn dnppi`nkn g ikdbm gvmripgrn nevmakipn

kmj tgdnijm+ Nkajgoi `mkprg `n tî }ki tmrnm `n dieoniemkpn kmjjm empg`gjganm `n

amtpngkm `mn tmrsn|n tgdnijn* ei ikdbm ji vgttnonjnpæ `n tpnv}jirm iddgr`n*

dgksmk|ngkn dbm vmremppgkg }ki vrgarieei|ngkm virpmdnvipi `majn ippgrn tgdnijn+

Ji jmaam nkcgrei dbm vmr rmijn||irm n tmrsn|n tgdnijn nk eg`g }knpirng m

nkpmaripg ajn mkpn jgdijn* jm _mangkn m jg Tpipg* gak}kg kmjj‗ieonpg `mjjm vrgvr nm

dgevmpmk|m* vrgssmìkg ijji vrgarieei|ngkm `majn nkpmrsmkpn m `mjjm rntgrtm+

Nj tntpmei tn dgtpr}ntdm t}jji oitm `n ijd}kn dgkdmppn dbnism "t}ttn`nirnmpæ m

nkpmari|ngkm. dbm vmremppgkg `n issnirm }k vrgdmttg `n pritcmrnemkpg `mjjm

c}k|ngkn ìjjg Tpipg ijjm rmangkn m ì y}mtpn in Dge}kn+ Nkcippn ipprismrtg nj



=0

dgkdmppg `n t}ttn`nirnmpæ tn vitti ì }k tntpmei dmkprijn||ipg i` }kg vmrncmrndg nk

d}n ikdbm ajn mkpn jgdijn tgkg virpm ippnsi+

Nj dgkdmppg `n nkpmari|ngkm nksmdm vmremppm `n msn`mk|nirm }k tntpmei nk d}n

ji vrgarieei|ngkm virpmdnvipi â nj k}djmg dmkprijm* p}ppn ajn ippgrn nevmakipn kmj

tgdnijm tgkg dbnieipn nktnmem i` mttmrm vrgegpgrn `n k}gsm vgjnpndbm dbm

vmremppgkg n vrge}gsmrm nj omkmttmrm tgdnijm "Privikmtm* ?66=.+

Ji jmaam `n rncgrei `mjj‗ittntpmk|i bi pri n t}gn v}kpn `n cgr|i nj

dgnksgjanemkpg `n tgaamppn v}oojndn m vrnsipn kmjj‗mrgai|ngkm `mn tmrsn|n tgdnijn+

Vmr vgpmr prgsirm ivvjndi|ngkm ji jmaam tpionjntdm dbm n vrnsipn `msgkg mttmrm vrnei

i}pgrn||ipn* m vgn msmkp}ijemkpm iddrm`npipn* i virpmdnvirm ijji rmpm `mn tmrsn|n

tgdnijn pmrrnpgrnijn+ Nk ijprm virgjm* j‗i}pgrn||i|ngkm â nk`ntvmktionjm vmr y}ijtnitn

tgaamppg vrnsipg dbm sgajni cgrknrm tmrsn|n ijji vmrtgki* ikdbm tm kgk â nkpmrmttipg

i mkprirm kmj dnrd}npg `mjj‗ittntpmk|i v}oojndi8 tm nksmdm s}gjm `nsmkpirm }k

/cgrknpgrm `n tmrsn|n/ `mjj‗ieenkntpri|ngkm v}oojndi* m y}nk`n cir virpm `mj tntpmei

nkpmaripg `majn nkpmrsmkpn m `mn tmrsn|n tgdnijn* gjprm i` mttmrm }k mkpm i}pgrn||ipg

`msm ikdbm mttmrm iddrm`npipg+

N tgaamppn mrgaipgrn vrm`ntvgtpn ijji vrgarieei|ngkm m ijj‗graikn||i|ngkm

`mj tntpmei nkpmaripg `n nkpmrsmkpn m tmrsn|n tgdnijn tgkg ajn mkpn jgdijn* jm _mangkn m

jg Tpipg8 nk virpndgjirm<Jg Tpipg bi nj dgevnpg `n< cnttirm }k Vnikg tgdnijm ki|ngkijm dbm nk`ndbn n

jnsmjjn }kncgren m `n oitm `mjjm vrmtpi|ngkn* tpionjnrm n rmy}ntnpn dbm `msgkg ismrm jm

dge}knpæ%cienajnm m n tmrsn|n rmtn`mk|nijn kgkdbî n vrgcnjn vrgcmttngkijn kmj dievg

tgdnijm m` nkcnkm rnvirpnrm jm rntgrtm `mj Cgk`g tgdnijm ki|ngkijm m dgkprgjjirm

j!ikìemkpg mjji rncgrei+



==

Jm _mangkn `gsrikkg vrgarieeirm m dggr`nkirm ajn nkpmrsmkpn tgdnijn*

tvnkamrm smrtg j!nkpmari|ngkm `majn nkpmrsmkpn tiknpirn* tgdnijn* cgreipnsn m `n

nktmrnemkpg jisgripnsg* tpionjnrm n drnpmrn `n iddrm`npiemkpg m snanjirm t}jjm tpr}pp}rm

m n tmrsn|n tni v}oojndn dbm vrnsipn* dgtpnp}nrm }k ijog `mn tgaamppn i}pgrn||ipn i

tsgjamrm jm c}k|ngkn nk`ndipm ìjji kgreipnsi* tpionjnrm ji y}ijnpæ `mjjm vrmtpi|ngkn*

`mpmrenkirm n jnsmjjn `n virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji tvmti ì virpm `majn }pmkpn* cnkik|nirm m

vrgarieeirm ji cgrei|ngkm majn gvmripgrn+

Nk }jpnei ikijntn kgk ontgaki `nemkpndirm dgem y}mtpi jmaam iooni

rndgkgtdn}pg }ki dmkprijnpæ ij r}gjg `mn Dge}kn dbm* vmr y}mtpg egpnsg* tgkg ajn

nkpmrjgd}pgrn vrnsnjmanipn* dgk n y}ijn ontgaki priddnirm vgjnpndbm `n nkpmrsmkpg+

N Dge}kn tgkg ajn graikn ieenkntpripnsn dbm amtpntdgkg m dggr`nkikg jm

nkn|nipnsm vmr rmijn||irm nj /tntpmei jgdijm `mjji rmpm `n tmrsn|n tgdnijn/+ Nk y}mtpg* n

Dge}kn `msgkg dgnksgjamrm m dggvmrirm dgk jm tpr}pp}rm tiknpirnm* dgk ajn ijprn mkpn

jgdijn m dgk jm ittgdni|ngkn `mn dnppi`nkn+

@in Dge}kn `nvmk`m< ji `mpmrenki|ngkm `mn viriemprn vmr ji sij}pi|ngkm

`mjjm dgk`n|ngkn `n vgsmrpæ* `n jnenpipg rm``npg m `n nkdividnpæ pgpijm g vir|nijm vmr

nkionjnpæ cntndi m vtndbndi* m jm rmjipnsm dgk`n|ngkn vmr }t}cr}nrm `mjjm vrmtpi|ngkn8

j!i}pgrn||i|ngkm* j!iddrm`npiemkpg m ji snanjik|i t}n tmrsn|n tgdnijn m t}jjm

tpr}pp}rm rmtn`mk|nijm m tmenrmtn`mk|nijn v}oojndbm m vrnsipm8 nj airikpnrm nj `nrnppg`mn dnppi`nkn i virpmdnvirm ij dgkprgjjg `n y}ijnpæ `mn tmrsn|n+

Jm i|ngkn* ajn gonmppnsn m jm vrngrnpæ `majn nkpmrsmkpn dge}kijn tgkg `mcnknpn

kmn Vnikn `n \gki+ N Dge}kn `msgkg ikdbm rmijn||irm m` i`gppirm ji Dirpi `mn



=3

tmrsn|n tgdnijn dbm njj}tpri jm gvvgrp}knpæ tgdnijn `ntvgknonjn m jm egìjnpæ vmr

iddm`mrsn99+

NN+9+? Nj Vnikg n \gki m ji Dirpi `mn Tmrsn|n tgdnijn

Ji Jmaam 4?2'?666 `mcnkntdm }ki k}gsi graikn||i|ngkm `mn tmrsn|n tgdnijn

dbm vrmsm`m* ì }ki virpm ji dmkprijnpæ `mj ontgakg m `mjji tdmjpi `mj dnppi`nkg m

ìjj‗ijpri* j‗ippnsi|ngkm `mj vmrdgrtg `n vnikncndi|ngkm tgdng%tiknpirni i virpm majn

graiknten v}oojndn dgk ji virpmdnvi|ngkm ippnsi `mjjm rivvrmtmkpik|m `mj Pmr|g

Tmppgrm+

Nj eg`mjjg `mj k}gsg Qmjcirm `mjnkmipg dgk pijm jmaam* nk virpndgjirm kmjji

t}i dgtpr}|ngkm i jnsmjjg jgdijm* vrmsm`m dbm n Dge}kn* ittgdnipn nk }k ieonpg

pmrrnpgrnijm `mcnknpg "nj @ntprmppg Tiknpirng.* vrgssmìkg i `mcnknrm nj Vnikg `n \gki*

jg tpr}emkpg cgkìemkpijm vmr vrgamppirm nj tntpmei nkpmaripg `n nkpmrsmkpn m

tmrsn|n tgdnijn vmr ji vgvgji|ngkm dgevjmttnsi `mj pmrrnpgrng `ntprmpp}ijm+

Vmrpikpg* nj Vnikg `n \gki si dgktn`mripg y}nk`n* dgem jg tpr}emkpg

tpripmandg vmr agsmrkirm jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn9?+

Tn prippi `n }ki arik`m gvvgrp}knpæ* dbm rndbnm`m }ki egonjnpi|ngkm `mjjm

ieenkntpri|ngkn jgdijn m `mn `nsmrtn gvmripgrn m `mj Pmr|g Tmppgrm "sgjgkpirnipg*

ittgdni|ngkn `n vrgeg|ngkm tgdnijm* dggvmri|ngkm tgdnijm. m j‗idy}ntn|ngkm `n

empg`gjganm `n i|ngkn i`ma}ipm m dgk`nsntm+

99Dcr bppv<''qqq+tgjn`mi`gkkm+gra'v`c'jmantji|ngkm'tdbmìWjmaamW4?2W?666+v`c "ìpi }jpnegiddmttg 6='69'?699. vmr }k }jpmrngrm ivvrgcgk`nemkpg `mjji jmaam 4?2 `mj ?666+

9?

Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+njpmr|gtmppgrm+np'kmqt+nkpmrki+vbv7kgpn|ni596= "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg<6='69'?699.+



=1

Nk virpndgjirm* n Vnikn Tgdnijn `n \gki "V`\. tgkg jg tpr}emkpg cgkìemkpijm

vmr `mcnknrm m dgtpr}nrm nj tntpmei nkpmaripg `n nkpmrsmkpn m tmrsn|n tgdnijn* gssmrg `n

}k tntpmei dbm emppm nk rmji|ngkm n sirn tgaamppn gvmrikpn t}j pmrrnpgrng* ntpnp}|ngkijn

m kgk* dgk j°gonmppnsg `n tsnj}vvirm m y}ijncndirm n tmrsn|n tgdnijn vmr rmk`mrjn

cjmttnonjn m i`ma}ipn in ontgakn `mjji vgvgji|ngkm+

Nj vrgdmttg `n dgtpr}|ngkm `mn V`\ virpm ìj pmrrnpgrng m tn tsnj}vvi tni

ipprismrtg nj jisgrg `mn Dgenpipn `n @ntprmppg* vmr ji virpm vgjnpndi* tni ipprismrtg nj

jisgrg `n pisgjn pmdkndn m pmeipndn d}n virpmdnvikg kgk tgjg jm ntpnp}|ngkn "nk

virpndgjirm _mangkm* Vrgsnkdm* Dge}kn* I|nmk`m ]TJ* ijd}km ieenkntpri|ngkn

tpipijn.* ei ikdbm jm NVIO "Ntpnp}|ngkn V}oojndbm `n Ittntpmk|i m Omkmcndmk|i.* nj

egk`g `mjji dggvmri|ngkm tgdnijm m `mj sgjgkpirnipg* jm graikn||i|ngkn tnkìdijn m

sirnm cgrem n ittgdni|ngknteg+

Nj Vnikg `n |gki â j!gdditngkm gccmrpi ijjm dge}knpæ jgdijn vmr jmaamrm*

sij}pirm* vrgarieeirm m a}nìrm nj vrgvrng tsnj}vvg m si sntpg m rmijn||ipg

dgem vnikg rmagjipgrm `mj c}k|ngkiemkpg `mn tmrsn|n ijjm vmrtgkm+ Nk virpndgjirm* nj

Vnikg `n |gki â jg tpr}emkpg vrgegttg ìn `nsmrtn tgaamppn ntpnp}|ngkijn m

dge}knpirn vmr< ikijn||irm n ontgakn m n vrgojmen `mjji vgvgji|ngkm tgppg nj vrgcnjg

y}ijnpipnsg m y}ikpnpipnsg8 rndgkgtdmrm m egonjnpirm jm rntgrtm vrgcmttngkijn*

vmrtgkijn* tpr}pp}rijn* mdgkgendbm v}oojndbm* vrnsipm " vrgcnp m kgk vrgcnp . m `mjSgjgkpirnipg8 `mcnknrm gonmppnsn m vrngrnpæ* kmj prnmkkng `n `}ripi `mj vnikg ippgrkg i

d}n cnkijn||irm jm rntgrtm8 nk`nsn`}irm jm }knpæ `!gccmrpi m jm cgrem graikn||ipnsm

dgkar}m* kmj rntvmppg `mn snkdgjn kgreipnsn m `mjjm tvmdncndnpæ m dirippmrntpndbm

vrgvrnm `mjjm tnkagjm dge}knpæ jgdijn8 tpionjnrm cgrem m egìjnpæ amtpngkijn ippm i

airikpnrm ivvrgddn nkpmaripn m nkpmrsmkpn dgkkgpipn nk pmrenkn `n mccndidni* mccndnmk|i



=2

m` mdgkgendnpæ8 vrmsm`mrm tntpmen* egìjnpæ* rmtvgktionjnpæ m pmevn vmr ji smrncndi

m ji sij}pi|ngkm `mn vrgarieen m `mn tmrsn|n+

]ki sgjpi vrm`ntvgtpg* nj Vnikg `n \gki snmkm tgppgvgtpg ijji ivvrgsi|ngkm

`mn dgktnajn Dge}kijn `mn Dge}kn cidmkpn virpm `mjj!ieonpg pmrrnpgrnijm m* y}nk`n*

pritemttg ijji rmangkm i d}ri `mj Tnkìdg g `mjji Dgkcmrmk|i `mn Tnkìdn+

Ji An}kpi _mangkijm* km smrncndbmræ ji dgevipnonjnpæ dgk ajn gonmppnsn `n

tntpmei m dgk ajn gonmppnsn dirippmrn||ipn t} vrgojmen tvmdncndn* `mcnknpn ìjjm

`nrmppnsm `mj Vnikg Tgdnijm _mangkijm+

@gvg j!ivvrgsi|ngkm ì virpm `mjji _mangkm* vgttgkg mttmrm cgreijn||ipn ajn

iddgr`n m n dgkprippn `n vrgarieei m y}ikp!ijprg kmdmttirng vmr ji amtpngkm nkpmaripi

`mj Vnikg `n \gki+

Nj Vnikg ivvrgsipg* nk virpndgjirm dgtpnp}ntdm nj kmdmttirng vrmt}vvgtpg vmr ji

tpnv}ji `mjj!iddgr`g `n vrgarieei pri dge}kn* tnkagjn m ittgdnipn* m j!I|nmkì ITJ

`n rncmrnemkpg vmr y}ikpg ippnmkm ijjm dgevmpmk|m amtpngkijn rmjipnsm in tmrsn|n i`

mjmsipi nkpmari|ngkm tgdng%tiknpirni+

Ji Dirpi `mn Tmrsn|n * nkprg`gppi dgem tpr}emkpg `n p}pmji `mn dnppi`nkn kmj

9>>0 dgk ji `nrmppnsi `mj Vrmtn`mkpm `mj Dgktnajng `mn Enkntprn `mj ?1 amkking*

itt}em }ki c}k|ngkm `n rnjnmsg kmjji rncgrei `mjji v}oojndi ieenkntpri|ngkm

"jmaam =>'>1* irp+ 91. m bi prgsipg }ki }jpmrngrm dgkcmrei nk eipmrni `n tmrsn|ntgdnijn kmjji Jmaam y}i`rg 4?2'?666 vmr ji rmijn||i|ngkm `mj tntpmei nkpmaripg `n

nkpmrsmkpn m tmrsn|n tgdnijn dbm `mcnkntdm* ijj‗irp+ 94* ji Dirpi `mn Tmrsn|n Tgdnijn

y}ijm tpr}emkpg i airik|ni `n mccmppnsi ‚p}pmji `mjjm vgtn|ngkn tgaamppnsm `majn

}pmkpn―+



=>

Ji rmijn||i|ngkm `mjji dirpi `mn tmrsn|n tgdnijn dgtpnp}ntdm }kg tpr}emkpg `n

vrgeg|ngkm `mjji y}ijnpæ m `n ippmk|ngkm smrtg n dnppi`nkn+ Tn prippi `n }k

`gd}emkpg dbm /kgk tn jnenpi i rmagjiemkpirm j!iddmttg in tmrsn|n rnvrg`}dmk`g ji

jgandi `mn tgaamppn mrgaipgrn* ei tn dgkdmkpri t}jjm vmrtgkm dbm bikkg ontgakg `n

iddm`mrm in tmrsn|n/+

J‗i`g|ngkm `mjji Dirpi `mn Tmrsn|n Tgdnijn* nevjndi< }k dgtpikpm

egknpgriaang `mjji y}ijnpæ `mn tmrsn|n8 ji `mcnkn|ngkm `n tpikìr` `n y}ijnpæ `mn

tmrsn|n m ji jgrg smrncndi8 ji `mcnkn|ngkm `majn gonmppnsn `n enajngriemkpg+

M‗ jg tpr}emkpg ipprismrtg nj y}ijm nj Dge}km `ndbniri dgkdrmpiemkpm ajn

nevmakn itt}kpn dgk n dnppi`nkn+ Sn tgkg tikdnpn n vrnkdnvn i d}n tn }kncgreikg n

Tmrsn|n+ Vmr nj dnppi`nkg* ji Dirpi â ji airik|ni tdrnppi `n vgpmr ‚mtnamrm― jm

vrmtpi|ngkn `mn tmrsn|n dgk ji y}ijnpæ `ndbniripi* }kg tpr}emkpg `n airik|ni*

pritvirmk|i m` nevir|nijnpæ+

/]k vippg `n dnppi`nkik|i/ y}mtpi â ji cnkijnpæ `mjji dirpi `mn tmrsn|n nk

y}ikpg `gd}emkpg tprmppiemkpm dgrrmjipg in `nrnppn dbm gakn vmrtgki rnpnmkm

`mooikg mttmrjm rndgkgtdn}pn kmjji snpi y}gpn`niki m kmjjm tnp}i|ngkn `n ontgakg+ Vmr

y}mtpg egpnsg ji Dirpi `mn Tmrsn|n Tgdnijn kgk rivvrmtmkpi ji drntpijjn||i|ngkm `n

`nrnppn m `n rmagjm* ei snsm `mjji tpmtti `nkiendnpæ `majn nkpmrsmkpn tgdnijn m` â

tprmppiemkpm jmaipi ijji jgrg vrgarieei|ngkm+Vmrpikpg kgk tn v}ÿ virjirm `n Dirpi `mn Tmrsn|n tm kgk kmj dgkpmtpg `mn Vnikn

`n \gki* dgem ippg cgkìemkpijm `n nk`nrn||g m vnikncndi|ngkm `majn nkpmrsmkpn m ij

pmevg tpmttg dgem tpr}emkpg `n dgnksgjanemkpg `n p}ppn n tgaamppn `ntvgknonjn i`

mkprirm kmjji /rmpm/ mn tmrsn|n nksmtpmk`g rntgrtm vrgvrnm m ji jgrg vrgampp}ijnpæ+



36

Jg tdgvg vrnkdnvijm `mjji Dirpi â vmrpikpg y}mjjg `n tpionjnrm }k vippg pri

j!Mkpm Jgdijm m ji Dnppi`nkik|i* oitipg t} vrnkdnvn dbnirn m dgk`nsntn* dgktn`mripg

dbm n Tmrsn|n Tgdnijn Ittgdnipn tgkg `mtpnkipn i` nkpmrsmknrm nk }k ieonpg `n i|ngkm

virpndgjiremkpm `mjndipg* `gsmk`g vrge}gsmrm omkmttmrm* tg``ntci|ngkn m

rmji|ngkn tnakncndipnsm pri vmrtgkm+

Nk virpndgjirm ji Dirpi `mn Tmrsn|n snmkm rmijn||ipi pmkmk`g dgkpg `mn

tma}mkpn drnpmrn amkmrijn< ji sgjgkpæ `mjj!Mkpm `n cgrknrm }k tmrsn|ng `n o}gki y}ijnpæ

in dnppi`nkn m i dgjgrg dbm tn prgsikg t}j pmrrnpgrng* itt}emk`g nevmakn dgkdrmpn m

rmk`mk`gjn v}oojndn8 nj dgnksgjanemkpg `n p}ppn n tgaamppn dbm* ismk`g virpmdnvipg

ijji `mcnkn|ngkm `mn vnikn `n |gki* mrgaikg jm vrmtpi|ngkn tgdnijn t}jji oitm `n

dgkprippn `n tmrsn|ng* vrmsm`mk`g dgtpikpn egemkpn `n dgkcrgkpg8 ji vrmsntngkm `n

vmrng`ndn egemkpn `n sij}pi|ngkm virpmdnvipi t}jj!ikìemkpg `mn tmrsn|n* kmjji

dgktivmsgjm||i dbm jm `nemktngkn `mjji y}ijnpæ kgk tgkg ent}rionjn tgjg nk oitm

i` nk`ndipgrn gaamppnsn* v}r nevgrpikpn* ei ipprismrtg ji dgk`nsntngkm `mjjm

mtvmrnmk|m* vmr ipp}irm }k dgtpikpm enajngriemkpg `mn tmrsn|n tpmttn8 ji

virpmdnvi|ngkm ippnsi `mj dnppi`nkg ijji `mcnkn|ngkm `mj vrgamppg kgkdbî ijji t}i

msmkp}ijm rnmjiogri|ngkm ijjgrdbî jm t}m mtnamk|m `gsmttmrg e}pirm8 ji airik|ni

`mj rntvmppg `mn rmdnvrgdn `nrnppn m `gsmrn* vmr tpnegjirm }k dgkpnk}g dgkcrgkpg pri

Tmrsn|n Tgdnijn Ittgdnipn m dnppi`nkn* cnkijn||ipg ij enajngriemkpg `mn tmrsn|n tpmttn+Tn prippi vmr dgkdj}`mrm* `n }k `gd}emkpg dbm gccrm nk cgrei tmevjndm p}ppm

jm nkcgrei|ngkn `n dirippmrm amkmrijm rna}irìkpn p}ppm jm rntgrtm emttm i

`ntvgtn|ngkm* ìjjm ntpnp}|ngkn jgdijn vrmvgtpm nk ieonpg tgdnijm+ N vrnkdnvn

cgkìemkpijn dbm tgkg ijji oitm `n y}mtpg `gd}emkpg tgkg y}mjjn `mjj!my}npæ*



39

`mjj!}a}iajnik|i* `mjji `megdripndnpæ* `mjji dgkpnk}npæ* `mjj!}eiknpæ* `mjj!mccndnmk|i

m `mjj!mccndidni nk rivvgrpg in dgtpn94+

NN+? Jm vgjnpndbm vmr n angsikn

Kgk v}gn ismrm* kmjjg tpmttg pmevg* angsmkpþ m

dgtdnmk|i `n mtti8 aniddbî ji angsmkpþ â prgvvg nevmakipi

i snsmrm vmr mttmrkm dgtdnmkpm* m ji dgtdnmk|i â prgvvg

nevmakipi i dmrdirm tm tpmtti vmr snsmrm+

Hibijnj Anorik

_mijn||irm }ki vgjnpndi vmr n angsikn â }k‗gvmri vrmttgdbî dgevjmtti+ @msm

prippirm `nsmrtn vrgojmen m `nsmrtm `nemktngkn+ Nk virpndgjirm* `msm ippnsirm

tpripmanm `n i|ngkm dbnirm m `nrmppm ij vrgojmei+ Y}mtpm tpripmanm vgttgkg ismrm

`nsmrtm cnkijnpæ< ìjji vrgeg|ngkm `mj omkmttmrm ijji vrmsmk|ngkm `mjji `msnik|i

angsiknjm* ìjji vrm`ntvgtn|ngkm `n tmrsn|n ijji vrm`ntvgtn|ngkm `n tvi|n m

dgevmpmk|m+ Vmr ìrm `mjjm nk`ndi|ngkn nevgrpikpn ij jmantjipgrm ontgaki

nk`nsn`}irm ajn tdgvn `n }ki jmaam vmr n angsikn+ _ndgkgtdmrm ji dgk`n|ngkm `mn

angsikn jm k}gsm cgrem vmr ji jgrg virpmdnvi|ngkm v}oojndi tgkg vittn nevgrpikpn

vmr y}mtpi citm `mjji `ntd}ttngkm+ Jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn vgttgkg itt}emrm `nsmrtm

cgrem* vgttgkg vrmsm`mrm nkdmkpnsn m tpripmanm `nccmrmkpn* `nrmppm i` gonmppnsn

tvmdncndn+ Dgem }ki jmaam vmr n angsikn `gsrmoom rntvgk`mrm in jgrg ontgakn

rna}irì ji t}i cgrei< dgem vrge}gsmrm }k omkmttmrm angsiknjm* y}ijn jm

dgevmpmk|m `mn `nsmrtn ippgrn ntpnp}|ngkijn m kgk* m y}ijn jm rntgrtm ì }pnjn||irm+

Cnkg iajn ikkn !16 nk M}rgvi mtntpmsikg `mjjm nkn|nipnsm nk cisgrm `mn angsikn<

mrikg nkpmrsmkpn enripn tgvripp}ppg ijj!nktmrnemkpg jisgripnsg m ij tgtpmakg `n

94

Vmr }jpmrngrn ivvrgcgk`nemkpn bppv<''qqq+i}pnteik`g+np'i}ptnpg'@nrnppnWmWD'Jmaan'J4?2W66+bpe"ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 6='69'?699.



3?

vgjnpndbm m`}dipnsm+ Dgem `negtpripg kmjji vrnei virpm `n y}mtpi ikijntn vmrÿ* n

angsikn kgk mrikg rndgkgtdn}pn dgem }ki ‚dipmagrni tgdnijm― tvmdncndi* omktê dgem

nk`nsn`}n rndgk`}dnonjn i` }k ‚r}gjg tgdnijm― dgem i` mtmevng tp}`mkpm*

jisgripgrm* `ntgdd}vipg+

Jg tpr}emkpg vrnkdnvijm t} d}n vgaani j‗nkcj}mk|i m}rgvmi â ‚nj empg`g

ivmrpg `n dggr`nkiemkpg― dbm enri i dgkdnjnirm j‗gonmppnsg `mjj‗iregkn||i|ngkm

`mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn m}rgvmm dgk nj rntvmppg `mjjm tvmdncndnpæ ki|ngkijn m rmangkijn

m dgk ji sijgrn||i|ngkm `n }k ivvrgddng `mdmkprijn||ipg+ Tn prippi* vnþ

tvmdncndiemkpm `n vrgdm`}rm tntpmeipndbm m cgreijn||ipm `n egknpgriaang m

sij}pi|ngkm ‚nkdrgdnipn― cnkijn||ipm i tgtpmkmrm vrgdmttn `n e}p}g ivvrmk`nemkpg

`n dividnpæ `n vgjnd~ eihnka m i snkdgjirm y}mtpn vrgdmttn ijj‗mjiogri|ngkm `n jnkmm

`n i|ngkm dgk`nsntm+

J‗n`mi dbnism* dbm ìn vrnen ikkn ‗>6 bi dgkprno}npg i dieonirm ajn ittmppn

rmagjipnsn m ntpnp}|ngkijn `mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn* â ji t}ttn`nirnmpæ kmjji t}i

`nemktngkm smrpndijm m grn||gkpijm* ìk`g nev}jtg ij vrgdmttg `n

`mdmkprijn||i|ngkm pmrrnpgrnijm "Onc}jdg* ?66=* v+9= % 93.+

Â kmj 9>1? dbm nj Dgktnajng `!M}rgvi ntpnp}ntdm i Tprito}rag* ji Cgkì|ngkm

`mjji Angsmkpþ "CMA.* dgk nj r}gjg `n cgrknrm }k tgtpmakg cnkik|nirng ijjm ippnsnpæ

ki|ngkijn m nkpmrki|ngkijn i cisgrm `mjji angsmkpþ8 kmj 9>2= nkgjprm* j!GK] nk`ndmj‗ ‚Ikkg Nkpmrki|ngkijm `mjji angsmkpþ― dgk j‗nkpmkpg `n nkdgriaanirm nj `nijgag m

ji dgevrmktngkm pri jm amkmri|ngkn m vrge}gsmrm ajn n`mijn `mjji vidm* nj rntvmppg

`mn `nrnppn }eikn* ji jnomrpæ* m ji tgjnìrnmpæ90+ T}ddmttnsiemkpm vgn* kmj 9>>6 nj

Dgktnajng `!M}rgvi `mjnomri ji ‚Dirpi M}rgvmi `mjji Virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi

90

Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+}krnd+gra'np'ipp}ijnpi'?3239%ikkg%nkpmrki|ngkijm%`mjji%angsmkp} "ìpi }jpnegiddmttg< 63'69'99.+



34

Dge}kijm m _mangkijm― dbm* nk dgmrmk|i dgk j!gonmppnsg `n }k!nkpmari|ngkm

m}rgvmi* vrge}gsm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm m ji dnppi`nkik|i ippnsi dgem nkdmkpnsg ijji

snpi v}oojndi m` ijji sgjgkpæ `n dieoniemkpg+ Pijn nkn|nipnsm c}rgkg jm vrnem

rnjmsikpn nk`ndi|ngkn i jnsmjjg nkpmrki|ngkijm nk eipmrni `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn+

Kmjjg tvmdncndg* nj v}kpg `n virpmk|i `mjji ‚Dirpi M}rgvmi `mjji

Virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi Dge}kijm m _mangkijm― â dbm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm ippnsi `mn

angsikn ijjm `mdntngkn m ijjm ippnsnpæ i jnsmjjg jgdijm m rmangkijm â mttmk|nijm tm tn

sgajngkg dgtpr}nrm `mjjm tgdnmpæ vnþ `megdripndbm* vnþ tgjnìjn m vnþ

vrgtvmrm+ Snmkm dgtê nkprg`gppg }k k}gsg dgkdmppg< virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn ijji

snpi v}oojndi nk y}ikpg ‚rntgrti `mjji tgdnmpæ―9=+ Kmj crippmevg* pri ji cnkm `majn

ikkn 26! m j!nkn|ng `majn ikkn >6!* nk eikdik|i `n }ki jmaam y}i`rg ki|ngkijm* egjpm

rmangkn npijnikm jmancmrirgkg nk vrgvrng jmaan i dirippmrm jgdijm+

Jm jmaan meikipm nk y}mtpg dgkpmtpg vrmtmkpisikg cgrpn tnenjirnpæ m egjpm

cidmsikg rncmrnemkpg ijji tgvri dnpipi ‚Dirpi m}rgvmi vmr ji virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn

angsikn ijji snpi e}kndnvijm m rmangkijm―+

Kmj 9>>4* j‗ittmeojmi amkmrijm `n M_^NDI i`gppÿ ji Dirpi m}rgvmi

`mjj‗nkcgrei|ngkm93 `mn angsikn dbm `nsmkkm* ì y}mj egemkpg* }k pmtpg `n

rncmrnemkpg vmr p}ppi j‗M}rgvi dgem tmrnm `n vrnkdnvn vrgcmttngkijn m `n jnkmm

`nrmppnsm vmr nj jisgrg `‗nkcgrei|ngkm angsiknjm+ Ji Dirpi smkkm iaangrkipi kmj?660 +

9= Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+amgrnsntpi+np'rnsntpi'dmrdi%grnmkpiemkpg'dirpi%m}rgvmi%`n%virpmdnvi|ngkm%`mn%angsikn%ijji%snpi%jgdijm%m%rmangkijm' "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 63'69'99.+

93 N virpkmr `n M_^NDI `n }k dmrpg k}emrg `n Vimtn tsnj}vvirgkg tpikìr` enknen m ent}rm `ny}ijnpæ vmr n dmkprn m tmrsn|n `‗nkcgrei|ngkm angsiknjn* ijjg tdgvg `n eikpmkmrm m enajngrirm jiy}ijnpæ `mn tmrsn|n cgrknpn in angsikn+ Ikdbm nk Npijni* kmjji vrneismri ?66>* nj rnkipg

Dggr`nkiemkpg ki|ngkijm `majn Nkcgreiangsikn bi nk`nsn`}ipg ajn tpikìr` `n y}ijnpæ `mj kgtprgtntpmei `majn NA+



30

Jm vrnem jmaan rmangkijn `}ky}m* vrmsm`msikg nkpmrsmkpn vmr ji vrmsmk|ngkm

`n dgevgrpiemkpn dgtn``mppn ‚`msnikpn― "Pgeitn* ?666.* vmr j!nktmrnemkpg tgdnijm m

vmr j‗nkdrmemkpg `mjjm dividnpæ `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm

ntpnp}|ngkn+ Dgk j!meiki|ngkm `mjji Dirpi M}rgvmi nkcippn* tn mri cippi jirag ji vrnei

dgktivmsgjm||i dmrpi nk emrnpg in angsikn< jm ntpnp}|ngkn kgk vrmsm`msikg ijd}kg

tpr}emkpg vmr nj rndgkgtdnemkpg m` nj dgnksgjanemkpg `mjji vgvgji|ngkm angsiknjm+

NN+?+9 Vgjnpndbm ‚angsikn―< }ki rntgrti i jnsmjjg nkpmrki|ngkijm

I jnsmjjg nkpmrki|ngkijm â kmj 9>>4* ijj!irp+ 90>91 dgeei ?* dbm nj Prippipg

`n Eiitprndbp nkprg`}dm nj pmei `mjji ‚angsmkpþ― dgem }kg `mn pmen rnjmsikpn vmr

ji dgtpr}|ngkm `mjj!]kngkm M}rgvmi* ei â dgk ji Tpripmani `n Jntogki* `mcnknpi kmj

eir|g `mj ?666* dbm snmkm `mcnknpnsiemkpm tikdnpg nj r}gjg cgkìemkpijm dbm jm

angsikn amkmri|ngkn m}rgvmm bikkg kmjji drmi|ngkm ‚`mjj!mdgkgeni `mjji

91 Nj Prippipg `n Eiitprndbp dbm ntpnp}ntdm ji Dge}knpæ M}rgvmi* ij Divg 4 "NTP_]\NGKM*CG_EI\NGKM V_GCMTTNGKIJM M ANGSMKPÞ. irp+ 90> "dgeei 9 m ?. tpionjntdm< ‚ 9+ JiDge}knpæ dgkprno}ntdm ijjg tsnj}vvg `n }k!ntpr}|ngkm `n y}ijnpæ nkdmkpnsik`g ji dggvmri|ngkm pri

Tpipn emeorn m* tm kmdmttirng* tgtpmkmk`g m` nkpmarik`g ji jgrg i|ngkm kmj vnmkg rntvmppg `mjjirmtvgktionjnpæ `majn Tpipn emeorn vmr y}ikpg rna}irì nj dgkpmk}pg `mjj!nktmakiemkpg mj!graikn||i|ngkm `mj tntpmei `n ntpr}|ngkm* kgkdbî `mjjm jgrg `nsmrtnpæ d}jp}rijn m jnka}ntpndbm+ ?+J!i|ngkm `mjji Dge}knpæ â nkpmti< % i tsnj}vvirm ji `nemktngkm m}rgvmi `mjj!ntpr}|ngkm*tmakipiemkpm dgk j!ivvrmk`nemkpg m ji `ncc}tngkm `mjjm jnka}m `majn Tpipn emeorn8 % i cisgrnrm jiegonjnpæ `majn tp}`mkpn m `majn nktmakikpn* vrge}gsmk`g pri j!ijprg nj rndgkgtdnemkpg iddi`mendg`mn `nvjgen m `mn vmrng`n `n tp}`ng8 % i vrge}gsmrm ji dggvmri|ngkm pri ajn ntpnp}pn `nnktmakiemkpg8 % i tsnj}vvirm jg tdieong `n nkcgrei|ngkn m `n mtvmrnmk|m t}n vrgojmen dge}kn `mntntpmen `n ntpr}|ngkm `majn Tpipn emeorn8 % i cisgrnrm jg tsnj}vvg `majn tdieon `n angsikn m `nikneipgrn `n ippnsnpæ tgdngm`}dipnsm8 % i nkdgriaanirm jg tsnj} vvg `mjj!ntpr}|ngkm i `ntpik|i+― Vmr }jpmrngrn ivvrgcgk`nemkpn dcr+ bppv<''m}r%jm+m}rgvi+m}'np'prmipnmt'ìp'9?66?M'v`c'9?66?MWNP+v`c "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg 61'69'99.+



3=

dgkgtdmk|i vnþ dgevmpnpnsi m `nkiendi `mj egk`g―+ Jm vrngrnpæ `mjji Tpripmani `n

Jntogki tgkg dgtê `mcnknpm ìn `gd}emkpn }ccndnijn<

Nkpmrkmp* j! M}rgvi tn `gsræ `gpirm `n tmrsn|n v}oojndn gkjnkm* `n

}k!ieenkntpri|ngkm mjmpprgkndi* `n tmrsn|n `n ivvrmk`nemkpg mjmpprgkndg m `n

pmjmtij}pm+ P}ppm jm td}gjm `mjj!]kngkm `gsrikkg mttmrm dgjjmaipm i nkpmrkmp m p}ppn

ajn nktmakikpn dividn `n }pnjn||irjg+ Gddgrrm* nkcnkm* }ki kgreipnsi m}rgvmi dbm

rmagjiemkpn nj dgeemrdng mjmpprgkndg* n `nrnppn `!i}pgrm* n viaiemkpn gkjnkm m ji

smk`npi i `ntpik|i `n tmrsn|n cnkik|nirn+

_ndmrdi* vmrdbî j!M}rgvi `nsmkpn j!mdgkgeni oitipi t}jji dgkgtdmk|i vnþ

dgevmpnpnsi ij egk`g* â `n cgkìemkpijm nevgrpik|i ji `mcnkn|ngkm `n }kg tvi|ng

m}rgvmg `mjji rndmrdi m `mjj!nkkgsi|ngkm* nk d}n }ki rmpm priktm}rgvmi i` ijpnttnei

smjgdnpæ vmr jm dge}kndi|ngkn tdnmkpncndbm mjmpprgkndbm dgjjmabn ajn ntpnp}pn `n

rndmrdi m jm }knsmrtnpæ* jm onojngpmdbm tdnmkpncndbm* n dmkprn `n tp}`n m

vrgarmttnsiemkpm ikdbm jm td}gjm+ Nkgjprm* gddgrrmræ rmk`mrm vnþ tmevjndm ji

egonjnpæ `mn rndmrdipgrn m i`gppirm nkn|nipnsm vmr cir rneikmrm nk M}rgvi n angsikn

pijmkpn+

Nj tmppgrm vrg`}ppnsg* jm vnddgjm m em`nm nevrmtm tgkg ji tvnki `grtijm

`mjj!mdgkgeni m}rgvmi+ Vmr msnpirm dbm nj jgrg `nkienteg smkai gtpidgjipg ì

rmagjiemkpn `nsmrtn m dgkpritpikpn kmn sirn vimtn `mjj!]m* ji tpripmani `n Jntogkivrmsm`m j!mjiogri|ngkm `n }ki dirpi m}rgvmi vmr jm vnddgjm nevrmtm m nj tgtpmakg

ijj!issniemkpg `n nevrmtm i` ijpg dgkpmk}pg pmdkgjgandg+

Jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn* n vrnkdnvijn vrgojmen nk y}mtpg dievg tgkg `}m* ji

dirmk|i `n vmrtgkijm y}ijncndipg dgk dgevmpmk|m pmdkgjgandbm m dgkgtdmk|i `n

`nsmrtm jnka}m* m j!nksmddbniemkpg `mjji vgvgji|ngkm+ Vmr rntgjsmrm nj vrneg*



33

j!]kngkm vrge}gsm ji egonjnpæ `n tp}`mkpn m rndmrdipgrn em`nikpm n vrgarieen

dge}knpirn mtntpmkpn "Tgdripmt* Jmgkir`g* Angsmkpþ. m nj rndgkgtdnemkpg `mjjm

y}ijncndbm m `mn vmrng`n `n tp}`ng m cgrei|ngkm+ Vmr iccrgkpirm nj vrgojmei

`mjj!nksmddbniemkpg n agsmrkn `mjj!]kngkm `gsrikkg rn`}rrm ajn nkdmkpnsn ij

vrmvmktngkiemkpg m i}emkpirm ari`}ijemkpm `n dnrdi dnky}m ikkn j!mpæ `n mccmppnsi

dmtti|ngkm `mjj!ippnsnpæ jisgripnsi+ Nkgjprm tn v}kpi i cir drmtdmrm j!gdd}vi|ngkm*

vgrpik`gji ìj 39- `n em`ni ij 16- mkprg nj ?696 m i` i}emkpirm kmjjg tpmttg

vmrng`g nj k}emrg `mjjm `gkkm gdd}vipm ìj =9- ij 36-92+

J‗]kngkm nkpmk`m vrmvirirkm ji priktn|ngkm ipprismrtg jg tsnj}vvg `n }ki

tgdnmpæ `mjj‗nkcgrei|ngkm vmr p}ppn vmr drmir m }kg tvi|ng m}rgvmg `mjji rndmrdi+

Ontgaki y}nk`n eg`mrkn||irm nj eg`mjjg tgdnijm m}rgvmg* nksmtpmk`g kmjjm rntgrtm

}eikm m drmik`g }kg tpipg tgdnijm ippnsg+ Vmr rmijn||irm y}mtpg vittiaang

cgkìemkpijm â nk`ntvmktionjm iìppirm n tntpmen `n ntpr}|ngkm m cgrei|ngkm ijji

tgdnmpæ `mjji dgkgtdmk|i* airikpnrm vnþ vgtpn `n jisgrg m `n enajngrm y}ijnpæ8

eg`mrkn||irm ji vrgpm|ngkm dnsnjm m cisgrnrm j‗nkpmari|ngkm tgdnijm+

Vnþ pir`n* kmj ?669* ji Dgeenttngkm M}rgvmi i`gppi nj Jnorg Onikdg t}jji

angsmkpþ< ‚]k k}gsg nev}jtg vmr ji angsmkpþ m}rgvmi― dbm tn vrmcnaam `n vgrrm

rnem`ng ijj!iddmkp}ipi `nticcm|ngkm `mn angsikn kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm cgrem

pri`n|ngkijn `n virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi v}oojndi m nksnpi i rmijn||irm }ki eiaangrmvirpmdnvi|ngkm dnsnjm m` ippnsi `mn angsikn m}rgvmn kmj tmktg nk`ndipg ìj jnorg

onikdg t}jji agsmrkikdm+

T}ddmttnsiemkpm tgkg tpipm i`gppipm m` meikipm k}emrgtm

riddgeikì|ngkn* dge}kndi|ngkn* rmsntngkn `mj Jnorg Onikdg m Vrgarieen

92 Dcr+ bppv<''np+qnhnvm`ni+gra'qnhn'TpripmaniW`nWJntogki "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 61'69'99.+



31

M}rgvmn nk cisgrm `mn angsikn+ Pri p}ppn â }pnjm dnpirm nj Vippg M}rgvmg vmr ji

Angsmkpþ "vrgegttg ìn Enkntprn `mjji Angsmkpþ `mn Vimtn emeorn `mjj!]kngkm

M}rgvmi.* i`gppipg kmj kgsmeorm ?66= ìj Dgktnajng M}rgvmg* dbm nk`nsn`}i dgem

vrngrnpirni ‚j!nkpmari|ngkm `mjji `nemktngkm angsiknjm kmjjm vgjnpndbm `mjj!]kngkm

M}rgvmi― m ‚j!mtnamk|i `n eiaangr dgmrmk|i kmjjm irmm `!nkpmrsmkpg dgkdmrkmkpn n

angsikn―+

Jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn y}nk`n rnt}jpikg ij dmkprg `mj `noippnpg vgjnpndg

m}rgvmg kmj tmktg `n }k nkdmkpnsg ijjm gdditngkn `n drmtdnpi m cgrei|ngkm `mjjm

angsikn amkmri|ngkn* nk eg`g ì cgrknrm }ki dgktivmsgjm||i vgjnpndi m` }ki

tvmrnemkpi|ngkm `n r}gjn kmjji tgdnmpæ g`nmrki dbm cgrkntdikg ajn tpr}emkpn vmr }ki

virpmdnvi|ngkm ippnsi m rmtvgktionjm kmjji tgdnmpæ c}p}ri+

J!n`mi dbm tgtpnmkm jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn â* nk tnkpmtn* `n kip}ri vgjnpndi m

kitdm ìjji sgjgkpæ `n rmk`mrm j!M}rgvi ‚j!mdgkgeni `mjji dgkgtdmk|i vnþ

dgevmpnpnsi m nkkgsipnsi `mj egk`g iddgeviakipi ì }k enajngriemkpg

y}ikpnpipnsg m y}ijnpipnsg mjj‗gdd}vi|ngkm m ì }ki eiaangrm dgmtngkm tgdnijm―+

NN+?+? Nj Jnorg Onikdg< ‚}k k}gsg nev}jtg vmr ji angsmkpþ m}rgvmi―

Nj Jnorg Onikdg t}jji angsmkpþ* rnt}jpipg `n }ki sitpnttnei dgkt}jpi|ngkm `n

k}emrgtm `mdnkm `n enajnini `n angsikn m}rgvmn m `n }ki dgkdmrpi|ngkm dgk ajn

Tpipn emeorn* jm graikn||i|ngkn angsiknjn m ajn mtvmrpn kmj dievg `mjji angsmkpþ*

vrgvgkm }k empg`g m vrngrnpæ vmr dgnksgjamrm eiaangremkpm n angsikn kmjjm

`mdntngkn dbm jn rna}irìkg* nkpmk`m vmrpikpg dgkprno}nrm ijji rndgkdnjni|ngkm `mn



32

angsikn dgk ji snpi dnppi`nki< dgktntpm kmjj‗ivr nrm nj vrgdmttg `mdntngkijm

`mjj‗]kngkm M}rgvmi "]M. ijji virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn dnppi`nkn* m y}nk`n ikdbm `mn

angsikn dnppi`nkn* ijjm `mdntngkn dbm jn rna}irìkg+

N rnt}jpipn `mjj‗ievni dgkt}jpi|ngkm dbm bi vrmdm`}pg nj Jnorg onikdg9> tgkg

dbnirn< kgkgtpikpm tnp}i|ngkn egjpg `nsmrtm* n angsikn dgk`nsn`gkg sijgrn m

itvnri|ngkn ei ikdbm vrgojmen+ N angsikn dgtpnp}ntdgkg }k ar}vvg nk `nsmknrm*

dirippmrn||ipg ì< }k iddmttg ijj‗gdd}vi|ngkm m ji cgkì|ngkm `n }ki cienajni

rnpirìpn* crmy}mkpn issndmkìemkpn pri jisgrg m tp}`n* ei tgvripp}ppg vmrdgrtn

nk`nsn`}ijn egjpg vnþ sirnmaipn dbm nk vittipg+ Ji td}gji g j‗}knsmrtnpæ* nj jisgrg m

nj dgkpmtpg tgdnijm kgk tsgjagkg vnþ jg tpmttg r}gjg nkpmaripgrm8 j‗i}pgkgeni â

idy}ntnpi tmevrm vnþ pir`n+

Dnÿ tn pri`}dm tvmttg nk }k tmkpnemkpg `n crianjnpæ `mjji jgrg dgk`n|ngkm* nk

}ki vmr`npi `n cn`}dni kmn tntpmen `mdntngkijn mtntpmkpn m nk }k dmrpg `ntnkpmrmttm vmr

jm cgrem pri`n|ngkijn `n virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi v}oojndi* ei ikdbm ijjm

graikn||i|ngkn `mjji angsmkpþ+ Dmrp}kn iccmreikg `n kgk n`mkpncndirtn kmjjm

vgjnpndbm v}oojndbm dgkdmvnpm ì m vmr vmrtgkm vnþ ik|nikm `n jgrg+ ]ki virpm `mn

angsikn tn rnc}ani kmjj‗nk`nccmrmk|i g kmjj‗nk`nsn`}ijnteg* }k‗ijpri virpm â pmkpipi

ì eg`n `‗mtvrmttngkm i sgjpi mddmttnsn* tm kgk i``nrnpp}ri in eirankn `mn dikijn

`megdripndn+ ]ki eiaangrik|i `n mttn sgrrmoom p}ppisni nkcj}mk|irm jm vgjnpndbm*ei kgk km prgsi n em||n+

N angsikn m}rgvmn bikkg vmrÿ y}ijdgti ì `nrm vmrdbî tgkg n vrnen i` mttmrm

nkpmrmttipn in e}piemkpn mdgkgendn* iajn ty}njnorn `megaricndn* ijji

ajgoijn||i|ngkm* m ijji `nsmrtnpæ `mjjm d}jp}rm+ Â i` mttn dbm tn dbnm`m `n nksmkpirm

9> Nj dgkpmtpg nk d}n tn nktmrntdm ji cgrei|ngkm `mj Jnorg Onikdg â j!M}rgvi ijjiraipi cgreipi ì 1=

enjngkn `n angsikn pri n 9= m n ?= ikkn "dgktn`mripi kmj vrmtmkpm `gd}emkpg y}ijm vmrng`g `mjjisnpi dbm si ìn 9= in ?= ikkn.+



3>

ijprm cgrem `n rmji|ngkn tgdnijn* ijprn eg`n `n mtvrnemrm ji tgjnìrnmpæ* `n snsmrm jm

`nccmrmk|m m `n prirkm }k irrnddbnemkpg* vrgvrng kmj egemkpg nk d}n tn eikncmtpikg

k}gsm nkdmrpm||m+ Kgkgtpikpm }k dgkpmtpg tgdnijm m` mdgkgendg vnþ dgevjmttg* n

angsikn `negtprikg }ki arik`m dividnpæ `n iìppiemkpg+ N rmtvgktionjn vgjnpndn

ki|ngkijn m` m}rgvmn bikkg ji rmtvgktionjnpæ `n cidnjnpirm y}mtpg iìppiemkpg

cidmk`g `mn angsikn ippgrn i vnmkg pnpgjg `mjjm kgtprm tgdnmpæ?6+

Cri n pmen vrngrnpirn vrgvgtpn ìjji Dgeenttngkm kmj y}i`rg `mj k}gsg

empg`g `n jisgrg cna}rikg < nj rnkkgsg `mjjm cgrem `n virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn

ijji snpi v}oojndi+ Dgkdrmpiemkpm* n enkntprn m jm i}pgrnpæ jgdijn mtienkmrikkg jm

vgttnonjnpæ `n ìrm smtpm amkmrijm ijjm mtvmrnmk|m `n t}ddmttg `mn dgktnajn ki|ngkijn

m rmangkijn angsiknjn+ I jnsmjjg m}rgvmg* nj Jnorg onikdg nksnpi nj Cgr}e Angsmkpþ*

ji d}n oitm `msm ittnd}rirm ji vnþ ievni rivvrmtmkpik|i vgttnonjm* i virpmdnvirm

ijj!ivvjndi|ngkm `mj k}gsg empg`g `n jisgrg+ Tmevrm t}j vnikg dge}knpirng* ji

Dgeenttngkm dgcnkik|ni i virpnrm ìj ?664 vrgamppn `n nkdmkpnsi|ngkm ijji

virpmdnvi|ngkm* vmr mtmevng `mn vrgamppn n cgr}e Nkpmrkmp+

J!nkcgrei|ngkm `mn angsikn t}jjm y}mtpngkn m}rgvmm+ Ikdbm nk y}mtpg ditg* nj

Jnorg onikdg tgtpnmkm }k ivvrgddng dggr`nkipg cri ajn Tpipn emeorn m ji

Dgeenttngkm+ Y}ikpg ij jnsmjjg dge}knpirng* j!ikkg vrgttneg tiræ jikdnipg }k

vgrpijm Nkpmrkmp vmr rmk`mrm iddmttnonjn i }k k}emrg eiaangrm `n angsiknnkcgrei|ngkn iccnìonjn t}jji dgtpr}|ngkm m}rgvmi+ Ji Dgeenttngkm `mtn`mri cirm

`mj vgrpijm }kg tpr}emkpg nkpmrippnsg dbm vmremppi in angsikn `n mtvrnemrm jm jgrg

gvnkngkn m cgre}jirm `geik`m+ Ji vrgeg|ngkm `mj sgjgkpirnipg â }k ijprg pmei

vrngrnpirng+ Nj Jnorg onikdg nksnpi ajn Tpipn emeorn i tsnj}vvirm nj sgjgkpirnipg m i`

?6

Dcr+ bppv<''vrgamppgm}rgvi+ijpmrsntpi+gra'`gqkjgi`'jnorgWonikdg+v`c "ìpi }jpnegiddmttg<61'69'?699.+



16

mjnenkirm ajn gtpidgjn ki|ngkijn ijji egonjnpæ `mn angsikn sgjgkpirn+ Ji

Dgeenttngkm nkpmk`m nkgjprm ntdrnsmrm ijj!gr`nkm `mj angrkg `mjjm `ntd}ttngkn `mj

Dgktnajng ji y}mtpngkm `mj rndgkgtdnemkpg `mj sgjgkpirnipg dgem mtvmrnmk|i

m`}dipnsi+

@n dgktma}mk|i tn prippi `n ‚eg`mrkn||i|ngkm `mjj‗i|ngkm v}oojndi m}rgvmi―

dbm â rmppi ì dnky}m vrnkdnvn cgkìemkpijn< j‗ivmrp}ri* ji virpmdnvi|ngkm* ji

rmtvgktionjnpæ* j‗mccndidni m ji dgmrmk|i+

Vmrpikpg* ittnd}rirm }k‗nkcgrei|ngkm m }ki dge}kndi|ngkm ippnsi kmn

dgkcrgkpn `mn angsikn* cgre}jipi kmj jgrg jnka}iaang* vmr cir tê dbm dgevrmkìkg nj

c}k|ngkiemkpg `mjj‗M}rgvi m `mjjm vgjnpndbm dbm jn rna}irìkg+ Ittnd}rirm ji

dgkt}jpi|ngkm `mn angsikn m vrge}gsmrm ji jgrg virpmdnvi|ngkm ijjm `mdntngkn dbm jn

rna}irìkg m* nk jnkmi amkmrijm* ijji snpi `mjjm jgrg dgjjmppnsnpæ+ Tsnj}vvirm }ki

dggvmri|ngkm k}gsi m tpr}pp}ripi pri ajn Tpipn emeorn m jm ntpnp}|ngkn m}rgvmm gk`m

ipp}irm* ij jnsmjjg `n rmtvgktionjnpæ ivvrgvrnipg* tgj}|ngkn dgkdrmpm nk rntvgtpi ijjm

itvnri|ngkn `mn angsikn+ Sijgrn||irm ji rntgrti dgtpnp}npi ìjji angsmkpþ vmrdbî

vgtti emajng rntvgk`mrm ijjm tcn`m `mjji tgdnmpæ* dgkprno}nrm ij t}ddmttg `mjjm

`nsmrtm vgjnpndbm dbm ji rna}irìkg m dgtpr}nrm j‗M}rgvi `n `geikn+ Tsnj}vvirm }ki

sntngkm nkpmaripi `mjjm `nsmrtm vgjnpndbm dbm rna}irìkg ji angsmkpþ m `mn `nsmrtn

jnsmjjn `‗nkpmrsmkpg vmrpnkmkpn+ T}ddmttnsiemkpm dgk nj tma}npg `mj Jnorg Onikdg kmj ?664 tn nkdgriaani ji

virpmdnvi|ngkm mccmppnsi kmj dgkpmtpg dnsndg `n rncmrnemkpg* }ki eiaangrm

nkdj}tngkm kmn tntpmen rivvrmtmkpipnsn `megdripndn m` }k enajngrm iddmttg ijjm

nkcgrei|ngkn m` ijjm gvvgrp}knpæ dbm smkagkg gccmrpm jgrg+



19

Snmkm dgtê ivvrgsipi ji Dirpi M}rgvmi `mjji Virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn Angsikn

ijji Snpi Tgdnijm m _mangkijm* i`gppipi kmj eiaang ?664* vrmtmkpipi dgem }ki

tgrpi `n eikncmtpg `mjjm jnkmm a}nì m `majn grnmkpiemkpn d}n `msgkg ntvnrirtn jm

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn i jnsmjjg ki|ngkijm m rmangkijm+ Jm vrnkdnvijn pmeipndbm tmppgrnijn

`n pijm `gd}emkpg rnsgjpm in angsikn tgkg sm`gkg }ki vgjnpndi `n cgrei|ngkm m `n

m`}di|ngkm dbm cisgrntdi ji virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn i c isgrm `mjj‗}a}iajnik|i

pri jm `gkkm m ajn }genkn* dgk virpndgjirm rncmrnemkpg i }ki vgjnpndi `n iddmttg ijji

d}jp}ri* jgppi ijji `ntdrnenki|ngkm m iddmttg in `nrnppn?9+

Kmj Kgsmeorm ?66= n divn `n Tpipg m `n agsmrkg m}rgvmn bikkg tpnv}jipg }k

Vippg M}rgvmg vmr ji Angsmkpþ+ Dgnkdn`m dgk ji cnkm `mj vrneg dndjg `n

ipp}i|ngkm `mj Jnorg onikdg /]k k}gsg tjikdng vmr ji angsmkpþ m}rgvmi/+ Tmdgk`g

ji Dgeenttngkm* jm ent}rm m jm i|ngkn vrgvgtpm nk pijm vippg `msgkg oitirtn t}jjm

tpripmanm m}rgvmm vmr j!gdd}vi|ngkm m j!nktmrnemkpg tgdnijm* kgkdbî t}j vrgarieei

`n jisgrg / J!ntpr}|ngkm m ji cgrei|ngkm ?696 /+ J!gonmppnsg vrnkdnvijm â y}mjjg `n

enajngrirm j!ntpr}|ngkm* ji cgrei|ngkm* ji egonjnpæ* j!nktmrnemkpg vrgcmttngkijm m

j!nktmrnemkpg tgdnijm `mn angsikn m}rgvmn* cidnjnpik`g kmj dgkpmevg ji

dgkdnjni|ngkm cri ji snpi cienjnirm m ji snpi vrgcmttngkijm+ Smkagkg nk`nsn`}ipn

ijd}kn pmen vrnkdnvijn t}j pmei `mn angsikn dgem j!mtnamk|i `n tsnj}vvirm ji

tgjnìrnmpæ pri jm amkmri|ngkn nk }ki tgdnmpæ dbm nksmddbni m j!mtnamk|i `n airikpnrm}ki vrmviri|ngkm in angsikn em`nikpm j!ntpr}|ngkm m ji cgrei|ngkm+

Kmjjg tvmdncndg dn tgkg prm vrnkdnvijn ieonpn `!nkpmrsmkpg<

Dnppi`nkik|i ippnsi `mn angsikn* vmr riaan}kamrm y}mtpg gonmppnsg tn }pnjn||i nj

empg`g ivmrpg `n dggr`nkiemkpg "GED. m` nj Vrgarieei ‚Angsmkpþ nk I|ngkm―

?9

Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+dgktnajng+rmangkm+pgtdiki+np'inddrm'`gd}emkpn'Dirpi-?6m}rgvmi-?6angsikn+v`c "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 61'69'?699. vmr }jpmrngrn ivvrgcgk`nemkpn `mj pmtpg+



1?

dgk ji dgjjiogri|ngkm `n ijprm ntpnp}|ngkn m` iamk|nm+ Vmr y}ikpg rna}irì nj pmei

`mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm nj Vippg M}rgvmg vmr ji Angsmkpþ vrgcnji ji kmdmttnpæ `n

dgkpnk}irm i` nevmakirtn virpndgjiremkpm kmjj‗i}emkpg `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm i

jnsmjjg jgdijm* kmj y}i`rg `mjji `megdri|ni rivvrmtmkpipnsi* m nk }k eiaangr

tgtpmakg ijj‗ivvrmk`nemkpg in vrgdmttn `n virpmdnvi|ngkm+ Gddgrrm nkgjpr m

nevmakirtn eiaangremkpm kmj enajngrirm j‗iddmttg ijj‗nkcgrei|ngkm* kmj cgrknrm

vnþ nkcgrei|ngkn `n y}ijnpæ m kmj enajngrirm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn

ijj‗mjiogri|ngkm m ijji `ns}jai|ngkm `n nkcgrei|ngkn+

Nkpmari|ngkm tgdnijm m` gdd}vi|ngkijm `mn angsikn* vmr y}mtpg gonmppnsg tn

tpionjntdm nj Vippg M}rgvmg vmr ji Angsmkpþ dgk jg tdgvg `n enajngrirm n vrgdmttn `n

m`}di|ngkm m cgrei|ngkm* nkdj}tngkm tgdnijm* dgk j!ippmk|ngkm ijj!iregkn||i|ngkm

pri snpi vrnsipi m jisgrg+

Nkpmari|ngkm `mjji `nemktngkm ‚angsiknjm― nk ijprm vgjnpndbm `mjj!]kngkm

M}rgvmi* pri d}n i` mtmevng jm vgjnpndbm vmr nj `nijgag nkpmrd}jp}rijm m vmr ji

tij}pm+ I virpnrm ìj ?66= ji Dgeenttngkm vrge}gsm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn

ijji dieviaki ‚Vmr ji `nsmrtnpæ — dgkprg ji `ntdrnenki|ngkm― m` issni }ki

dgkt}jpi|ngkm v}oojndi t}jjg tvgrp nkpmti i riccgr|irkm n sijgrn m`}dipnsn m tgdnijn

vmr n angsikn+ Kmj ?663 ji Dgeenttngkm issni }k‗nkn|nipnsi m}rgvmi `n

vrgeg|ngkm `mjji o}gki tij}pm `mn angsikn m `mn oieonkn+Nj Vrgarieei vnþ rmdmkpm m vnþ tvmdncndg vmrÿ â nj Vrgarieei ‚Angsmkpþ nk

i|ngkm― "^g}pb nk idpngk. ?661%?694+ Jg tdgvg â y}mjjg `n dgkpnk}irm m riccgr|irm

j!i|ngkm m ji dggvmri|ngkm `mjj!]M kmj y}i`rg `mj vrgarieei /Angsmkpþ/ vmr nj

vmrng`g ?666%?663 m `mj vrgarieei `mj ?660%?663 vmr ji vrgeg|ngkm `n

graiknten ippnsn kmj tmppgrm `mn angsikn+ Ijjg tdgvg `n ittgdnirm ippnsiemkpm n



14

angsikn ijji tgdnmpæ nk y}ijnpæ `n dnppi`nkn* nj vrgarieei tn vrmcnaam `n riccgr|irm nj

jgrg tmkpnemkpg `n ivvirpmkmk|i ijj!M}rgvi+

Nj vrgarieei nkpmk`m dgkprno}nrm i }k!ntpr}|ngkm m i }ki cgrei|ngkm `n

y}ijnpæ nk tmktg ievng vmr vmremppmrm `n tsnj}vvirm ji tgjnìrnmpæ m ji

dgevrmktngkm rmdnvrgdi `mn angsikn+ Mttg tn dgjjgdi ikdbm kmjji dgkpnk}npæ `majn

gonmppnsn `mj vrgdmttg `n Jntogki vmrpikpg* tsnj}vvirm m tgtpmkmrm ji dggvmri|ngkm

kmj tmppgrm `mjji angsmkpþ kmjj!]kngkm m}rgvmi "]M.+ Tn vrmcnaam `n nkdgriaanirm ji

virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn ijji snpi v}oojndi* nk virpndgjirm `mn vnþ tsikpiaanipn m

`mn `ntionjn* m `n tsnj}vvirm nj jgrg tvnrnpg `!nkn|nipnsi `!nevrmk`npgrnijnpæ m `n

drmipnsnpæ+ Nk pijm vrgtvmppnsi /Angsmkpþ nk i|ngkm/ `mcnkntdm gonmppnsn amkmrijn m

tvmdncndn dbm smkagkg ipp}ipn em`nikpm dnky}m i|ngkn+ Mttg â ivmrpg ijji

virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn `n mpæ dgevrmti pri 94 m 46 ikkn kmajn Tpipn emeorn m

kmn vimtn pmr|n+

Nj vrgarieei?? dgevgrpi dnky}m gonmppnsn amkmrijn dbm tgkg dgevjmemkpirn

ijjm ippnsnpæ `mjj!]M "cgrei|ngkm* d}jp}ri* tvgrp g gdd}vi|ngkm. m dbm

dgkprno}ntdgkg ijjg tsnj}vvg `mjjm vgjnpndbm `mjj!]kngkm m}rgvmi "`nsmrtnpæ

d}jp}rijm* dgmtngkm tgdnijm* tsnj}vvg tgtpmknonjm m jgppi dgkprg jm `ntdrnenki|ngkn.+

Pijn gonmppnsn amkmrijn dgevgrpikg dnitd}kg `majn gonmppnsn tvmdncndn< vrge}gsmrm

ji dnppi`nkik|i ippnsi `mn angsikn* tsnj}vvirm ji tgjnìrnmpæ `mn angsikn* cisgrnrm jidgevrmktngkm rmdnvrgdi `mn angsikn `n vimtn `nsmrtn* enajngrirm ji y}ijnpæ `mn

tntpmen `n tgtpmakg `mjjm ippnsnpæ `mn angsikn m jm dividnpæ `mjjm graikn||i|ngkn

`mjji tgdnmpæ dnsnjm kmj tmppgrm `mjji angsmkpþ m nkcnkm c isgrnrm ji dggvmri|ngkm

m}rgvmi kmj tmppgrm `mjji angsmkpþ+

??

Dcr+ bppv<''m}rgvi+m}'jmantjipngkWt}eeirnmt'm`}dipngkWprinknkaW~g}pb'~g}pb'd99626Wnp+bpe"ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 61'69'?699.+



10

Pijn i|ngkn tgtpmkagkg vrgamppn i tdiji rn`gppi dbm airikpntdgkg ji

virpmdnvi|ngkm ippnsi `mn angsikn* ji sntnonjnpæ m j!nevippg `mn vrgamppn i jnsmjjg

m}rgvmg+ Tn prippi `n vrgamppn jgdijn* rmangkijn* ki|ngkijn g nkpmrki|ngkijn* dgevrmtn

vrgamppn tnenjn `n vimtn `nsmrtn virpmdnvikpn dbm tgkg emttn nk rmpm+ Kmjjg tvmdncndg

n vrgamppn emttn nk dievg tgkg I|ngkm /Angsmkpþ vmr j‗M}rgvi/* I|ngkm /Tmrsn|ng

sgjgkpirng m}rgvmg/* I|ngkm /Angsmkpþ vmr nj egk`g/* I|ngkm /Tntpmen `n

tgtpmakg ijji angsmkpþ/* I|ngkm /Tgtpmakg ijji dggvmri|ngkm m}rgvmi kmj tmppgrm

`mjji angsmkpþ/+

NN+4 J„Npijni m jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn

Kgk virpmdnvirm s}gj `nrm ‚ìrm/ nj

vgpmrm kmjjm eikn `mjji vgjnpndi+

―Snmkn sni dgk em―

_gomrpg Tisnikg

I virpnrm ìj Tmdgk`g @gvga}mrri tn â ittntpnpg* nk p}ppn n Vimtn gddn`mkpijn*

i` }k dgktgjnìemkpg vrgarmttnsg `mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn< ajn nksmtpnemkpn

jmantjipnsn m cnkik|nirn tgkg tpipn tmevrm vnþ dgktntpmkpn m enripn ijji vrmsn`mk|i

tgdnijm* tiknpæ* td}gji* emrdipg `mj jisgrg m nk `nsmrtn ijprn ieonpn+

Nk y}mtpg y}i`rg vmrÿ* jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* nktmrnpm tvmttg nk tmaemkpn

ipp}ipnsn `mjjm vgjnpndbm v}oojndbm* bikkg cipndipg virmddbng i` itt}emrm }k

rndgkgtdnemkpg m }k virpndgjirm tpip}pg+

Nkcippn* i `nccmrmk|i `n y}ikpg iddi`m kmajn ijprn vimtn m}rgvmn* j‗ieonpg `mjjm

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn kmj dgkpmtpg npijnikg bi `mjjm `nccndgjpæ i tsnj}vvirtn< dn ivvirm



1=

y}itn vrnsg `n }k `ntmakg graikndg rmjipnsg i` msmkp}ijn i|ngkn dbm jg Tpipg

vgprmoom'`gsrmoom vgrrm nk mttmrm kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn+

Y}mtpm Vgjnpndbm tgkg dgevirtm nk Npijni ijji cnkm `maj‗ikkn Tmppikpi* nk

rntvgtpi in dgevgrpiemkpn `mn angsikn* vrgpiagkntpn grein `mj pmtt}pg tgdnijm+

‚Y}mtpm vgjnpndbm tgkg kipm dgk j‗gonmppnsg `mjj‗nkpmari|ngkm tgdnijm `mn angsikn

dgktn`mripn tdirtiemkpm iìppipn― "Oirij`n* _iemjji* 9>>>.+

Ikdbm nk Npijni* nj vrgdmttg `n iccmrei|ngkm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* â tpipg

vn}ppgtpg pir`nsg rntvmppg i` ijprn dgkpmtpn* ei bi ìpg snpi i }k k}gsg tntpmei `n

rncmrnemkpg dbm tn ijjgkpiki ìn pri`n|ngkijn ieonpn `n nkpmrsmkpg rnsgjpn ij `ntiang m

ijji vrmsmk|ngkm+

Ji kitdnpi `mjjg Tpipg rmv}oojndikg bi is}pg nj dgevnpg `n rnsgjamrm

j‗ippmk|ngkm ijj‗nkcik|ni* i`gjmtdmk|i m angsikn+ Ajn irpndgjn 49 m 41 `mjji kgtpri

Dgtpnp}|ngkm rmdnpikg<

Irpndgjg 49

Ji _mv}oojndi iamsgji dgk ent}rm mdgkgendbm m ijprm vrgssn`mk|m jicgrei|ngkm `mjji cienajni m j‗i`mevnemkpg `mn dgevnpn rmjipnsn* dgkvirpndgjirm rna}ir`g ijjm cienajnm k}emrgtm+Vrgpmaam ji eipmrknpæ* j‗nkcik|ni m ji angsmkpþ* cisgrmk`g ajn ntpnp}pn kmdmttirni pijm tdgvg+

Irpndgjg 41

Ji `gkki jisgriprndm bi ajn tpmttn `nrnppn m* i virnpæ `n jisgrg* jm tpmttmrmprno}|ngkn dbm tvmppikg ij jisgripgrm+ Jm dgk`n|ngkn `n jisgrg `msgkgdgktmkpnrm j‗i`mevnemkpg `mjji t}i mttmk|nijm c}k|ngkm cienjnirm mittnd}rirm ijji ei`rm m ij oieonkg }ki tvmdnijm i`ma}ipi vrgpm|ngkm+Ji jmaam tpionjntdm nj jnenpm enkneg `n mpæ vmr nj jisgrg tijirnipg+Ji _mv}oojndi p}pmji nj jisgrg `mn enkgrn dgk tvmdnijn kgrem m airikpntdm i`mttn* i virnpæ `n jisgrg* nj `nrnppg ijji virnpæ `n rmprno}|ngkm+



13

I pij vrgvgtnpg* Angrang Kivgjnpikg* Vrmtn`mkpm `mjji _mv}oojndi Npijniki* kmj t}g

emttiaang `n cnkm ?696?4* tgppgjnkmi j‗nevgrpik|i `mjji cgr|i `mjjm k}gsm

amkmri|ngkn< nksmtpnrm t} `n jgrg* `ndm* dbnieirjn i cirm ji vrgvrni virpm kmj egk`g*

ìk`g jgrg i`ma}ipm gvvgrp}knpæ* â `n cgkìemkpijm rnjmsik|i kmjj‗ipp}i|ngkm `n

vgjnpndbm v}oojndbm+ Tgkg ‚angsikn* dbm sm`gkg issndnkirtn nj pmevg `mjjm tdmjpm―*

snsmk`g nk dgktpikpm nkdmrpm||i mj vrgvrng c}p}rg+ Tn `negtpri* nkgjprm* cgrpmemkpm

vrmgdd}vipg vmr nj eijmttmrm `ncc}tg pri n angsikn* vmr }k `ntpiddg* grein

ijjireikpm* pri ji vgjnpndi* pri jm tpmttm ntpnp}|ngkn `megdripndbm m ji tgdnmpæ* nk

virpndgjir eg`g* pri jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn dgktn`mripm dgem ‚cgr|i tgdnijm―+ Mtnam

vmrpikpg* }kg tvnrnpg `n dgk`nsntngkm ì virpm `mjjm cgr|m vgjnpndbm m tgdnijn*

mttmk`g nk angdg ‚ji `naknpæ* ji egrijnpæ* ji dividnpæ `n gccrnrm }k rncmrnemkpg m }ki

a}nì―+ _nsgjamk`gtn nk eg`g `nrmppg in angsikn* Kivgjnpikg tgtpnmkm j‗nevgrpik|i

`mjji jgrg virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi vgjnpndi8 angsikn* `}ky}m* dbm vgttgkg

‚rnkkgsirm m ikneirm― ji vgjnpndi* virpmk`g ìjjm tnp}i|ngkn dbm dgkdrmpiemkpm

snsgkg m ìn vrgojmen dbm y}gpn`nikiemkpm iccrgkpikg+ Dgkpnk}i vgn* `negtprik`g

dbm grein ì y}ijdbm pmevg tni `njiaikpm j‗iktni `mj kgk vgpmrtn vnþ itvmppirm }k

}jpmrngrm isik|iemkpg m vrgarmttg `n amkmri|ngkm nk amkmri|ngkm dgem kmj

vittipg* ei ijjg tpmttg pmevg nksnpi n angsikn i kgk cirtn virijn||irm ì gakn

cgrei `n vi}ri dbm jn ikagtdni+‚Kgk ontgaki rnk}kdnirm ij `mtn`mrng m ijjitvmrik|i `n k}gsn m vnþ `makn pria}ir`n ì riaan}kamrm kmj egk`g* grein tmakipg

ìjji ajgoijn||i|ngkm―* vmr d}n jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn kgk vgttgkg kgk vgrtn jm

`geik`m t}j vrgvrng c}p}rg tmk|i ittgdnirjm tprmppiemkpm ij `ntdgrtg t}jj‗Npijni m

t}jj‗M}rgvi* riangkik`g ì npijnikn m ì m}rgvmn* dgk ji dgktivmsgjm||i `n snsmrm

?4 Nk rncmrnemkpg ij emttiaang `n cnkm ikkg `mj Vrmtn`mkpm Angrang Kivgjnpikg tn smì

bppv<''qqq+rin+ps'`j'_inPS'vrgarieen'em`ni'DgkpmkpNpme%=d3m9i6=%6i60%0`?=%i12=%1o>?=1009c42+bpej7v56 "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 9>'69'99.+



11

nk }k‗M}rgvi dbm `msm ianrm dgem }kngkm `n tpipn m `n vgvgjn* rnddi `n ntpnp}|ngkn

dbm jm dgktmkpikg `n ianrm ijj‗}kntgkg "_in ps* 49 @ndmeorm ?696.+

N vrnen ikkn `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk Npijni tgkg tpipn dirippmrn||ipn ì }ki

tpnaeipn||i|ngkm `mn angsikn dgem dipmagrni tgdnijm eijipi g* dge}ky}m ì

vrgpmaamrm* vmr d}n tn amkmrirgkg nkpmrsmkpn `n pnvg ittntpmk|nijntpi rnsgjpn i` }ki

amkmri|ngkm `n angsikm rnpmk}pi i `ntiang+

Dgtê jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn tjnppirgkg vnþ t} pmeipndbm nkmrmkpn

meiranki|ngkm* vrmsmk|ngkm* `ntiang* jisgrg* drnenkijnpæ* cgrei|ngkm+ Pijm

vrgdmttg* gaan tn nk`nrn||i smrtg vgjnpndbm ippm i cisgrnrm jg tsnj}vvg `mj

vrgpiagknteg m `mjji dnppi`nkik|i ippnsi pri n angsikn?08 ìajn ikkn >6! vrgvrng

ari|nm ijjm `nrmppnsm m}rgvmm â memrtg nj `noippnpg t}j dgtpr}nrm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn

dbm smìkg jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn kgk dgem }pmkpn ei dgem dnppi`nkn ippnsn+

Nk tgtpik|i nk y}maj‗ikkn* p}ppn tn vgkmsikg ji `geikì ‚dgti cir m vmr n

angsikn―* emkprm kmtt}kg tn mri dbnmtpg tm n angsikn vgpmttmrg mttmrm }ki rntgrti

vmr ji tgdnmpæ+

?0

‚Nksmtpnrm kmjjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn< eg`mjjn `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk Npijni m nk M}rgvi―*`mjj‗Gttmrsipgrng vmreikmkpm t}jji dgk`n|ngkm `mjj‗nkcik|ni m `mn angsikn* â ji vrnei rndmrdi `ny}mtpg pnvg rmijn||ipi kmj kgtprg Vimtm i d}ri `n Irnikki Oi||ikmjji + J‗n`mi `n }kg tp}`ngdgeviripg t}jjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk Npijni m nk M}rgvi kitdm kmj ?662+ Nj jisgrg tn dgkcna}ridgem }k iaangrkiemkpg `n y}ikpg emttg i v}kpg nk vrmdm`mk|i i virpnrm ìjjg ‚Tp}`ng t}jjidgk`n|ngkm m t}jjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn― rmijn||ipg ìjj‗Ntpnp}pg NI_@ `n Enjikg vmr dgkpg `mjji@nrm|ngkm Amkmrijm m _ndmrdi `mjji Dgeenttngkm M}rgvmi+ Virpndgjiremkpm nkkgsipnsn tgkg tpipnn Vnikn Angsikn `n \gki* `mtdrnppn nk }k‗ijpr i v}oojndi|ngkm `n Nvritm* }kg tpr}emkpg `nvirpmdnvi|ngkm `nsmk}pg v}kpg `n rncmrnemkpg kmj dgkpmtpg ki|ngkijm dbm bi sntpg vgn kitdmrm nVJA "Vnikn Jgdijn Angsikn.+ Ji tmdgkì virpm `mjji rndmrdi â dgevgtpi ìn ditm tp}`~ rmijn||ipnnk @ikneirdi* Amreikni* Arik Ormpiaki m Tjgsmkni* emkprm ji virpm cnkijm â }kitntpmeipn||i|ngkm `n nk`ndipgrn m eivvm t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm nk Npijni m nk M}rgvi+ Vmr }kivvrgcgk`nemkpg

bppv<''qqq+nvritm+pk+np'ippnsnp-D4-I6'tp}`ngWmWrndmrdi'GAN'`gqkjgi`'m}rgangsikn+v`c "ìpi '}jpneg iddmtg< 62'69'99.+



12

Vmr y}mtpg egpnsg* vmr vgjnpndbm angsiknjn Angsikkn Dieviakgjn?=* kmj

Pmr|g rivvgrpg `mjj‗Gttmrsipgrng Angsikn `mjji Vrgsnkdni `n Enjikg `mjj‗ntpnp}pg

NI_@* nkpmk`m ‚}k tntpmei `n nkpmrsmkpn v}oojndn dgk ji cnkijnpæ amkmrijm `n

vrge}gsmrm gvvgrp}knpæ vmr irrnsirm i` mttmrm dnppi`nkn i}pgkgen m dgktivmsgjn+

Dnÿ airikpmk`g }ki tmrnm `n iddmttn ipprismrtg `mn vmrdgrtn dbnirn m` mtvjndnpipn* dbm

vgrpikg i dgajnmrm `mjjm gvvgrp}knpæ jmaipm ijjm dividnpæ* iajn nkpmrmttn* ijjm

vittngkn* iajn mkp}tniten m` in emrnpn `mn angsikn―?3+

Y}mtpm vgjnpndbm dgevrmk`gkg `}ky}m* }ki tmrnm `n i|ngkn dbm tn rnsgjagkg

in angsikn* vgkmk`g j‗iddmkpg tni t} `n jgrg* tni t}jj‗gaamppg* enripm y}nk`n tni i

}ki tvmdncndi citdni `n vgvgji|ngkm* dgk j‗ipp}i|ngkm `n i|ngkn i ormsm m i j}kag

pmrenkm nk vrnkdnvijn tmppgrn nkmrmkpn n angsikn* nk virpndgjirm j‗ntpr}|ngkm*

j‗gdd}vi|ngkm* ji drmipnsnpæ

Â cgkìemkpijm vmrÿ dbm dn tni }k‗i|ngkm grnmkpipnsi kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm

k}gsm amkmri|ngkn dgk j‗gonmppnsg â dbm tn irrnsn nk pmevn tmevrm vnþ ormsn i

ag`mrm tni `n }ki vnmki pnpgjirnpæ `mn `nrnppn `n dnppi`nkik|i* dbm `n }ki

dgktivmsgjm||i kmjji pnpgjirnpæ `n `gsmrn+ Dgtê cidmk`g tn cidnjnpi }k‗i|ngkm `n

nktmrnemkpg tgdnijm m vmrtgkijm dgktivmsgjm kmjji tgdnmpæ* rnpmkmk`g dbm mtntpm }k

`nrnppg i` mttmrm angsikn* dgtê dgem sn â y}mjjg ijj‗nkcik|ni* rndgkgtdn}pg

}knsmrtijemkpm+

?=Â vrmtn`mkpm `mjji rmpm `n dggvmripnsm tgdnijn qqq+vgjnpndbmangsiknjn+np dbm vrge}gsmnkcgrei|ngkm m d}jp}ri* ikdbm ipprismrtg ji amtpngkm `mjj‗gegknei rmpm nkcgreipnsi nk eipmrni+

?3Pmr|g rivvgrpg `mjj‗Gttmrsipgrng Angsikn `mjji Vrgsnkdni `n Enjikg `mjjg NI_@bppv<''qqq+vrgsnkdni+enjikg+np'angsikn'`gd'Mtvmrnmk|mW`nWvgjnpndbmWangsiknjn+v`c "@ipi }jpneg

iddmttg< 96'69'99.+



1>

NN+4+9 Nj Enkntpmrg vmr jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn

Â tgjg kmj Eiaang `mj ?663 dbm snmkm ntpnp}npg vmr ji vrnei sgjpi* ìj

Agsmrkg Vrg`n* nj Enkntpmrg vmr jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn m jm Ippnsnpæ Tvgrpnsm

"VGAIT.+ J!}ccndng cidmsi divg ij enkntprg tmk|i vgrpicgajng Angsikki

Emjik`rn+ Nj `mdrmpg jmaam k+ 929 `mj 92 eiaang ?663* ijj‗irp+ 9* dgeei 9>* bi

ipprno}npg ijji Vrmtn`mk|i `mj Dgktnajng* pri jm ijprm c}k|ngkn* ‚i. jm c}k|ngkn `n

dgevmpmk|i tpipijm nk eipmrni `n tvgrp― m ‚`. jm c}k|ngkn `n nk`nrn||g m

dggr`nkiemkpg nk eipmrni `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn―?1+

Dgk t}ddmttnsg `mdrmpg `mj Vrmtn`mkpm `mj Dgktnajng `mj ?663 ‚jm c}k|ngkn `n

nk`nrn||g m dggr`nkiemkpg `n p}ppm jm nkn|nipnsm* ikdbm kgreipnsm* kmjjm eipmrnm

dgkdmrkmkpn jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn m jm ippnsnpæ tvgrpnsm― tgkg tpipm `mjmaipm ij

Enkntprg vmr jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn m jm ippnsnpæ tvgrpnsm+

Nk virpndgjirm* nk eipmrni `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* nj Enkntprg â `mjmaipg i

dggr`nkirm jm i|ngkn `n Agsmrkg sgjpm i` ittnd}rirm j‗ipp}i|ngkm `mjjm vgjnpndbm nk

cisgrm `mn angsikn nk gakn ieonpg* nsn dgevrmtn ajn ieonpn mdgkgendg* cntdijm* `mj

jisgrg* `mjj‗ntpr}|ngkm m `mjji d}jp}ri* ikdbm em`nikpm nj dggr`nkiemkpg `mn

vrgarieen cnkik|nipn ìjj‗]kngkm M}rgvmi8 i dggr`nkirm jm i|ngkn `n Agsmrkg nk

eipmrni `n tdieon nkpmrki|ngkijn angsiknjn8 i` mtmrdnpirm* dgkan}kpiemkpm dgk nj

Enkntprg `mjji tgjnìrnmpæ tgdnijm* jm c}k|ngkn `n nk`nrn||g m snanjik|i `mjj‗Iamk|ni

ki|ngkijm npijniki mj vrgarieei dge}knpirng angsmkpþ―+

Ivvmki nktm`nipgtn* nj enkntpmrg bi tpnjipg }k Vnikg ki|ngkijm angsikn*

dgkpmkmkpm `mjjm jnkmm `‗i|ngkm ì ipp}irm kmjj‗irdg `mjji jmantjip}ri+ Ji sgjgkpæ

?1

@mdrmpg Jmaam k+ 929 `mj 92 eiaang ?663+



26

vmrtma}npi dgk y}mtpg `gd}emkpg â y}mjji `n rndgkgtdmrm nj an}tpg tvi|ng ijjm

angsikn amkmri|ngkn* nk eg`g ì rmk`mrjm nj vrnkdnvijm mjmemkpg `n pritcgrei|ngkm

`mj Vimtm+ Nj Vnikg ki|ngkijm angsikn v}kpi i` iccmreirm ji dmkprijnpæ `mn angsikn*

i drmirm jm dgk`n|ngkn vmrdbî mttn vgttikg mttmrm vrgpiagkntpn `mjji jgrg drmtdnpi m

`mj jgrg c}p}rg+

Vmr riaan}kamrm pijm empi* nj enkntpmrg bi nvgpn||ipg }ki tmrnm `n gonmppnsn*

dbm pgddikg `nsmrtn ieonpn `mjji snpi `mn angsikn< ìjjm vgjnpndbm nk eipmrni `n

jisgrg* ijj‗ntpr}|ngkm* ijj‗iddmttg ijj‗ionpi|ngkm* ijji drmipnsnpæ* in dgkt}en

d}jp}rijn* ijji virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi v}oojndi* ij `ntiang angsiknjm* ij `nijgag

nkpmrrmjnangtg m nkpmrd}jp}rijm* ijjg tvgrp+

Vmr ajn gonmppnsn vrmsntpn* nj enkntpmrg bi emttg nk ippg ijd}km ent}rm* tpnjipg

`mn vrgpgdgjjn m vrgegttg `nsmrtn dgkdgrtn m oik`n+

Kmjjg tvmdncndg* nk pmei `n vrgeg|ngkm `mjji drmipnsnpæ angsiknjm* â tpipg

nk`mppg nj dgkdgrtg ‚Angsikn N`mm dieonikg j‗Npijni―+ Vmr y}ikpg rna}irì ji

vrgeg|ngkm `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi v}oojndi* â tpipi ntpnp}npi j‗Iamk|ni

ki|ngkijm Angsikn* dgk c}k|ngkn `‗nk`nrn||g m snanjik|i+ Y}mtp‗Iamk|ni* pri n sirn

dgevnpn* bi ikdbm y}mjjg `n ìrm eiaangrm cgr|i ijji vgtn|ngkm npijniki

kmjj‗iddmttg ijjm rntgrtm dge}knpirnm vrm`ntvgtpm i cisgrnrm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm m ji

rivvrmtmkpik|i `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn+Kmj ?662* nj k}gsg Agsmrkg Omrj}tdgkn NS km bi eg`ncndipg nj kgem nk

@nvirpnemkpg `mjji Angsmkpþ "gaan Enkntpmrg `mjji Angsmkpþ.* iccnìk`gjg ij

enkntprg Angrani Emjgkn+

Â nevgrpikpm tgppgjnkmirm dgem nk eikdik|i `n }ki jmantji|ngkm ki|ngkijm

snamkpm* p}ppm jm ippnsnpæ iccmrmkpn ij Tmppgrm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn tnikg tpipm

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_Berlusconi_IV

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_Berlusconi_IV

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008



29

graikn||ipm* amtpnpm m cnkik|nipm ìjjm tnkagjm _mangkn nk snrpþ `n jmaan rmangkijn

ntvnripm ijjm jnkmm a}nì `mppipm ìjj!]kngkm M}rgvmi+

Ji rndmrdi i d}ri `n Irnikki Oi||ikmjji* ‚Nksmtpnrm kmjjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn<

eg`mjjn `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk Npijni m nk M}rgvi― dmrpncndi ji vrmtmk|i `n ijd}kn

v}kpn `n cgr|i m` mjmemkpn `n drnpndnpæ `mj tntpmei npijnikg+

Vmr y}ikpg rna}irì n v}kpn `n cgr|i `mj tntpmei npijnikg* tgkg tpipn ntpnp}npn< nj

Cgk`g vmr jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn dbm vrmsm`m }k nksmtpnemkpg `n 946 enjngkn `n

m}rg ijj‗ikkg vmr prm ikkn dbm* ari|nm in tntpmen `n dg%cnkik|niemkpg `mjjm _mangkn

"IVY.* irrnsikg i` gjprm =66 enjngkn `n m}rg8 nj Vnikg Ki|ngkijm Angsikn "VKA.8

ajn Iddgr`n `n Vrgarieei Y}i`rg?2 "IVY. tnajipn pri p}ppm jm _mangkn m jm

Vrgsnkdm I}pgkgem8 j‗Iamk|ni ki|ngkijm `mjji Angsmkpþ8 nj Dggr`nkiemkpg

ki|ngkijm `majn Nkcgreiangsikn8 Issng `n tvmrnemkpi|ngkn Ikdn'Npmr nk ?1 Dge}kn

m vrnem sij}pi|ngkn8 Oik`n m dgkdgrtn ki|ngkijn "angsikn n`mm8 oik`g angsikn8

Drmtdnpi d}jp}ri tvgrpnsi* Dnppæ emprgvgjnpikm. dbm ippnsikg vrgampp}ijnpæ* n`mm* rmpn8

Cgk`g vmr j‗iddmttg ij drm`npg+

Vmr dnÿ dbm dgkdmrkm nksmdm* n v}kpn `n `mogjm||i `mj tntpmei npijnikg* tn v}ÿ

virjirm `n `nccndgjpæ `n dgkdmrpi|ngkm m `n dividnpæ `n dg%`mdntngkm8 nj `nsirng

tvmttg ikdgri vrmtmkpm pri n vrnkdnvn mk}kdnipn kmjjm tm`n dge}knpirnm m jm vrittn

rmijn||ipm* dgtê dgem pri nkpmkpn m i|ngkn* `gs}pg i }ki tdirti dgkgtdmk|i `mn`gd}emkpn m}rgvmn8 ji eikdik|i `n dgkprgjjg t} mccndnmk|i m` mccndidni8 ji

?2 ‚J‗IVY â jg tpr}emkpg vmr j‗nk`nsn`}i|ngkm* j‗ipp}i|ngkm m` nj egknpgriaang `mjjm nkn|nipnsmrmangkijn m `mjjm vrgsnkdm i}pgkgem+ J‗IVY ittnd}ri ji dgk`nsntngkm `mn vrgarieen `nnksmtpnemkpg ì cnkik|nirm dgk rntgrtm `mrnsikpn ìjjm cgkpn cnkik|nirnm ki|ngkijn m dge}knpirnmvmr jg tsnj}vvg `n d}n in vrgarieen ipp}ipnsn `mj YTK m dgk ajn }jpmrngrn `gd}emkpn `nvrgarieei|ngkm ki|ngkijm m rmangkijm* nk dgmrmk|i dgk nj Vnikg Ki|ngkijm Angsikn+++―+ Ajn IVYtgkg `}ky}m }kg tpr}emkpg `n vrgarieei|ngkm gvmripnsi dbm dgktmkpgkg `n ìrm neem`nipgissng iajn nksmtpnemkpn vrmsntpn nk tvmdncndn tmppgrn `n nkpmrsmkpg+ Tgkg tgppgtdrnppn ì _mangkn mVrgsnkdm i}pgkgem* ìj Enkntpmrg `mjj!Mdgkgeni m `mjjm Cnkik|m* m ìjjm Ieenkntpri|ngkn

dmkprijn dgevmpmkpn i tmdgkì `mjji kip}ri m `mj tmppgrm `n nkpmrsmkpg vrmsntpn+bppv<''np+qnhnvm`ni+gra'qnhn'Iddgr`gW`nWVrgarieeiWY}i`rg "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 62'69'99.+



2?

eikdik|i `n }ki jgandi `n tntpmei pri ajn ippgrn dgnksgjpn "mt+ dgk Td}gji m

]knsmrtnpæ.8 jmaam m` Iamk|ni ki|ngkijm vmr ji vrgeg|ngkm `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn m

nkcnkm* ei kgk vmr y}mtpg emkg nevgrpikpm* j‗ittmk|i `n }k graiknteg `n

rivvrmtmkpik|i pri n angsikn+

Si tgppgjnkmipg dbm dge}ky}m egjpg `n y}mjjg dbm gaan tn rnprgsi nk Npijni

t}jjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn â emrnpg `mn Dge}kn+ Ajn Mkpn jgdijn tgkg ì tmevrm

j‗ntpnp}|ngkm vnþ sndnki in angsikn m` gaan* ijji j}dm `n `nsmrtm tvmrnemkpi|ngkn*

memragkg egjpm ‚o}gkm vrittn―+ Ei `n vgtnpnsg d‗â ikdbm dbm ajn Ittmttgripn in

angsikn bikkg riaan}kpg gaan dge}ky}m }ki jgrg tvmdncndnpæ* rn}tdmk`g i

rnpiajnirtn }kg tvi|ng `‗i|ngkm i}pgkgeg m dgk jgandbm k}gsm* `nsmrtm cnkijemkpm

ì y}mjjm jmaipm ij tgdng%ittntpmk|nijm "nk virpndgjirm< jm jgandbm `n dgkpritpg i

pgttndg`nvmk`mk|i* drnenkijnpæ m `ntiang. dbm km bikkg dirippmrn||ipg ajn nkn|n* dgtê

dgem ì y}mjjm jmaipm mtdj}tnsiemkpm ij jisgrg m` ijjg tvmppidgjg dbm km bikkg

‚ikkidy}ipg― nj vrgtma}g `}rikpm ajn ikkn ‗>6* tmk|i drmi|ngkm `n rntgrtm g

nevrmti+ Tm tn a}irì iaj‗gonmppnsn* tn prippi nkcippn `n nkpmrsmkpn vmr cisgrnrm ji

drmtdnpi `mn angsikn m` }ki jgrg eiaangrm virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi tgdnijm+

Jg tpmttg Angsikkn Dieviakgjn* vrmtn`mkpm `mjji rmpm `n dggvmripnsm tgdnijn

qqq+vgjnpndbmangsiknjn+np `negtpri dbm* }ki drnpndnpæ rnjmsikpm â ji amkmrijm vgdi

dividnpæ m `ntvgknonjnpæ `n cirm rmpm dgk ijprm iamk|nm vrmtmkpn nk dnppæ* i virpnrmìjji Td}gji m dbm vgdbnttnen Dge}kn bikkg }k ‚Vnikg angsikn?>―+

?> Dngâ }k `gd}emkpg dg%vrgamppipg ìn `nsmrtn Ittmttgripn dgk ji dge}knpæ m dgk n angsikn tpmttndbm mtvjndnpi jm tdmjpm m ajn nksmtpnemkpn rntvmppg ijjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn+ Tn prippi y}nk`n `n }k`gd}emkpg mjiogripg ì }k Pisgjg dbm tn rn}kntdm virpmk`g dgk nj `ntd}pmrm rntvmppg ijjm n`mm* jmtmjm|ngki* vitti vgn ìjjm n`mm in vrgamppn dgnksgjamk`g p}ppn ajn ippgrn* ci i|ngkm `n egknpgriaang*

`ntd}ttngkm `mn rnt}jpipn m cgrei|ngkm t} y}mjj‗mtvmrnmk|i* rnvrgamppik`g "Cgkpm< Dgksmakg ‚]k vippg dgk n angsikn―* _gsmrmpg* ?= kgsmeorm ?663.+



24

Ijpri drnpndnpæ â rntvmppg ijjm rntgrtm< nkcippn* tm â v}r smrg dbm* n Dge}kn tgkg

jm ntpnp}|ngkn dbm vnþ `n ijprm tgkg tmevrm tpipm ippmkpm in angsikn* jm rntgrtm dbm

mccmppnsiemkpm `mtpnkikg jgrg tgkg rn`ndgjm+ P}ppg dnÿ bi cnknpg vmr dgkkgpirm ‚jm

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn dgem ippnsnpæ `n tmevjndm nkprippmknemkpg― g kmjj‗gccmrpi `n }ki

virpmdnvi|ngkm i y}ijdbm ippnsnpæ* ikdbm tm kmjji eiaangrik|i `mn ditn sn â tpipi

}ki tgrpi `n ‚ittntpmk|nijnteg―+ Tn â prippipg y}nk`n `n }ki `gvvni ‚sijmk|i `mogjm―

"y}ikpn m y}ijnpipnsi. vn}ppgtpg dbm `n }ki vrgvgtpi vgjnpndi t} rndmrdi m

vrgeg|ngkm `n sijgrn cgrpn g pmen amkmripgrn ipp}ijn "mt+ ajgoijn||i|ngkm* jgppi ij

ri||nteg* vrmsmk|ngkm* vidm* in`t* Kgr` T}` `mj egk`g* mdd+.+ Y}nk`n pmen `mogjn

m vgdbm rntgrtm< â tpipg y}mtpg nj ‚dnrdgjg sn|ngtg― `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn

npijnikm46

NN+4+? Nj r}gjg nk`ntvmktionjm majn Mkpn Jgdijn

I virpnrm ìjji empæ `majn ikkn ‗16* n Dge}kn angdirgkg }k r}gjg nevgrpikpm

kmj dgkpmtpg `n ipp}i|ngkm `mjjm vgjnpndbm vmr n angsikn* pikpg dbm ijd}kn vrgsirgkg

i tvmrnemkpirm `nrmppiemkpm ijd}km nkn|nipnsm+ Y}mtpg c} vgttnonjm ikdbm nk riangkm

`mjjm k}gsm dgevmpmk|m `mjmaipm ìjjg Tpipg ijjm _mangkn m` in Dge}kn kmj 9>11

m* dgem sntpg* `mj Dgktnajng `‗M}rgvi m ìn t}gn Vrgarieen vrgegttn nk cisgrm

`mn angsikn+

46 Nk rncmrnemkpg ijji rndmrdi dgk`gppi ì Angsikkn Dieviakgjn* tn smì nj Divnpgjg 9< J‗msgj}|ngkm`mn dgevnpn m `mn r}gjn `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk Npijni nk ‚Mtvmrnmk|m `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk

vrgsnkdni `n Enjikg― * Pmr|g rivvgrpg `mjj‗Gttmrsipgrng Angsikn `mjji Vrgsnkdni `n Enjikg `mjjg

NI_@ bppv<''qqq+vrgsnkdni+enjikg+np'angsikn'`gd'Mtvmrnmk|mW`nWvgjnpndbmWangsiknjn+v`c "@ipi}jpneg iddmttg< 96'69'99.+



20

@i ijjgri dgtê* nkk}emrmsgjn tgkg tpipn ajn Mkpn v}oojndn jgdijn dbm tn tgkg

ippnsipn* egjpm jm nkn|nipnsm rmijn||ipm* egjpn n tgaamppn nkpmrsmk}pn m egjpn n angsikn

dgnksgjpn kmjjm vrgvgtpm vmr jgrg vrgarieeipm* ei tgvripp}ppg c}rgkg egjpn ikdbm n

dieoniemkpn nkpmrsmk}pn kmjji cnjgtgcni `majn nkpmrsmkpn+

Ji eikdik|i `n }ki jmaam y}i`rg ki|ngkijm t}jjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn bi

nkdmkpnsipg egjpn Dge}kn npijnikn i tsgjamrm kmj dievg `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn

c}k|ngkn dbm bikkg dgrrntvgtpg nk vnmkg ijjm jgrg vrmrgaipnsm `n pnpgjirn `n vgjnpndbm

`n qmjcirm m rmtvgktionjn m` mrgaipgrn `n tmrsn|n i cisgrm `mn angsikn< tgvripp}ppg

m`}di|ngkm* nkcgrei|ngkm* pmevg jnomrg m virpmdnvi|ngkm+

Jm `nsmrtm mtvmrnmk|m ippnsipm kmn Dge}kn tn grnmkpirgkg nk tmppgrn dgem

j‗nkcgrei|ngkm* ji tgdnijn||i|ngkm m ji d}jp}ri* ji cgrei|ngkm* nj jisgrg m nj `ntiang

m sm`gkg pri n vrnkdnvijn vrg`gppn* j‗Nkcgreiangsikn m nj Cgr}e angsiknjm49

N Dge}kn rn}tdnrgkg i tsnj}vvirm kmjji vrittn }k vrgdmttg `n nkkgsi|ngkm

kmjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* jmaipg ijjm arik`n pritcgrei|ngkn `majn tdmkirn m `mjjm

vrgtvmppnsm `n tntpmei* tni t}j vnikg tpr}pp}rijm "i` mtmevng virpmdnvi|ngkm*

qmjcirm* nkdj}tngkm. dbm ntpnp}|ngkijm +

@i tmevrm nkcippn* y}mtpm ntpnp}|ngkn jgdijn tn gdd}virgkg `n angsikn dgk

vgdbnttnem rntgrtm+ Dgtê n Dge}kn "t}ddmttnsiemkpm jm _mangkn m vgn ikdbm

y}ijdbm Vrgsnkdni. c}rgkg ajn ippgrn vrgpiagkntpn `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn+Dgkpnk}i Angsikkn Dieviakgjn* tgtpmkmk`g dbm y}mtpg emddiknteg

nkkmtdÿ* cnk ì ijjgri* tvmrnemkpi|ngkn m o}gkm vripndbm egjpg grnankijn* pikpg dbm

ikdgri gaan ijd}km mddmjjmk|m tn cgkìkg t} y}mn vrnkdnvn* ismk`g nkprg`gppg kmn

49 Angsikkn Dieviakgjn* J‗msgj}|ngkm `mn dgevnpn m `mn r}gjn `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk Npijni+



2=

vrgamppn jgdijn jm jgandbm `mj vrnkdnvng dgtpnp}|ngkijm `mjji t}ttn`nirnmpæ

grn||gkpijm+

]ki argtti drnpndnpæ `n y}mtpn nkpmrsmkpn c} vmrÿ ji dirmk|i `n cgk`n* j‗mttmrmdgktn`mripm gv|ngkijn rntvmppg i dgevnpn rnpmk}pn nksmdm cgkìemkpijn m vrgvrn`mjji V}oojndi ieenkntpri|ngkm* }kg tsnj}vvg i ‚eiddbni `n jmgvir`g― X‣U*nj kgk mttmrm rn}tdnpn i drmirm }k ‚tntpmei― kmeemkg ìj oittg "nk rmijpædgevnpg cgrtm tvrgvgtnpipg sntpm jm vgdbm cgr|m nk dievg.+

]k v}kpg `n cgr|i nksmdm* `mj r}gjg is}pg ìn Dge}kn kmjjg tsnj}vvg `mjjm

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk Npijni* â nj cippg dbm nj tmrsn|ng i` gaan ikdgri vnþ `ncc}tg nk

ieonpg angsiknjm t} p}ppg nj pmrrnpgrng ki|ngkijm â j‗Nkcgreiangsikn* nj d}n k}emrg

dgevjmttnsg â i}emkpipg nk eg`g dgktn`mrmsgjm+

Vmr y}mtpg egpnsg vrmk`gkg dgrvg n vrnen Dmkprn Nkcgrei|ngkm Angsiknjm

"DNA. ìn y}ijn tdip}rntdm ji kmdmttnpæ `n egemkpn `n dgkcrgkpg ki|ngkijm dbm

tgjjmdnpikg }k vrmdntg nevmakg ì virpm `mjjg tpipg dmkprijm tni kmjj‗ieonpg `mj

dggr`nkiemkpg dbm `mjjm rntgrtm+



23

I virpnrm ìj 9>29 tgkg tpipn ntpnp}npn nk Npijni gjprm 9666 Nkcgreiangsikn*

tvmttg kmjj!ieonpg `mn /Vrgamppn Angsikn/ i`gppipn ìn Dge}kn+ N Dmkprn

Nkcgreiangsikn tgkg tmrsn|n `gsm tgkg `ntvgknonjn nkcgrei|ngkn t}jjm gccmrpm tni nk

ieonpg v}oojndg dbm vrnsipg m t}n sirn iragemkpn `n nkpmrmttm vmr n angsikn+ Vmr `n

vnþ n Dmkprn gccrgkg }k nevgrpikpm /v}kpg `n sntpi/ t}j egk`g angsiknjm+

Â tpipg n`mipg m` graikn||ipg vmr grnmkpirm kmj jionrnkpg `mjjm nkcgrei|ngkn*

vmr emppmrm nj dnppi`nkg ij dgrrmkpm `mjjm `nsmrtm gvvgrp}knpæ kmjj!ieonpg `mjji

cgrei|ngkm* `mj jisgrg* `mn `nrnppn `mj dnppi`nkg* `mjji egonjnpæ angsiknjm* `mjjm

gvvgrp}knpæ ijj!mtpmrg* `mn sniaan m `mjjm sidik|m* `mjji d}jp}ri m `mjjg tvgrp m p}ppg

dnÿ dbm nj pmrrnpgrng v}ÿ gccrnrm* nktgeei }ki tgrpi `n grnmkpiemkpg angsiknjm+

N angsikn dbm tn rnsgjagkg in dmkprn bikkg ji vgttnonjnpæ `n dgkt}jpirm `gttnmr

dgkpmkmkpn ji `gd}emkpi|ngkm* kgkdbî a}n`m* jnorn* rnsntpm* angrkijn* sntngkirm jm

oidbmdbm* iaangrkipm y}gpn`nikiemkpm* rndbnm`mrm jm tdbm`m grnmkpipnsm t}ajn

iragemkpn `n eiaangr nkpmrmttm* vrmjmsirm `mvjnikp* gv}tdgjn m vrgarieen emttn nk

`ntprno}|ngkm amkmrijemkpm ijj!nkarmttg mn Dmkprn* iccnaamrm* nkgjprm* ikk}kdn kmjjm

oidbmdbm+ J‗gvmripgrm vgn* rnsmtpm }k r}gjg cgkìemkpijm< nj dgjjgy}ng `nrmppg pri

j!gvmripgrm m n angsikn rivvrmtmkpi ji egìjnpæ vnþ tnakncndipnsi* nj empg`g vnþ

tnd}rg dbm vmremppm `n nkpmrvrmpirm dgrrmppiemkpm ji `geikì* m` msmkp}ijemkpm `n

ivvrgcgk`nrm ji rndbnmtpi

4?

+Angsikkn Dieviakgjn ippmtpi vgn dbm vnþ pritd}ripm* tgkg tni ji `nemktngkm

`mjji rndmrdi "mtntpgkg dge}ky}m ijd}kn gttmrsipgrn dge}kijn `mn angsikn44* dbm

bikkg itt}kpg i}pgrmsgjm||i ki|ngkijm. m y}mjji `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm angsiknjm*

dbm ivvingkg mkprieom nk drntn vmr egpnsn `nsmrtn+

4? Vmr }ki vnþ ivvrgcgk`npi `mcnkn|ngkm dcr+ bppv<''qqq+c}grnìjjikmooni+kmp'nk`m+vbv7tmdpngk5?1

"ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 96'69'99.+44 Vmr mtmevng i Kivgjn* Enjikg m Pgrnkg+



21

Ji rndmrdi* nk amkmrijm* â nk `nccndgjpæ ji``gsm mtntpm }ki dirmk|i `n cgk`n* m`

â y}mtpg nj ditg+ Smkagkg tvmrnemkpipm k}gsm egìjnpæ* y}ijn ji rndmrdi i|ngkm

dgk n angsikn* cnkijn||ipi i` nkpmrdmppirm ar}vvn m` graikn||i|ngkn `ntvgtpn i`

nevmakirtn vmr vrgamppirm dgk j‗ieenkntpri|ngkm jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn "tn virji

ikdbm `n onjikdng angsikn virpmdnvipg.+ @i nkprivrmk`mrm tirmoom nksmdm ji tpriì

`mj qmo* dgk }ki k}gsi rndmrdi `n piramp angsiknjn t}n k}gsn tgdnij kmpqgrh+



22

]ki T+Q+G+P vmr jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn dge}kijn40

V}kpn `n cgr|i V}kpn `n `mogjm||i

∟ Ismr t}vmripg jm jgandbm dbmismsikg grnankipg jm Vgjnpndbm angsiknjn"jmaipm dngâ ijjm memramk|m* dgem i`mtmevng pgttndg`nvmk`mk|m* `msnik|m.+ Jgtpmttg rntvmppg ijjm Vgjnpndbm mj Jisgrg+

∟ @ntvgrrm `n divnpgjn i` bgd*y}nk`n ikk}ijemkpm rncnkik|nionjn+

∟ Mtntpm gaan }ki enttngk i` bgd vmr j‗Ittmttgripg in angsikn* dgk }kitvmdncndnpæ rndgkgtdn}pi

∟ Mttmrm rndgkgtdn}pg dgem }k‚vgjnd~ eihmr― egjpg sndnkg ijji rmijpæ `mn

angsikn m` ijjm jgrg ntpik|m m vmr y}mtpgvgpmk|nijemkpm ivvrm||ipg

∟ Tdirtnpæ `n rntgrtm m vgdbmtnkmranm∟ Eikdik|i n }ki jmantji|ngkm"ki|ngkijm m rmangkijm. `n

rncmrnemkpg∟ Eikdipg tsnj}vvg `n Vnikn

nkpmaripn m` graikndn pri Ittmttgripnijj‗nkpmrkg `mj Dge}km "tn iantdm dgkjgandbm ì ‚tmviripn nk diti―.+

∟ Vgdi dividnpæ `n cirm tntpmei dgkjm ijprm iamk|nm m`}dipnsm dnppi`nkm+

∟ Dirmk|i `n }k tntpmei ki|ngkijm g

rmangkijm `n rncmrnemkpg "tn kisnai i sntpiìk`g snpi i` }ki irpnanikijnpæ `majnnkpmrsmkpn.+

∟ @nccndgjpæ kmj rndgkgtdmrm ‚jgtvmdncndg― `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn mkmjj‗nk`nsn`}irm }k vrmdntg piramp `n mpæ `nrncmrnemkpg

Gvvgrp}knpæ Enkiddm

∟ Cgrpm tvmrnemkpi|ngkm dgemcgrei `n rndmrdi `n k}gsm tgj}|ngkn

∟ Eiaangrm jnomrpæ ‗i|ngkm∟ Eiaangrm dividnpæ `ndge}kndi|ngkm m rmji|ngkm dgk n angsikn mdgk j‗mtpmrkg dbm

cidnjnpi nj cirm rmpm"pmrrnpgrnijm'jgdijm.

∟ Tvmrnemkpirm vrgamppn"nevrmk`npgrnijn. dbm amkmrikg rntgrtm

∟ Nkkgsirm ikdbm rntvmppg i`nkpmrsmkpn dbm cidnjnpnkg j‗iddmttg ij drm`npgm` ijj‗ionpi|ngkm vmr n angsikn

∟ Mtdj}tngkm ìjjm gvvgrp}knpæ mìjj‗i`g|ngkm `n rncmrnemkpn kgreipnsn

m}rgvmn∟ Mtdj}tngkm ì ‚arik`n gvmrm― `nnkpmrmttm vmr n angsikn* nk y}ikpg `ndgevmpmk|i n ijprn Ittmttgripn

∟ Vgttnonjn piajn `n nkpmrsmkpn prgvvgcrieemkpipn m jgq%dgtp* tm kgk smkagkgrndgevrmtn nk jnkmm pmeipndbm vnþ ievnm gnk }k Vnikg Angsikn Nkpmaripg

Nk dgkdj}tngkm* jm ntpnp}|ngkn jgdijn* ari|nm ikdbm iajn nkpmrsmkpn emttn nk ippg m

ipprismrtg j‗i|ngkm `mjj‗IKDN* msgdikg i tî }k r}gjg ì ippgrn vrnkdnvijn

40 Angsikkn Dieviakgjn* J‗msgj}|ngkm `mn dgevnpn m `mn r}gjn `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk Npijni nk‚Mtvmrnmk|m `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk vrgsnkdni `n Enjikg― * Pmr|g rivvgrpg `mjj‗Gttmrsipgrng

Angsikn `mjji Vrgsnkdni `n Enjikg `mjjg NI_@+



2>

kmjj‗ipp}ijm citm `n vrgarieei|ngkm ki|ngkijm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* vrgvrng

t}jji tdgrpi `mjj‗nevgrpikpm r}gjg dbm bikkg anæ tsgjpg nk vittipg+

Ei }k r}gjg `n ‚vgjnd~ eihmr― jg rmdjieikg gaan ikdbm Vrgsnkdm m _mangkn*

y}mtp‗}jpnem kmjj‗ieonpg `mjji Dgkcmrmk|i Tpipg%_mangkn+ Nkcippn ji vgdi dbnirm||i

`mjji Dgtpnp}|ngkm rntvmppg i y}mtp‗ieonpg "irp+ 991. ivrm i egjpm nkpmrvrmpi|ngkn*

ijj‗nkpmrkg `mjjm y}ijn ivvirm jmanppnei ji vgtn|ngkm `mjjm _mangkn dbm tn tmkpgkg

pnpgjirn `n }ki `mjmai nk eipmrni* rmdjieik`g n dgevnpn `n vrgarieei|ngkm m`

nk`nrn||g ipprismrtg j‗mjiogri|ngkm `n Vnikn* emkprm jm Vrgsnkdm* i d}n smrrmoomrg

pritcmrnpm jm rntgrtm* `gsrmoomrg ipp}irjn* ari|nm i` }k‗i|ngkm `n dggr`nkiemkpg pri

Dge}kn m` graikn||i|ngkn angsiknjn+



>6

NNN DIVNPGJG

JM VGJNPNDBM ANGSIKNJN @MJ DGE]KM @N

KIVGJN



>9

NNN+9 Kivgjn* ji rmijpæ }roiki

Y}mtpg divnpgjg tn tgccmrei* nk virpndgjir eg`g* t}jjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn `mj

Dge}km `n Kivgjn+ I virpnrm ìjj‗ikijntn `mj dgkpmtpg tgdng%d}jp}rijm `mjji dnppæ m

ìjj‗nk`nsn`}i|ngkm `mj vrgcnjg `mn angsikn kivgjmpikn* tgkg tpipm dgk`gppm

nkpmrsntpm tmentpr}pp}ripm in vrnkdnvijn vrgpiagkntpn `mjjm vgjnpndbm vmr n angsikn `mj

Dge}km `n Kivgjn+ Nk virpndgjirm* nj jisgrg tn â dgkdmkpripg t} ijd}km `mjjm

vrnkdn vijn i|ngkn emttm nk ippg ìjj‗Ittmttgripg ijjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn m angsiknjn

`mj Dge}km+

Vrnei `n mkprirm kmn emrnpn `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* â kmdmttirng vrmtmkpirm

nj dgkpmtpg tgdnijm* d}jp}rijm m vgjnpndg `mjji dnppæ `n Kivgjn+ Ji rmijpæ tciddmppipi

`mjji dnppæ `n Kivgjn* tn vrmtmkpi dgem }k jiogripgrng `n rndmrdi tgdnijm* dgem

j}gag `n mtvmrnmk|m `mn dnppi`nkn kivgjmpikn* `gsm `nsmrtn bionp}t* kmj tmktg `n

Og}r`nm} "9>1>* vv+99>%914.* tn tpr}pp}rikg nk vripndbm djittncndionjn m `gsm y}mtpm

djittncndi|ngkn mkprikg i cir virpm `mjj‗neeiankirng dgjjmppnsg+

Â omkm y}nk`n tgccmreirtn t}n cmkgemkn d}jp}rijn dbm bikkg dirippmrn||ipg

Kivgjn* kmjji t}i dgevjmttnpæ* dgktn`mrik`g nj rivvgrpg pri nj egk`g `mjji d}jp}ri m

nj vgpmrm vgjnpndg m ntpnp}|ngkijm* tgvripp}ppg kmjj‗}jpneg mdmkkng+

Ajn tp}`n t}jji dgevjmttnpæ m t}j pmtt}pg }roikg `mjji dnppæ `n Kivgjn

`negtprikg ji dgkpri``nppgrnmpæ m n enjjm sgjpn `mjji dnppæ "Arnoi}`n* 9>>>* v+963.*

j‗neeiankm `mjji dnppæ bi tmevrm gk`maanipg cri `}m gvvgtpm rivvrmtmkpi|ngkn<

ÿ}mjji `n }ki dnppæ `}ijntpndi* `nsnti ì vrgcgk`m tviddip}rm tgdnijn* rmtn`}g `n }k

ikdnmk râanem ein t}vmripg* m `n y}mjji `n }ki dnppæ vgrgti* ivmrpi i pritcgrei|ngkn

dgkpnk}m* nk d}n p}ppn tn emtdgjikg dgk p}ppn* ajn tpripn tgdnijn snsgkg i tprmppg



>?

dgkpippg* emppmk`g nk dge}km n sijgrn m n dg`ndn d}jp}rijn+ X‣U Tgkg neeiankn

pgpijn||ikpn dbm eij tn vrmtpikg i rivvrmtmkpirm ji dgevjmttnpæ m ji

dgkpri``nppgrnmpæ `mj pmtt}pg }roikg¸+

Ji dgevjmttnpæ m n dgkcjnppn `mjji rmijpæ }roiki `n Kivgjn tgkg `nccndnjemkpm

nkìaionjn m rndgk`}dnonjn i }k‗nkìankm }knsgdi+ Ji dnppæ kgk tn cmrei i mttmrm

nky}i`ripi ¨nk }kg tdbmei }kndg* ri|ngkijm* cmreg* ei c}aam iajn tdbmen

vrmsm`nonjn vmr `nsmknrm } tnakncndikpm cj}pp}ikpm* dbm tn e}gsm cri dmkpg

nkpmrvrmpi|ngkn m enjjm tpgrnm¸ "Tisgkir`g* ?664* v+01%0>.+

Nj tgdngjgag Nink Dbieomrt "9>>0. iccmrei dbm j‗neeiankm `n Kivgjn â

tmakipi ì }ki rivvrmtmkpi|ngkm `n tm tpmtti dgem meojmei `mjji dnppæ nk drntn*

`}ky}m dnppæ dgem drntn* dgem j}gag vrgvgtnpnsg m vrg`}ppnsg nk d}n j‗nksmk|ngkm*

i virpnrm ì d}jp}rm ‚ijprm―* vmremppm `n tmakirm k}gsm priddm* nkm`npn vmrdgrtn m`

ijprn vrgamppn d}jp}rijn m` irpntpndn+ Ji pmtn `n Dbieomrt virpm ìj vrmt}vvgtpg dbm

tni kmdmttirng vrmk`mrm jm `ntpik|m ìjjg tpmrmgpnvg dbm tn bi `n Kivgjn ¨sntpi ì

ijprgsm¸* ìjj‗n`mi `mjji ¨dnppæ dbm tpi in dgkcnkn `mjj‗M}rgvi* t}jji tgajni `mj

em`npmrrikmg¸* `n ¨Kivgjn dgem dnppæ nk drntn rntvmppg i Enjikg* Virnan* Jgk`ri¸+ Â

}ki dnppæ dgtegvgjnpi dbm dgktmrsi dirippmrn jgdijntpndn* dgk }k‗n`mkpnpæ nornì dbm

tn `mcnkntdm vmr gvvgtpn* kmj t}g egtindg `n nev}jtn m `n tgsrivvgtn|ngkn* kmjji t}i

¨sirnmpæ empnddni¸ "@‗Iagtpnkg* ?669* v+0.+ Kivgjn dgem meojmei `n pmrenkn tvmttg ikpnpmpndn pri jgrg ei* ij pmevg

tpmttg* ciddm `mjji tpmtti emìajni< pri`n|ngkm m nkkgsi|ngkm* virpndgjirm m

}knsmrtijm* jgdijm m ajgoijm* tgkg `nemktngkn kmdmttirnm vmr iccrgkpirm jg tp}`ng

d}jp}rijm* tgdnijm m vgjnpndg `mjji dnppæ+



>4

N vrnen ikkn Kgsikpi* tmakikg dgtê j‗mri `mj ‚rnkitdnemkpg kivgjmpikg―* `mj

t}g rntdippg vgjnpndg* egrijm m tgdnijm* ei anæ ìajn ikkn Gppikpi* `gvg nj

pmrrmegpg* tn ittntpm i }ki iddmjmri|ngkm* vmrdbî ¨nj tmktg `n priam`ni* `n pmrri tgppg

in vnm`n dbm tm km si* `n nevrgssnti tpionjnpæ* rivvrmtmkpi }ki tvnkpi i rnprgsirm jm

ri`ndn+ Vmrpikpg i Kivgjn `gvg nj pmrrmegpg dn tgkg tpipn ikkn `n tprigr`nkirni

drmipnsnpæ e}tndijm* pmiprijm m irpntpndi¸ "Eirpgkm* 9>>?.+ Nj tntei* dgk n t}gn

`ntian m jm rnjmsikpn dgktma}mk|m tgdnijn* ismsi ippnripg ikdbm }k egpg `n arik`m

tgjnìrnmpæ m }k‗ippmk|ngkm amkmrijn||ipi t}jji divnpijm `mj Em||gangrkg+ Ajn gddbn

nk`ntdrmpn `mjjm pmjmdiemrm v}kpipn vmr emtn t}jji dnppæ* dgk j‗gonmppnsg `n egtprirm

nj `ntitprg* cnknrgkg dgk jg tdgvrnrm ikdbm pikpg ijprg ijprg+ Pikpg dbm* dgem iddi`m

tvmttg nk y}mtpn ditn* m ji tpgrni pgrkmræ i rnvmpmrtn* Kivgjn `nsmkkm nk ormsm pmevg

‚ji divnpijm m}rgvmi `mjji d}jp}ri―* ‚ji dnppæ vnþ rnddi `n vrg`}|ngkm pmiprijm― ‚ }kg

`mn j}gabn vnþ snsidn `M}rgvi― "Dirienmjjg* ?662* v+4.

Y}mtpn ikkn `negtprikg j‗mccmrsmtdmk|i m j‗mkp}tniteg `mj rnkitdnemkpg

kivgjmpikg* m sm`gkg vmr ji vrnei sgjpi nk tnkpgkni irpntpn `nttn`mkpn dgk ji djittm

`nrnamkpm* `nsmkpikg dgtê vrgegpgrn `mjji rntdgvmrpi `n }ki n`mkpnpæ dnppi`nki dbm

mtnam }k rnkkgsipg gragajng tn mttmrm kivgjmpikn+ Ji e}tndi `nsmkpi vmr mtmevng*

ji cgrei `‗irpm eikncmtpipi ipprismrtg ji rniccmrei|ngkm `mj `nijmppg dgkpienkipg

ipprismrtg nj dgkcrgkpg dgk ijprn egk`n d}jp}rijn m` ijprm jnka}m "Tisgkir`g* 9>>>.+Ijjg tpmttg pmevg* nj dgkpmtpg d}jp}rijm kivgjmpikg n y}mtpn ikkn kgk v}ÿ

mttmrm rivvrmtmkpipg i vrmtdnk`mrm ì }ki ijprmppikpi rncjmttngkm t}jjg tdmkirng

vgjnpndg% ntpnp}|ngkijm dbm bi dirippmrn||ipg kgk tgjg Kivgjn ei j‗nkpmrg Vimtm i

virpnrm ìjji arism drntn `mn virpnpn m ìjji dgtn``mppi ‚vrneismri `mn tnkìdn―* m

dngâ ji rncgrei vgjnpndi dbm vrmsm`m j‗mjm|ngkm `nrmppi `mj tnkìdg dgk `gvvng p}rkg



>0

`n oijjgppiaang* tprivvipi in dgktnajnmrn `n virpnpg* kgkdbî nj vgpmrm `mj tnkìdg `n

kgenkirm `nrmppiemkpm n vrgvrn ittmttgrn* dgk j‗goojnag `n tdmajnmrjn ij `n c}grn `mj

dgktnajng dge}kijm+ Nk rncmrnemkpg iajn ikkn Kgsikpi* iccmrei }kg `mn eiaangrn

vgjnpgjgan npijnikn Ei}rg Dijntm "?666* v+ =9. ¨nk kmtt}k vimtm gddn`mkpijm* ji drntn

`mn smddbn virpnpn â tpipi rivnì m `ncc}ti dgem nk Npijni* nk y}mtpg `mdmkkng¸+

Tgtpnmkm vmrpikpg* dbm nj d}grm `mjji drntn `mj tntpmei vgjnpndg%ntpnp}|ngkijm tni tpipg

vrmsijmkpmemkpm rivvrmtmkpipg ìj `mdjnkg `mn virpnpn* nk y}ikpg jm vrnkdnvijn

c}k|ngkn `mj tntpmei vgjnpndg ¨smknsikg tsgjpm* g dge}ky}m cnjpripm m

dgk`n|ngkipm¸ ìn virpnpn tpmttn "nsn* v+4. `ncippn* `nsmrtn tp}`n ikdgri gaan egtprikg

}k‗mccmppnsi nkdividnpæ `n rntvgk`mrm ijjm mtnamk|m `mn dnppi`nkn* `negtprik`g

nkdividnpæ kmj t}vmriemkpg `mjji drntn+

Nj vikgriei vgjnpndg%ntpnp}|ngkijm nk y}mtpngkm* sm`m vrgpiagkntpi nk`ntd}ttg

j‗ijjgri tnkìdg `n Kivgjn Ikpgkng Oittgjnkg* dbm snktm jm dge}kijn kmj ‗>4<

dgevrmtm cnk ì t}onpg ji kmdmttnpæ `n ìrm ijji dnppæ }ki tdgtti* tgvripp}ppg vmrdbî

y}majn ikkn sm`gkg mtvjg`mrm nj pmrrmegpg an}`n|nirng `n ‚eikn v}jnpm―* m `}ky}m

kitdmsi j‗mtnamk|i `n cirm jmsi t}j `mtn`mrng `n rntdippg vmr }ki emprgvgjn tmakipi

ì cgrpn `ntian m eijiccirm+

Ei ji t}i neeiankm m ji t}i drm`nonjnpæ* dgenkdnikg i nkdrnkirtn anæ kmj ‗>2

y}ik`g Oittgjnkg `mdn`m `n mkprirm kmj agsmrkg @‗Ijmei dgem enkntprg `mjjisgrg* eikpmkmk`g kmj dgkpmevg j‗nkdirndg `n tnkìdg* vmr`mk`g sni sni

dgktmktg+ Â nksmdm* j‗mjm|ngkm i tnkìdg `n Kivgjn _gti _}ttg Nmrsgjnkg kmj ?669*

dik`nìp}ri sgj}pi cgrpmemkpm ìj agsmrkipgrm Oittgjnkg* dbm rndmsm }k ievng

dgktmktg ìjjm cgr|m vgjnpndbm m d}jp}rijn `mjji dnppæ+ Ji Nmrsgjnkg bi nkdgkpripg

p}ppisni ikdbm arik`n `nccndgjpæ+ Nk virpndgjirm bi `gs}pg iccrgkpirm kmj ?662 ji



>=

arism drntn `mn rncn}pn* tdikìjg dbm bi dgnksgjpg ji Dievikni* `mpmrenkipi ìjjm

`nccndgjpæ kmjjg teijpnemkpg nk tma}npg ijji dbn}t}ri `n ijd}km `ntdirndbm+

Ijjg tpmttg pmevg* Kivgjn â }ki dnppæ tmakipi vrgcgkìemkpm ìjj‗ijpg pittg

`n vgsmrpæ m `n `ntgdd}vi|ngkm dbm tn rnvmrd}gpm eiaangremkpm t}jji citdni `mn

angsikn* jitdnik`g memramrm }k y}i`rg vrmgdd}vikpm+ Ji Dievikni* m nk

virpndgjirm Kivgjn* â cri ji rmangkn npijnikm y}mjji dbm bi eiaangremkpm rntmkpnpg

`mjji drntn mdgkgendi nkpmrki|ngkijm* msn`mk|nik`g nj vnþ ijpg pittg `n

`ntgdd}vi|ngkm ki|ngkijm+ N ìpn NTPIP `negtprikg dbm* kmjji tdgrti ikk}ijnpæ* pri

jm vrgsnkdm `mjji Dievikni* Kivgjn rmantpri }k nk`ndm `n `ntgdd}vi|ngkm vnþ ijpg

rntvmppg ijjm ijprm* virn ij 94*2-* ippmtpik`gtn dgem tmppneg eiaangr sijgrm rnjmsipg

nk Npijni* egtprik`g }ki cgrpm `mogjm||i `mj tntpmei mdgkgendg `mjji dnppæ `n

Kivgjn+

Nk y}mtpg tdmkirng tn emppm nk msn`mk|i }ki tpripncndi|ngkm dgevjmtti `mj

`ntiang `n }kg tpripg tmevrm vnþ ievng `mjji vgvgji|ngkm* tgvripp}ppg angsiknjm*

dbm snsm nk dgk`n|ngkn `n irrmpripm||i pijn ì emppmrm nk `ntd}ttngkm y}ij}ky}m

vrgtvmppnsi `n tsnj}vvg "Ieip}rg* Aieoir`mjji* Egrjnddbng* ?661.+ Â }ki vgsmrpæ

tnjmkpm* sntt}pi tvmttg kmj dbn}tg `mjji cienajni* dbm dgjvntdm n angsikn m jm `gkkm*

n vi`rn m jm ei`rn* `n y}mjjn dbm }k jisgrg kgk j°bikkg ein is}pg g dbm vn}ppgtpg

j°bikkg vmr`}pg+Nk dgkdj}tngkm* jg tdmkirng vgjnpndg* tgdnijm m d}jp}rijm dbm ìjj‗nkn|ng

`maj‗ikkn Kgsikpi bi dgkprittmakipg ji dnppæ `n Kivgjn* bi vrgsgdipg ri`ndijn

dieoniemkpn t}jjg tpmttg dgkpmtpg `mjji dnppæ* `mpmrenkik`g vrgcgk`m

pritcgrei|ngkn m vrgoionjemkpm* eiaangrm tcn`}dni `mj vgvgjg kivgjmpikg kmn

dgkcrgkpn `n ‚dbn― kgk â rn}tdnpg i vgpmk|nirm smriemkpm nj sijgrm `mjji dnppæ+



>3

NNN+? ]k vgttnonjm vrgcnjg mn angsikn kivgjmpikn

Ji drmtdmkpm dgevjmttnpæ `mjjm tgdnmpæ vgtp%nk`}tprnijn m n jgrg e}piemkpn

mdgkgendn* vgjnpndn m vnþ nk amkmrijm* tgdnijn* `mjnkmikg }k eg`mjjg tmevrm vnþ

mpmrgamkmg `n tpr}pp}ri tgdnijm+ Nk y}mtpg dgkpmtpg* n angsikn* dgtê dgem tn â

jiraiemkpm `negtpripg kmjji vrnei virpm `n y}mtpi ikijntn* dgtpnp}ntdgkg j‗gaamppg

`n gttmrsi|ngkm vrnsnjmanipg `mn e}piemkpn tgdnijn* m ikdgr `n vnþ* `mn e}piemkpn

`mn rivvgrpn pri vgjnpndi m tgdnmpæ+ Â gvvgrp}kg y}nk`n rnoi`nrm }ki vgttnonjm

`mcnkn|ngkm `n angsikn+

¨Dbm dgt‗â ji angsmkpþ7¸ â ji `geikì dbm tn vgkmsikg n dgkn}an Omramr

"Omramr m Omramr* 9>11.* t}aamrmk`gkm rntvgtpi ipprismrtg ijd}kn drnpmrn< vmr jgrg

angsmkpþ si nkpmti dgem dipmagrni tgdnijm* dbm sirni i tmdgkì `mj dgkpmtpg

`‗nkìankm+

Vmr y}ikpg rna}irì jm tgdnmpæ gddn`mkpijn* mtti kitdm dgem dipmagrni tgdnijm

`mcnknonjm dgem pijm* dgk nj vrgdmttg `n nk`}tprnijn||i|ngkm+ Ji rnsgj}|ngkm

nk`}tprnijm* bi `}ky}m gccmrpg tvi|ng ijji angsmkpþ dgem tpr}pp}ri

ntpnp}|ngkijn||ipi* dgk }ki dgktivmsgjm||i `n jmaiem dbm tn `msm tsnj}vvirm

ijj‗nkpmrkg `n }ki citm drgkgjgandi "A}irnkg* ?663.+ Ji angsmkpþ â dgtê dgtpnp}npi

ì }k ar}vvg `n tgaamppn dbm tgkg grnmkpipn nk oitm ijji tpmtti vrgojmeipndi

}pgvndi+ Mttn dgk`nsn`gkg ¨}k jmaiem `n amkmri|ngkm¸ "Eikbmne* 9>10* v+4=4.+

Ji angsnkm||i â }k vmrng`g `m`ndipg ijji cgrei|ngkm* dgevn}pi `n kgrei ìjji

td}gji dgem iamk|ni `n tgdnijn||i|ngkm vrmvgtpi i` bgd* ijjg tdgvg `n nkprg`}rrm

tvmdncndiemkpm jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn kmj egk`g i`}jpg+ Â }k vrg`gppg d}jp}rijm*

vmr y}ikpg `mj p}ppg c}k|ngkijm* dgtê dgem ismsi gttmrsipg @}rhbmne m vgn



>1

Virtgkt kmjji jmpp}ri tntpmendi `m`ndipi ij tgppgtntpmei ‚angsikn―< â }k vmrng`g `n

cgrei|ngkm iìppg ijji tgdnmpæ oitipi t}jji `nsntngkm `mj jisgrg+ Ji angsmkpþ dgtê

nky}i`ripi* kgk vgttnm`m sijgrm nk tm tpmtti* tm kgk nk sntpi `mjji dgevn}pi

rmijn||i|ngkm `mjji vmrtgki kmjj‗mpæ i`}jpi+ Mtti kitdm kmjji tgdnmpæ eg`mrki*

vgndbî tgkg tpipm jm mtnamk|m `mjji eg`mrknpæ i sijgrn||irm y}mtpi citm*

`ntpnka}mk`gji tgdnijemkpm+ Vmrpikpg ji angsnkm||i tmdgk`g Omramr "9>11* v+ ?21.

`nsnmkm dipmagrni tgdnijm dbm ¨tn â ikìpi mtvik`mk`g nk mkprieom jm `nrm|ngkn m

bi vrgarmttnsiemkpm drmipg }k egk`g tgdng%d}jp}rijm t}g vrgvrng¸+

Ji rndmrdi tgdngjgandi t}n angsikn dgktgjnìpitn ìajn ikkn Tmttikpi* dgem

vgjg d}jp}rijm vrm`genkikpm* `mcnknpg ìjj‗nkpmari|ngkm d}jp}rijm

nkpmramkmri|ngkijm* tn tvgtpi vrgarmttnsiemkpm cnkg iajn ikkn Tmppikpi* `nsmkmk`g

rnomjjm rnpg `n vittiaang+ Dgk j‗mtvjg`mrm `mjji dgkpmtpi|ngkm tmttikpgppmtdi* tn

virji `n dgkprgd}jp}ri* `n angsiknjnteg y}nk`n* dbm tn ippmtpi kmjji t}i vgtn|ngkm

vrnsnjmanipi `n sntnonjnpæ m `n nkpmrmttm tgdnijm+ Ji dipmagrni angsikm* ¨`nsmkpi

vmrdnÿ }k‗ijpmrkipnsi* vgrpiprndm `mj k}gsg* mjiogrik`g eg`mjjn `n mtntpmk|i ijprn*

vrgkpn i tgvvnikpirm y}mjjn vrmdm`mkpn smrtg d}n tn rmji|ngkikg nk eg`g

ittgj}piemkpm dgkcjnpp}ijm¸ "A}irnkg* ?663* v+10.+ Kmj `noippnpg tgdngjgandg*

tvmdnijemkpm npijnikg* â ikdgri snsi j‗neeiankm `mj ängsikm dgem tnkgkneg `n

nk`nsn`}g vgjnpndiemkpm nevmakipg m dgem tgaamppg dmkprijm kmn vrgdmttn `ne}piemkpg vgjnpndg* }ki rivvrmtmkpi|ngkm nk arik virpm mrm`npipi ìjji citm

egsnemkpntpi `majn ikkn Tmttikpi m Tmppikpi¸ "Diknajni* ?66?o.+

Ji `nsntngkm `mj jisgrg rndbnm`m kmj crippmevg* tmevrm eiaangrm

tvmdnijn||i|ngkm m y}ijncndi|ngkm* dgk rmy}ntnpn `n ntpr}|ngkm tmevrm vnþ dgevjmttn8

tn ijj}kai n dgktma}mk|i nj vmrng`g tdgjitpndg< j‗nkkij|iemkpg `mjj‗mpæ tdgjirm



>2

`mjj‗goojnag km â ji vrnei pmtpnegknik|i+ J‗neeiankm `n }k angsikm `ntvmrtg

tmk|i sijgrn* `n tdirtg tvmttgrm* angsikn dgem ijnmkn "Egrn* ?660. dbm vnþ dbm

mttmrm vrmgdd}vipn ijj‗graikn||i|ngkm mj vrgvrng c}p}rg* tmeorikg mttmrm tmevrm

vnþ jgkpikn ìjji jgrg vrgampp}ijnpæ c}p}ri+ Kmjji ari`}ipgrni `mn sijgrn nevgrpikpn

vmr n angsikn kivgjmpikn* nj jisgrg tn vgtn|ngki dnrdi i empæ* t}onpg `gvg

j‗i}pgrmijn||i|ngkm "Aieoir`mjji* ?661.+ Nj jisgrg vmr`m `n dmkprijnpæ dgem nk

vittipg m nk y}mtpg tdmkirng crieemkpipg j‗nk`nsn`}g `msm nevirirm i e}gsmrtn m

i` iìppirtn nk ormsn vmrcgreikdmt dbm prgsikg ji jgrg riangkm `‗mttmrm m` nj jgrg

rndgkgtdnemkpg kmjj‗neem`nipg+ Ji cjmttnonjnpæ `nsmkpi ji k}gsi virgji `‗gr`nkm*

dgem mtvrmttngkm `n tgvrissnsmk|i* dgem kmdmttnpæ `n d}n cir snrpþ+ Ji

vrmdirn||i|ngkm `mj jisgrg â }k cmkgemkg `njiaikpm* `nsmkpi priandiemkpm

meojmei tpr}pp}rijm `mj k}gsg enjjmkkng* pikpg ì vgpmr cir virjirm `n k}gsm

egìjnpæ jisgripnsm m dgkpripp}ijn dbm km eg`ncndikg jm vgttnonjnpæ vrgampp}ijn `mn

tgaamppn+ Nj jisgrg* kmjji t}i iddm|ngkm pri`n|ngkijemkpm nkpmti* â `n cippg* tmevrm

emkg y}ijncndikpm ji snpi `n }k nk`nsn`}g "A}irnkg* ?663* v+11.+

Y}mtpn angsikn ivvingkg vmrndgjgtiemkpm tri`ndipn ìjji tgdnmpæ m dgnksgjpn

nk cmkgemkn `n eirankijnpæ tgdnijm m d}jp}rijm "Disijjn* 9>2=.+ Tgkg dgtê }ki

t}od}jp}ri* }ki tvmdnm `n tgppgvrg`gppg `mjji mamegkndi d}jp}ri `n eitti* vnddgjn

i`}jpn tmk|i vrgtvmppnsi+Y}mtpi citm `mj jisgrg vrmtmkpi jm vrnkdnvijn dirippmrntpndbm `mjj‗}knsmrtg

angsiknjm `n Kivgjn* ipprismrtg n rnt}jpipn memrtn ì }ki rmdmkpm rndmrdi

`mjj‗Gttmrsipgrng Pmrrnpgrnijm Angsikn "GPA. i Kivgjn m Vrgsnkdni dbm tn vrgvgkm

dgem gttmrsipgrng vmreikmkpm t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm `mj divgj}gag

virpmkgvmg* nk ari`g `n cgrknrm ajn tpr}emkpn kmdmttirn vmr jmaamrm m` nkpmrvrmpirm n



>>

ontgakn* jm rntgrtm m jm vrgojmeipndbm dbm ionpikg nj pmrrnpgrng* ij cnkm n nk`nsn`}irm

nkpmrsmkpn m tmrsn|n i cisgrm `mj egk`g angsiknjm "Tisgkir`g* ?661.+

Nk virpndgjirm* }a}ijemkpm ji rivnì eg`mrkn||i|ngkm `majn }jpnen `mdmkkn m*

`n dgktma}mk|i* n ri`ndijn dieoniemkpn nkprg`gppn ì }ki k}gsi dge}kndi|ngkm `n

pnvg ajgoijm m tmevrm vnþ neem`nipi* bikkg vrg`gppg dgktma}mk|m kmj egk`g

angsiknjm* nkmsnpionjemkpm cnajni `mjjm k}gsm pmdkgjganm m `mn k}gsn vrgdmttn `n

dgtpr}|ngkm tgdnijm+ Dgtê dgem gttmrsi Crgkpnkn "?661* v+924%920. tn smrncndikg

`}m pmk`mk|m tgjg ivvirmkpmemkpm gvvgtpm< ì }k jipg y}mjji `mjj‗gegjgai|ngkm

dbm iantdm t}jj‗nevnikpg sijgrnijm dgevjmttnsg* nk y}ikpg n angsikn* vrg`}ppgrn `n

eg`m m `n dgkt}en ajgoijn||ikpn* `nsmkpmrmoomrg tmevrm vnþ tnenjn pri jgrg8 m

ìjj‗ijprg* y}mjji `mjji tmaemkpi|ngkm* dbm nksmdm vrg`}rrmoom ¨"endrg.cripp}rm

d}jp}rijn m k}gsm "endrg.ivvirpmkmk|m t}ojgdijn¸ "O}||n* ?66?.* virjik`g dgtê `n

prnoþ angsiknjn jmaipm mttmk|nijemkpm ì `nsmrtn pnvn `n vrg`gppn dgkt}eipn+

Tmdgk`g j!ntpnp}pg `n tpipntpndi nj k}emrg `n vmrtgkm tmk|i jisgrg â tmevrm

vnþ ijpg* msn`mk|nik`g nk virpndgjirm* ijd}km vrgojmeipndbm tpr}pp}rijn `mj dgkpmtpg

mdgkgendg kivgjmpikg+ N ìpn NTPIP nk eipmrni `n gdd}vi|ngkm* dgk rncmrnemkpg ij

emtm `n `ndmeorm ?696* kgk rmantprikg sirni|ngkn djiegrgtm* ei rnjmsikg }ki

tpiaki|ngkm dbm ivvirm mk`mendi ijji rmijpæ jisgripnsi npijniki* ivvirmkpmemkpm

nkdividm `n tcr}ppirm }k prmk` `n drmtdnpi mdgkgendi `ncc}tg kmj dgkpnkmkpmm}rgvmg+ Nj pittg `n `ntgdd}vi|ngkm â virn ij 2*3- dgkprg }ki em`ni m}rgvmi `mj

96-* ìpg tnd}riemkpm vnþ nkdgriaanikpm* ei tgjg tm dgeviripg i y}mjjg `mjji

em`ni `mn Vimtn `mjj‗]kngkm M}rgvmi+ N k}emrn vmrÿ dbm vrmgdd}vikg

eiaangremkpm tgkg y}mjjn rmjipnsn ijji `ntgdd}vi|ngkm angsiknjm* dbm tn ippmtpi

ij ?>-* dnrdi `nmdn v}kpn vmrdmkp}ijn nk vnþ rntvmppg i y}mjjn m}rgvmn* dbm dgk nj



966

?6- `n em`ni* kgk t}ontdm tnakncndikpn sirni|ngkn rntvmppg ij ìpg `mjjg tdgrtg

ikkg+ N angsikn dgevrmtn pri n 9= m` n ?0 ikkn tgkg y}mjjn dbm rnt}jpikg vmkijn||ipn

ìj tntpmei gdd}vi|ngkijm npijnikg* dgk }k ìpg i``nrnpp}ri t}vmrngrm rntvmppg i

y}mjjg rmjipnsg i @ndmeorm ?66>* dgk }k i}emkpg `mjji `ntgdd}vi|ngkm

angsiknjm `mj ?*0- nk }k ikkg "6*9- nk vnþ rntvmppg i Kgsmeorm ?696.4=+ Tn

msnkdm dgtê }k‗msn`mkpm `nccndgjpæ kmjji rndmrdi `n }k jisgrg* tgvripp}ppg vmrdbî nj

dgkpmtpg kivgjmpikg* dgtê dgem `negtpripg ì rmdmkpn tp}`n "_iag|nkn* ?661. sm`m

n angsikn `ntvgtpn i }ki tmevrm vnþ ievni egonjnpæ pmrrnpgrnijm+

Dgem bi ievniemkpm `negtpripg Ieijni Div}pg "?661.* n sijgrn `n cn`}dni

iddgrìpn ijjm graikn||i|ngkn m iajn }genkn vgjnpndn tgkg grein egjpg oittn* nk

dgkprivvgtn|ngkm dgk j‗mjmsipg ari`g `n cn`}dni iddgrìpg iajn graikn vgjnpndn

tgsriki|ngkijn+

Ijjg tpmttg eg`g* nj rivvgrpg `n cn`}dni dgk jm ntpnp}|ngkn kgk sirni pri Npijni

m* kmj t}g dgevjmttg* dgk Kivgjn+ _mdmkpn tp}`n `negtprikg n angsikn kivgjmpikn

cgrpmemkpm tcn`}dnipn m `ntnkpmrmttipn kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjji vgjnpndi i cisgrm ¨`n

ijd}km cgrem ‚ijpmrkipnsm― `n virpmdnvi|ngkm tgdnijm* y}ijm* i` mtmevng*

j‗ittgdni|ngknteg¸ "Crgkpnkn* ?661* v+9>9.+ Nj rivvgrpg dbm n angsikn bikkg dgk ji

vgjnpndi* nkpmti nk tmktg pri`n|ngkijm* ivvirm y}ikpgemkg ijpmripg< tmeori dbm n

angsikn ioonieg teirrnpg ji vrgvrni tgaamppnsnpæ vgjnpndi m tgdnijm+ Nk virpndgjirm*rntvmppg in dgmpikmn npijnikn* rnvgkagkg eiaangrm cn`}dni kmjjm ntpnp}|ngkn

nkpmrki|ngkijn* tma}gkg vgn jm cgr|m `mjj‗gr`nkm m n eitt em`ni+ Vmrpikpg* â

msn`mkpm }ki kmppi `nticcm|ngkm `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn smrtg nj dgkpmtpg vgjnpndg

4= Nk rncmrnemkpg dcr+ bppv<''qqq+jmsikpmgkjnkm+kmp'drgkidi'npijni'4=?3%ji%`ntgdd}vi|ngkm%nk%npijni%

m%ij%`n%tgppg%`mjji%em`ni%m}rgvmi%ei%y}mjji%angsiknjm%m%i``nrnpp}ri%i%?>+bpej "ìpi }jpnegiddmttg< 60'6?'99. + Vmr }ki jmpp}ri vnþ ivvrgcgk`npi `mn ìpn dcr+ ikdbm qqq+ntpip+np+



969

ipp}ijm* `negtprik`gtn i``nrnpp}ri `nta}tpipn m vgdg egpnsipn ijji virpmdnvi|ngkm

vgjnpndi* nkpmti nk tmktg pri`n|ngkijm+

Y}mtpg tmkpnemkpg `n `nticcm|ngkm kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjji vgjnpndi m `mn virpnpn

tpmttn â dirippmrntpndi `n y}mn tgaamppn ivvirpmkmkpn ijji djittm `mn ri`ndipn

"4>*23-.* dgtê dgem _iag|nkn "?661* v+22%>?. kmjji t}i ikijntn* jm n`mkpncndi*

dmrdik`g `n `mjnkmirm ijd}km pnvgjganm `n angsikn kivgjmpikn+ J‗gonmppnsg `mjjg

tp}`ngtg â y}mjjg `n priddnirm }k vrgcnjg `mn angsikn kivgjmpikn ipprismrtg jm

dmrpm||m* n sijgrn* n rncmrnemkpn tgdnijn m n an}`n|n kmn dgkcrgkpn `n ippmaaniemkpn

`msnikpn `n }ki amkmri|ngkm tmevrm vnþ ajgdij* dngâ ri`ndipi kmj vrgvrng pmrrnpgrng

m* ijjg tpmttg pmevg* dgtpikpmemkpm dgkkmtti m virpm nkpmarikpm `mj snjjiaang

ajgoijm "Tisgkir`g* ?664.+ Vmrpikpg ji vrnei djittm â dgtpnp}npi ì tgaamppn dbm

¨vmr nj jgrg ippmaaniemkpg emkpijm vrmsijmkpm* ikdgripg ijji pri`n|ngkm* vgttgkg

mttmrm `mcnknpn omk ‚ri`ndipn― kmj dgkpmtpg nk d}n snsgkg¸+ Ji tmdgkì pnvgjgani `n

angsikn â nksmdm dgtpnp}npi ì tgaamppn dbm* ìpg nj jgrg ippmaaniemkpg `n ivmrp}ri

smrtg ji rmijpæ tdnmkpncndi* tgdnijm m `n rncgrenteg kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn

v}oojndbm* vgttgkg mttmrm nktmrnpn kmjji dipmagrni `mn vrgarmttntpn "?>*21-.+ N

angsikn ivvirpmkmkpn i y}mtpi djittm* dgktn`mrikg iooitpik|i nevgrpikpn n sijgrn

rmjipnsn ijji cienajni* tij}pm m iegrm* rnvgkmk`g eiaangrm nevgrpik|i ij jisgrg m

ijjm rmjipnsm vgttnonjnpæ `n dirrnmri* nkgjprm kgk tmeorikg egtprirm }kippmaaniemkpg `n dgkìkki egrijm kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm cgrem `n pritarmttngkm

vmrtgkijm* m nk amkmrijm* tgkg pgjjmrikpn kmn dgkcrgkpn `majn ippn dgktn`mripn

tgdnijemkpm `msnikpn+ Ji pmr|i djittm â vgn rivvrmtmkpipi ìn kndbnjntpn "91*?2-.* m

dngâ y}mn angsikn ri`ndijemkpm tcn`}dnipn kmn dgkcrgkpn `mn tgaamppn ntpnp}|ngkijn* ¨n

jnsmjjn `n cn`}dni kmn dgkcrgkpn `n y}mtpn tgaamppn tgkg oittn g i``nrnpp}ri



96?

nkmtntpmkpn¸+ J‗}jpnei dipmagrni â rivvrmtmkpipi ìajn gppnentpn i gjprik|i "9?*>>-.*

djittm dgtpnp}npi ì tgaamppn dbm* ìpg nj jgrg cisgrmsgjm ippmaaniemkpg emkpijm* tn

`negtprikg vnþ cn`}dngtn kmn dgkcrgkpn `mn ar}vvn vgjnpndn* ntpnp}|ngkijn jgdijn m

ki|ngkijn* cn`}dni iddgeviakipi ì }ki rmjipnsi nevgrpik|i dbm snmkm ipprno}npi

ijj‗ippnsnpæ vgjnpndi+ Nk dgkdj}tngkm* ìn rnt}jpipn `mjji rndmrdi memram dbm* pri n

vrgcnjn `mjnkmipn m dgksmk|ngkijemkpm `mkgenkipn* n ri`ndipn rivvrmtmkpikg }k ìpg

tnakncndipnsg rntvmppg in rmtpikpn vrgcnjn+

Kmj dmrdirm `n cirm }k‗ippmkpi sij}pi|ngkm t}jji virpmdnvi|ngkm angsiknjm*

Ieijni Div}pg* virpm ìj tmktg `n ivvirpmkmk|i pmrrnpgrnijm `mn angsikn* vmr vgn

dgkdmkprirtn t}j rivvgrpg pri n angsikn kivgjmpikn* ji vrgvrni dnppæ* ji vgjnpndi m

j‗nevmakg tgdnijm+ ¨N angsikn nkpmrsntpipn tn vmrdmvntdgkg dnppi`nkn `mj egk`g* m nk

virpndgjirm dnppi`nkn `‗M}rgvi* eikpmkmk`g vmrÿ tmevrm dgem v}kpg `n rncmrnemkpg

nj vrgvrng pmrrnpgrng¸ "Div}pg* ?661* v+99?%906.+ Â dgem tm dgmtntpmttmrg n`mkpnpæ

pmrrnpgrnijn `nccmrmkpn* ei tpr}pp}ripm nk pikpn dmrdbn dgkdmkprndn ij dmkprg `mn y}ijn

snmkm vgtpi ji dgevgkmkpm ‚jgdijki|ngkijntpi― m in eirankn y}mjji ‚ajgdijm―+ @n

dgktma}mk|i dnÿ dbm dirippmrn||i n angsikn kivgjmpikn â ¨}k‗n`mkpnpæ jgdij%

ki|ngkijntpi* nk d}n vrmsijm nj tmktg `n ivvirpmkmk|i ijjm `nemktngkn jgdijn* dgem ji

dnppæ* ji ki|ngkm g* ikdgri* ji rmangkm `n rncmrnemkpg¸+

Tmdgk`g ji pmtn `n Ieijni Div}pg* `ncippn* n angsikn kivgjmpikn* vmrdmvntdgkgnj pmrrnpgrng tgvripp}ppg dgem cgkpm `n vmrndgjg m ivv}kpg vmr y}mtpg* n virmrn

vmaangrn an}kagkg vrgvrng nk rmji|ngkm ijji tcmri `mjji tnd}rm||i m `mjji jgppi ijji

drnenkijnpæ+ Ei tmdgk`g ji tp}`ngti* â vrgvrng nj rivvgrpg dgk ji vgjnpndi m jm

ntpnp}|ngkn v}oojndbm i rnt}jpirm virpndgjiremkpm vrgojmeipndg+ ¨Ji vgjnpndi â sntpi

dgem cgkpm `n nkpmrmttn vmrtgkijn vn}ppgtpg dbm dgem sijgrm `n nevmakg dnsnjm `n



964

}ki tgdnmpæ `megdripndi¸+ Nkgjprm* `negtpri dbm* tm ì }k jipg n angsikn tmeorikg

ivvrm||irm m dgk`nsn`mrm jm ippnsnpæ }eiknpirnm m tgdnijn* ìjj‗ijprg* nj jgrg nevmakg

vgjnpndg â vripndiemkpm nkmtntpmkpm+ N angsikn ittgenajnikg tmevrm `n vnþ i y}mjji

dbm @nieikpn "9>>>. `mcnkntdm ji ämkmri|ngkm nksntnonjm¸* gssmrg }ki

amkmri|ngkm `nccndnjemkpm dgjjgdionjm ì }k v}kpg `n sntpi tgdnijm m

ivvirmkpmemkpm egjpg `ntpikpm ìajn tdmkirn `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm vgjnpndi

angsiknjm `mj Tmttikpgppg* tmeori nkcippn dbm ioonikg teirrnpg ji jgrg tgaamppnsnpæ

tgdnijm m vgjnpndi* egtprik`gtn rnvnmaipn t} jgrg tpmttn* emkg n`mijntpn* vrgkpn i

nk`nsn`}irm tpripmanm `n iìppiemkpg i }ki tgdnmpæ tmevrm vnþ crieemkpipi

"Tisgkir`g* ?661.+ Ei â kmjji drntn vnþ amkmrijm `mj tntpmei tgdnijm m `mjji

vgjnpndi i mttmrm rnkpriddnipi ji di}ti `mjj‗nkkmaionjm `ntpik|i pri jm k}gsm

amkmri|ngkn m nj tntpmei vgjnpndg pri`n|ngkijemkpm nkpmtg+ N angsikn* prisgjpn

nkmsnpionjemkpm* ì }k vrgdmttg `n pritcgrei|ngkm dbm dgnksgjam ji tgdnmpæ* n

eg`mjjn `n dgevgrpiemkpg m ji tcmri `mn sijgrn m `mjjm n`mgjganm* m y}nk`n `mjji

vgjnpndi* tn prgsikg i mttmrm `mtpnkipirn m tgvripp}ppg jgrg tpmttn ippgrn `n }ki

pritcgrei|ngkm dbm jn tvnkam nk }ki dgk`n|ngkm `n ntgjiemkpg* `ntgrnmkpiemkpg m `n

nkdmrpm||i* vrmk`mk`g tgvripp}ppg ¨jm `ntpik|m ì }ki vgjnpndi dbm* kmjji jgrg

gppndi* jn rivvrmtmkpi tmevrm emkg¸+

N angsikn kivgjmpikn tgkg cgrpmemkpm tcn`}dnipn m `ntnkpmrmttipn kmn dgkcrgkpn`mjji vgjnpndi i cisgrm `n ijd}km cgrem ‚ijpmrkipnsm― `n virpmdnvi|ngkm tgdnijm*

dgem j‗ittgdni|ngknteg+

I pij vrgvgtnpg* Div}pg tgppgjnkmi j‗nvgpmtn `n Omdh "?666. tmdgk`g d}n tn

ittntpm i }k‗ivmrp}ri `mn dgkcnkn `mjji vgjnpndi* }ki tgrpi `n enari|ngkm `n

y}mtp‗}jpnei ìajn ieonpn ntpnp}|ngkijn i` ijprn tmppgrn kgk `nrmppiemkpm i mtti



960

dgkkmttn* }kg tvgtpiemkpg `mjj‗ippmk|ngkm `mn angsikn ìj dgkpmk}pg n`mgjgandg

ijjm vripndbm y}gpn`nikm+ Tirmoom gvvgrp}kg nkcnkm dbnm`mrtn * dgkpnk}i ji tp}`ngti*

¨tm rmijemkpm tn vgtti virjirm `n }ki ‚amkmri|ngkm nksntnonjm―* rnvnmaipi t}jji

vrgvrni tgaamppnsnpæ* g vn}ppgtpg `n }ki amkmri|ngkm dbm bi tvgtpipg ijprgsm n vrgvrn

nkpmrmttn* y}mjjn dbm* ipprismrtg vmrdgrtn nkm`npn* cgreikg m tpr}pp}rikg j‗n`mkpnpæ

tgdnijm¸+

Ieijni Div}pg43 `negtpri dgem* ìj dgkcrgkpg dgk n ìpn GPA m y}mjjn

NI_@ "?663.* tni memrtg dbm n sijgrn vmrdmkp}ijn rmjipnsn ij dgnksgjanemkpg kmjji

vgjnpndi `mn angsikn kivgjmpikn kgk vrmtmkpikg ein `nccmrmk|m tpipntpndiemkpm

tnakncndipnsm rntvmppg in jgrg dgmpikmn npijnikn+ ]k pmr|g `mj dievngkm tn `ndbniri ‚ij

dgrrmkpm* ei kgk virpmdnvi―* }k ijprg pmr|g vrmcmrntdm ‚jitdnirm ji vgjnpndi in

dgevmpmkpn― m dnrdi }k y}irpg `majn nkpmrsntpipn tm km `ndbniri i``nrnpp}ri

`nta}tpipg+ Tn prippi* nk vripndi* kgk `n }ki `nticcm|ngkm smrtg }k ‚virpndgjirm―

dgkpmtpg vgjnpndg jgdijm* y}ikpg }ki dnrdgtpik|i amkmrndi+

Pio+ 9< Ippmaaniemkpg kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjji vgjnpndi "- tn.

43 Nk rncmrnemkpg ijj‗ikijntn t}jji rmji|ngkm pri angsikn m vgjnpndi* dcr+ Div}pg I+* N angsikn `mj RRN

tmdgjg< }ki k}gsi amkmri|ngkm vgjnpndi7 Nkbppv<''qqq+angsiknmtgdnmpi+}knog+np'vivmr'>o'div}pg+v`c "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg 96'6?'?699.+



96=

I dgkdj}tngkm `mjji t}i ikijntn* Div}pg rnpnmkm dbm j‗nevmakg vgjnpndg* nkpmtg kmjji

t}i cgrei vnþ ‚djittndi― kgk â vnþ dgtê `ncc}tg pri n angsikn m vmrpikpg tirmoom

dgrrmppg virjirm `n ¨mdjnttm¸ `mjji vgjnpndi+ ¨Dgksnmkm vmrÿ dgktn`mrirm y}mjjm

cgrem `n i|ngkm dgjjmppnsi dbm dgkpmkagkg* kmj jgrg nktnmem* }ki dmrpi `gtm `n

vgjnpndnpæ m dbm kgk i ditg bikkg prgsipg ikdbm }ki `mcnkn|ngkm grein

ievniemkpm `ncc}ti pri ajn tp}`ngtn `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm vgjnpndi< dn rncmrnieg ijji

virpmdnvi|ngkm kgk dgksmk|ngkijm* kmjjm t}m cgrem eg`mripm m'g ri`ndijn¸+

Dgk j‗gonmppnsg `n tp}`nirm jm k}gsm cgrem `n tgdnijnpæ angsiknjm* j‗ippnsnpæ

`mjj‗GPA bi vgtpg }ki virpndgjirm ippmk|ngkm* ikdbm ijjg tp}`ng `mjjm k}gsm

egìjnpæ `n tgdnijn||i|ngkm m nkpmri|ngkm angsiknjm gk jnkm* ipprismrtg empg`gjganm

`n rndmrdi vmr j‗gttmrsi|ngkm m ji rndgakn|ngkm `mjjm qmo dgee}knp~ `mn angsikn `n

Kivgjn m Vrgsnkdni+ Ji rndmrdi bi emttg nk msn`mk|i dgem y}mtpm k}gsm

pmdkgjganm* kgk tgjg bikkg }k pittg `n `ncc}tngkm dgktntpmkpm pri n angsikn `n

Kivgjn* `nsmkpik`g virpm nkpmarikpm `mjji snpi `n }k nk`nsn`}g* ei tgkg ikdbm

rnpmk}pn ¨vgrpipgrn `n }k‗nkcgrei|ngkm ijpmrkipnsi* dgkprgdgrrmkpm* m vmrdnÿ vnþ

drm`nonjm¸ "Tisgkir`g* Div}pg* @m Kgpirnt* ?661.+ Tmdgk`g ji pmtn `majn i}pgrn*

Kivgjn tmeori ismrm }ki virpndgjirm vrm`ntvgtn|ngkm kmj pritcgreirm jm cgrem `n

tgdnijnpæ gk jnkm nk gvvgrp}knpæ `n nkdgkprn ìj snsg* nk dgkpmtpn `n dge}kndi|ngkm

`nrmppi* nkpmrvmrtgkijm m dgjjmppnsi+ N k}gsn em`ni gjprm i `nsmkpirm dikijn `npritenttngkm `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn* tn dgkcna}rikg ikdbm* dgem j}gag kmj

y}ijm iccrgkpirtn* `ntd}pmrm dgk ajn ijprn }pmkpn* g vn}ppgtpg dgem tmevjndn virmkpmtn

`n tsiag+ Ivvingkg tmevrm vnþ j}gabn `n virpmdnvi|ngkm vgjnpndi m tgdnijm* tvi|n

`nanpijn dbm rndbnm`gkg `n mttmrm nkìaipn ij virn `mjjm vni||m* `mn jgdijn* `mn j}gabn

`n iaarmai|ngkm m `n jisgrg* m y}nk`n ijjm cgrem `n rmji|ngkm m nkpmri|ngkm tgdnijm



963

dgtê dgem pri`n|ngkijemkpm nkpmtm* nk y}ikpg tvi|n kmn y}ijn ajn nk`nsn`}n vittikg

virpm `mjji jgrg snpi "Tisgkir`g* ?661.+ Oitpn vmktirm in egsnemkpn dbm kitdgkg

`nrmppiemkpm gk jnkm m tgjpikpg `gvg tn pritcgreikg nk nkn|nipnsm ‚rmijn―+ Y}mtpg

cmkgemkg rivvrmtmkpi ji dbniri pmtpnegknik|i `n y}ikpg Nkpmrkmp iooni dgktmkpnpg

`n rmijn||irm }ki egonjnpi|ngkm kgk vnþ `n pnvg pri`n|ngkijm+ Ji _mpm* vmr n angsikn

kivgjmpikn dbm* grein* `mdjittikg j‗ippnsnpæ vgjnpndi pri ajn }jpnen vgtpn `mjji tdiji

`mn sijgrn* `nsmkpi }ki vni||i snrp}ijm* }k j}gag `gsm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi

vgjnpndi kgk issnmkm vnþ dgk egìjnpæ `n pnvg pri`n|ngkijm* ei tvmttg snmkm iddgjpi

dgem mtvrmttngkm `mjj‗ikpnvgjnpndi m `mj y}ij}ky}nteg+ Y}mtpi k}gsi egìjnpæ `n

dge}kndi|ngkm* vrgoionjemkpm* vgprmoom rivvrmtmkpirm nj tmakijm pikanonjm `n }k

dieoniemkpg mvgdijm `mjjm cgrem `n virpmdnvi|ngkm tgdnijm m dnsnjm `mn angsikn*

dbm grein tmeorikg kgk rndgkgtdmrtn vnþ nk y}mtpg tntpmei vgjnpndg npijnikg

"Tisgkir`g* Div}pg* @m Kgpirnt* ?661.+

Nk }jpnei ntpik|i* tmeori dbm nj priegkpg `mjjm n`mgjganm iooni vgrpipg dgk

tî* ji cnkm `n gakn pmktngkm vgjnpndi* kgkdbî ji vmr`npi `n dmkprijnpæ `mjji vgjnpndi

tpmtti* kmjji snpi `mj tnkagjg nk`nsn`}g* dgtê dgem tvnmai nk eg`g drnpndg Mkrndg

Diknajni "?66?o. dgkpnk}ik`g ji t}i nkpmrvrmpi|ngkm tgtpmkmk`g dbm kmjji tgdnmpæ

vgtpnk`}tprnijm<

X‣U eikdikg arik`n di}tm vmr d}n dgeoippmrm* n angsikn kgk bikkg`mjjm dmrpm||m n`mijn m egrijn i d}n iccnìrtn* g kgk bikkg vnþ cn`}dnit}j cippg dbm mtntpi }ki `nrm|ngkm cnkijm `mjj‗i|ngkm vgjnpndi*pri`n|ngkijemkpm nk`ndipi ìjj‗}tg `n pmrenkn dgem /meikdnvi|ngkm/*`n dgktma}mk|i jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn iooik`gkikg nj dievg `mjjivgjnpndi+



961

NNN+4 J„nkìankm mevnrndi

J‗nkìankm `n dirippmrm mtvjgripnsi m `mtdrnppnsi* â tpipi dgk`gppi ipprismrtg

nkpmrsntpm tmentpr}pp}ripm in vrgpiagkntpn `mjjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn i Kivgjn<

j‗Ittmttgrm ijjm Vgjnpndbm Tgdnijn* Tvmrnemkpi|ngkm `mj Onjikdng Virpmdnvipg m

Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn % An}jng _nddng % m ijji `nrnamkpm `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn %

@gemkndi Dgvvgji % `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn pri Kgsmeorm ?696 m Amkking ?699+

J‗gonmppnsg `mjj‗ikijntn â y}mjjg `n nkìairm ajn mccmppn `mjjm vgjnpndbm vmr n angsikn

t}j pmrrnpgrng8 jm ippnsnpæ m jm tpripmanm rnt}jpipm vnþ mccndidn* jm drnpndnpæ rmjipnsm m* vnþ

nk amkmrijm* n cmkgemkn m jm `nkiendbm dbm dirippmrn||ikg j‗}knsmrtg angsiknjm

kivgjmpikg+

I pij cnkm tgkg tpipm* `}ky}m* dgk`gppm nkpmrsntpm y}ijnpipnsm tmentpr}pp}ripm*

dgk jg tdgvg `n nkìairm nj cmkgemkg i virpnrm ìjji vrgtvmppnsi `mn vrgpiagkntpn

`mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn nk dnppæ* dgajnmk`gkm jm dipmagrnm emkpijn m jm rmjipnsm

nkpmrvrmpi|ngkn* ei tgvripp}ppg rnjmsik`g jm i|ngkn m jm ippnsnpæ tsgjpm ìj Dge}km

`n Kivgjn rnsgjpm in angsikn m tgccmreik`gtn t} ijd}km `mjjm vrnkdnvijn `nemktngkn

dbm dirippmrn||ikg pijn i|ngkn+

Tmdgk`g Dgromppi "9>>>* v+06=. j‗nkpmrsntpi y}ijnpipnsi â ¨}ki

dgksmrti|ngkm vrgsgdipi ìjj‗nkpmrsntpipgrm* rnsgjpi i tgaamppn tdmjpn t}jji oitm `n

}k vnikg `n rnjmsi|ngkm m nk k}emrg dgktntpmkpm* ismkpm cnkijnpæ `n pnvg dgkgtdnpnsg*

a}nìpi ìjj‗nkpmrsntpipgrm* t}jji oitm `n }kg tdbmei cjmttnonjm m kgk

tpikìr`n||ipg `n nkpmrrgai|ngkm¸+

Vmrpikpg jg tpr}emkpg `n riddgjpi `mjjm nkcgrei|ngkn* vmr iìppirtn ijjm

`nsmrtm vmrtgkijnpæ `majn nkpmrsntpipn m dgajnmrkm nj vrgvrng v}kpg `n sntpi* `msm



962

mttmrm cjmttnonjm nj vnþ vgttnonjm m kgk tpikìr`n||ipg+ Nk virpndgjirm* j‗nkpmrsntpi

y}ijnpipnsi kgk v}ÿ mttmrm `mcnknpi }ki tmevjndm pmdkndi vmr ji riddgjpi `mjjm

nkcgrei|ngkn* â vn}ppgtpg }k vrgdmttg `n nkpmri|ngkm cri `}m nk`nsn`}n `}rikpm ji

y}ijm* nj rndmrdipgrm dmrdi `n gppmkmrm nkcgrei|ngkn y}ikpg vnþ `mppiajnipm m

ivvrgcgk`npm vgttnonjn t}j pmei `mjji rndmrdi+ Nk y}mtpg pnvg `n nkpmrsntpi

j‗nkpmrsntpipg kgk bi }k r}gjg vittnsg* ei omktê ippnsg m `nkiendg8 â dge}ky}m

}ki rmji|ngkm itneemprndi nk y}ikpg â j‗nkpmrsntpipgrm dbm `mcnkntdm ji tnp}i|ngkm*

nkprg`}dm j‗iragemkpg `mjji dgksmrti|ngkm m ci vrgdm`mrm j‗nkpmrsntpi "Dndgakikn*

?66?.

Ji ¨priddni¸ `mjj‗nkpmrsntpi rnvgrpi ajn iragemkpn dbm ontgaki pgddirm*

p}ppisni j‗gr`nkm dgk nj y}ijm n sirn pmen tgkg iccrgkpipn m nj eg`g `n cgre}jirm jm

`geik`m tgkg tpionjnpn m sij}pipn kmj dgrtg `mjj‗nkpmrsntpi* dgk ji jnomrpæ `n

nevgtpirm ji dgksmrti|ngkm ijj‗nkpmrkg `n }k dmrpg iragemkpg* `n vgrrm ijd}km

`geik`m m dbnm`mrm dbnirnemkpn* ivvrgcgk`nemkpn* y}ik`g jg tn rnpnmkm gvvgrp}kg+

Nk dgkdj}tngkm* nj sikpiaang `n dgk`}rrm j‗nkpmrsntpi tmentpr}pp}ripi â y}mjjg

`n dgkdm`mrm ievni jnomrpæ ijj‗nkpmrsntpipg* airikpmk`g ijjg tpmttg pmevg dbm p}ppn n

pmen rnjmsikpn tnikg `ntd}ttn m dbm p}ppm jm nkcgrei|ngkn kmdmttirnm tnikg riddgjpm

"nsn* v+2?.+



96>

NNN+0 Jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn `mj dge}km `n Kivgjn+ Ji sgdm `mn‚vrgpiagkntpn―

J‗Ittmttgripg ijjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn* ìj ?666*

vrgvgkm nj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn dbm pri`}dm nk ippn `n amtpngkm ajn nk`nrn||n

`mjj‗Ieenkntpri|ngkm* irpndgjipn nk prm eidrg%gonmppnsn< nj vrgpiagknteg angsiknjm*

j‗Nkcgreiangsikn* jm d}jp}rm angsiknjn+ Jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn bikkg dirippmrm `n

pritsmrtijnpæ* nksmtpgkg vmrpikpg ieonpn dgevjmttn dgem y}mjjg d}jp}rijm*

m`}dipnsg* `mjj‗nkcgrei|ngkm* `mjji cgrei|ngkm* mdgkgendg* cntdijm* `mj jisgrg

`mjji drmi|ngkm `‗nevrmti* `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm ijji snpi v}oojndi* `mj pmevg jnomrg

mdd+ Y}mtpm vgjnpndbm* ij cnkm `n rntvgk`mrm ijji dgevjmttnpæ `mn ontgakn*

tpnegjik`g ji virpmdnvi|ngkm `mn angsikn ijji snpi v}oojndi* `nsmkpik`gkm virpm

ippnsi* tgkg nk`nrn||ipm ijji vrgeg|ngkm m ijjg tsnj}vvg `mn `nrnppn `n dnppi`nkik|i

`mn angsikn m` mtmrdnpikg }ki c}k|ngkm dgtpikpm grnmkpipi ijj‗nkdj}tngkm tgdnijm+ Nj

pmrrnpgrng* `}ky}m* `nsnmkm mjmemkpg dgtpnp}pnsg `mjji dnppi`nkik|i* v}kpik`g

ijj‗mtviktngkm `n }kg ‚tvi|ng angsikn― dbm tn issijm `n j}gabn cntndn* tpr}pp}rm*

tvi|ng snrp}ijm* tpr}emkpi|ngkn* vrgcmttngkijnpæ* tivmrn* rntgrtm }eikm m

cnkik|nirnm+

Nk y}mtpg dgkpmtpg* nj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn* tpr}pp}ri v}oojndi dbm* nk rmanem `n

nkpmrciddni dgk nj vrnsipg* dgk jm iamk|nm `n jgppi ijj‗nkdj}tngkm tgdnijm dgtê dgem

dgk jm i|nmk`m* tsgjam }k r}gjg dgevjmttnsg nk eipmrni t} vnikn `nccmrmk|nipn<

iaarmai|ngkm m tgdnijn||i|ngkm* nkcgrei|ngkm* cgrei|ngkm m grnmkpiemkpg*

vrgeg|ngkm m vrg`}|ngkm* tdieon d}jp}rijn+ @ijji t}i kitdnpi nkcippn* â tpipi rnsgjpi

tmevrm `n vnþ ippmk|ngkm in ontgakn angsiknjn* ipprismrtg ji rmijn||i|ngkm `n

nkn|nipnsm tgdng%m`}dipnsm* d}jp}rijn m nkcgreipnsm dbm gccrgkg gvvgrp}knpæ `n



996

dge}kndi|ngkm m tvmrnemkpi|ngkm* ikdbm ipprismrtg n jnka}iaan `mjji e}tndi* `mjji

ìk|i* mj pmiprg* mjj‗neeiankm "Tisgkir`g* ?661.+

Ipprismrtg jm nkpmrsntpm tmentpr}pp}ripm in vrgpiagkntpn `mjjm Vgjnpndbm

Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn m j‗ikijntn `mn dgkpmk}pn `mn vrnkdnvijn vrgamppn

vrgegttn m rmijn||ipn ìj Dge}km* kmjj‗ipp}ijm Ieenkntpri|ngkm* y}mtpi virpm `mj

jisgrg vrmtmkpi ajn itvmppn vnþ rnjmsikpn `mjjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn i Kivgjn m nj

v}kpg `n sntpi `mn vrgpiagkntpn `mjjm vgjnpndbm nk eipmrni `n angsikn amkmri|ngkn+

Cirm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn* rndgk`}dnonjn `}ky}m* ij vnþ ievng dievg `mjjm

Vgjnpndbm Tgdnijn* s}gj `nrm nkkik|np}ppg* `mcnknrjm dgem ¨p}ppm y}mjjm i|ngkn m

kgrem* vrgegttm g rndgkgtdn}pm ìjjm ntpnp}|ngkn vgjnpndbm* enripm ijji vnmki

rmijn||i|ngkm `mn `nrnppn `mn dnppi`nkn nk mpæ angsiknjm¸ "Emti* ?662.+ @n

dgktma}mk|i* vrgvrng vmrdbî tgkg nktmrnpm kmj vnþ ievng y}i`rg `mjjm Vgjnpndbm

Tgdnijn* dgtê dgem y}mtpm }jpnem* jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn* kmaj‗}jpnen ikkn* tgkg

tpipg gaamppg `n k}emrgtn dieoniemkpn dbm bikkg vgrpipg i }ki jgrg k}gsi

dgkcna}ri|ngkm oitipi mttmk|nijemkpm t}j vrnkdnvng `n t}ttn`nirnmpæ m t} }k

eg`mjjg `n agsmrkikdm dgk`nsntg ì `nsmrtn ippgrn+

Dgktn`mrirm n angsikn dgem }k‗nkmtpneionjm rntgrti `n tsnj}vvg m `n

eg`mrkn||i|ngkm* â j‗n`mi `n cgk`g `n y}mtpm vgjnpndbm+

Tisni Dgvvgji* `nrnamkpm `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn

41

*iccmrei dbm<

X‣U i virpnrm ìjj‗ikkg ?661* â tpipg ntpnp}npg nj Cgk`g Ki|ngkijm `mjjmVgjnpndbm Angsiknjn m y}nk`n* d‗mri j‗mtnamk|i `n ippnkamrm ij Cgk`g Ki|ngkijm`mjjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn* ijjm t}m rntgrtm mdgkgendbm* vmr cirm tmrsn|n rnsgjpnin dnppi`nkn angsikn+ Y}mtpn tmrsn|n* dbm tpgrndiemkpm tgkg tpipn tmrsn|n sgjpn vnþ dbm ijprg ijj‗nkprippmknemkpg* nkcippn jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn i virpnrmìaj‗ikkn ‗26 tgkg tpipm rnsgjpm nkkik|np}ppg ij `ntiang m ijji vrmsmk|ngkm `mj

41 Sm`n nkpmrsntpi I nk ivvmk`ndm ijji @nrnamkpm `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn* v+9?2+



999

`ntiang* g tgkg `nsmkpipm vgjnpndbm `mjj‗iang ei cgkìemkpijemkpm vgjnpndbm`mjj‗nkprippmknemkpg+ I`mttg cnkijemkpm* ajn nk`nrn||n `mj agsmrkg ikdbm nkjnkmi dgk ji Tpripmani `n Jntogki `mj ?666* tgkg vgjnpndbm `n nksmtpnemkpgt}jji rntgrti }eiki angsikm* y}nk`n vgjnpndbm `mjj‗i}pgkgeni m vgjnpndbm `n

tsnj}vvg+

@i y}mtpg v}kpg `n sntpi â nk`ntvmktionjm* y}nk`n* dbm jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn tn

dgkcna}rnkg dgem vgjnpndbm `n nksmtpnemkpg* vgjnpndbm `mjj‗gvvgrp}knpæ* vgjnpndbm

`mjj‗i}pgkgeni vmr ìrm sgdm in angsikn* dbm ipprismrtg n jgrg jnka}iaan m eg`n `n

cirm* vgprikkg mttmrm vrgpiagkntpn ippnsn dgkprno}mk`g dgtê i vrmvirirm nj c}p}rg dbm

jn itvmppi+ @‗ijpri virpm ji Dievikni* m nk virpndgjirm Kivgjn* bi nj arik`m

sikpiaang `n vgpmr dgkpirm t} }k vrm|ngtg divnpijm }eikg t} d}n nksmtpnrm kmjji

dgtpr}|ngkm `mj c}p}rg< n angsikn+ Kivgjn â pri jm dnppæ emprgvgjnpikm dgk ji

vmrdmkp}ijm vnþ ijpi `n angsikn rntvmppg ijji vgvgji|ngkm ki|ngkijm* ivv}kpg vmr

y}mtpg* ontgaki nksmtpnrm t}jji jgrg rntgrti m t}jjm rmjipnsm vgpmk|nijnpæ `n

nkkgsi|ngkm* vmktik`g i }ki arik`m ¨jmaam gonmppnsg¸ dbm jn dgnksgjai+ An}jng

_nddng* Ittmttgrm ijji Vgjnpndbm Tgdnijn m Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn42*

tgtpnmkm dbm<

X‣U `goonieg vmktirm dbm }ki arik`m jmaam gonmppnsg si cippi t}j divnpijm}eikg m dbm nj divnpijm }eikg t}j y}ijm vgttnieg nksmtpnrm m t} d}n bi tmktgnksmtpnrm gaan* â nj divnpijm }eikg dbm virji `mjjm kgsnpæ pmdkgjgandbm vrg`}ppnsm* d}jp}rijn m dbm cirikkg j‗Npijni m j‗M}rgvi ìj ?699 ij ?6=6* njrmtpg kgk dn nkpmrmtti vnþ+ Y}nk`n kgn ioonieg ontgakg `n }ki arik`m jmaamgonmppnsg t}jjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn* dbm tni }ki jmaam dbm ciddni eg`mrknpæ

vnþ dbm eg`mrkn||i|ngkm* dngâ dbm tni }ki eg`mrknpæ cippi `n `nrnppn*tnd}riemkpm* dbm tni dividm `n }tirm nj vimtm vmr drmtdmrm* vmrdbî nj vimtmv}ÿ mttmrm }pnjn||ipg vmr drmtdmrm m dbm tivvni dgktmakirm nj vimtm* nk eg`g}k vg‗ or}tdg* kmjjm eikn `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn+ Tm kg ì y}mtpg p}kkmjkgk tn mtdm+

42

Sm`n nkpmrsntpi O nk ivvmk`ndm Ittmttgrm ijji Vgjnpndbm Tgdnijn m Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `nKivgjn* v+90>+



99?

NNN+0+9 Nj Vnikg Jgdijm Angsikn

Nk y}mtp‗gppndi* gjprm ij Cgk`g Ki|ngkijm vmr jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn* dgkpnk}i

_nddng* grein ì prm ikkn â nk dgrtg* tgvripp}ppg kmjjm dnppæ emprgvgjnpikm* ji

tvmrnemkpi|ngkm `n }kg tpr}emkpg vrgarieeipgrng* nj Vnikg Jgdijm Angsikn dbm

nk y}ijdbm eg`g ¨vrgsi mtippiemkpm i rmk`mrm dgkdrmpg* tni t}j vnikg `mjji

vrgarieei|ngkm* tni t}j pmrrmkg `mjj‗nk`nsn`}i|ngkm `mjji tpr}pp}ri|ngkm `mjji

vrgampp}ijnpæ angsiknjm* }kg tpr}emkpg dbm emppi nktnmem X‣U nk`nsn`}n* cippn*

egìjnpæ¸ dgk j‗gonmppnsg `n `nsmkpirm }k eg`mjjg `n agsmrkikdm dbm nk y}ijdbm

eg`g siì nkdgkprg ij `ntiang angsiknjm+

Tn prippi `n }ki empg`gjgani m `n }kg tpr}emkpg gvmripnsg nk ari`g `n

`ntmakirm m rmijn||irm nkpmrsmkpn dbm pmkagkg dgkpg `mjjm rntgrtm m `mjjm vmd}jnirnpæ

`mn `nsmrtn pmrrnpgrn m rntvgk`gkg mccmppnsiemkpm in ontgakn jgdijn* msn`mk|nik`g ji

dgtpr}|ngkm `mj tntpmei jgdijm `n virpkmrtbnv m dgjjiogri|ngkn* i dgenkdnirm ìjji

cnjnmri ntpnp}|ngkijm nk }k!gppndi `n tgtpmknonjnpæ `mjjm vgjnpndbm rnsgjpm in angsikn+ Tn

vrgvgkm tgvripp}ppg dgem egemkpg `n dgkcrgkpg m virpmdnvi|ngkm ijnemkpipg ì

}kg tdieong drmipnsg* nk d}n dnitd}kg* vgrpipgrm `n }ki tvmdncndi `mcnkn|ngkm `mn

vrgojmen* `mjjm vrngrnpæ m `mjjm `geik`m memramkpn* dgkprno}ntdm i drmirm }ki

sntngkm `mjji dge}knpæ jgdijm m* nk mtti* `mj r}gjg* `mj dgkprno}pg m `mjjm rntgrtm `mn

angsikn8 tn vgkm dgem vgkpm m dgem cidnjnpipgrm `mjji dge}kndi|ngkm m `mj `nijgag

pri vgvgji|ngkm angsiknjm m` Mkpm jgdijm8 rnt}jpi y}nk`n em||g kmdmttirng vmr

}k‗ieenkntpri|ngkm dbm }pnjn||i tpr}emkpn nkkgsipnsn vmr ‚ìr sgdm― i dbn kgk

tmevrm bi ji vgttnonjnpæ `n mtvrnemrtn m `n mttmrm vrgpiagkntpn `mjji vrgvrni



994

rmijn||i|ngkm+ Nk y}mtp‗gppndi* Nj VJA `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn4>* rmijn||ipg

kmjj‗ikk}ijnpæ ?66> % ?696* â dgevgtpg ì prm `nccmrmkpn i|ngkn pri jgrg nkpmaripm<

‚Ittntpmk|i Pmdkndi m T}vvgrpg― dbm vrmsm`m ji riddgjpi `n nkcgrei|ngkn* jg

tdrmmknka `n p}ppm jm ippnsnpæ `mjj‗ittmttgripg ijjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn m angsiknjn dbm

nevippikg t}n angsikn8 ‚A+K+K+ Angsikn Kivgjmpikn Kmpqgrh― dngâ ji

vrgamppi|ngkm* ji tdrnpp}ri* kgkdbî ji rmijn||i|ngkm `n tmrsn|n sn`mg%angrkijntpndn m

rmvgrpiam8 m nkcnkm* ‚Dge}kndi|ngkm― dngâ ji drmi|ngkm `n }ki dieviaki `n

dge}kndi|ngkm `mj Vnikg Jgdijm Angsikn `mjji dnppæ `n Kivgjn rnsgjpg

vrnkdnvijemkpm in dnppi`nkn kivgjmpikn ivvirpmkmkpn ijji citdni `‗mpæ dgevrmti pri

90 m 4= ikkn m ji kitdnpi `n }k vgrpijm }ccndnijm `mj VJA "qqq+angsiknikivgjn+np.+

Nk y}mtp‗gppndi* nj ?2 m nj ?> Amkking ?699 â tpipg rmijn||ipg nj vrneg

Dgksmakg ki|ngkijm `mjjm Vgjnpndbm vmr n angsikn+ ]k‗gdditngkm `n dgkcrgkpg m `n

tdieong `n mtvmrnmk|m pri angsikn* ieenkntpripgrn v}oojndn m` gvmripgrn `mjjm

Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn vrgsmknmkpn ìjjm dnppæ npijnikm* m rmijn||ipg kmjj‗ieonpg `mj

VJA* pmk}pgtn ij vrmtpnangtg Viji||g `mjjm Irpn "VIK. `n Kivgjn dbm vmr

j‗gdditngkm â `nsmkpipg nj Viji||g `mn Angsikn+ Nj vrgamppg virpm ìj vrmt}vvgtpg

dbm ji dnppæ virpmkgvmi* }ki `mjjm dnppæ emprgvgjnpikm vnþ ippmkpm ijjm vgjnpndbm vmr n

angsikn* rnddi `n gvvgrp}knpæ m nk vnmkg cmremkpg irpntpndg m d}jp}rijm* tni ji vrnei

/Dnppæ Angsikm/ mjmppi ìj Agsmrkg Npijnikg vmr jm dirippmrntpndbm itt}kpm kmajn}jpnen ikkn+ J‗msmkpg dbm bi vrmsntpg ikdbm }k Diev}t `n y}ipprg angrkipm* tn â

vrgvgtpg y}nk`n* `n `mjnkmirm jm jnkmm `n tsnj}vvg vgttnonjn nktnmem dgk n angsikn m

ajn ijprn dge}kn npijnikn* ijjg tdgvg `n drmirm empg`gjganm dgk`nsntm kmj y}i`rg

`mjjm vgjnpndbm dge}knpirnm i cisgrm `mj dieong amkmri|ngkijm+

4>

Nk rncmrnemkpg ij VJA `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn dcr+ bppv<''qqq+angsiknikivgjn+np' "ìpi }jpnegiddmttg< 99'6?'99.+



990

Â* vmrpikpg* i virpnrm ì msmkpn `mj amkmrm* dbm tn nktmrntdm }ki k}gsi

egìjnpæ `n vrgarieei|ngkm vrgegttg ìj Enkntpmrg vmr jm Vgjnpndbm angsiknjn

dgem nj VJA* vrgdmttg dbm pnmkm nktnmem jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn Jgdijn+

Gonmppnsg â ‚cirm nktnmem―* ikdbm tm vir|nijemkpm* amkmrik`g dgkgtdmk|i m

d}jp}ri dge}km* vmr vrg`}rrm }ki k}gsi vrittn dgk`nsnti+ Vmrpikpg* @gemkndi

Dgvvgji rnpnmkm dbm nj VJA<

X‣U vnþ dbm mttmrm }k vrgamppg* â }k empg`g `n nkpmrsmkpg kmjj‗ieonpg `mjjmVgjnpndbm Angsiknjn m y}nk`n dgktntpm kmjji emtti i tntpmei `maj‗nkpmrsmkpndbm anæ tn ipp}ikg kmjji drmi|ngkm `n }k tntpmei `n rmpm* ikdbm dgk ajn ippgrn

jgdijn* dgk ijprm ieenkntpri|ngkn vmr gppnen||irm jm rntgrtm* ji vrgampp}ijnpæ mikdbm vmr drmirm }k `ntprmppg egjpnvjndipgrm t}jjm rntgrtm i `ntvgtn|ngkm06+

Kmjj‗ieonpg vgn* `n y}mtpg dikgsiddng `mj VJA* tgkg tpipm cnkik|nipm sirnm i|ngkn

vrgegttm ìjj‗Ittmttgripg ijjm Vgjnpndbm Tgdnijn m Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n

Kivgjn+

Nj dmkprg vgjnc}k|ngkijm % Nk Diev}t % Jirag in angsikn â kipg nj ?4

Kgsmeorm ?696 vrmttg j!m emkti }knsmrtnpirni `n sni Em||gdikkgkm i Kivgjn*

tpr}pp}ri dbn}ti ij v}oojndg ìj ?669* dgk j‗gonmppnsg `n gccrnrm tmrsn|n m tvi|n iajn

tp}`mkpn m in dnppi`nkn kivgjmpikn+ Nj vrgamppg kipg ìjji tnkmrani pri nj Dge}km `n

Kivgjn* I`nt} Cm`mrndg NN m ]knsmrtnpæ Cm`mrndg NN nk dgjjiogri|ngkm dgk mkpn m

ittgdni|ngkn angsiknjn* â cnkik|nipg ìjj!Ikdn m ìj Enkntpmrg `mjji Angsmkpþ+ Ji

tpr}pp}ri gtvnpi ji Em`nipmdi* jg Tvgrpmjjg Diti vmr j!iccnppg tgtpmknonjm* tmrsn|n vmr

jm tp}`mkpmttm%ei`rn m vmr ajn tp}`mkpn `nsmrtiemkpm ionjn* i}`npgrn}e* qmo ri`ng

}knsmrtnpirni* tvi|ng qn%cn arip}npg8 y}mtpn tgkg n pittmjjn `mj egtindg Nk

Diev}t+ ]kg tvi|ng `m`ndipg iajn tp}`mkpn m kgk tgjg* in dnppi`nkn in y}ijn gccrnrm

06 Sm`n nkpmrsntpi I nk ivvmk`ndm* v+9?2+



99=

tvi|n* tpr}pp}rm m tmrsn|n i`ma}ipn ijjm jgrg mtnamk|m m in vrgojmen dbm tn prgsikg i

`gsmr iccrgkpirm kmjji jgrg snpi y}gpn`niki+

Sgjmsieg rmijn||irm `mn tmrsn|n nkpmaripn ì }k jipg m ìjj‗ijprg }k crgkp %gccndm dbm tni }k vg‗ }kndg* dngâ nj angsikm dbm tn rmdbmræ jê prgsi p}ppm jmnkcgrei|ngkn `mj Dge}km rnsgjpm in angsikn* ei ikdbm rmjipnsm i y}mjjm `nI`nt} m `n Cm`mrndg NN09+

Jg tdgvg â y}mjjg `n airikpnrm cgrem `n dnppi`nkik|i m `n tpnegjirm j‗nkkgsi|ngkm m

ji virpmdnvi|ngkm angsiknjm+ ]k vrgamppg nk `nsmknrm* dbm v}kpi ijji

rny}ijncndi|ngkm `mj pmrrnpgrng* ievjnik`g j‗gccmrpi `mn tmrsn|n d}jp}rijn dgk ji

drmi|ngkm `n }ki onojngpmdi tgdnijm* `n }k‗memrgpmdi* `n }ki onojngpmdi

prikti|ngkijm dgem tpr}emkpg `n em`ni|ngkm nkpmrd}jp}rijm pri jm dge}knpæ

tpriknmrm i Kivgjn m ji dge}knpæ dnppi`nki m nkgjprm* ji drmi|ngkm `n }ki vnippicgrei

qnhn `gsm dirndirm m v}oojndirm n eipmrnijn `nìppndn m e}jpnem`nijn vrg`gppn ìajn

tp}`mkpn m ìn `gdmkpn* dgk jg tdgvg `n dgktmkpnrm ji eittnei `ncc}tngkm m

dgk`nsntngkm vgttnonjm+ Nkgjprm* pri n vrgamppn vrmsntpn* nkpmrmttikpm â ji drmi|ngkm `n}ki qmo ri`ng }knsmrtnpirni* amtpnpi vrmsijmkpmemkpm ìajn tp}`mkpn tpmttn dgk

vrgarieen `n e}tndi m nkcgrei|ngkm i}pgvrg`gppn ìajn tp}`mkpn tpmttn+

J‗n`mi* tmdgk`g An}jng _nddng kitdm dgk j‗gonmppnsg `n<

X‣U ìrm snpi i }kg tvi|ng dbm vgpmttm mttmrm dgkpmtp}ijemkpm }kg tvi|ng `ntmrsn|n `m`ndipn in angsikn* dbm cgttmrg tmrsn|n dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`gnkdgkprnkg pmevg jnomrg m d}jp}ri* ei dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g sm`mttmrg n

angsikn `nrmppiemkpm vrgpiagkntpn `n }k rnivvrgvrnirtn `mjj‗]knsmrtnpæ+ Dgem}kg tvi|ng ì snsmrm* nk d}n n vmrdgrtn `n drmtdnpi m n vmrdgrtn m`}dipnsn*prgsikg }ki tnkmrani+ Nk Diev}t â nj rnt}jpipg `n y}mtpg jisgrg* X‣U m dbm kmnvrgttnen dn i}a}rnieg* tni }ki tpr}pp}ri dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g drmtdm tmevrm`n vnþ m `nsmkpi }k j}gag ikdbm `n dgkcrgkpg d}jp}rijm+ Nk y}mtpg tmktg d‗âegjpg ontgakg dbm jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn tn a}iìaknkg tgvripp}ppgj‗i}pgkgeni d}jp}rijm dbm nk y}mtpn ikkn â ikìpi }k vg‗ vmrti0?+

09

Nsn* v+9?>+ 0? Sm`n nkpmrsntpi O nk ivvmk`ndm* v+ 90?



993

Nj dmkprg vgjnc}k|ngkijm* s}gjm rivvrmtmkpirm }ki cnkmtpri t}j egk`g

angsiknjm* nk eg`g ì dgkgtdmrkm nj tmkpnrm* jm d}jp}rm* n eg`n `n vmktirm* n

ontgakn* jm itvmppipnsm jm vrgojmeipndbm* n jnka}iaan+ Â* `n dgktma}mk|i* }k em||g

dbm dgktmkpi iajn tp}`mkpn `n mtvrnemrm ji vrgvrni drmipnsnpæ m `n idy}ntnrm k}gsm

dgevmpmk|m kmj dievg `mjji dge}kndi|ngkm+

Nj Dge}km `n Kivgjn vgn* bi tdmjpg nk y}mtpn ikkn `n jisgrirm egjpg

t}jj‗i}pgkgeni ionpipnsi* vmrdbî* dgem iccmrei An}jng _nddng<

X‣U tn vrgsisi ikdbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g i tcipirm }k enpg* }ki enpgjgani dbm

sm`m n angsikn* dgem ji ciegti critm* `mn oieogddngkn dbm â y}ikpg `n emkgdgk`nsntnonjm rntvmppg i y}mjjg dbm tn tni itdgjpipg kmaj‗}jpnen ikkn* nksmdm* nangsikn tgkg virpndgjiremkpm vrmtpipn ij dieoniemkpg m i dgtpr}nrm tvi|n nki}pgkgeni* dgk }ki arik`m `nccndgjpæ04+

Vmrpikpg nj vrgamppg* Diti Angsikn* ipprismrtg ji tnkmrani `majn Ittmttgripn `mjjm

Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn m dgk nj cnkik|niemkpg `mj Enkntpmrg vmr ji Angsmkpþ* v}kpi i

tgtpmkmrm j!i}pgkgeni ionpipnsi `mn angsikn nk dnppæ+ J!nkn|nipnsi â rnsgjpi in angsikn

dbm nkpmk`gkg issnirm }k vrgdmttg `n meikdnvi|ngkm ìjji cienajni `n grnankm m

ikdbm in dnppi`nkn mpridge}knpirn nk vgttmttg `n rmagjirm vmremttg `n tgaangrkg+

@gemkndi Dgvvgji kmjj‗nkpmrsntpi `ndbniri dbm* nkn|nijemkpm* nj vrgamppg

ismsi vrmsntpg ji drmi|ngkm `n }k‗iamk|ni dbm cidmttm nkpmr em`ni|ngkm ei ikdbm

iddgeviakiemkpg `mn angsikn kmj rmvmrnemkpg `mjjm ditm nk iccnppg* vgn vmrÿ*

dgkpnk}i ji @nrnamkpm* â nkpmrsmk}pi ji drntn mdgkgendi m j‗Ieenkntpri|ngkm* ìpm

jm vrgojmeipndnpæ kmjj‗ipp}i|ngkm `mj vnikg* bi tdmjpg `n `mtpnkirm ji eiaangr virpm

`mjjm rntgrtm mdgkgendbm in dgkprno}npn ijj‗iccnppg rnsgjpn in angsikn+ ¨]tdnrm ìjji

diti `mn amknpgrn vmr ikìrm i snsmrm i tgjn â }k vittg cgkìemkpijm vmr `nsmkpirm

i`}jpn¸ iccmrei _nddng* ëi kgk â }k vittg tmevjndm* tni vmr ji vrmdirnmpæ dbm

04 Nsn* v+90?+



991

dirippmrn||i ji snpi jisgripnsi `mjjm angsikn `n amkmri|ngkn* tni vmr ji dbn}t}ri `mj

emrdipg neegonjnirm¸+ J‗mtvmrnmk|i `mj vrgamppg Diti Angsikn kmjji tdgrti

ikk}ijnpæ â tpipi iooitpik|i vgtnpnsi* nkcippn nj oik`g ?696 bi cnkik|nipg 4=6

angsikn rmtn`mkpn i Kivgjn m vgkm jm oitn vmr ji rmijn||i|ngkm `n }k vrgttneg oik`g

`mtpnkipg i }k piramp dbm si ìn 92 in 4= ikkn n y}ijn vgprikkg omkmcndnirm `n }k

dgkprno}pg nkpmaripnsg ijj‗iccnppg `n ?666 ₪+

Ijjg tpmttg eg`g* }k ijprg vrgamppg vrgegttg ìjj‗Ittmttgripg ijjm Vgjnpndbm

Tgdnijn m Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn m ìjji Cidgjpæ `n

Tgdngjgani `mjj‗]knsmrtnpæ `majn Tp}`n `n Kivgjn Cm`mrndg NN â j‗Gttmrsipgrng

Pmrrnpgrnijm Angsikn "GPA.* dbm ìj ?664 tn vrgvgkm dgem gttmrsipgrng

vmreikmkpm t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm i Kivgjn nk ari`g `n cgrknrm ajn tpr}emkpn

kmdmttirn vmr jmaamrm m` nkpmrvrmpirm n ontgakn* jm rntgrtm m jm vrgojmeipndbm dbm

ionpikg nj pmrrnpgrng* ij cnkm `n nk`nsn`}irm nkpmrsmkpn m tmrsn|n i cisgrm `mj egk`g

angsiknjm00+

¨Gaan* }kg tpr}emkpg tmk|i nj y}ijm kgk vgprmeeg ikìrm isikpn¸ iccmrei

@gemkndi Dgvvgji* }kg tpr}emkpg nevgrpikpm dbm rnmtdm i emppmrm nktnmem nj

jisgrg `mjj‗]knsmrtnpæ ipprismrtg jm t}m rndmrdbm tgdnijn m nj Dge}km `n Kivgjn*

tgtpnmkm An}jng _nddng* rnpmkmk`gjg pri jm prm vrnkdnvijn ippnsnpæ `mj t}g Ittmttgripg

ì dgktn`mrirm dgem o}gkm vrittn `n d}n crmanirtn i jnsmjjg ki|ngkijm+]kg ta}ir`g ippmkpg t}jj‗ipp}ijm dgkpmtpg tgdnijm* d}jp}rijm m` mdgkgendg

msn`mk|ni ji vrmtmk|i `n vrgcgk`n vrgdmttn `n dieoniemkpg dbm nksmtpgkg ikdbm n

jnka}iaan* ajn ippmaaniemkpn m n sijgrn `mjjm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn+

00

Nk rncmrnemkpg dcr+ bppv<''qqq+angsikn+}knki+np'gttmrsipgrng%angsikn%kivgjn' "ìpi }jpnegiddmttg< 99'6?'99.+

http://www.comune.napoli.it/



http://www.sociologia.unina.it/


http://www.unina.it/

http://www.unina.it/







992

J‗Gttmrsipgrng bi j‗gonmppnsg `n egknpgrirm ji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm ij cnkm

`n nkìairm n `ntian* jm `msnik|m* n ontgakn* n sijgrn m jm `nsmrtm egìjnpæ `n

mtvrmttngkm m `n tgdnijn||i|ngkm `mn angsikn* pri`n|ngkijemkpm ji citdni tgdnijm vnþ

tmktnonjm in e}piemkpn `mjji tgdnmpæ m in tnakncndipnsn dieoniemkpn dbm

dirippmrn||ikg ji pirì eg`mrknpæ+ Nkgjprm* j‗GPA tn dgkdmkpri* dgk virpndgjirm

ippmk|ngkm* t}n dgkt}en d}jp}rijn* n jnka}iaan mtvrmttnsn m jm d}jp}rm angsiknjn*

ikijn||ik`g jm vrgcgk`m pritcgrei|ngkn tgdnijn `mpmrenkipm ìjjg tsnj}vvg

pmdkgjgandg `mjji dge}kndi|ngkm+

NNN+0+? Nkn|nipnsm d}jp}rijn angsiknjn

Nj Dge}km `n Kivgjn bi ikdbm pikpm nkn|nipnsm d}jp}rijn* dbm nk tgtpik|i

smkagkg tma}npm ìj tmrsn|ng vrmvgtpg ijji d}jp}ri `mj Dge}km* tvnmai @gemkndi

Dgvvgji0=8 nj t}g tmrsn|ng `m`ndipg in angsikn m ijji pritsmrtijnpæ `mjjm vgjnpndbm

angsiknjn* tpgrndiemkpm tn ci vrgegpgrm `n nkn|nipnsm d}jp}rijn dgem ‚Kmrg `n

Tdmki― }ki rittmaki* kipi kmj 9>>2* m ì tmevrm ippmkpi ijji tdmki ki|ngkijm m

nkpmrki|ngkijm* `m`ndipi ijji ìk|i m ijji cgrei|ngkm pmiprijm dgk j‗gonmppnsg `n

rmijn||irm ippnsnpæ cgreipnsm irpntpndbm m d}jp}rijn vmr angsikn* dgtpnp}mk`g }k o}gk

vijdgtdmkndg vmr n angsikn kivgjmpikn+ Bi nkgjprm mjiogripg m rmijn||ipg `nsmrtn

vrgamppn vmr ji vrgeg|ngkm m ji `ncc}tngkm `mjji ìk|i dgkpmevgrikmi m `n tdieon

angsiknjn m}rgvmn dgk _mangkm Dievikni m Vrgsnkdni `n Kivgjn03+ Ijjg tpmttg

eg`g nj ‚Cmtpnsij `mjji J}ki Vnmki― dbm vrmsm`m }k dgkdgrtg pmiprijm* an}kpg

ijji t}i 0¶ m`n|ngkm* nkpmk`m ìrm gvvgrp}knpæ i `nsmrtn angsikn irpntpn `n vgpmr ìrm

0=

Sm`n nkpmrsntpi I nk ivvmk`ndm+03 Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+dbniriìk|i+np'Msmkpn'kmrg`ntdmki96+bpe "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 94'6?'99.+



99>

sntnonjnpæ ijjm vrgvrnm vrg`}|ngkn8 drmirm egemkpn `n nkpmri|ngkm m tdieong dgk

ijprm dgeviaknm angsiknjn dbm tn gdd}vikg `n pmiprg8 `n vrge}gsmrm gdditngkn `n

tp}`ng m rndmrdi nk ieonpg pmiprijm01

+

Pri ajn msmkpn vrgegttn vgn ìj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn d‗â ‚G„ D}rp― ji rittmaki

`n dgrpgempriaan vnþ tma}npi i Kivgjn m` nk Dievikni m rmijn||ipi ì angsikn

irpntpn vrgsmknmkpn ì p}ppi Npijni+ Kipi kmj 9>>3 t} nkn|nipnsi `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn

m vrgegtti ìjji Em`nipmdi T+ Tgcni* nk dgjjiogri|ngkm dgk j!Ittmttgripg ijjm

Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn* bi jg tdgvg `n nkìairm nj egk`g `mjji vrg`}|ngkm i}`ngsntnsi

jgdijm m angsiknjm+ Nj t}g t}ddmttg* dbnirntdm @gemkndi Dgvvgji* â `gs}pg ìj

cippg dbm ji rittmaki tn tni ivmrpi ikdbm ijjm crgkpnmrm m}rgvmm* irrnsik`g ijji t}i

9?¶ m`n|ngkm kmj ?696+ J!nktmrnemkpg `n sn`mgdjnv e}tndijn ijj!nkpmrkg `n !G D}rp

si nkdgkprg ijji kmdmttnpæ `n dgkdm`mrm sntnonjnpæ m gdditngkm `n dgkcrgkpg

tgvripp}ppg i` }ki tdbnmri `n i}pgrn dbm* vmr tdmjpi g vmr ijprm riangkn* gronpikg

`ntpikpn ìn dikijn /ntpnp}|ngkijn/* vrmcmrmk`g tsnkdgjirtn m gvmrirm nk ieonpn m

tmppgrn vnþ /nk`nvmk`mkpn/02+

Ijjg tpmttg eg`g* ‚GEgsnmt―* nj Cmtpnsij `mj dnkmei gegtmtt}ijm irrnsipg

ijji 4¶ m`n|ngkm* sm`m pri n vrnkdnvijn vrgegpgrn* gjprm nj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn ikdbm

j‗]knsmrtnpæ `majn Tp}`n `n Kivgjn ‚Cm`mrndg NN―* nj Dgnkgr "Dmkprg `n Ipmkmg vmr ji

Dge}kndi|ngkm m j‗nkkgsi|ngkm graikn||ipnsi.* m j‗I`nt} Cm`mrndg NN `nKivgjn "I|nmkì v}oojndi vmr nj @nrnppg ijjg Tp}`ng ]knsmrtnpirng.0>+ Nj Cmtpnsij* nktmrnpg kmj Vnikg Jgdijm Angsikn* tn ci vrgegpgrm `n pmen y}ijn ji `nccmrmk|i `n

01 Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+dge}km+kivgjn+np'cjm'de'viamt'TmrsmOJGO+vbv'J'NP'N@Vianki'94==0 "ìpi}jpneg iddmttg< 94'6?'99.+

02

Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+gd}rp+gra' "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 94'6?'99.+

0> Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+gegsnmt+np'bgem+bpe "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 94'6?'99.+



9?6

amkmrm* j‗gegtmtt}ijnpæ* nj o}jjnteg gegcgondg nk }ki rmijpæ `nccndnjm y}ijm nj

vikgriei virpmkgvmg+

Cgrtm pri n vrgamppn rmijn||ipn m vnþ ciegtn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn* tvnmai

An}jng _nddng `‗iddgr`g dgk @gemkndi Dgvvgji* â ‚Angsikn T}gkn― nj Cmtpnsij

ki|ngkijm `n e}tndbm m `mjjm irpn memramkpn+ Kipg kmj ?669* i Kivgjn pmrrnpgrng dbm

ijnemkpi }k cj}ttg nknkpmrrgppg `n irpntpn dbm* amkmri|ngkm `gvg amkmri|ngkm*

dgkkgpikg ji dnppæ pri jm rmijpæ vnþ vrgjncndbm nk pmrenkn `n cikpitni drmipnsi m `n

dividnpæ vrgcmttngkijn `mjji Vmkntgji "Tisgkir`g* ?663.+ ¨Ji t}i enttngk â y}mjji

`n rndmrdirm n k}gsn cmremkpn irpntpndn `mjji dnppæ vrnei m `mj vikgriei ki|ngkijm

vgn* rndmrdirm kmn tgoograbn* kmjji e}tndi dbm tn ci nk tp}`ng dgem nk y}mjji dbm tn

ci vmr ji tpriì* X‣U dbm jmai p}ppm jm vmrtgkm dbm kmjji e}tndi m dgk ji e}tndi

prgsikg ji jgrg n`mkpnpæ=6¸+

Vmr dnÿ dbm ippnmkm ijji tcmri `mjjm ijprm nkn|nipnsm d}jp}rijn* vrgegttm

ìjj‗Ittmttgripg ijjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn* An}jng _nddng

tgtpnmkm nj emrnpg `mjj‗ittmttgripg vmr ji sijgrn||i|ngkm `mjjm irpn enkgrn ¨dbm

tvmttg kgk tgjg rivvrmtmkpikg vmrdgrtn irpntpndn nk d}n n angsikn tgkg nevmakipn*

ei rivvrmtmkpikg ikdbm }ki virpm `n y}mj egk`g `mj jnka}iaang angsiknjm dbm â

nk`ntvmktionjm vmr rn}tdnrm i dgtpr}nrm }k tntpmei dbm sm`m n angsikn

vrgpiagkntpn

=9

¸+ Kmaj‗ikkn tgkg tpipm rmijn||ipm ikdbm ijd}km egtprm* dgkpnk}i_nddng* dbm tgkg tpipm `mjjm gdditngkn nk d}n n arik`n c}emppntpn `mj vittipg ëi

dbm bikkg tiv}pg a}irìrm jgkpikg¸* dgem Ik`rmi Vi|nmk|i dbm iccrgkpisi n

―vrgojmen― rmjipnsn ijji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm* m Enjg Eikiri+* }genkn `n

prmkp‗ikkn ci* ismsikg anæ ijjgri dgjpg nk y}ijdbm eg`g dbm ¨nj c}emppg kgk mri

=6

Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+angsiknt}gkn+dge'tpgrni+bpej "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 94'6?'99.+=9 Sm`n nkpmrsntpi O nk ivvmk`ndm* v+ 90?



9?9

tgjpikpg }k `ntmakg g }k angdg* ei ikdbm }k arik`m tpr}emkpg tgdnijm vmr

`mtdrnsmrm ji tgdnmpæ m tgvripp}ppg ismsi ji dividnpæ `n mkprirm nk rmji|ngkm dgk jm

angsikn amkmri|ngkn¸+

‚Cirm vmr n angsikn― â y}mtpg j‗nevmripnsg<

Y}mjjg dbm ioonieg nkprg`gppg nk y}mtpn y}ipprg ikkn `n k}gsg* â j‗n`mi `n}ki vrgarieei|ngkm pritsmrtijm* j‗n`mi `mjj‗iddmttg ij c}p}rg* j‗n`mi`mjj‗i}pgkgeni* dbm nksmdm kgk d‗mri* vmrdbî tn nkpmk`msikg ivv}kpg jmvgjnpndbm angsiknjn tgjpikpg dgk }k vg‗ `n pmevg jnomrg X‣U+ I`mttg`goonieg ikìrm }k vg‗ gjprm* `goonieg divnrm dbm kgk oitpi vnþ* dbm kgkoitpi vnþ* dbm gssniemkpm ji y}mtpngkm angsiknjm `msm mttmrm ji arik`my}mtpngkm ki|ngkijm mn vrgttnen ikkn=?+

Nk y}mtpn ikkn vmrÿ* j‗ipp}i|ngkm `mn vrgamppn emttn nk ippg ìj Dge}km `n Kivgjn*

kgk prgsi vgdbn gtpidgjn kmjji t}i mccmppnsi rmijn||i|ngkm+ @gemkndi Dgvvgji

kmjj‗nkpmrsntpi* tvnmai dbm* ìpn n t}gn dgevnpn `nrnamk|nijn m ieenkntpripnsn* jm

vrnem `nccndgjpæ tn bikkg dgk ji riangkmrni `mjji rmangkm Dievikni* dbm kgk

pritcmrntdm cgk`n* vmr eikdipg rntvmppg `mj vippg `n tpionjnpæ+ Vmr pijm egpnsg* tn

emppm nk drntn p}ppg nj tntpmei< ajn tpmttn Mkpn Jgdijn* dbm }pnjn||ikg vmrtgkijm

angsikm* kgk rntd}gpmk`g omkmcndn ìj Dge}km `n Kivgjn* kgk v}ÿ ipp}irm n

vrgamppn m rmijn||irm tmrsn|n+

NNN+0+4 Ji _mangkm Dievikni m jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn

Â cgkìemkpijm iccrgkpirm ji rnjmsik|i `mj tmppgrm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn `mjji

_mangkm Dievikni* dbm â cgrtm }ki `mjjm vgdbm rmangkn nk Npijni i` ismrm }ki

jmaam rmangkijm t}n angsikn ìj ?666 m dbm kmaj‗ikkn bi t}onpg `mjjm

pritcgrei|ngkn* tvnmai @gemkndi Dgvvgji+ T}jji tdni `mn vrgssm`nemkpn m}rgvmn*

=? Nsn* v+9=6+



9??

nj tmppgrm vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn `mjji _mangkm Dievikni bi nj dgevnpg `n d}rirm

nkn|nipnsm pmk`mkpn i nkkij|irm n jnsmjjn `mjji cgrei|ngkm* cisgrnrm j!nktmrnemkpg

tgdnijm m jisgripnsg `mn angsikn* kgkdbî `!nkdmkpnsirm jg tsnj}vvg `n cgrem `n

nevrmk`npgrnijnpæ angsiknjm=4+ Ji _mangkm Dievikni* dbm tpnv}ji dgk nj Enkntpmrg

`mjji Angsmkpþ }k Iddgr`g `n Vrgarieei Y}i`rg "IVY.* nk cgr|i `mj y}ijm }ki

virpm `mjjm rntgrtm `mj Cgk`g Ki|ngkijm vmr jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn vitti ijji

_mangkm m ì y}mtpi iajn Mkpn Jgdijn* pri jm t}m vrngrnpæ* bi vrgegttg j!ippnsi|ngkm

`mn Tmrsn|n Nkcgreiangsikn "dgk ji jmaam rmangkijm k+ ?> `mj ?2 an}akg 9>22. m`

nj jgrg c}k|ngkiemkpg* dbm kmajn }jpnen ikkn nk Dievikni tn tgkg dgktgjnìpn dgem

tpr}emkpn nkkgsipnsn `n arik`m rnjmsik|i tgdnijm nk ari`g `n t}vvgrpirm n vrgdmttn

virpmdnvipnsn m `mdntngkijn angsiknjn* ijjiraik`gkm jm gvvgrp}knpæ* cisgrmk`g* vnþ nk

amkmrijm* y}mjjn `n priktn|ngkm kmjjm citn `mjji snpi+ Kitdgkg ajn Nkcgreiangsikn*

iccnkdbî ji _mangkm vgtti idy}ntnrm }ki vnþ v}kp}ijm dgkgtdmk|i `mn vrgojmen

`mjji angsmkpþ m vmr dggr`nkirm ji `ntdnvjnki `majn nkpmrsmkpn i cisgrm `mn angsikn+

N tmrsn|n Nkcgreiangsikn dbm `msgkg rntvmppirm kgrem m tpikìr` `n tmrsn|ng

`mcnknpn i jnsmjjg ki|ngkijm m rmangkijm* tgkg tmrsn|n tgdnijn i `ntvgtn|ngkm `n p}ppn n

angsikn* tmk|i `ntdrnenki|ngkn kî oirrnmrm "cntndbm* d}jp}rijn* vtndgjgandbm g `!ijprg

pnvg.+ Nkgjprm* dgevnpg `mjjm tpr}pp}rm Nkcgreiangsikn* â cisgrnrm nj dgnksgjanemkpg

`mjjm graikn||i|ngkn angsiknjn m `majn gvmripgrn `mj tmppgrm `mjj!nkcgrei|ngkmangsiknjm* i jnsmjjg rmangkijm m jgdijm* kmjji `mcnkn|ngkm m kmjj!ipp}i|ngkm `n

tpripmanm `n nkcgrei|ngkm `mn angsikn+

Ijjg tpmttg eg`g* vmr ippnsirm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm ntpnp}|ngkijm `mn angsikn ji

_mangkm Dievikni vrge}gsm jg tsnj}vvg `mj tntpmei `n Cgr}e Angsiknjn+

=4 Dcr+ bppv<''qqq+angsikn+rmangkm+dievikni+np' "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 90'6?'?699.+



9?4

Nj Cgr}e _mangkijm `mjji Angsmkpþ* graiknteg i}pgkgeg* bi nj dgevnpg `n

rivvrmtmkpirm ajn nkpmrmttn m jm itvnri|ngkn `mn angsikn* `n cisgrnrm ji jgrg vrmti nk

dirndg ì virpm `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn* ipprismrtg ji jgrg virpmdnvi|ngkm ippnsi ijji snpi

tgdnijm m vgjnpndi* m` mttmrm smndgjg vmr ji `ncc}tngkm `n tpnegjn vrgsmknmkpn

ìjj‗i|ngkm `mn Cgr}e Dge}kijn m Vrgsnkdnijn gccrmk`g* vmrpikpg* in angsikn }k

j}gag nk d}n vgttikg mtvrnemrtn jnomriemkpm t} iragemkpn dbm jn vrmgdd}vikg m

ijjg tpmttg pmevg* vmremppmrm in dge}kn m iajn ijprn mkpn jgdijn m y}nk`n ijjm tpmttm

ntpnp}|ngkn* `n dgkt}jpirm n angsikn t} y}mtpngkn tvmdncndbm+

@gemkndi Dgvvgji tvnmai vgn* j‗ittgj}pi kgsnpæ vmr ji vrgarieei|ngkm

rmangkijm nk eipmrni `n vgjnpndbm vmr ji angsmkpþ* dngâ j‗ivvrgsi|ngkm kmj ?66> `mn

Vnikn Pmrrnpgrnijn `n Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn "V+P+A+.+ Gonmppnsg â vrge}gsm ji

dgtpr}|ngkm* ì virpm `mn Dge}kn* `n vnikn graikndn dbm emppgkg i tntpmei p}ppn ajn

nkpmrsmkpn `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn cnk y}n mccmpp}ipn* tvmttg nk eiknmri tdgjjmaipi m`

mvntg`ndi* virpndgjiremkpm y}majn nkpmrsmkpn rncmrnpn ijj!gccmrpi nkcgreipnsi vmr n

angsikn* ijji virpmdnvi|ngkm m vrgpiagknteg angsiknjm ipprismrtg nj riccgr|iemkpg m

j!ntpnp}|ngkm `mn Cgr}e vmr ji angsmkpþ* m ijji vrgamppi|ngkm `n rmpm pri dge}kn*

td}gjm* ittgdni|ngkn angsiknjn m` ijprn tgaamppn nkpmrmttipn ijji dgk`n|ngkm

angsiknjm+

Ji k}gsi egìjnpæ `n vrgarieei|ngkm* kmjj!gppndi `mn vnikn nkpmaripn*dgktmkpm nj dgnksgjanemkpg m ji dgk`nsntngkm `majn gonmppnsn ì virpm `n sirn ippgrn*

i virpnrm ìajn tpmttn angsikn dbm tvmttg tgkg pmk}pn c}grn ìjjm tdmjpm dbm jn

rna}irìkg+

Nk dgkdj}tngkm* nj @nrnamkpm `mj Tmppgrm `mjjm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn m `mj Cgr}e

_mangkijm `mjji Angsmkpþ* Aitvirm Kipijm* ippmtpi ji rnjmsik|i `mjji cgr|i



9?0

‚angsikm―< ¨bg dgevrmtg dbm n angsikn kgk tgkg nk ijd}k eg`g }k piramp

tsikpiaanipg* omktê }ki arik`m rntgrti* virpndgjiremkpm kmjji rmangkm vnþ angsikm

`!Npijni¸+ Ontgaki v}kpirm tmdgk`g j}n* t}jji cgrei|ngkm* j!nkcgrei|ngkm* jm

vgjnpndbm `mjj!iang* jm gvvgrp}knpæ `n vrgpiagknteg* ji jgppi in cmkgemkn `n

mtdj}tngkm m `ntiang* ajn tdieon nkpmrd}jp}rijn nkpmrki|ngkijn=0+

NNN+0+0 N angsikn kivgjmpikn m jm ntpnp}|ngkn

@nsmrtm rndmrdbm== `negtprikg grein }k‗msn`mkpm tcn`}dni `mn angsikn m* nk

amkmrijm `mn dnppi`nkn npijnikn* kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn ki|ngkijn m jgdijn*

ippmtpik`g }k or}tdg drgjjg `n cn`}dni tgvripp}ppg smrtg ji V}oojndi

Ieenkntpri|ngkm+ Kmj dbnm`mrm ijji @nrnamkpm `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn* @gemkndi

Dgvvgji* y}ijm tni ji t}i vmrdm|ngkm `mj rivvgrpg dbm nkpmrdgrrm pri n angsikn

kivgjmpikn m jm ntpnp}|ngkn* nktmrnpn kmj dgkpmtpg `n Kivgjn=3* msn`mkpmemkpm rnddg `n

i|ngkn m ippnsnpæ nk cisgrm `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn* rnt}jpi msn`mkpm ji kmppi

`nccn`mk|i m ji dgevjmttnpæ kmj rmji|ngkirtn+

Bikkg }ki arik`m tcn`}dni+ Kgk tn issndnkikg sgjmkpnmrn ijj‗ntpnp}|ngkm*y}nk`n d‗â }k‗gtpnjnpæ* }ki tcn`}dni* }ki rmv}jtngkm kmjj‗ismr i dbm cirm vrgvrng dgk j‗ntpnp}|ngkm* pikp‗â dbm kgn dbm jisgrnieg dgk n angsikn dn`goonieg vgrrm nk eiknmri }k vg‗ emkg cgreijm* `msg cirm cipndi vmr iddgrdnirm jm `ntpik|m+ M vgn* d‗â nj vrgojmei dbm kmj egemkpg nk d}n jgrg tnrmji|ngkikg dgk }ccndn `nsmrtn rntvmppg ij kgtprg }ccndng* dgti nk`ntvmktionjmtm tn `nsmkpi ipp}ipgrn `n vgjnpndbm* tn tdgkprikg dgk }ki o}rgdri|niiooitpik|i cirriankgti+

=0Nk rncmrnemkpg ijji jmppmri `n vrmtmkpi|ngkm `mj vgrpijm rmangkijm vmr jm Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn dcr+bppv<''qqq+angsikn+rmangkm+dievikni+np'nk`m+dce7e5969 "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg< 90'6?'?699.+

==Kivgjnpikg D+* Npijnikn tmevrm vnþ `mj}tn m tcn`}dnipn ìjjm ntpnp}|ngkn+ @}m jm mddm|ngkn rnjmsikpn nk bppv<''qqq+jmsikpmgkjnkm+kmp'drgkidi'npijni' `mj ?='69'?699 "ìpi }jpneg iddmttg<

90'6?'?699.+

=3 Sm`n nkpmrsntpi I nk ivvmk`ndm+



9?=

Itvmppn o}rgdripndn dbm msn`mkpmemkpm nkdn`gkg t}jji `nccndnjm rmji|ngkm dgk ajn

}ccndn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn* tgtpnmkm An}jng _nddng< angsikn nkdrm`}jn m

cgrpmemkpm `megpnsipn kmjji vmrcgreikdm m kmjjm egìjnpæ `n c}k|ngkiemkpg `mn

tmrsn|n emttn nk ippg+ Ontgaki dgtpr}nrm ö}rgdri|ni iendi m kgk egjmtpi* dgem

`ndm nj o}gk Or}kmppi¸* iooippmrm nj e}rg `mjji `nccn`mk|i* ontgaki cirjg dgk n

¨dnppi`nkn `n `geikn¸+

@‗ijpri virpm* dgem msn`mkpmemkpm iccmrei _nddng* nj 16- `mj vmrtgkijm

`nrnamkpm nk Npijni* rntvmppg in vimtn m}rgvmn* â }jpri tmppikpmkkm* itvmppg ì kgk

tgppgsij}pirm tm tn vmkti ijji rntgrti m ijji cgr|i `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn

vrgpiagkntpm `n }k rmijm dieoniemkpg+ Nk y}mtpg tmktg â kmdmttirng ¨}k jisgrg dbm

virpi ìjj‗nkpmrkg¸ * dbm rna}ir`n ji rncgrei `mjji eiddbnki ieenkntpripnsi+ Nk

y}mtpg tmktg* nj Dge}km `n Kivgjn* ikdbm tm ari`}ijemkpm* tpi jisgrik`g t}

y}mtpi pritcgrei|ngkm* v}kpik`g y}nk`n ij ‚rnkangsiknemkpg― `mjji cirriankgti

eiddbnki o}rgdripndi m ijjg ‚tsmddbniemkpg― `mj vmrtgkijm `nrnamkpm* emppmk`g nk

ippg }k dgkdgrtg dbm vrmsm`m j‗nktmrnemkpg kmj Dge}km `n =66 riai||n

vrgsmknmkpn ì Kivgjn m Vrgsnkdni=1+

Cnkg i y}ik`g p} bin }ki y}ikpnpæ `n `nvmk`mkpn dbm bikkg cippgtmttikpidnky}m ikkn m tpikkg vmr ikìrm nk vmktngkm* kgk tn divntdm kmikdbmomkm vmrdbî `gsrmoomrg dieonirm eg`g `n cirm* ei tmevjndmemkpm vmrdbîjgrg }tikg nj eg`g `mj jgrg pmevg* `mjji V}oojndi Ieenkntpri|ngkm `mj jgrg

pmevg+ Â nk}pnjm `nrm dbm kgk sgajngkg cirm knmkpm* kg* bikkg cippg* ei bikkgcippg ikdbm pikpg* tn cidmsi nk }k ijprg eg`g* tn cidmsikg ijprm dgtm* d‗mrikgijprn ontgakn* dn tpisi }k‗ijpri Kivgjn m d‗mri ikdbm }k‗ijpri Npijni+ Y}mjji jêkgk d‗â vnþ m y}nk`n drm`gkg dbm nj eg`g tni y}mjjg jê+

]ki rncgrei kmdmttirni* }k eg`g vmr iooippmrm nj e}rg `mjji `nccn`mk|i* }k

empg`g `n nkpmrsmkpg vmr rntgjsmrm j‗gtpnjm rivvgrpg pri dnppi`nkn* p}ppn* m jm

=1 Sm`n nkpmrsntpi O nk ivvmk`ndm* v+9==+



9?3

ntpnp}|ngkn+ Ji virgji `‗gr`nkm â ‚dieoniemkpg― v}kpik`g ijji rn`mcnkn|ngkm `mj

viri`naei vrmdm`mkpm< ontgaki iooik`gkirm j‗n`mi dbm ¨j‗Npijni tni }k vimtm n d}n

dieoniemkpn rntdbni `n t}onrjn* nksmdm `n }tdnrkm rmijemkpm vrgpiagkntpi=2

¸8

dieoniemkpn tgdnijn m d}jp}rijn `n d}n n angsikn tgkg vgrpipgrn* rivvrmtmkpik`g

}k‗nkmtpneionjm rntgrti vmr jg tsnj}vvg c}p}rg `mj pmrrnpgrng+

Â* vmrpikpg* dgevnpg `mjjm ntpnp}|ngkn* tgtpmkmrm i vnmkg nj riccgr|iemkpg

`mjj‗nkcgrei|ngkm m `mjji virpmdnvi|ngkm* ipprismrtg }ki tmrnm `n i|ngkn dbm

cisgrntdikg j‗mtmrdn|ng `mjji dnppi`nkik|i ippnsi m `megdripndi `mn angsikn*

dmrdik`g `n rntvgk`mrm vnmkiemkpm in jgrg ontgakn m gccrmk`g jgrg j‗gvvgrp}knpæ `n

drmirtn }k c}p}rg* ei tgvripp}ppg ji dmrpm||i dbm nj jgrg vmrdgrtg `n snpi kgk tni vnþ

tmakipg ì dgkcnkn dgtê jionjn m` nkdmrpn+

=2 Nsn*v+906+



9?1

IVVMK@NDM

Jm nkpmrsntpm tmentpr}pp}ripm in vrgpiagkntpn `mjjmVgjnpndbm Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn

Nkpmrsntpi I@nrnamkpm `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn vrmttg nj dge}km `n Kivgjn %@gemkndi Dgvvgji

9 % Y}ijn tgkg* kmjjg tvmdncndg* n t}gn dgevnpn ntpnp}|ngkijn nk y}ijnpæ `n

`nrnamkpm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn7

N enmn dgevnpn* nk y}ijnpæ `n `nrnamkpm* nk`nvmk`mkpmemkpm ìjji eipmrni* ìjjidgevmpmk|i tvmdncndi dbm en snmkm ipprno}npi* tgkg dgevnpn tpionjnpn ìjji jmaam*ìj pmtpg }kndg `maj‗mkpn jgdijn* `mdrmpg jmantjipnsg ?31'?666+ Y}nk`n tgkg dgevnpntpionjnpn ìjji jmaam* dngâ ng bg ji amtpngkm `mj vmrtgkijm dbm en snmkm ittmakipg*`mjjm rntgrtm }eikm* ji amtpngkm `mn divnpgjn `n tvmti dbm en tgkg ittmakipnìjj‗ieenkntpri|ngkm dge}kijm* ji vrmtn`mk|i `mjjm dgeenttngkn `n airi* bg jidgevmpmk|i i` memppmrm dmrpncndi|ngkn* bg ji dgevmpmk|i i tpnv}jirm dgkprippn m bgji rivvrmtmkpik|i mtpmrki `mjj‗mkpm tgjpikpg vmr jm eipmrnm `n eni dgevmpmk|i m nkijd}kn ditn `mpmrenkipn* y}nk`n tgkg `mjjm dgevmpmk|m tpionjnpm ìjji jmaam dbm tnprgsikg kmj pmtpg }kndg `majn mkpn jgdijn+

? % Y}ijn tgkg n vrnkdnvijn vrgamppn m jm ippnsnpæ `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn

`mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn vrgegttm ìjj„ittmttgripg7

Vrmemttg dbm }k `nrnamkpm* tmevrm vmr jmaam* bi ji c}k|ngkm ieenkntpripnsi*kmjj‗ieonpg `mjji v}oojndi ieenkntpri|ngkm jm c}k|ngkn tgkg Ieenkntpripnsi m jiVgjnpndi* dbm tgkg `ntpnkpm+ J‗ieenkntpri|ngkm smri m vrgvrni â cgreipi ìjtnkìdg* ìjji an}kpi* m ìj dgktnajng dbm ìkkg j‗nk`nrn||g vgjnpndg+ N `nrnamkpn vgn*bikkg }ki c}k|ngkm ieenkntpripnsi m bikkg nj dgevnpg y}nk`n `n mtma}nrm* `nipp}irm j‗nk`nrn||g dbm snmkm ìpg ìjj‗graikg vgjnpndg+ Y}mtpg â kmjji tpr}pp}ri+Y}nk`n* j‗ieenkntpri|ngkm dge}kijm nk y}mtpi dgktnajnip}ri* bi `mdntg `n nksmtpnrm

t}jjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* ikdbm nk dgktn`mri|ngkm `mj cippg dbm* i virpnrm ìjj‗ikkg



9?2

?661* â tpipg ntpnp}npg nj Cgk`g Ki|ngkijm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn m y}nk`n* d‗mrij‗mtnamk|i `n ippnkamrm ij Cgk`g Ki|ngkijm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* ijjm t}mrntgrtm mdgkgendbm* vmr cirm tmrsn|n rnsgjpn in dnppi`nkn angsikn+ Y}mtpn tmrsn|n* dbmtpgrndiemkpm tgkg tpipn tmrsn|n sgjpn vnþ dbm ijprg ijj‗nkprippmknemkpg* nkcippn jm

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn i virpnrm ìaj‗ikkn ‗26 tgkg tpipm rnsgjpm nkkik|np}ppg ij `ntiangm ijji vrmsmk|ngkm `mj `ntiang g tgkg `nsmkpipm vgjnpndbm `mjj‗iang eicgkìemkpijemkpm vgjnpndbm `mjj‗nkprippmknemkpg+ I`mttg cnkijemkpm* ajn nk`nrn||n`mj agsmrkg ikdbm nk jnkmi dgk ji Tpripmani `n Jntogki `mj ?666* tgkg vgjnpndbm `nnksmtpnemkpg t}jji rntgrti }eiki angsikm* y}nk`n vgjnpndbm `mjj‗i}pgkgeni m

vgjnpndbm `n tsnj}vvg+ Y}nk`n* nk y}mtpi gppndi* j‗ieenkntpri|ngkm dge}kijm bi`mdntg vgn `n kgenkirm }k `nrnamkpm `m`ndipg ijjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* vmrdbî cnkgij ?661 nj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn mri tma}npg ì }k ijprg `nrnamkpm dbm tma}m n enkgrn*y}nk`n dbm bi }k tmrsn|ng mkgrem* vmr d}n ismsi y}mtpi dgevmpmk|i rmtn`}ijm i`

nkpmrne t}n angsikn* nksmdm bi tdmjpg `n ismrm }ki vmrtgki dbm tn `m`ndittm inangsikn+ Y}nk`n dbm dgti bi cippg nj eng tmrsn|ng* y}mjjg `n d}n en tgkg gdd}viping7 Nkkik|np}ppg* y}mjjg `n rmvmrnrm n cgk`n vmrdbî ajn tpik|niemkpn `n onjikdngmrikg nkt}ccndnmkpn vmr cirm jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn m y}nk`n ioonieg mjiogripg `mnvrgamppn* prm tgkg tpipn y}mjjn vrnkdnvijn* ei vgn ikdbm ijprn vnþ vnddgjn* dbm tgkgtpipn vrmtmkpipn t} oik`n g `mj agsmrkg g `n IKDN* dbm vmr cgrp}ki dn tniegiaan}`ndipn m y}nk`n dn tgkg tpipn cnkik|nipn+ Y}mjjg vrnkdnvijm â nj Vnikg jgdijmAngsikn dbm vnþ dbm mttmrm }k vrgamppg* â }k empg`g `n nkpmrsmkpg kmjj‗ieonpg`mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn m y}nk`n dgktntpm kmjji emtti i tntpmei `maj‗nkpmrsmkpn

dbm anæ tn ipp}ikg kmjji drmi|ngkm `n }k tntpmei `n rmpm* ikdbm dgk ajn ippgrn jgdijn*dgk ijprm ieenkntpri|ngkn vmr gppnen||irm jm rntgrtm* ji vrgampp}ijnpæ m ikdbm vmrdrmirm }k `ntprmppg egjpnvjndipgrm t}jjm rntgrtm i `ntvgtn|ngkm+ Y}nk`n kmjj‗ieonpg`n y}mtpg dikgsiddng `mj VJA * `n y}mtpg tdbmei `n jisgrg `mj VJA * vgn tgkgtpipm cnkik|nipm sirnm i|ngkn+ Iddikpg i y}mtpg ioonieg }k!ijpri jnkmi `ncnkik|niemkpg dbm â tpipi vgn j‗Iamk|ni Diti* vrgamppg dbm kgn ioonieg mjiogripg

vmr rntvgk`mrm i` }k oik`g `mj `nvirpnemkpg `mjji Angsmkpþ sgjpg ijj‗i}pgkgeniionpipnsi `mj angsikn+ Mri }k oik`g rntmrsipg ijjm dnppæ emprgvgjnpikm m dbm kgn dntnieg iaan}`ndipn vmr 9+=66+666* 66 ₪+ Vrnei sgjmsieg drmirm }k‗iamk|ni dbmcidmttm nkpmrem`ni|ngkm* ei ikdbm iddgeviakiemkpg `mn angsikn kmj rmvmrnemkpg

`mjjm ditm nk iccnppg* vgn kmj crippmevg â nkpmrsmk}pi ji drntn mdgkgendi* vmrdbî vmrcirm y}mtpi dgti dn sgajngkg ikkn* dngâ nj pmevg vitti m y}nk`n j‗ieenkntpri|ngkmbi tdmjpg `n `mtpnkirm ji eiaangr virpm `mjjm rntgrtm mdgkgendbm i `mn dgkprno}pnijj‗iccnppg rnsgjpn in angsikn+ Tnieg }tdnpn dgk }k vrneg oik`g i Amkking vmr 4=6dgkprno}pn m pri vgdg* }tdnrmeg i Amkking vrgttneg dgk }k ijprg oik`g+ Vmr njegemkpg n dgkprno}pn anæ ittmakipn in jny}nìpn tgkg kgk egjpnttnen tgkg tdirtndmkpg* tgkg }ki tmttikpnki* vmrdbî }kg `mn jnenpn dbm kgn ioonieg emttg â y}mjjg`n ismrm nj dgkprippg `n jgdi|ngkm rmantpripg m` â `nccndnjm ì gppmkmrm ì virpm `mnriai||n y}nk`n* 4=6 tgkg tpipn ajn iaan}`ndipirn vmrÿ vgn y}ik`g â smk}pg nj

egemkpg `n vrg`}rrm ji `gd}emkpi|ngkm dirpidmi i tgtpmakg `mjji vrgvrni



9?>

`geikì* nj kg`g dbm tn â smk}pg i drmirm â tpipg y}mjjg `mj dgkprippg gssniemkpmrmantpripg ijj‗Iamk|ni `mjjm Mkpripm+ Y}mtpg â }k vrgamppg+ ]k ijprg vrgamppg ây}mjjg* tmevrm t} oik`g IKDN* rnsgjpg ijjm dnppæ tm`n `n }knsmrtnpæ* oik`g dbmvrmsm`msi `mjjm nkn|nipnsm dgkan}kpm `n Dge}km* ]knsmrtnpæ m I`nt} `n Ipmkmg+

Kgn ioonieg cippg }ki dgrìpi dgk ji Cm`mrndg NN m j‗I`nt} Cm`mrndg NN dgk }k vrgamppg dbm v}rm dn tnieg iaan}`ndipn vmr 066+666*66 ₪ `n cnkik|niemkpgki|ngkijm i crgkpm `n dgcnkik|niemkpg jgdijm m dbm sm`m p}ppi }ki tmrnm `n ippnsnpædbm r}gpikg ippgrkg i }ki tm`m vrnkdnvijm dbm smrræ rnivmrpi ij v}oojndgtp}`mkpmtdg nj vrgttneg ?4 Kgsmeorm* ìpi }k vg‗ nkci}tpi* dbm â j‗m emkti}knsmrtnpirni nk sni Em||gdikkgkm+ Â tpipg rmijn||ipg }k dmkprg vgjnc}k|ngkijmnkDiev}t* d‗â }k i}`npgrn}e* d‗â }k‗i}ji tp}`n `gpipi `n }ki vgtpi|ngkmnkcgreipndi* d‗â ji em`nipmdi `n Tikpi Tgcni* ioonieg pritcmrnpg `mkprg j‗}knsmrtnpæji kgtpri em`nipmdi dge}kijm m vgn dn tiræ }ki diccmppmrni* dn tgkg `majn tvgrpmjjn

ikdbm `n I@NT] m ikdbm y}mjjg `mjji Cm`mrndg NN* ì y}mjjg `majn Mrite}t in sirntmrsn|n dbm mttg gccrm* m y}nk`n kgn tvmrnieg dbm `nsmkpn }kg tvi|ng dbm vgttimttmrm sntt}pg ìn angsikn tp}`mkpn nkkik|np}ppg vmr cr}nrm ikdbm `n }ki vgrpi `niddmttg }kndi in tmrsn|n tni `mj Dge}km dbm `mjj‗]knsmrtnpæ* dbm `mjj‗ I`nt}+Sgjmsieg rmijn||irm `mn tmrsn|n nkpmaripn ì }k jipg m ìjj‗ijprg }k crgkp%gccndm dbmtni }k vg‗ }kndg* dngâ nj angsikm dbm tn rmdbmræ jê prgsi p}ppm jm nkcgrei|ngkn ` mjDge}km rnsgjpm in angsikn* ei ikdbm rmjipnsm i y}mjjm `n I`nt} m `n Cm`mrndg NN+Y}nk`n* ij `n jæ `mj ?4 Kgsmeorm* sm`rmeg dgem tiræ+ Y}mtpn tgkg n prm vrnkdnvijn

vrgamppn* ei dm k‗â }ki enrni`m+

4 % Nk dbm eg`g jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn tn nky}i`rikg kmj VJA"Vnikg

jgdijm Angsikn.7

Nj VJA â }k empg`g `‗nkpmrsmkpg dbm e}p}i }k vg‗ jg tdbmei `mj vnikg tgdnijm `n|gki* j‗gonmppnsg â y}mjjg `n cir `nsmkpirm nj cnkik|niemkpg ki|ngkijm `mjjmvgjnpndbm angsiknjn* }k cnkik|niemkpg tpionjm+ Nj vnikg tgdnijm `n |gki vrmsm`m* dbmipprismrtg jm rmangkn* dgk ji jmaam 4?2* irrnsnkg n cnkik|niemkpn in dge}kn vmrcnkik|nirm jm ippnsnpæ tgdnijn m tgtpik|nijemkpm kgn dn vrgvgknieg jg tpmttg cnkm+ I

virpnrm ìj ?661 kgn ioonieg drmipg }ki rmpm `mjjm dnppæ emprgvgjnpikm nkvirpndgjirm* kmjj‗ieonpg `mjji rmpm npmr dbm â }ki rmpm `n dge}kn dbm tn gdd}vi `mnangsikn dn tnieg nksmdm rn}knpn kgn dnppæ emprgvgjnpikm* y}nk`n }k ar}vvg vnþrntprmppg `n dnppæ dbm bikkg }ki `nemktngkm vnþ arik`m* dgk }ki vgvgji|ngkmeiaangrm* gppmkmk`g }k‗nkpmrjgd}|ngkm `nrmppi dgk nj enkntpmrg* virjg `mj ?661*y}nk`n d‗mri nj smddbng agsmrkg nj Vgait `mj Enkntprg Emjik`rn* vmrÿ vgnj‗nkpmrjgd}|ngkm â dgkpnk}ipi tmk|i nkpgvvn ikdbm dgk nj k}gsg Enkntprg Emjgkn* my}nk`n j‗gonmppnsg mri y}mjjg+ Nj VJA `gsmsi mttmrm jg tpr}emkpg dbm kgnvrgvgkmsieg* dbm ioonieg ipp}ipg vmr nj egemkpg nk sni tvmrnemkpijm* kgn



946

vrgvgknieg ij agsmrkg dgem tpr}emkpg vmr cnkik|nirm tpionjemkpm ajn nkpmrsmkpnrnsgjpn in angsikn kmjjm dnppæ+

0 % Y}ijn tgkg jm vrnkdnvijn kgreipnsm m}rgvmm i d}n nj dge}km tn rncæ vmr jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn jgdijn 7

Nj prippipg `n Jntogki `mj ?666+ Dn tgkg n prm vnjitprn `mj prippipg `n Jntogki* d‗â ji virpm ieonmkpijm* d‗â ji virpm rmjipnsi ij vittiaang `mjji tgdnmpæ `mjji nkcgrei|ngkmijji tgdnmpæ `mjji dgkgtdmk|i m j‗nksmtpnemkpg t}jjm rntgrtm }eikm+ Y}mjjn tgkg ajnnk`nrn||n i d}n kgn dn rnciddnieg+

= % Jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn tma}gkg ajn

grnmkpiemkpn m jm tpripmanm `mj Enkntpmrg `mjji Angsmkpþ m nk dbm

eg`g7

Ittgj}piemkpm tê* vmrdbî tgkg nk jnkmi+ Ik|n nj dge}km `n Kivgjn* dgem jm dnppæemprgvgjnpikm* bi is}pg ikdbm }kg tdieong `n sm`}pm dgk nj Enkntpmrg* y}nk`n ajnnk`nrn||n `mj Enkntpmrg tgkg tpipn dgk`nsntn dgk jm dnppæ* }ki o}gki virpm ijemkg* `ny}mtpn nk`nrn||n* tgkg tpipn vrgvrng dgkdmrpipn dgk jm dnppæ+

3 % Y}ijn tgkg jm vrnkdnvijn vgjnpndbm angsiknjn rmangkijn m vrgsnkdnijndbm nksmtpgkg ikdbm nj Dge}km `n Kivgjn7

Vgttnieg virjirm `n vgjnpndbm angsikn rmangkijn* `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn vrgsnkdnijnittgj}piemkpm kg* vmrdbî ji _mangkm Dievikni â cgrtm }ki `mjjm vgdbm rmangkn nkNpijni i` ismrm }ki jmaam rmangkijm t}n angsikn+ I`mttg tg dbm â ijj‗mtiem ikdbm}ki eg`ncndi* }ki k}gsi jmaam* vmrÿ mtntpm anæ }ki k}gsi jmaam rmangkijm+ T}jjitdgrpi `mjjm jmaan rmangkijn* ìj ?666 dnrdi dn tgkg `mn cgk`n rmangkijn tpik|nipn vmrippnsnpæ t}n angsikn+ Grnankirniemkpm tn prippisi `n cgk`n `mtpnkipn i cnkik|nirm

vrmsijmkpmemkpm j‗Nkcgreiangsikn dnppi`nkg tmdgk`g }kg tdbmei* egìjnpæ m `majntpikìr` dbm dn smkagkg nevgtpn ìjji _mangkm+ @n rmdmkpm y}nk`n* ì }k ving`‗ikkn* ji _mangkm ipprismrtg ji y}ijm priktnpi }ki virpm `mj cgk`g ki|ngkijm `mjjmvgjnpndbm angsiknjn* vmrdbî y}mtpg snmkm rnvirpnpg nk tm`m `n dgkcmrmk|i }kncndipi itpipg rmangkn m y}nk`n }ki virpm `mn cgk`n rmtpi nk divg ij Enkntpmrg* }k‗ijpri virpmpriktnpi ipprismrtg jm rmangkn m vgn in dge}kn+ M y}nk`n* t}jji tdgrpi `n y}mtpgiddgr`g* jm rmangkn tpnv}jikg dgk nj Enkntpmrg `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn }k Iddgr`g`n Vrgarieei Y}i`rg "IVY. nk cgr|i `mj y}ijm }ki virpm `n y}mtpm rntgrtm vittiipprismrtg ji _mangkm* y}nk`n ji _mangkm Dievikni bi tpnv}jipg j‗Iddgr`g `nVrgarieei Y}i`rg dgk nj Enkntpmrg m y}nk`n bi is}pg vnþ cgk`n ì iaan}kamrm in

vrgvrn dgk n y}ijn anæ cnkik|nisi `mjjm ippnsnpæ+ I``nrnpp}ri ji dgkcmrmk|i }kncndipi



949

vrmsm`m dbm jm rmangkn vgttikg dgcnkik|nirm n cnkik|niemkpn `mjj‗IVY* tni dgkcgk`n nkpmrkn* tni dgk cgk`n ki|ngkijn `n ijpi vrgsmknmk|i m dgk cgk`n m}rgvmn+ Dgtêcidmk`g ji rmangkm bi cippg }k viddbmppg* dngâ bi drmipg }k cgk`g rmangkijmdgevgtpg `n sirn cgk`n m bi `mppipg `mjjm jnkmm a}nì vmr n dge}kn m bi cippg `mn

oik`n+ J‗ikkg tdgrtg bi cippg sirn oik`n tvm||mppipn* }kg vmr j‗Nkcgreiangsikn mvgn ijprn vmr sirn nkpmrsmkpn+ Kgn dn tnieg iaan}`ndipn tni y}mjjg`mjj‗Nkcgreiangsikn dbm y}mjjg rmjipnsg ijji dgtn``mppi i|ngkm D* y}nk`n i|ngkn t}nkn|nipnsi angsiknjm rnsgjpm in angsikn `mjji dnppæ8 â tpipi }ki dgti egjpg omjji+ Kmjj‗ikk}ijnpæ ?696* ji _mangkm Dievikni bi e}p}ipg nj eg`mjjg `mn vnikn jgdijnangsikn* neeiankik`g dbm jg tdbmei `mn vnikn jgdijn tirmoom tpipg nj cgreip dbm njagsmrkg isrmoom nevgtpg ikdbm ijjm rmangkn m y}nk`n sgjmk`g ikpndnvirm y}mtpidgti* bi emttg i oik`g p}ppm jm rntgrtm ipprismrtg n VPA "Vnikn Pmrrnpgrnijn vmr nAngsikn. m kgn dbm ismsieg anæ }k jisgrg `n vnikg jgdijm angsikn issnipg m y}nk`n

`n dgkdmrpi|ngkm pmrrnpgrnijm `n vrgamppi|ngkm virpmdnvipi* ìj pisgjg `mjjivrgamppi|ngkm virpmdnvipi ioonieg cippg tdip}rnrm nj kgtprg VPA dbm â tpipgvrmtmkpipg nk _mangkm m ivvrgsipg m y}nk`n dn â tpipg cnkik|nipg ikdbm `n rmdmkpm+Dgk ji Vrgsnkdni* `ndmsg* kgk d‗â kmtt}k rivvgrpg+ Ji vrgsnkdni â iamk|niNkcgreiangsikn t}jji dirpi* vmrÿ vmr ji smrnpæ* jm ippnsnpæ `mjji Vrgsnkdni kgk enrnt}jpikg+ Kgk vmrsmk}pm+

1 % Y}ijn tgkg jm vrnkdnvijn vrgojmeipndbm angsiknjn dbm j„ittmttgripg

g nj tnkìdg `gsrmoomrg vrmk`mrm nk dgktn`mri|ngkm* tmdgk`g jmn7Y}ijn tgkg jm vrngrnpæ `„nkpmrsmkpg7

Y}mtpg â nj eng v}kpg `n sntpi m vgn vmktg nj v}kpg `n sntpi `mjj‗ieenkntpri|ngkm<kgn ioonieg }ki vmd}jnirnpæ* tnieg }ki dnppæ angsikm* dngâ n ìpn `mjj‗GttmrsipgrngAngsikn dbm â d}ripg vmr kgn ìjji cidgjpæ `n Tgdngjgani* dn rnvgrpikg dbm Kivgjn âpri jm dnppæ emprgvgjnpikm dgk ji vmrdmkp}ijm vnþ ijpi `n angsikn rntvmppg ijjivgvgji|ngkm ki|ngkijm* y}nk`n kgn ioonieg ji rntgrti }eiki angsikm m y}nk`n jm

vgjnpndbm `gsrmoomrg mttmrm vgjnpndbm `n nksmtpnemkpg* vgjnpndbm `mjj‗gvvgrp}knpæ* vgjnpndbm `mjj‗i}pgkgeni+ V}kpirm t}n angsikn kgk i `ntiang* kgk `ntianipn* vmrdbî

y}mjjn tgkg `mtpnkipirn `n ijprm jnkmm `n nkpmrsmkpg* y}mjjm vnþ tgdnijn* ei v}kpirmt}n angsikn vmr drmirm gvvgrp}knpæ* iddmttg ij egk`g `mj jisgrg* `mjji cgrei|ngkm*ijj‗nevrmk`npgrni angsiknjm m ikdbm* d}rirm ajn itvmppn `n dgkt}en d}jp}rijnangsiknjn ei cnkijn||ipn ijj‗nktmrnemkpg jisgripnsg* ijji sntnonjnpæ ij vrgpiagknteg`mn angsikn* ij rndieong amkmri|ngkijm i p}ppn n jnsmjjn* kmj jisgrg* kmjji snpivgjnpndi* y}nk`n cgrtm nj vrgojmei â vrgvrng y}mjjg* y}mjjg `mj rndieongamkmri|ngkijm i prmdmkpgtmttikpi ari`n* y}mjjg `n drmirm eiaangrm gvvgrp}knpæ inangsikn* kgn dbm dm j‗ioonieg* vmrdbî tmdgk`g em* tgkg n angsikn `mn kgtprnpmrrnpgrn dbm vgttgkg mttmrm nj egpgrm vmr jg tsnj}vvg `mj T}` m `n Kivgjn+



94?

2 % Y}ijn tgkg n vrnkdnvijn gtpidgjn dbm tn nkdgkprikg kmjji

rmijn||i|ngkm `n vrgamppn vmr jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn7

Jm ionp}`nkn `mjjm vrittn dgktgjnìpm+ Ij `n jæ `mj tntpmei o}rgdripndg kmj y}ijm ng

ciddng virpm m dbm vgttg dgkprno}nrm i eg`ncndirm* `nijgaik`g dgk ajn ijprn }ccndncidmk`gjn virpmdnvirm i y}mjji dbm â ji kgtpri enttngk m `msg `nrm dbm dn tniegiooitpik|i rn}tdnpn nk y}mtpn prm ikkn* jm `nccndgjpæ smkagkg }k vg‗ ìj kgtprgpmrrnpgrng* vmrdbî vmr smkp‗ikkn jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn tgkg tpipm cippm nk }k dmrpgeg`g m y}nk`n bikkg sntpg `mpmrenkipn ippgrn* tmevrm ajn tpmttn* dbm eiairn nkgrnankm mrikg angsikn vgn kmj crippmevg tgkg `nsmkpipn emkg angsikn m dbm y}nk`nkgk ismsikg j‗ionp}`nkm i ìrm tvi|ng ijjm rmijpæ angsiknjn+ Kmj dgkpmevg* tgkg nriai||n dbm kgk tn cikkg isikpn cidnjemkpm* y}nk`n sikkg nkpmrdmppipn* sikkgegpnsipn* sikkg iccnikdipn kmjj‗graikn||i|ngkm* vmr mtmevng kmjji dgtpnp}|ngkm `n

ittgdni|ngkn `n ar}vvn nkcgreijn* y}nk`n sikkg tpnegjipn+

> — Jm rnt}jpi dbm dn tnikg vrgamppn nkdgevn}pn* kgkgtpikpm tnikg tpipn

emttn nk dikpnmrm7 Tm â dgtê* y}ijn tgkg ajn gtpidgjn rntdgkpripn7

]ki vrnei `nccndgjpæ nk y}mtpg egemkpg ng dm j‗bg dgk ji _mangkm Dievikni*vmrdbî kgkgtpikpm kgn dn tnieg iaan}`ndipn tni kmj ?66> nj oik`g vmrj‗Nkcgreiangsikn* tni kmj ?696 nj VPA m kgkgtpikpm nj tmppgrm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn`mjji rmangkm Dievikni* pmevmtpnsiemkpm vrgssm`m ikdbm ijji jny}nì|ngkm `mjjm

rntgrtm* y}mtpn cgk`n rmtpikg ojgddipn ijji riangkmrni `mjji rmangkm Dievikni dbmvmr eikdipg rntvmppg `mj vippg `n tpionjnpæ* kgk pritcmrntdm cgk`n+ Tm n cgk`n kgksmkagkg pritcmrnpn* ng kgk vgttg viairjn* ipp}irjn* vmrdbî kgk vgttg viairm ajn Mkpnin y}ijn `msg dbnm`mrm `n cirm `mn tmrsn|n vmr kgn m y}nk`n* tn ojgddi j‗mdgkgenip}ppi* vmrdbî ajn Mkpn i jgrg sgjpi }pnjn||ikg }k vmrtgkijm angsikm dbm kgkvmrdmvntdm n dgevmktn+ Y}nk`n ji `nccndgjpæ â y}mtpi* nk y}mtpg egemkpg+ Njvrgojmei â vrmsijmkpmemkpm dgk ji _mangkm* vmrdbî nksmdm* n cgk`n ki|ngkijn dnsmkagkg pritcmrnpn dgk rmagjirnpæ+ Tpnieg rn}tdmk`g ikdbm i viairm dgk }ki dmrpismjgdnpæ* vmrdbî n cgk`n cnkik|nipn* y}nk`n n cgk`n dbm kgk tgkg `n onjikdng*

smkagkg viaipn ìjji riangkmrni `mj dge}km `n Kivgjn nk pmevn vnþ ormsn rntvmppgin cgk`n `n onjikdng dbm kgk `msgkg tma}nrm j‗gr`nkm drgkgjgandg+

96 % Y}ij â nj rntdgkprg `mn angsikn m ji jgrg virpmdnvi|ngkm kmn

dgkcrgkpn `mjjm nkn|nipnsm vrgegttm ìjj„ittmttgripg `mjjm vgjnpndbm

angsiknjn7

Vmr nj egemkpg tpg ismk`g `mn rnpgrkn vgtnpnsn+ Sgajng vgrpirm }k mtmevng< nj vrgamppg dbm dn tnieg iaan}`ndipn t}jj‗i|ngkm D `mjji _mangkm `mj ?66>+ P}ppg â

virpnpg ì }k nkdgkprg dgk }k‗ittgdni|ngkm angsiknjm* dbm smkkm ì em `ndmk`gen



944

`n cnkik|nirm }k jgrg vrgamppg+ Ijj‗mvgdi kgk ismsg arik`n cgk`n `n onjikdng* m`nttn< ‚riai||n ng cgk`n kgk km bg* vmrÿ tm sgjmpm* nktnmem vgttnieg ikìrm i

vrmk`mrdmjn ì y}ijdbm ijpri virpm―+ Dgtê dgk nj jgrg vrgamppg m ji virpkmrtbnv `mjdge}km `n Kivgjn dbm rmk`msi cgrpm nj vrgamppg* ioonieg virpmdnvipg i y}mtpgoik`g `mjji _mangkm Dievikni t} nkn|nipnsi rnsgjpi in angsikn* cippm ìn angsiknvmr n angsikn+ M y}mtpi ittgdni|ngkm â tpipi ji y}irpi i djittncndirtn* g emajng* njdge}km `n Kivgjn dbm mri nj divgcnji* â tpipg nj y}irpg djittncndipg dgk y}mtpg

vrgamppg cippg ì y}mtp‗ittgdni|ngkm+ Kgn vgn* ioonieg iccnikdipg y}mtpn riai||nkmjji dgtpnp}|ngkm `mjj‗ittgdni|ngkm* kmjji vrm`ntvgtn|ngkm `mj cgreip `n vrgamppg*dngâ jgrg dn bikkg vgrpipg nj vrgamppg m n enmn }ccndn jn bikkg iccnikdipn dgk `mjjmvrgcmttngkijnpæ dbm vmr cgrp}ki* nktgeei* `n jgrg tvgkpm* bikkg ìpg }ki eikg* jnbikkg iccnikdipn vrgvrng kmjji vrm`ntvgtn|ngkm `mj cgreip* kmjji vrmtmkpi|ngkm`mjji `gd}emkpi|ngkm mdd+ Nj vrgamppg â tpipg ivvrgsipg* cnkik|nipg ìjji _mangkm

Dievikni m` â nk dgrtg `n rmijn||i|ngkm+ Gssniemkpm y}mtpg ar}vvg `n riai||n*cgrpm `n y}mtpi mtvmrnmk|i* tn â ippnsipg i enjjm m y}nk`n tgkg jgrg dbm i`mttgsmkagkg m `ndgkg ‚`gppgrmtti* d‗â y}mtpg oik`g* dgem `goonieg cirm* d‗ây}mtp‗ijpri dgti―* vgn tgkg tpipn vrgegpgrn `n }kg tdieong dgk nj vrgarieei^g}pb nk Idpngk* vrgarieei m}rgvmg `n Angsmkpþ nk I|ngkm* ioonieg is}pg vmr}ki tmppneiki `mn riai||n ì p}ppi M}rgvi i Kivgjn dbm kgn ioonieg gtvnpipg nk}ki tm`m dge}kijm* t} }k vrgamppg t}j rndndjiaang `mn eipmrnijn* egjpg omjjg* dbmvgn i jgrg sgjpi bikkg vgrpipg i Agpmogra+ Jisgrirm dgk n angsikn â y}mtpg* oitpiìrm }kg tv}kpg* }k enkneg `n dgevmpmk|m* }k vg‗ `n tnd}rm||i* vgn jgrg sikkg*

dngâ n angsikn tgkg vnmkn `n mkmranm+ Y}nk`n* y}mtpg â tpipg }k omjjnttneg rnt}jpipgdbm dgem }ccndng ioonieg riaan}kpg+

99 % Y}ijn tgkg jm vrnkdnvijn vgjnpndbm d}jp}rijn rnsgjpm in angsikn `mj

Dge}km `n Kivgjn7 M y}ijn tgkg n vrnkdnvijn rntdgkprn `n pijn

vgjnpndbm7

Nj Dge}km `n Kivgjn bi pikpm nkn|nipnsm d}jp}rijn* dbm kgk smkagkg tma}npm ìj engtmrsn|ng* vmrdbî d‗â }k tmrsn|ng dbm tn gdd}vi vrgvrng `mjji d}jp}ri* nj Tmrsn|ng

D}jp}ri `mj dge}km `n Kivgjn+ Tpgrndiemkpm nj tmrsn|ng angsikn `mj dge}km `nKivgjn tn â cippg vrgegpgrm `n nkn|nipnsm d}jp}rijn* vmr mtmevng p}ppn ajn ikkn kgncnkik|nieg }ki rittmaki dbm tn dbniei ‚Kmrg `n tdmki― dbm emppm nktnmem angsiknoijjmrnkn m angsikn irpntpn* dngâ virpm ìjji ìk|i vmrdbî nk grnankm mri rnsgjpg tgjgin ìk|ipgrn* nksmdm i`mttg* tn â pritcgreipi* tn â msgj}pi dgem rittmaki m y}nk`nemppm nktnmem ikdbm angsikn irpntpn* y}nk`n d‗â }ki dgeenttngkm* d‗â }k vrmeng‚Kmrg `n Tdmki― m vgn y}mtpi rittmaki snmkm rnvrgvgtpi i` gakn gdditngkm }pnjm `nsntnonjnpæ `n y}mtpn riai||n+ D‗â }k!ijpri rittmaki* }k cmtpnsij dbm tn dbniei‚Angsikn T}gkn― dbm â iooitpik|i ciegtg* vmrdbî â }k cmtpnsij tpgrndg `mj dge}km

`n Kivgjn dbm cikkg n enmn c}k|ngkirn ì pikpg pmevg m dbm â }k cmtpnsij `n e}tndi



940

rgdh+ Ijprm nkn|nipnsm nkpmrmttikpn tgkg y}mjjm vrgegttm ìjji em`nipmdi `n TikpiTgcni* vmr mtmevng d‗â ji rittmaki ‚G‗ d}rp― dbm â }ki rittmaki `n dgrpgempriaancippn ìn angsikn `n p}ppi Npijni* i`mttg tn â ivmrpi ikdbm ijj‗M}rgvi* â ijji 9?¶m`n|ngkm y}mtp‗ikkg m` â `nsmkpipi iooitpik|i ciegti+ Nksmdm vgn* y}mtp‗ikkgisrmeg ji 4¶m`n|ngkm `n }k ijprg cmtpnsij `n dgrpgempriaan dbm tn dbniei‚GEgsnmt― m dbm prippi `n dgrpgempriaan i pmei gegtmtt}ijm tmevrm vmr iccrgkpirm m cir iccrgkpirm y}mtpn pmen* y}mjjn `mjji `nccmrmk|i `n amkmrm*`mjj‗gegtmtt}ijnpæ* `n vrmsmk|ngkm `mj o}jjnteg gegcgondg* dbm v}rm bi is}pg }k

omj rntdgkprg kmajn tdgrtn `}m ikkn pikpg ì irrnsirm ijji 4¶m`n|ngkm+ D‗â }k‗ijpririttmaki nkpmrmttikpm dbm tn dbniei ‚Nj cmtpnsij `mjji J}ki Vnmki― m dbm nksmdm â}k cmtpnsij `n pmiprg rnsgjpg in ar}vvn memramkpn pmiprijn dbm tn ci nk amkmrm* nkvnddgjn pmiprn dnppi`nkn+

9? — Y}ijn tgkg n dmkprn angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn ipp}ijemkpm

gvmripnsn7

Nk y}mtpg egemkpg n dmkprn angsiknjn tgkg `}m* nj dmkprg―Vmrpnkn― dbm tn prgsi iTmdgk`najnikg m nj dmkprg ‚Itpmrn― dbm tn prgsi i Tik Angsikkn i Pm`}ddng+Ismsieg ikdbm }k ijprg dmkprg* dmkprg ‚Mpi Ompi― dbm tn prgsi i Vnik}ri vmrÿ âtpipg dbn}tg vmr sirn egpnsn nktgeei* vrnei â tpipg dbn}tg vmr egpnsn `n tnd}rm||im vgn â tpipg gdd}vipg ìn tmk|ipmppg+ Dgk nj `mdmkpriemkpg ieenkntpripnsg dbm

ioonieg is}pg kmj ?661 vmrÿ* y}mtpn dmkprn tgkg pgjpn `n dgevmpmk|i `mj Tmrsn|ngAngsikn ei tgkg tpipn `mdmkpripn ijjm e}kndnvijnpæ dnppi`nkm m y}nk`n tgkg `n jgrgdgevmpmk|i m ikdbm nj vmrtgkijm â `nsmkpipg vmrtgkijm e}kndnvijm vmrÿ* i tma}npg`maj‗nk`nrn||n dbm ji _mangkm Dievikni dn bi ìpg* ioonieg dgtpnp}npg }k dgenpipg`ntprmpp}ijm `n dgkcnkiemkpg `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn dbm â dgevgtpg ì em* dngânj `nrnamkpm `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn m ìn `nrnamkpn `mn Tmrsn|n Angsikn `mjjme}kndnvijnpæ m ipprismrtg y}mtpg dggr`nkiemkpg dmrdbnieg* vmrdbî â nj tmrsn|ngdmkprijm* dngâ tgkg ng dbm bi vnþ rntgrtm ì `m`ndirm ijjm ippnsnpæ angsiknjn* m y}nk`ndmrdbnieg dge}ky}m `n eikpmkmrm ippnsn n dmkprn angsiknjn dgk jm rntgrtmmdgkgendbm dbm nj tmrsn|ng dmkprijm emppm i `ntvgtn|ngkm+

% v}ÿ cgrknrdn `gd}emkpn g jnkh }pnjn7Dmrpg+ Vgttg cgrknrjm nj kgtprg Vnikg Pmrrnpgrnijm Angsikn m vgttg cirjm emppmrm nkdgkpippg dgk n riai||n `mjj‗ittgdni|ngkm dbm vgn tgkg tpipn ikdbm nj k}djmg dmkprijm`mjj‗mjiogri|ngkm `mj VPA* vmrdbî dbm dgti ioonieg vmktipg `n cirm dgk nj VPA7Vrmk`mrm y}mtpi o}gki vrittn `n y}mtpg vrgamppg cippi ì }ki `mjjm e}kndnvijnpæ `nOiakgjn m vgrpirji nk p}ppm m `nmdn jm e}kndnvijnpæ* ìk`g ji vgttnonjnpæ i y}mtpnriai||n `n mttmrm jgrg `gdmkpn `n ar}vvn angsiknjn `mjjm sirnm e}kndnvijnpæ m y}nk`ndgnksgjamrm n angsikn dgtê i ditdipi t}jjm e}kndnvijnpæ+ Tm dn irrnsikg n tgj`n jgciddnieg+ Vmr y}ikpg rna}irì n dmkprn angsiknjn vgn* mttn tgkg tm`n `n vrgvrnmpæ

dge}kijm m amtpnpn ì `nvmk`mkpn dge}kijn+ Y}mtpi â }ki dgti dbm si vrmdntipi



94=

vmrdbî* ikdbm ijj‗nkpmrkg `mj dge}km `n Kivgjn* kgk d‗â }k‗ mtippi vmrdm|ngkm `mndmkprn angsiknjn* tn â tmevrm vmktipg dbm mrikg tm`n dge}kijn iccnìpm i` mkpn `mjpmr|g tmppgrm g i` ittgdni|ngkn nksmdm kg* dn tgkg `mn `nvmk`mkpn dge}kijn dbmtgkg p}ppn m ikneipgrn vgn tgkg `nsmkpipn ntpr}ppgrn `nrmppnsn tgdng d}jp}rijn* ei âvmrtgkijm dge}kijm dgk `mjjm dgevmpmk|m tvmdncndbm nk eipmrni `n vgjnpndbmangsiknjn+

94 — Y}ijn tgkg jm ittgdni|ngkn angsiknjn g ajn gvmripgrn d}jp}rijn dbm

virpmdnvikg ippnsiemkpm ijji ippnsnpæ `mjj„ittmttgripg g `mj Tmrsn|ng

Angsikn7 M dgk y}ijn rnt}jpipn7

Tgkg virmddbnm+ Ioonieg cippg }ki tvmdnm `n egknpgriaang `n p}ppm jm ittgdni|ngkn

dbm bikkg virpmdnvipg ijji vrgamppi|ngkm `mj VPA vnþ ippnsm m` mrikg nksnpipm p}ppmi virpmdnvirm in pisgjn+

90 — Y}ijn tgkg ajn mjmemkpn `n dgkpnk}npæ dgk nj vittipg "vrnei `mj

eikìpg `mjj„ittmttgrm _nddng. m y}ijn y}mjjn `n `ntdgkpnk}npæ7

Kgn ioonieg eikpmk}pg p}ppg y}mjjg dbm `n o}gkg d‗mri* vmrdbî d‗mri pikpg* y}nk`nn tmrsn|n tpgrndn tgkg tpipn eikpmk}pn< j‗Nkcgreiangsikn m jm rittmakm+ Tgjg dbm* nk

vittipg* smknsikg p}ppn cnkik|nipn dgk nj vrgamppg ‚Irdgoijmkg―* tn pmkmsikg ikdbm

`mn dgrtn vrmttg n dmkprn angsiknjn* dgrtn m tmenkirn `n e}tndi m `n ìk|i* `n pmiprgmdd+ Ji `nccmrmk|i pri nj vrnei m nj `gvg tn â is}pi dgk nj `mdmkpriemkpg dbm kgk dnbi dgktmkpnpg `n graikn||irm nj dgrtg `mkprg ji tm`m dbm mri `n vmrpnkmk|ie}kndnvijm* y}nk`n nj tmrsn|ng bi dgkpnk}ipg i cnkik|nirm jm rittmakm vrnkdnvijny}nk`n ‚G‗ d}rp―* ‚Kmrg `n tdmki―* ‚Angsikn T}gkn―* ‚nj cmtpnsij `mjji J}ki Vnmki―*‚N cnje `mjji eni snpi―* ikdbm j‗Gttmrsipgrng Angsikn* dbm mtntpm ì vrnei* gaan â}kg tpr}emkpg tmk|i nj y}ijm kgk vgprmeeg ikìrm isikpn* vgn j‗Nkcgreiangsikn*dbm dge}ky}m â }k tmrsn|ng dbm bi dgkpnk}ipg+ Y}mjjg dbm kgk bi dgkpnk}ipg â jiegìjnpæ `n cnkik|niemkpg* ipprismrtg n cgk`n ?2=+ Ipprismrtg y}mtpg vrgamppg

‚Irdgoijmkg―* y}nk`n e}pi vrgvrng ji egìjnpæ `n cnkik|niemkpg m nj cippg dbmioonieg nkprg`gppg `majn mjmemkpn k}gsn* dngâ `maj‗nkpmrsmkpn t}jj‗i}pgkgeniionpipnsi* t}jj‗i}pgkgeni vrgcmttngkijm m cgreipnsi* nkpmrsmkpn t}ajn tp}`mkpn}knsmrtnpirn< y}nk`n nkpmrsmkpn t}jj‗i}pgkgeni gjprm dbm nkpmrsmkpn `n dirippmrm emriemkpm d}jp}rijm+ Vmrÿ ajn nkpmrmsmkpn tpgrndiemkpm cnkik|nipn tgkg tpipncnkik|nipn ikdbm dgk nevgrpn t}vmrngrn rntvmppg ij vittipg vmrdbî vnþ cgrpn `n y}mtpmrntgrtm mdgkgendbm dbm tnieg rn}tdnpn i` gppmkmrm* vmr mtmevng ‚Kmrg `n tdmki―dbm vrnei mri }ki tgji m`n|ngkm* i`mttg bi is}pg ikdbm ijprn sirn egemkpn+



943

9= — Y}ij â ji vmrdm|ngkm dbm bi `mj rivvgrpg pri angsikn m ntpnp}|ngkn

v}oojndbm m angsikn m dnppæ7Bikkg }ki arik`m tcn`}dni+ Kgk tn issndnkikg sgjmkpnmrn ijj‗ntpnp}|ngkm* y}nk`n d‗â}k‗gtpnjnpæ* }ki tcn`}dni* }ki rmv}jtngkm kmjj‗ismr i dbm cirm vrgvrng dgkj‗ntpnp}|ngkm* pikp‗â dbm kgn dbm jisgrnieg dgk n angsikn dn `goonieg vgrrm nkeiknmri }k vg‗ emkg cgreijm* `msg cirm cipndi vmr iddgrdnirm jm `ntpik|m+ M vgn*d‗â nj vrgojmei dbm kmj egemkpg nk d}n jgrg tn rmji|ngkikg dgk }ccndn `nsmrtnrntvmppg ij kgtprg }ccndng* dgti nk`ntvmktionjm tm tn `nsmkpi ipp}ipgrn `n vgjnpndbm* tntdgkprikg dgk }ki o}rgdri|ni iooitpik|i cirriankgti+

93 — Angsikn dgem `ntiang g dgem rntgrti7 @ntiang angsiknjm ì

dgkpritpirm g rntgrti ‚angsikn― ì sijgrn||irm7

Dgem rntgrti* ittgj}piemkpm+ Jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn tn gdd}vikg `mn angsikn`ntianipn* vmrdbî tn gdd}vikg `mj `ntiang* jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn tn gdd}vikg `mnangsikn p}ppn+ Y}nk`n angsikn dgem rntgrti+

91 % Nk dbm eg`g jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn m `}ky}m* jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn

tn rivvgrpikg dgk jm rntgrtm g ajn gtpidgjn `mj pmtt}pg }roikg7

Sgajng cirm }ki vrmdnti|ngkm+ Iddi`m tvmttg dbm jm Vgjnpndbm angsiknjn smkaikgittgdnipm ijjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn kmjjm `mjmabm `majn ittmttgrn vmrdbî tpgrndiemkpm âtpipg dgtê+ J‗n`mi â dbm jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn tn jmabnkg i }ki sntgkm }k vg‗t}vmripi* nkpmk`mk`gjm dgem vgjnpndbm angsiknjn `n dgkpritpg ij `ntiang angsiknjm8 âikdbm }ki y}mtpngkm `n cgk`n* vmrdbî* jmaik`gjm ijjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn â vgttnonjmippnkamrm in cgk`n `mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn m ij cgk`g vmr j‗nkcik|ni* vmr cnkik|nirm mdgcnkik|nirm ajn nkpmrsmkpn `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn+ Vmr dmrpn itvmppn* v}ÿ mttmrm ikdbmdgrrmppi y}mtpi cgre}ji tm vmrÿ* kgk tn jmaikg prgvvg jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn ijjm

vgjnpndbm `mj `ntiang ei* ìj eng v}kpg `n sntpi* nk y}mtpi vrgtvmppnsi* jm vgjnpndbmangsiknjn `gsrmoomrg mttmrm jmaipm ijjm vgjnpndbm `mjjg tsnj}vvg m ijj‗nkcgreipndi+Tmdgk`g em* ji `mjmai `mjj‗ittmttgrm ijjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn `gsrmoom mttmrm<vgjnpndbm `n Tsnj}vvg* Nkcgreipndi m Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn+Nj rivvgrpg dgk ji dnppæ â oitipg t}j `mdmkpriemkpg ieenkntpripnsg nkkik|np}ppg*vmrdbî vgn ijji cnkm jm e}kndnvijnpæ m nj `mdmkpriemkpg vmr y}ikpg tni}k‗gvmri|ngkm dbm bi pikpn jnenpn* bi nj sikpiaang `n ismr drmipg y}mtpm tpr}pp}rmieenkntpripnsm `n vrgttnenpæ `mn pmrrnpgrn* ipprismrtg jm y}ijn â vgttnonjmriaan}kamrm n angsikn `mn sirn pmrrnpgrn dnppi`nkn nk eiknmri vnþ divnjjirm m ari|nmijjm y}ijn ismrm vgn }k rnpgrkg `n ntpik|m m `n tvmdncndnpæ `mj pmrrnpgrng+ Y}mtpg kmjjg

tdbmei m kmjji tpr}pp}ri `n dbn bi cippg nj `mdmkpriemkpg+ Vmr nj egemkpg y}mtpi



941

dgti kgk tn â rmijn||ipi omknttneg+ J‗n`mi â o}gki* vmrÿ jm e}kndnvijnpæ bikkgtpmkpipg i `mdgjjirm m y}nk`n tpmkpikg i` idy}ntnrm y}mtpg r}gjg `n pri`m }kngk njpmrrnpgrng e}kndnvijm m j‗ieenkntpri|ngkm dmkprijm+

% Dn tgkg e}kndnvijnpæ dbm bikkg jisgripg emajng `n ijprm7

Tn* tnd}riemkpm+ ]ki e}kndnvijnpæ dbm bi jisgripg egjpg omkm cgrpm `mj cippg dbmbi anæ }k dmkprg angsiknjm m dbm bi }k pmrrnpgrng ionp}ipg i cirm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn*vgn bi gssniemkpm }ki orisi `nrnamkpm* vmrdbî vgn j‗mjmemkpg }eikg m `mjjivrgcmttngkijnpæ â cgkìemkpijm* â ji e}kndnvijnpæ `n Tik Angsikkn'Oirri* jg tpmttg`nditn vmr ji e}kndnvijnpæ `mj Sgemrg'Irmkmjji* ikdbm ij ?¶ dngâ nj dmkprg* emkgOiakgjn'Vnik}ri m C}grnargppi'Tgddisg* nk y}mtpi dn tnieg kgn* d‗â }ki tm`m`mdmkpripi `mj Tmrsn|ng Angsikn dbm â `mtpnkipi i `nsmkpirm }k dmkprg angsiknjm my}nk`n i` mttmrm `mdmkpripg* ei tm ng kgk j‗bg ikdgri `mdmkpripg â vmrdbî mri }ki

tm`m iooitpik|i s}gpi `gsm en tgkg vgtpi j‗gonmppnsg `n nevjmemkpirm jm ippnsnpærnsgjpm in angsikn nk eiknmri ì cirjm ikìrm i rmanem m vgn `mdmkprirm jie}kndnvijnpæ* y}nk`n }ki sgjpi `nsmkpipg dmkprg ippnsg* vmrdbî tm kg* isrmn dgrtg njrntdbng `n `mdmkprirm ji tpr}pp}ri `mjji e}kndnvijnpæ m cirji `nsmkpirm tm`m `mn Snanjn]roikn* y}nk`n t} Oiakgjn j‗ippnsnpæ snmkm amtpnpi ì kgn `nrmppiemkpm+ Nksmdm* kmjjmijprm e}kndnvijnpæ* tvmrg `n kgk `nemkpndirkm kmtt}ki `n y}mjjm vnþ ippnsm* ikdbm ji4¶ â iooitpik|i ippnsi* ei dge}ky}m cgkìemkpijemkpm tgkg nj Sgemrg* TikAngsikkn'Oirri egjpnttneg m ji ?¶* nj dmkprg+

92 — Vgprmoom ìren `mn dgktnajn vmr emajng tpr}pp}rirm j„nkpmrsntpi

ijj„ittmttgrm _nddng7

Cgkìemkpijemkpm vmr ji tcn`}dni dbm d‗â kmn angsikn* ì virpm `mjj‗mkpm* nj kgtprgjisgrg â y}mjjg vrgvrng `n ikìrjn i rmd}vmrirm* vmrÿ vmr cirm y}mtpg m vmr msnpirmdbm ij vrneg nevippg dgk nj dge}km ioonikg }k pri}ei m tm km tdivvnkg* tmdgk`gem* nj jisgrg dbm ontgaki cirm â }k jisgrg nkkik|np}ppg dbm virpi ìjj‗nkpmrkg* `nrncgrei `mjji eiddbnki ieenkntpripnsi* rncgrei kmj tmktg* ì }k jipg kmjrnkangsiknemkpg `mjji eiddbnki ieenkntpripnsi* dgti dbm j‗ieenkntpri|ngkm

dge}kijm tpi cidmk`g vmrdbî bi y}mtpg dgkdgrtgkm dbm â nk dgrtg `n mtvjmpiemkpgm dbm kgn* `nrnamkpn `mj dge}km* tpnieg itvmppik`g dgem ji eikki ìj dnmjg vmrdbîkgk sm`nieg j‗gri `n sm`mrm y}mtpn riai||n dbm cnkijemkpm smrrikkg i jisgrirmkmaj‗}ccndn* m y}nk`n y}mtpi â }k‗gvmri|ngkm cgkìemkpijm m nevgrpikpnttnei+ Mvgn* tmdgk`g em* p}ppi ji eiddbnki ieenkntpripnsi `msm ippmaanirtn nk eiknmricisgrmsgjm* itt}emk`g y}mtp‗gppndi kmn dgkcrgkpn `mn angsikn* ikdbm vmrdbî jmvgjnpndbm angsiknjn tgkg vgjnpndbm pritsmrtijn* y}nk`n kgn* jm vgjnpndbm `mjji diti jmioonieg cippm dgk j‗i}tnjng `mj tmrsn|ng Ittmaki|ngkm Ijjgaan tni `mn tmrsn|n dbm tngdd}vikg `n dge}kndi|ngkm* vmr mtmevng kgn ioonieg cippg }k oik`g vmr n

tgtpmakn iajn ijjgaan dgk }ki egìjnpæ `nsmrti m nkkgsipnsi rntvmppg i y}mjji dbm



942

tpgrndiemkpm bi cippg nj dge}km `n Kivgjn dbm cidmsi n oik`n dgk ajn issntn m vgnp}ppi ji amkpm ikìsi i cirm ji cnji m vgrpisi n `gd}emkpn* ijjgri kgn dn tnieg dbnmtpn`n riaan}kamrm n angsikn* cidmk`g }k pisgjg `n dgkcmrmk|i `n tmrsn|n* y}nk`n ng* nj`nrnamkpm `mjji diti* nj `nrnamkpm `mj tnpg qmo `mj dge}km* nj `nrnamkpm `mj vgrpijmemprgvgjnpikg e}jpndikijm "â }k vgrpijm `n tmrsn|n dbm bi nj dge}km `n Kivgjn* tndbniei VEE* emkprm nj tnpg â }k vgrpijm `gsm rmvmrnrm nkcgrei|ngkn* nj vgrpijmemprgvgjnpikg e}jpndikijm â }k vgrpijm `n tmrsn|n* pn rmantprn m dbnm`n jmdmrpncndi|ngkn gk%jnkm* }k cnjm `n nkn|ng ippnsnpæ gk%jnkm* dngâ iddm`n i `mn tmrsn|n gk%jnkm* ei â vgdbnttneg }pnjn||ipg* v}rprgvvg.* ji `nrnamkpm `n ar}vvg* nj `nrnamkpm `mjtntpmei nkcgreipnsg+ Ijjgri* emppmk`g nktnmem p}ppm y}mtpm dgevmpmk|m* jnioonieg cippn ivvittngkirm in angsikn dgtê ioonieg cippg }k oik`g dbm â tpipgmtdj}tnsiemkpm gk%jnkm* y}nk`n jm `geik`m tn cidmsikg gk%jnkm dgk `mn dievn dbmtn `gsmsikg dgevnjirm m oitpi* vmrÿ d‗mri ji vgttnonjnpæ vmr n angsikn dbm kgk

tivmsikg }tirm nj dgev}pmr g kgk ismsikg ditmjjm `n vgtpi mjmpprgkndi* `n ikìrm nk}rv8 smknsikg iccnikdipn ìaj‗}rv dge}kijn dbm cidmsikg ikdbm }k‗gvmri|ngkm `ndgkpritpg ij `nanpij `nsn`m* nktmakisikg i drmirtn }ki ditmjji `n vgtpi mjmpprgkndi+Ioonieg }pnjn||ipg }k ar}vvg `n riai||n tmjm|ngkipn dgk }ki sidikdnmt gk%jnkm* 96riai||n vmr iccnikdirm ajn }rv* vgn kgk dm j‗ioonieg cippi dgk n pmevn o}rgdripndn my}nk`n bikkg iccnikdipg j‗}ccndng Ittmaki|ngkm Ijjgaan kmjji smrncndi mkmjj‗ntpnp}|ngkm `mjji `gd}emkpi|ngkm `mjjm vripndbm* dgtê y}mtpn riai||n bikkgneviripg dgem tn jisgri kmjji v}oojndi ieenkntpri|ngkm* i jgrg sgjpi cidmsikg njcrgkp%gccndm dgk n riai||n dbm vgrpisikg ji `gd}emkpi|ngkm* nk rivvgrpg vmmr pg

vmmr* y}nk`n vmr nj egemkpg tnieg rn}tdnpn i dgkdj}`mrm* dgem bg `mppg* vmrj‗}kndg vrgojmei â tpipg nj cippg `mn dgkprippn kgk rmantpripn+ Gri y}mtpi gvmri|ngkmbi cippg tn dbm y}mtpn ijprn tmrsn|n dge}kijn* in y}ijn ioonieg dbnmtpn `n dgjjiogrirm*bikkg dgkgtdn}pg jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* bikkg divnpg y}mtpg k}gsg tvnrnpg `mjjmvgjnpndbm angsiknjn* tn tgkg ivvittngkipn m tgkg tpipn i jgrg sgjpi vrgvgtnpnsn+Ijjgri* ng vmktg dbm ontgakmræ cirm y}mtpg nk sirn tmppgrn `mjj‗ieenkntpri|ngkmdge}kijm* dgem vmr mtmevng ji qmo PS* vmrdbî dgk nj vnikg jgdijm angsiknioonieg dgtpnp}npg }ki rmì|ngkm dgevgtpi ì 96 riai||n tmk|i cgrei|ngkmangrkijntpndi* 96 riai||n `mjji dnppæ* dggr`nkipn ì }k angrkijntpi m ioonieg dbnmtpgjgrg dbm ismsikg nkpmrmttm* `n vrg`}rrm `mn tmrsn|n sn`mg%angrkijntpndn nk ittgj}pi

jnomrpæ8 `gvg n vrnen pmkpmkkiemkpn y}mtpn riai||n bikkg dgenkdnipg i vrg`}rrm nvrnen eipmrnijn dbm tgkg tpipn nkpmrmttikpn m dbm kgn ioonieg v}oojndipg t}j tnpg`mj VJA + Y}mtpi dgti bi t}tdnpipg j‗nkpmrmttm `mj `nvirpnemkpg dge}kndi|ngkmntpnp}|ngkijm `mj dge}km dbm tpi vmr cir virpnrm ji qmo PS m y}nk`n ng bg dbnmtpg ij`nvirpnemkpg `n iddgajnmrm y}mtpn riai||n vmr }kg tpiam* y}mtpn riai||n tgkg tpipndgkgtdn}pn ì Eirndgkì m ì J}dnikg Tdgvmdm* `}m arik`n angrkijntpn dbm tngdd}vikg `mjji qmo PS dbm tn tgkg mkp}tniteipn `n y}mtpi dgti m y}nk`n i`mttg jiqmo PS isræ< }ki r}orndi cippi ì y}mtpn riai||n dbm tn dbniei AKK* `}m `n y}mtpnriai||n tirikkg ajn tvmihmr `mj pmjmangrkijm `mjji qmo PS m y}nk`n ikdbm y}i*

ioonieg cippg }k‗gvmri|ngkm `n ivmrp}ri m `n rmpm dgk }k ijprg tmrsn|ng dge}kijm



94>

kmn dgkcrgkpn `mn angsikn `mjji dnppæ+ Ikdbm y}mtpn ijprn 96 angsikn bikkgdgenkdnipg i crmy}mkpirm ajn }ccndn dge}kijn }k vg‗ t}vmrik`g y}mjjm rmtntpmk|mdbm ismsikg* y}nk`n tmdgk`g em* nj jisgrg â virpnpg nkkik|np}ppgìjj‗ieenkntpri|ngkm vmrdbî tm n tmrsn|n `majn }ccndn dge}kijn isrikkg }kippmaaniemkpg `n ivmrp}ri* n angsikn prgsmrikkg enkgrn rmtntpmk|m m y}nk`nenajngrmræ y}mtpg jnsmjjg `n tcn`}dni * y}mtpi `ntpik|i kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjmntpnp}|ngkn+Dgk j‗ittmttgrm _nddng tn v}ÿ virjirm kgk pikpg `n y}mjjg dbm tn â cippg * vmrdbî pmj‗bg }k vg‗ `mppg* j}n isræ egjpg ijprg ì `nrm vmrdbî ikdbm ajn nkpmrsmkpn `mjjmvgjnpndbm tgdnijn* kgk pikpg `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* kgk a}irìk`g in `mtpnkipirn`mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn dbm vgn tgkg n ‚angsikn tcnaipn―* ei ìj smrtikpm `majngvmripgrn* dngâ p} vmkti dbm nj pmr|g tmppgrm â dgevgtpg ì }ki enrni`m `ndggvmripnsm* enajnini* dbm }pnjn||ikg vmrtgkijm angsikm+ Mttmk`g Kivgjn }ki dnppæ

dgk }k ijpg pittg `n `ntiang m` mttmk`g k}emrgtn ajn nkpmrsmkpn kmjj‗ieonpg `mj`ntiang* y}mtpn nkpmrsmkpn smkagkg rmijn||ipn nk ittgj}pi vrmsijmk|i }pnjn||ik`gvmrtgkijm angsikm* dngâ ajn gvmripgrn `mjjm dggvmripnsm tgdnijn* tgkg p}ppn angsikn+Y}nk`n* ajn nkpmrsmkpn kmjj‗ieonpg `mjjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn* `nsmkpikg nkpmrsmkpn `nvgjnpndbm angsiknjn m `n vgjnpndbm `mjj‗gdd}vi|ngkm kmj egemkpg nk d}n tgkgnkpmrsmkpn i p}pmji `maj‗gvmripgrn angsikn* i p}pmji `mjj‗iddmttg ij jisgrg g `mjeikpmknemkpg `mn vgtpn `n jisgrg* `maj‗nkpmrsmkpn `mn jnsmjjn rmprno}pnsn* `n tgtpmakgijji kitdnpi `n k}gsm dggvmripnsm tgdnijn dbm }pnjn||ikg vmrtgkijm angsikm+ Jmvgjnpndbm tgdnijn y}nk`n dgem vgjnpndbm pritsmrtijn+ Vmr mtmevng

t}jj‗ieenkntpri|ngkm dge}kijm* dn tirmoom ì dbnm`mrm tm y}mtpi i`gppittm }knk`nrn||g vmr d}n `mpmrenkipm pnvgjganm `n tmrsn|n vgttikg mttmrm iccnìpm tgjpikpgi` mkpn dbm gdd}vikg }k vmr dmkpg `n angsikn* dngâ nj vmrtgkijm ij `n tgppg `mn 46ikkn* y}mtpg â }k nkpmrsmkpg `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* vmrÿ â }k nkpmrsmkpg vgjnpndg*kgk ieenkntpripnsg* v}ÿ cirjg ji vgjnpndi dbm v}ÿ vrgvgrjg+

91 Kgsmeorm ?696



906

Nkpmrsntpi OIttmttgrm ijjm Vgjnpndbm Tgdnijn* Tvmrnemkpi|ngkm `mjOnjikdng Virpmdnvipg m Vgjnpndbm Angsiknjn `mj Dge}km `n

Kivgjn % An}jng _nddng

9 % Ittmttgrm _nddng* nkkik|np}ppg* vgjnpndbm angsiknjn tgkg vmr kip}ri

pritsmrtijn m` mtvrnegkg }k„nksnpionjm dgkkmttngkm pri vnþ pmeipndbm*

dgem tn nktmrntdm nk y}mtpg y}i`rg }k ittmttgripg `m`ndipg in

angsikn7

Nkkik|np}ppg `ndnieg dbm nk Npijni* d‗â }ki arik`m kgsnpæ* tm km â virjipg pikpg nky}mtpn ikkn* ikdbm kmjj‗}jpneg `mdmkkng* ei nk rmijpæ tgkg vgjnpndbm rnsgjpm ijjmangsikn amkmri|ngkn dbm nkkik|np}ppg rndgkgtdmttmrg }ki arik`m y}mtpngkmamkmri|ngkijm ivmrpi kmj vimtm* kgk d‗mrikg ein tpipm+ @i prm ikkn mtntpm }k Cgk`gKi|ngkijm vmr jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn m` â nk dgrtg* tgvripp}ppg kmjjm dnppæemprgvgjnpikm* }ki tvmrnemkpi|ngkm `n }kg tpr}emkpg vrgarieeipgrng dbm tndbniei Vnikg Jgdijm Angsikn m dbm ivv}kpg* nk y}ijdbm eg`g* vrgsi mtippiemkpmi rmk`mrm dgkdrmpg* tni t}j pmrrmkg `mjji vrgarieei|ngkm* tni t}j pmrrmkg`mjj‗nk`nsn`}i|ngkm `mjji tpr}pp}ri|ngkm `mjji vrgampp}ijnpæ angsiknjm* }kg

tpr}emkpg dbm emppi nktnmem jm `nsmrtm ciddm `n y}mtpi y}mtpngkm* dgk ji ciddni `n`nsmkpirm }ki vrgarieei|ngkm ieenkntpripnsi< nk`nsn`}n* cippn* egìjnpæ* vripndbmm }k eg`mjjg `n agsmrkikdm dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g siì nkdgkprg mtippiemkpm ij`ntiang* vmrdbî `goonieg dbnieirjg vmr y}mjjg dbm â* dbm tn vgrpikg `nmprg jmangsikn amkmri|ngkn+ J‗Npijni tn ent}ri* kmjjg tdmkirng m}rgvmg* dgk }k rnpir`gtprigr`nkirng< nj rndieong amkmri|ngkijm* grein eikdipg anæ ì `nsmrtn ikkn+ D‗â}ki `ntpnk|ngkm cgkìemkpijm dbm vgttnieg nk y}ijdbm eg`g rnkpriddnirm t}jjgtdmkirng tgdnijm m mdgkgendg* pri Npijni m Crikdni* vimtn egjpg tnenjn pri `n jgrg8 nkNpijni* nj 16 - `mj vmrtgkijm `nrnamkpm `n `nsmrtg pnpgjg* â }jpri tmppikpmkkm* emkprmnk Crikdni nj vmrtgkijm `nrnamkpm `n `nsmrtg pnpgjg "vgjnpndi* }knsmrtnpæ* angrkijn*

vrgcmttngkn. bi nkpgrkg y}irikp‗ikkn+ Y}mtpg msn`mkpmemkpm jitdni neeiankirm dbmemkprm ajn ijprn vimtn bikkg `n crgkpm }k c}p}rg dbm v}ÿ* nk y}ijdbm eg`g sm`mrmy}mtpm angsikn amkmri|ngkn vrgpiagkntpm `n }k dieoniemkpg* `n }k k}gsg r}gjgdbm j‗]kngkm M}rgvmi v}ÿ ismrm* j‗Npijni â }k vimtm n d}n dieoniemkpn nksmdmrntdbni `n t}onrjn m kgk rnmtdm i` }tdnrkm vrgpiagkntpi+ Â }k vg‗ y}mjjg dbm issnmkm nk y}mtpi citm+



909

? % Nk y}ijnpæ `n ittmttgrm ijjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn m `}ky}m ikdbm `mjjm

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* dn v}ÿ `nrm tvmdncndiemkpm y}ijn tgkg jm vrngrnpæ

`mj t}g Ittmttgripg 7

Kgn ioonieg vrgsipg m tdmjpg `n tpirm nk y}mtpg vmrdgrtg `n vrgarieei|ngkm dbm âivv}kpg y}mjjg `mj Vnikg Jgdijm Angsikn m ioonieg dmrdipg `n dmkprirm ijd}kngonmppnsn+ @i }ki virpm* m`}dirm ji v}oojndi ieenkntpri|ngkm ij rivvgrpg dgk jmangsikn amkmri|ngkn* y}nk`n dgk egìjnpæ `n agsmrkikdm m vmrcgreikdm vnþ smjgdn*vnþ tvnkpm* dgk }ki dividnpæ `n `nijgag dbm }pnjn||ittm egjpg ajn tpr}emkpn `niddmttg jmaipn ijjm k}gsm pmdkgjganm m nkcippn* anrikg nkpgrkg ijj‗iddmttgnkcgreipndg arik virpm `mn tmrsn|n dbm ioonieg m dbm tpnieg dgtpr}mk`g nk y}mtpieni ieenkntpri|ngkm+ Ioonieg v}kpipg i vmrdgrtn tgvripp}ppg `n i}pgkgeni* `gsmi}pgkgeni â }ki virgji nkpmti nk }k‗iddm|ngkm y}ikpg vnþ ievni* y}nk`n

i}pgkgeni d}jp}rijm* i}pgkgeni ionpipnsi* i}pgkgeni `n rm``npg m ikdbm dividnpæ `nmttmrm vrgpiagkntpn `n mtvmrnmk|m m `n vmrdgrtn `n jisgrg* nkpmtg jisgrg kgk tgjpikpgdgem nevmakg* ei vrgoionjemkpm ikdbm dgem mtvmrnmk|i nk d}n tgkg n angsikn idgtpr}nrm m i jisgrirm vmr cirm tmrsn|n in angsikn+ Y}mtpg tnakncndi ikdbm* ionp}irmjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn i rmtpnp}nrm tmktg ijjm ntpnp}|ngkn jgdijn* nk virpndgjirm nDge}kn tgkg ji virpm `mjjg Tpipg vnþ sndnki in dnppi`nkn* tn `msgkg vgrrm njvrgojmei `n cn`mjn||irm n dnppi`nkn* dgtpr}nrm }k rivvgrpg k}gsg* `negtprik`g ì}ki virpm j‗mccndidni* ìjj‗ijpri ji dividnpæ `n itdgjpg+ J‗Npijni t} y}mt pg* tmaki njvittg nk eg`g `rieeipndg* dn tgkg ijd}km jmaan dgk jm y}ijn ji v}oojndi

ieenkntpri|ngkm jisgri p}ppn n angrkn* tmkpnieg pikpnttneg* }ki `mjjm dgtm `n d}n tnâ virjipg pikpg kmaj‗ikkn vittipn m dbm ci virpm }k vg‗ `mjj‗nevmrg dipg`ndg dbm nky}ijdbm eg`g iccjnaam nj kgtprg vimtm* ji ciegti d}jp}ri `‗nevrmti dbm `gsmsimttmrm pritcmrnpi ijjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn+ Y}mtpg â }k vimtm* nk d}n }ki jmaam* vmrvgpmr virpmdnvirm ijjm airm v}oojndbm* dbm tn dbniei ji 934* vnþ kgpi dgem Dg`ndm`majn Ivvijpn* nk d}n tgtpik|nijemkpm ji virpmdnvi|ngkm `n }k‗nevrmti k}gsi* t}jsmrtikpm amkmri|ngkijm* m dbm emppm nk dievg hkgq%bgq m dividnpæ* prgsi }ktntpmei ojgddipg kmj y}ijm kgk rnmtdm kmikdbm i virpmdnvirm+ Y}mtpi jmaam* dbm ây}mjji dbm rmagji arik virpm `mn rivvgrpn pri V}oojndi Ieenkntpri|ngkm m Nevrmti*â }ki jmaam dbm dbnm`m nj ciegtg d}rrnd}j}e `mj vrmtpipgrm dgem vgttnonjnpæ `n

iddm`mrm i }ki airi+ Nj d}rrnd}j}e `mj vrmtpipgrm â j‗mtvmrnmk|i `‗nevrmti dbmkmaj‗ikkn y}mj tgaamppg bi rmijn||ipg* tni nk pmrenkn y}ikpnpipnsn y}nk`n n cipp}ripg*tni nk pmrenkn y}ijnpipnsn* dngâ `n y}ijnpæ `n vrmtpi|ngkn mrgaipm gk ji V}oojndiIeenkntpri|ngkm+ Y}nk`n* tm gaan prm riai||n `n prmkp‗ikkn dgtpr}ntdgkg}k‗nevrmti k}gsi* ji emppgkg nk dievg* rnmtdgkg i prgsirm ikdbm ji vgttnonjnpæ `nismrm drm`npg* m y}mtpg â }k ijprg pmei t}j y}ijm tn tpikkg tsnj}vvik`g `mjjmnkn|nipnsm* tn tdgkpri vgn* dgk j‗nevgttnonjnpæ i dgkdgrrmrm dgk }k‗nevrmti dbmmtntpm ì smkpndnky}m ikkn m y}nk`n* `mpmrenki }k egkgvgjng amkmri|ngkijm `nemrdipg* ijprg dbm dgkdgrrmk|i+ Y}mtpn emddiknten* `ndnieg* tgkg nj vrmdnvnpipg

`mjji tgdnmpæ kmjj‗gr`nkiemkpg an}rn`ndg* m gssniemkpm ji dgktma}mk|i `mj vimtm



90?

ojgddipg* â y}mjji dbm vrgoionjemkpm emppmræ g tpi anæ emppmk`g j‗Npijni nk arik`m`nccndgjpæ rntvmppg ijji vgttnonjnpæ `n ismrm }ki rnvrmti* tni d}jp}rijm dbm mdgkgendicgrpm+ Kgn ioonieg tdmjpg nk y}mtpn ikkn* `n jisgrirm egjpg t}jj‗i}pgkgeniionpipnsi* vmrdbî tn vrgsisi ikdbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g i tcipirm }k enpg* }kienpgjgani dbm sm`m n angsikn* dgem ji ciegti critm* `mn oieogddngkn dbm â y}ikpg`n emkg dgk`nsntnonjm rntvmppg i y}mjjg dbm tn tni itdgjpipg kmaj‗}jpnen ikkn*nksmdm* n angsikn tgkg virpndgjiremkpm vrmtpipn ij dieoniemkpg m i dgtpr}nrm tvi|nnk i}pgkgeni* dgk }ki arik`m `nccndgjpæ+ M y}nk`n jê* tni ji tdmjpi `n nk`nsn`}irm }kpiramp angsiknjm m jisgrirm i cisgrnrm ji vgttnonjnpæ `n iccnppirm }k ijjgaang* â tpipg}kg `mn vmrdgrtn dbm ioonieg tdmjpg `n nkprivrmk`mrm* ikdbm vmrdbî tnieg nky}mtpi dnppæ gssniemkpm* `gsm nj `ntiang ionpipnsg â }k vrgojmei }knsmrtijm+ Ijjgtpmttg eg`g* t}j smrtikpm d}jp}rijm* ji sijgrn||i|ngkm `mjjm irpn enkgrn* dbm tvmttgkgk tgjg rivvrmtmkpikg vmrdgrtn irpntpndn nk d}n n angsikn tgkg nevmakipn* ei

rivvrmtmkpikg ikdbm }ki virpm `n y}mj egk`g `mj jnka}iaang angsiknjm dbm ânk`ntvmktionjm vmr rn}tdnrm i dgtpr}nrm }k tntpmei dbm sm`m n angsikn vrgpiagkntpn+Ioonieg tdmjpg `n cirjg* }pnjn||ik`g ikdbm ijd}km egtprm dbm tgkg tpipm `mjjmgdditngkn nk d}n n arik`n c}emppntpn `mj vittipg ei dbm bikkg tiv}pg a}irìrmjgkpikg* vmktg i` Ik`rmi Vi|nmk|i dbm virjisi pikpg `mjji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm* gi Enjg Eikiri dbm bi }k eg`g `n riangkirm m `n mkprirm kmjj‗i|ngkm `n y}mjegk`g* tgkg }genkn `n prmkp‗ikkn ci ei dbm ismsikg nk y}ijdbm eg`g dgjpg dbm njc}emppg kgk mri tgjpikpg }k `ntmakg g }k angdg* ei ikdbm }k arik`m tpr}emkpgtgdnijm vmr `mtdrnsmrm ji tgdnmpæ m tgvripp}ppg ismsi ji dividnpæ `n mkprirm nk

rmji|ngkm dgk jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn+ Gaan* â ikdgri dgtê* kgk tgkg vnþ EnjgEikiri m Ik`rmi Vi|nmk|i* dbm rneikagkg `mn arik`n eimtprn* m nk y}mtpn ikkn*gakn ikkg j‗ioonieg dirippmrn||ipg dgk }ki egtpri jmaipi in arik`n eimtprn `mjc}emppg+ Ioonieg cippg }k ijprg mtvmrnemkpg nkpmrmttikpm dbm tn dbniei Dnppæ]knsmrtnpirnm* dbm â j‗`mi `n vrgsirm i cir jisgrirm nktnmem ntpnp}|ngkn jgdijnntpnp}|ngkn }knsmrtnpirnm m i ìrm snpi i }kg tvi|ng dbm vgpmttm mttmrmdgkpmtp}ijemkpm }kg tvi|ng `n tmrsn|n `m`ndipn in angsikn* dbm cgttmrg tmrsn|n dbmnk y}ijdbm eg`g nkdgkprnkg pmevg jnomrg m d}jp}ri* ei dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`gsm`mttmrg n angsikn `nrmppiemkpm vrgpiagkntpn `n }k rnivvrgvrnirtn `mjj‗}knsmrtnpæ+Dgem }kg tvi|ng ì snsmrm* nk d}n n vmrdgrtn `n drmtdnpi m n vmrdgrtn m`}dipnsn*

prgsikg }ki tnkmrani+ NkDiev}t â nj rnt}jpipg `n y}mtpg jisgrg* dbm kitdm `mkprg}ki vrgamppi|ngkm virpmdnvipi dgk ijd}km ittgdni|ngkn angsiknjn nk rmji|ngkm dgk njDge}km `n Kivgjn* kmjj‗nk`nsn`}i|ngkm `n }ki tpr}pp}ri dbm mri dbn}ti ì ikkn mdbm ioonieg rnivmrpg rndgktmakik`gji ijji dnppæ* ittmakik`gji in riai||n m dbm kmnvrgttnen dn i}a}rnieg* tni }ki tpr}pp}ri dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g drmtdm tmevrm `n vnþm `nsmkpi }k j}gag ikdbm `n dgkcrgkpg d}jp}rijm+ Nk y}mtpg tmktg d‗â egjpg ontgakgdbm jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn tn a}iìaknkg tgvripp}ppg j‗i}pgkgeni d}jp}rijm dbm nky}mtpn ikkn â ikìpi }k vg‗ vmrti+



904

4 % Y}ijn tgkg n vrgamppn rmijn||ipn cnkgri m y}ijn nksmdm y}mjjn dbm

nkpmk`m rmijn||irm nk c}p}rg7

Kmn vrgttnen ikkn nj jisgrg dbm }ki arik`m ieenkntpri|ngkm dge}kijm dgem ji

kgtpri `msm cirm â gssniemkpm* }k jisgrg dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g dgkpnk}i t}jvmrdgrtg `mjj‗iddmttg ij c}p}rg vmr j‗ivmrp}ri `mjji rmji|ngkm dgk jm ntpnp}|ngkn* ei`msm vgrtn nj vrgojmei `mjjg tsnj}vvg m `n cir `nsmkpirm jm angsikn amkmri|ngknvrgpiagkntpm `n }k k}gsg tsnj}vvg vgttnonjm+ Ijd}kn iddmkkn `n y}mtpg jisgrgikdbm y}mtp‗ikkg* kmjj‗ikkg vittipg* dn tgkg tpipn* kmj tmktg dbm ioonieg tdmjpg `ncirm }ki vnddgji `ncc}tngkm `nanpijm n d}n nkpmrjgd}pgrn vnþ `nrmppn n riai||n m jiamkmri|ngkm ?+6* ji amkmri|ngkm `nanpijm+ Kivgjn isræ kmjj‗irdg `n vgdbm tmppneikm`nsmrtn tvi|n qn%cn* kitdm }ki egìjnpæ `n iddmttg in tmrsn|n dbm â vrgvrng cr}ppg mcnajni `n y}mtpi tvmrnemkpi|ngkm* nk d}n =4 vrgdm`}rm `mj Dge}km `n Kivgjn

tirikkg iddmttnonjn ì }k vgrpijm `n tmrsn|n dbm tn dbniei ‚vee+kivgjn― dbm pri }k vg‗ tn dbniemræ ‚dge}kmtmrsn|n+kivgjn―* m gssniemkpm* `goonieg dgenkdnirm iriangkirm dgem nk tm`m `n y}mtpi dnppæ dbm â tnd}riemkpm }ki dnppæ `‗irpm* }ki dnppæp}rntpndi* dbm â }ki dnppæ dbm bi }ki arik`nttnei tpgrni* }k arik`m viprnegkng* ei}ki dnppæ kgk v}ÿ kgk anrirm nkpgrkg i }ki vrg`}|ngkm* anrirm kmj tmktg dbm kgkv}ÿ neeiankirm nj t}g c}p}rg tmk|i }ki vrg`}|ngkm dbm tni dgevipnonjm dgk jgtdmkirng nk d}n tn e}gsgkg n kivgjmpikn `n d}n Kivgjn nk y}ijdbm eg`g â ikdbmtneogjg+ @msgkg mttmrm vrg`}|ngkn tgtpmknonjn m `msgkg mttmrm vrg`}|ngkn dbmcikkg nj dgkpg m sijgrn||ikg* j‗ijpri arik`m rntgrti dbm bi y}mtpi dnppæ* Kivgjn â

}ki dnppæ dbm bi }k vrgdmttg `megaricndg vgtnpnsg* y}nk`n pikpn angsikn+ Ij t}` `nNpijni m i Kivgjn d‗â }ki pri`n|ngkm dbm `goonieg vrgsirm i dgktmrsirm* dbm â jivrg`}|ngkm `majn tp}`n djittndn* y}mjjn dbm ìkkg }ki sntngkm dgevjmttnsi `mjegk`g m d‗â }ki pri`n|ngkm `n vrgsirm ipprismrtg j‗}knsmrtnpæ* jg tp}`ng* ji drmtdnpink`nsn`}ijm* ikdbm ji rndmrdi `n emrdipg+ Vrgoionjemkpm t} y}mtpg `goonieg cirm`mjjm tdmjpm* `goonieg vrgsirm i `nrm dbm nk y}mtpi dnppæ ji vrg`}|ngkm* jm

vrg`}|ngkn `mj c}p}rg vgttgkg mttmrm mtippiemkpm y}mjjm jmaipm ijj‗NDP* `gooniegtdmajnmrm `n dgtpr}nrm }k tntpmei dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g tgenajn ijj‗mtvmrnmk|i `nijprn dgkpnkmkpn* pnvg `goonieg vrgsirm i dgtpr}nrm }k tntpmei ki|ngkijmnkcgreipndg dgem y}mjjg dbm nk vimtn dgem j‗Nk`ni bikkg vrg`gppg }ki

arik`nttnei drmtdnpi m vrgsirm i nevnmairm nk `mn `ntprmppn dbm tn gdd}vikg `n NDP*y}nk`n `mjjm smrm tnjndgk sijjm~ kivgjmpikm* jm kgtprm angsikn amkmri|ngkn ìjji

vrgamppi|ngkm* cnkg ijj‗}pnjn||g `mjji rmpm ijji dgtpr}|ngkm m vrg`}|ngkm `nv}oojndnpæ dgeemrdnijn+ Dngâ nksmtpnrm t} vrg`}|ngkn eipmrnijn m neeipmrnijn dbmnk y}ijdbm eg`g vgttikg mttmrm `mkprg y}mtpg dgkpmtpg* sijgrn||irm jm angsiknamkmri|ngkn m mttmrm ikdbm }kg tpr}emkpg dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g rnt}jpi ikdnjjirm iy}mjji dbm msn`mkpm sgdi|ngkm tpgrndi m irpntpndi `n y}mtpi dnppæ+ Jg tvgpv}oojndnpirng nevgrpikpm kgk `msm ismrm t}jjg tcgk`g kmdmttirniemkpm EgkpmDirjg* ei v}ÿ ismrm ikdbm Kivgjn+ Gssniemkpm vrg`}dmk`g }k nk`gppg nevgrpikpm

nk pmrenkn `n vgvgjirnpæ `mjji dnppæ* nk pmrenkn `n rndieong p}rntpndg* nk pmrenkn `n



900

sijgrm `mjji kgtpri neeiankm* m ikdbm nk y}mtpg ontgaki vrgsirm i divnrm dbm nk}ki tgdnmpæ `mjji dge}kndi|ngkm m `mjj‗nkcgrei|ngkm* j‗neeiankm kgk â }ki dgtiomjji ì a}irìrm* ei â }kg tpr}emkpg ì tcr}ppirm tni t}j smrtikpm vrg`}ppnsg*y}nk`n jg tcr}ppiemkpg `mjj‗neeiankm `n }ki dnppæ ipprismrtg ji dge}kndi|ngkm* mvgn â ikdbm ji dgtpr}|ngkm `n }ki ki|ngkm vgjnpndi k}gsi dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`gvirji `n }ki dnppæ dbm kgk kmdmttirniemkpm `msm mttmrm }ki dnppæ oirgddi* dbm bi}ki }k‗grnankm oirgddi* dbm bi }ki tpgrni tprigr`nkirni* dbm v}ÿ ismrm }k arik`mc}p}rg+ Pritcgreik`gtn* ei pritcgreik`gtn ippgrkg ijjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn+

0 % Jm rnt}jpi dbm dn tnikg vrgamppn nkdgevn}pn* kgkgtpikpm tnikg tpipn

emttn nk dikpnmrm7 Tm â dgtê* y}ijn tgkg ajn gtpidgjn rntdgkpripn7

Ei vmr ji smrnpæ ajn gonmppnsn dbm dn mrisieg vgtpn nk y}mtpn ikkn* tgkg ipp}ijemkpmsnsn m snpijn+ Tnd}riemkpm ji tvmrnemkpi|ngkm `n y}mtpg onmkkng `n vgjnpndbmangsiknjn i`mttg `msm vgrtn j‗gonmppnsg `n `nsmkpirm }k pmtt}pg amkmrijm `mjji dnppæ my}nk`n nkmsnpionjemkpm ontgaki cirm ijd}km tdmjpm t}jjm y}ijn tpnieg anæriangkik`g* divnrm dgem tn vnmai }k‗mtvmrnmk|i dgem y}mtpi m ikdbm }k pmtt}pg `nrmji|ngkn dbm tn dgtpr}ntdm nkpgrkg i y}mtpg* dgem tn vnmai ijji dgtpr}|ngkm `nvmrdgrtn dbm }ki sgjpi dbm tgkg nkpmrsmk}pn t}jj‗i}pgkgeni* dbm bikkg vrgsipg iriangkirm ikdbm `n rnpn dnsnjn kgk tgjpikpg `mjjm cienajnm pri`n|ngkijn* dbm nky}ijdbm eg`g cikkg `nsmkpirm }k vm||g `mjji dnppæ d}jp}rm* jnka}iaan m eg`n

mtvrmttnsn vrgvrn `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn* vrgsi i dgtpr}nrm tmktg ikdbm in j}gabn`mjji dnppæ* i`mttg â nkmsnpionjm vrgsirm i divnrm dgem tn ci i dgtpr}nrm `mn vmrdgrtn`n drmtdnpi+ Drmtdnpi nk y}mtpg ditg* `n tsnj}vvg mdgkgendg dgk }ki `nrmppivirpmdnvi|ngkm+ Kgn ioonieg }k arik`m viprnegkng dge}kijm* vgdg m eijmsijgrn||ipg* m dbm nksmdm v}ÿ `nsmkpirm ji jmsi vmr tvmrnemkpirm m dgtpr}nrm ikdbm}ki k}gsi mtvmrnmk|i `n nevrmti tgdnijm+ Dngâ jm k}gsm amkmri|ngkn vgttgkgmttmrm in}pipm i mttmrm n vrgpiagkntpn `n y}mtpi drmtdnpi cidmk`g }ki tdmjpi* jg`ndmsg vrnei* dngâ dmrdik`g `n tdmajnmrm t} y}ijm nevrmti sgajnieg v}kpirm* ngkgk vmktg tni vnþ nj pmevg `n gccrnrm }ki dgkprno}|ngkm m }k nkdmkpnsg ijj‗nevrmtidgjjmaipg ì y}ij}ky}m rmtpnp}|ngkm* â kmdmttirng dbm dn tni }ki rmtpnp}|ngkm* dbmj‗nksmtpnemkpg v}oojndg dbm tn ci t}jjg tsnj}vvg smì nk y}ijdbm eg`g }kiegonjnpæ tgdnijm dgkpnk}i vgtnpnsi m vrgoionjemkpm nj kgtprg viprnegkngneegonjnirm }pnjn||ipg â }ki jmsi* dngâ neeiankirm `n tdmajnmrm }k vg‗ `n angsiknipprismrtg }k oik`g v}oojndg* `n gccrnajn ji vgttnonjnpæ `n tcr}ppirm cnkg nk cgk`gikdbm dgk nj em||g `n iddmttg ij drm`npg }k dgkpmknpgrm neegonjnirm `mj Dge}km`n Kivgjn* m dbm tn ciddni `mkprg nj y}ijm }k `gd}emkpg tpripmandg `nvrgarieei|ngkm* dbm tdmajnm y}ijn nevrmtm tgkg dgevipnonjn dgk y}mtpg pmrrnpgrngdbm vgttgkg mttmrm `mkprg }k vrgdmttg snrp}gtg `n drmtdnpi kmj emrdipg dbmioonieg gaan m vrgsirm i cir tn dbm tn dgtpr}ntdi nkpgrkg i y}mtpg tgtpmakg

v}oojndg nk eg`g grnankijm* dngâ }pnjn||ik`g nj viprnegkng* y}mtpn dgkpmknpgrn* tn



90=

dgtpr}ntdikg `mjjm mtvmrnmk|i `n nevrmti dgevjmpiemkpm k}gsm* `mjjm dgeviankn`n nevrmti dgevjmpiemkpm k}gsm dbm rnvrgsikg jæ `gsm ijprm kgk tgkg rn}tdnpm+ Jmkgtprm dnppæ* Kivgjn pri y}mtpm* cgrtm vnþ `n ijprm mttmk`g }ki dnppæ divnpijm `mjEm||gangrkg* bikkg is}pg }ki citm `n arik`m drmtdnpi* kmaj‗ikkn ‗06* kmaj‗ikkn‗=6 ji dnppæ `nsmkpi jg tvi|ng }roikg kmj y}ijm tn dgkdmkprikg vmrtgkm* dnppi`nkn* tndgkdmkprikg tmrsn|n* gvvgrp}knpæ* vrg`}|ngkn m y}nk`n ioonieg }ki enajngrmy}ijnpæ `mjji snpi* }k pmrrnpgrng vnþ dgkprgjjipg* }k nkpmrsmkpg v}oojndg tntpmeipndgkmjji pritcgrei|ngkm }roiki* y}nk`n }k nksmtpnemkpg dbm n dnppi`nkn cikkg viaik`gjm pittm* y}nk`n ìjjm nkcritpr}pp}rm n`rndbm i y}mjjm `mj pritvgrpg m drmtdgkg dgem}k j}gag nk d}n tmrsn|n m y}ijnpæ `mjji snpi mrikg ij dmkprg `mjji ippmk|ngkm ikdbm`mj vrgdmttg `n vrg`}|ngkm `n rnddbm||i+ Vgn gssniemkpm dieoni j‗nevnikpg `mjjmvgjnpndbm mdgkgendbm m}rgvmm m ikdbm npijnikm dbm â tpipi cgrtm }ki `mjjm vnþ cmjndnmtvmrnmk|m `n mdgkgeni entpi `mjj‗gddn`mkpm* c nkg i }k dmrpg v}kpg* tn nkprivrmk`m

ji tpriì* `ndnieg nj `noippnpg â ikdgri gaan egjpg ivmrpg* `mjjm vgjnpndbm jnomrijn*`mjjm jnomrijn||i|ngkn* ji tpriì ipprismrtg ji y}ijm jg Tpipg vrgarmttnsiemkpm dm`mikdbm tpr}emkpn `n dgkprgjjg `mj emrdipg* `mn vrm||n* `mjjm tdmjpm* jm c}k|ngkn`nrm|ngkijn mttmk|nijn jg Tpipg jm vmr`m* vmrdbî `mkprg }ki drmtdnpi `n }k vrgdmttg`n vrg`}|ngkm `n rnddbm||i vnþ eg`mrkg* nk y}ijdbm eg`g tn vgpmttm ismrm }kieiaangr `ncc}tngkm `mjji rnddbm||i m }ki eiaangr vrgtvmppnsi `n drmtdnpimdgkgendi+ Kgk â tpipg dgtê* y}mtpg drm`g dbm tni }k vg‗ isikpn iaj‗gddbn `n p}ppn*m dbn ci jm tvmtm vnþ `n y}mtpn* dngâ dbn â }k vg‗ snppnei `n y}mtpg vrgdmttg dbm kgkbi ìpg n t}gn rnt}jpipn* tgkg vrgvrng jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn+ Vrgoionjemkpm y}nk`n

ìjji cnkm `maj‗ikkn ‗26 i gaan* kgn ismsieg is}pg }k dgevjmttnsg vrgdmttg `nirrmpriemkpg nk virpm cnajng `n y}mtpm tdmjpm* nk virpm cnajng `mjjm dgkan}kp}rm dbm tntgkg sntpm nk M}rgvi* nk virpm ikdbm cnajng `mj cippg dbm nk y}mtpn ikkn ji sndmkì`mj `monpg v}oojndg* `n p}ppg j‗gddn`mkpm divnpijntpi* â `nsmkpipg }k vmtgdgktntpmkpm* m cgrtm vrgvrng nk y}mtpn emtn tn dgenkdni i riangkm `n dgem m nky}ijdbm eg`g tn `msm dieonirm kgk pikpg rntvmppg ijji tvmti ei rntvmppg ijji t}iamtpngkm* m vrgoionjemkpm ontgaki ìrm vmrÿ ikdbm dgkpg dbm kgk mtntpm virjirm `mjc}p}rg tm kgk tn iccrgkpi nj vrmtmkpm m nj vrmtmkpm â nj pmevg `n y}mjjn dbm bikkgvrgvrng ?6* 46 m 06 ikkn gaan* dbm rntdbnikg `n sm`mrtn tgtpik|nijemkpm tc}aanrm jisnpi `n eikg m nktnmem vmrÿ ijji snpi `n y}mtpm amkmri|ngkn* vitti nj prmkg dbm

y}mtpg vimtm `msm vrmk`mrm vmr vgpmr pgrkirm i` ismrm }k r}gjg nevgrpikpm kmjjgtdmkirng m}rgvmg+ Vgpmr pgrkirm i` mttmrm nj eg`mjjg `n tgdnmpæ dbm bi dgtpr}npg*gaan tnd}riemkpm kgk jg â* y}nk`n neeiankirm `n dgtpr}nrm dgeviankn k}gsm* dbmiccrgkpikg vrgvrng }k smrg kipngk o}nj`nka k}gsg m vrgoionjemkpm virpmk`g ikdbmìjji dgtpr}|ngkm `n dnppæ k}gsi `gsm tn rnemppm ij dmkprg nj dnppi`nkg* `gsm p}ppm jmc}k|ngkn }roikm nk y}ijdbm eg`g* pgrkikg i virjirm pri `n jgrg* kgk d‗â vnþj‗nkpmrsmkpg v}oojndg m j‗mdgkgeni* â smrg+ Â smrg dbm nk y}mtpn ikkn y}mtpgvrgdmttg v}oojndg tn â nkpmrrgppg* tirmoom }k riangkiemkpg prgvvg j}kag* ng kgk tgkmikdbm tm siì rnvrntpnkipi y}mjji egìjnpæ tnd}riemkpm `goonieg vgrdn nj

vrgojmei `n dgem tn ci k}gsiemkpm tgdnmpæ* `n dgem tn tvm||i }ki dgk`n|ngkm `n



903

tgjnp}`nkm vrgcgkì `mn dnppi`nkn* tn â tmevrm vnþ tgjn m tmevrm emkg dnppi`nkn*y}nk`n tmevrm emkg vgrpipgrn `n `nrnppn* tmevrm emkg rivvrmtmkpikpn `n nkpmrmttnjmanppnen* gssniemkpm m nk y}mtpg y}i`rg gssniemkpm ikdbm nj pmtt}pg `megdripndgm tgdnijm `mjjm dnppæ tn nevgsmrntdm* `mpmrenkik`g y}mjji dbm nevrgvrniemkpm ìijd}kn snmkm `mcnknpi ji drntn `mjji vgjnpndi t} }k pmrrmkg crikdiemkpm nkcgkìpg ìjv}kpg `n sntpi tni pmgrndg dbm vripndg* kgk mtntpm }ki tmviri|ngkm* nk rmijpæ d‗â }kidrntn vrgcgkì `mjji tgdnmpæ m` â ji drntn `n }ki amkmri|ngkm dbm tn â irr}aanknpi ijjipgjì `n dgeik`g m dbm vrgoionjemkpm kgk rnmtdm i cirtn tgtpnp}nrm dgem tirmooman}tpg vmr ivrnrm }k vrgdmttg m `n agsmrkg* m `n mtvmrnmk|m vrgcmttngkijn* m `nnevrmti* m `n angrkijnteg* m `n }knsmrtnpæ m `n emddiknten `n pritenttngkm `mjtivmrm dgevjmpiemkpm `nccmrmkpn tmevjndmemkpm vmrdbî tnieg kmj ?696 m ji tpgrni`mj ?696 m `mj ?699 kgk v}ÿ mttmrm tdrnppi ì y}mjji `maj‗ikkn ‗26* ji tpgrni `mj?699 `msm mttmrm tdrnppi ì y}mtpm amkmri|ngkn dgk }k eg`g `n vmktirm* `n cirm

ikdbm rmji|ngkn tgdnijn dgevjmpiemkpm `nccmrmkpm ì }ki vmreikmkpm m nktmktipidgkcjnpp}ijnpæ cgkìemkpijemkpm cnajni ikdbm `n }k vrgdmttg `n `mari`g d}jp}rijmdbm nk y}mtpn ikkn d‗â tpipg+ Kgn tnieg }k vg‗ snppnem `n }k vgv}jnteg m `n }ki`meiagani dbm y}ik`g `nsmkpikg j‗mjmemkpg cgkìpnsg `n }k‗n`mkpnpæ d}jp}rijm*vgvgjirm* `n }ki ki|ngkm* vgjnpndi* pn pritdnkikg mtippiemkpm kmj dievg `mjjirmi|ngkm8 nj vgv}jnteg v}ÿ mttmrm }k prippg `n }ki citm tpgrndi* kgk v}ÿ mttmrm njprippg n`mkpnpirng cgkìpnsg `n }ki citm tpgrndi* vmrdbî tm `nsmkpi y}mtpg tn rntdbni`n tdnsgjirm* ikdbm vmrdbî â nk }k dgkpmtpg `n drntn mdgkgendi cgrpnttnei* nk rmijpænk }k vrgarmttnsg rmtprnkanemkpg `n cippn `megdripndn kgk dgem j‗ioonieg

dgkgtdn}pg kgn* `ndnieg ik|n ng cgrp}kipiemkpm kgk j‗bg dgkgtdn}pi* ei dgemioonieg jmppg kmn jnorn `n tpgrni kmaj‗ikkn `mj citdnteg* ei nk }k vrgarmttnsgrmtprnkanemkpg `mn cippn `megdripndn jmaipg i }k emddiknteg `n dgtpr}|ngkm `mjjmrmji|ngkn* `mj vgpmrm* `gsm nj vgpmrm kgk â vnþ }kg tpr}emkpg* y}mjjg mdgkgendg*y}mjjg vgjnpndg* ei `nsmkpi }k cnkm+ Nj vgpmrm tm â }k cnkm â }ki `ntpgrtngkm* tm â }kem||g `nsmkpi }k tntpmei `n meikdnvi|ngkm `n drmtdnpi* si cippi }ki tdmjpi+ Jm `}mdgtm nktnmem kgk vgttgkg tpirm8 ijjg tpmttg eg`g t}jjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn t} d}ngrein tnieg dnmdbn dngâ kgk sm`nieg dbm dn tgkg ijemkg prm amkmri|ngkn i d}n tpitc}aamk`g ji snpi `n eikg m dbm nj vimtm tgccrm mtippiemkpm `n y}mtpg y}nk`n* ngvmktg dbm siì rmijn||ipi }ki vnddgji rnsgj}|ngkm* dngâ drm`g dbm dbn tpni tgppg

`msm ikìrm tgvri m dbn tpi tgvri `msm ikìrm tgppg* `mppi nk eg`g oikijm* ei kgkvmrdbî `goonieg rnsgjpirm nj egk`g* ikdbm tm jm rnsgj}|ngkn tgkg tmevrm }k cippg

vgtnpnsg* kgn ioonieg }k prippg dbm dn `ntpnka}m ìajn Tpipn ]knpn `‗Iemrndi nkkmaipnsg* egjpn ijprn dn `ntpnka}gkg nk vgtnpnsg* dn `ntpnka}msikg ik|n nk vgtnpnsg

vmrdbî nk rmijpæ j‗iemrndikn||i|ngkm `mj vimtm â vrgcgkì+ Nk Iemrndi* n dnppi`nkniemrndikn tgkg ionp}ipn neogddirm }ki tpriì* vmrdgrrmrji dgk dgksnk|ngkm m vgn*si omkm g si eijm* y}ik`g y}mjji tpriì tn dgkdj}`m* mtvrnegkg }k an}`n|ng*ijd}kn mtvrnegkg }k an}`n|ng vgtnpnsg* ijprn kmaipnsg vgn* ji dieonikg* dnÿ sikkgnk isikpn8 kgk â `mppg dbm siìkg emajng* ei dieonikg+ Nksmdm nk Npijni ioonieg

nj `mcndnp gvvgtpg* dgevgrpiemkpg gvvgtpg* kgn vmrdgrrnieg }ki tpriì* kgk



901

tmevrm dgksnkpiemkpm cnkg nk cgk`g* dmrdbnieg tmevrm `n iaan}tpirm nj dgrtg`‗gvmri dbm ciddnieg m y}mtpg v}ÿ mttmrm ikdbm }k prippg dbm `mkgpi }kivirpndgjirm dgevjmttnpæ dbm â ikdbm pnvndi `majn m}rgvmn m `majn npijnikn nkvirpndgjirm* vmrÿ vgn y}ik`g irrnsikg ijji cnkm `mjji tpriì omkm g eijm dbm siìkgvrmcmrntdgkg pgrkirm nk`nmprg8 m y}mtpg â }k prippg djittndg `mjji tgdnmpæ npijniki*ìj y}ijm kgn kgk ciddnieg }ki arik`m cipndi i` }tdnrm* m gssniemkpm kmaj‗ikknkgn ioonieg idd}e}jipg pikpn rnpgrkn nk`nmprg dbm nk rmijpæ kmjji snpi dgem nk

vgjnpndi* kmjji tgdnmpæ* kmjj‗mdgkgeni nk`nmprg kgk tn pgrki+ Ontgaki dmrdirm `nikìrm isikpn m y}nk`n vrgsirm i }tdnrm ìj v}kpg kmj y}ijm dn tnieg diddnipn+ D‗â

ontgakg `n y}ijdbm tdmjpi }k vg‗ ri`ndijm* `gsm vmr ri`ndijm tn nkpmk`m divnrm jmriangkn smrm `n y}mjjg dbm t}ddm`m* dgem drntn tnakncndi vrgcgk`g dieoniemkpg<y}mtpm virgjm* vrgoionjemkpm `goonieg vrgsirm i emppmrjm nktnmem m `gooniegvrgsirm i `nrm dbm Kivgjn `msm mttmrm }ki dnppæ jiraiemkpm `nccmrmkpm ì y}mjji

`maj‗}jpnen smkp‗ikkn m dbm tn `msm cirm dirndg kgk tgjg `n mttmrm ji pmr|i dnppæ`‗Npijni m pikpm omjjm dgtm `n d}n tn virji kmj egk`g* ei nk rmijpæ Kivgjn â }ktneogjg m tn vgrpi `nmprg nj Em||gangrkg `‗Npijni* y}nk`n Kivgjn `msm ismrm nj r}gjgdbm emrnpi* tm jg `msm a}iìakirm ei `msm ismrm ikdbm nj tmktg `n rmtvgktionjnpæ`n rivvrmtmkpirm }ki sndmkì dbm â }k vg‗ tdgevirti ìjj‗iamkì mdgkgendi*tgdnijm* d}jp}rijm vgjnpndi `mj vimtm+ Tm d‗â y}ijd}kg dbm vmkti dbm tn v}ÿ cirmj‗Npijni cnkg i _gei vmkti }ki dgti dbm kgk tpi nk vnm`n m kgk tpi nk vnm`n kgk

vmrdbî kgn tnieg }k vg‗ vnþ t}``ntpn vmrdbî a}ir`nieg y}mtpi dgti ì t}`* dgtiikdbm smri* ei nk rmijpæ kgk tpi nk vnm`n vmrdbî n dgtpn tgdnijn `n }ki tdmjpi `mj

amkmrm tirmoomrg dgtê ijpn* dbm pritdnkmrmoomrg ij t}` `mj t}` y}mjjn dbm vmktikgdbm ontgaki dgtpr}nrm }k Npijni i `}m smjgdnpæ* y}mjji tdmjpi rndbnm`m dgtpn mkgren*tgjpikpg dbn kgk dgkgtdm y}mjjg tprigr`nkirng tdmkirng `mj Em||gangrkg `‗Npijni*cippg `n Dge}kn vnddgjn m vnddgjnttnen* nk d}n `mdnkm m `mdnkm `n riai||n a}irìkgji pmjmsntngkm t} d}n tn rivvrmtmkpi }ki rmijpæ dbm â dgevjmpiemkpm ijpri ìjvrgvrng egk`g* kgk divntdm dbm y}mjji rgoi* y}mjji dgk`n|ngkm tgdnijm* y}mjtntpmei `n rmji|ngkn* y}mjji `mn dge}kn `mjji Oitnjndipi* `mj Tijmrknpikg* `mjjiDijiorni* nk rmijpæ bi }k dgtpg mkgrem vmr ji tgdnmpæ npijniki g ajn nktmaknieg idrmtdmrm m jn in}pnieg i drmtdmrm tdgkcnaamk`g n j}gabn dge}kn `mn pmrrgkn dbm kgksgajngkg jisgrirm* `mj cippg dbm vmr y}irikp‗ikkn ismpm r}oipg* ng sgajng ikdbm

iddmppirm y}mtpg drnpmrng `n riangkiemkpg* m tm v}rm cgttm7 M jm rmtvgktionjnpæ `ny}mjjn dbm bikkg cippg cnkg i` gaan g cnkg i smkp‗ikkn ci* jm `goonieg viairm kgn*jm `msm viairm nj Em||gangrkg `‗Npijni m vmr dgjvi `n }ki sntngkm engvm `n y}mjjgdbm gaan tn dbniei cm`mrijnteg cntdijm dbm ng dbnieg ji ‚djisi `n }ki sntngkmengvm―* kgn `goonieg `mdn`mrm dbm y}mtpg vimtm cnkg i Enjikg* dbm tn njj}`m `npnrirtn c}grn ì y}mtpi sndmkì* `msm ikìrm nk tgccnppi tmk|i ismrm vnþ kmtt}kr}gjg* kmtt}ki c}k|ngkm kmj egk`g* vmrdbî y}ijd}kg tn â nksmkpipg dbm kgn`goonieg `nsn`mrm jm rntgrtm ki|ngkijn nk eg`g }a}ijm `nemkpndik`g ji jm|ngkm `n@gk Enjikn* m `goonieg iddmppirm ji pmgrni vmr nj y}ijm Kivgjn* ji dnppæ dbm bi vnþ

arik`m nk`ndm `n `ntiang m nj rm``npg vrg divnpm enkneg vnþ oittg `n Npijni bi ajn



902

tpmttn tgj`n dbm bi Ogjgaki* â }ki dgti dbm kgk v}ÿ c}k|ngkirm* mtntpm nj pmevg*mtntpm ji tpgrni* mtntpm ji drgkidi+ Ji tpgrni â cippi `n dgtm o}gkm m dippnsm* egjpmtoiajnipm* egjpn sn|n m vgdbm snrpþ vrgoionjemkpm* gaan mtntpm ji drgkidi mtntpm }kvirjiemkpg dbm tpi sgpik`g nj cm`mrijnteg cntdijm* dbm `mpmrenki tgtpik|nijemkpm}ki vmr`npi `n sijgrm `n rntgrtm cnkik|nirnm m `n sijgrm v}oojndg `n dgktma}mk|i vmrn Dge}kn `mj Em||gangrkg* kgn vmr`nieg dncrm mtgronpikpn* ijprn Dge}kn `mj dmkprgkgr` a}iìakikg rntgrtm* id}mk`g ji `ntpik|i dbm d‗â pri nj t}` m nj kgr` `j vimtmnksmdm `n iddgrdnirji* m` â mtippiemkpm y}mjjg dbm `goonieg cirm m tgvripp}ppgtdirndik`g y}nk`n ajn mccmppn `n y}mtpm `ntpik|m t} jirai virpm t}jjm angsiknamkmri|ngkn `‗Npijni* vmrdbî nk jirai virpm jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn tgkg kmj dmkprgt}`* kmjji virpm emrn`ngkijm `mj vimtm* y}nk`n dgkpnk}i }ki egìjnpæ* ng `nrmn*y}itn vmrtmd}pgrni kmn dgkcrgkpn `mjjm amkmri|ngkn* â `rieeipndg* m tgvripp}ppg d‗â}ki sntngkm vn}ppgtpg engvm+ Â gssng dbm }k cm`mrijnteg dbm â dgtpr}npg t}n sijgrn

neegonjnirn* tgtpik|nijemkpm sm`ræ jm dnppæ `gsm d‗â }ki eiaangrm ippnp}`nkm*vmrdbî }ki eiaangrm `ntvgknonjnpæ cnkik|nirni ijji tmdgkì diti m y}nk`n eiaangrnrntgrtm vmr y}mn Dge}kn* kgk dn tgkg vnþ tmdgk`m ditm8 ei kgk v}ÿ mttmrm y}mtpiji tpriì* y}mtpi â }ki tpriì dbm dgk`}dm y}mtpg vimtm i `ntmakirm }k pmrrnpgrng `nmtdj}tn* dbm tgkg vgn nk arik virpm jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn* dgktmakipm ijjidrnenkijnpæ graikn||ipi vmrdbî p} bin nk`mogjnpg y}mjji virpm `n Tpipg dbm `msmismrm ji c}k|ngkm `n iccrikdirm ji amkpm ìjji vgtn|ngkm nk d}n tn prgsi m kgkdmrpiemkpm `n dgkprgjjirji mpmrkiemkpm dgk pikpg `n pmjmdiemrm* dgk kmtt}kg dbm nkrmijpæ a}irì ìjj‗ijpri virpm m nkkmtdik`g }k vrgdmttg vmr d}n ji tnd}rm||i `nsmkpi

kgk }k dgkdrmpg vrmsmknrm y}mjjg dbm iddi`m* ei nk rmijpæ pritcgrei nj kgtprgdg`ndm vmkijm nk }ki t}ddmttnsi `n ippn `n dgtm anæ issmk}pm+ Dgti dbm in dnppi`nknnkpmrmtti cnkg i }k dmrpg v}kpg+ M n angsikn* jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn `n y}mtpg vimtm*pri j‗ijprg kgn tnieg ji divnpijm `mjj‗menari|ngkm nkpmjjmpp}ijm* Kivgjn* dbm âcgkìemkpijemkpm cippg ì y}mtpg pnvg `n tmaemkpg y}i* y}nk`n j‗nksmrtngkm `mjem||g dn `msm mttmrm* ei kgk oitpikg jm vgjnpndbm dge}kijn* d‗â ontgakg `n }kriangkiemkpg cippg dgk }ki jmaam ki|ngkijm dbm tn vgkai j‗gonmppnsg* jg `ndg nkeg`g vrgsgdipgrng ei kmikdbm pikpg* `n cirm* ipprismrtg j‗nkprg`}|ngkm `n`nt}a}iajnik|i tgtpik|nijm* }k rndieong amkmri|ngkijm dbm kgk tn rnmtdm i cirm nk}k vrgdmttg kip}rijm* m y}nk`n }ki arik`m jmaam dbm iooni dgem gonmppnsg jm

angsikn amkmri|ngkn+ Ei }ki jmaam nevgrpikpm* dngâ }ki jmaam dbm nevgkm ij vimtm`n ìrtn }ki egonjnpæ amkmri|ngkijm cgrpm m dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g snkdgji p}ppn ajnnkpmrsmkpn `mjjg Tpipg* i vippg dbm tn rmtpnp}ntdi vrgpiagknteg i dbn dm j‗bi kmjvrgvrng pmevg+



90>

= % Jm ippnsnpæ `mj t}g ittmttgripg virpgkg ìj vrmt}vvgtpg dbm n

angsikn tnikg ì dgktn`mrirm dgem `ntiang g dgem rntgrti7 Kmj ditg*

y}ijn tgkg jm tpripmanm i`gppipm7

Kgn ioonieg cippg ji tdmjpi* gdd}vik`gdn vrmsijmkpmemkpm `n vgjnpndbm tgdnijn* `ncirm* nk ditg `n angsikn* mtippiemkpm j‗gvvgtpg+ Ji tdmjpi â y}mjji `n cirm `n y}mtpm

vgjnpndbm `mjj‗iang* dgem tn `ndm dgk }k jnka}iaang kgk vrgvrng pritdnkikpm mvrgvrng* p}ppisni tm jm tn s}gjm `mcnknrm vmr dgkprivvgtn|ngkm* tnd}riemkpm vgjnpndbm`mjj‗iang*kmj tmktg rnsgjpm i p}ppn* m pmtm i dgtpr}nrm ikdbm* pri jm angsiknamkmri|ngkn `n mtpri|ngkn `nccmrmkpn* ji vgttnonjnpæ `n ikìrm i jnsmjjiemkpg smrtgj‗ijpg+ Â gssng dbm jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn `msgkg mttmrm vgjnpndbm }knsmrtijn* â njvrneg v}kpg* m ikdbm y}i tn t}ontdm ji tpgrni `mj‗gr`nkiemkpg an}rn`ndg dbm âdieonipg* m dbm ìjj‗}knsmrtijnteg vitti ijj‗}knsmrtijnteg tmjmppnsg dbm â anæ

vgdg dgk`nsntnonjm kmn tntpmen `n rmagji|ngkm tgdnijm* ik|n `nrmn `mj p}ppgrnv}akikpm* vmrÿ y}ik`g irrnsn vgn ijjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn dngâ ij pmkpipnsg `n cirmkprirm kmj pmtt}pg snpijm `mjji tgdnmpæ y}ikpm vnþ mkmranm angsiknjn vgttnonjn* j‗n`midbm dn tni }kg Tpipg dgk }ki rnsgj}|ngkm amkmri|ngkijm oitipg t}jjm gvvgrp}knpæ*tnakncndi dbm kgk ioonieg dgjpg y}ij â j‗n`mi `mj vimtm+ Nj vrgojmei `mj vimtm âdbm ontgaki sgjpirm vianki nk eg`g }k vg‗ tmddg* kmj tmktg dbm kgn dn tniegcmreipn ij 9>2=* vmr mttmrm vrgvrng dbnirn* nj prmkg â ikìpg c}grn ìn onkirn m y}mjjndbm tpikkg t}j prmkg* kgk bikkg divnpg dbm grein jgrg tgkg anæ nk vmktngkm mrntdbnikg `n emppmrm nk vmktngkm nj vimtm+ Y}nk`n kgk oitpi gssniemkpm* kmj ditg

`mjji y}mtpngkm amkmri|ngkijm dbm â ivmrpi kmj vimtm* kgk tn iccrgkpi dgk jm y}gpm gdgk cgr|ip}rm `n y}mtpg pnvg* g vmktik`g ikdgri dbm dn tgkg angsikn dbm `gooniegtmjm|ngkirm rntvmppg ijji rnsgj}|ngkm amkmri|ngkijm dbm si cippi* kgk â dgtê* ontgakicirm }kg tdirpg egjpg tmddg* gssniemkpm vmr y}mtpg `ndg< r}onieg i Omrj}tdgkn}ki tgji dgti* nj rmtpg jg o}ppnieg* vmrÿ }ki dgti ajnmji vgttnieg r}oirm* j‗n`midbm d‗â `nmprg ji jmaam gonmppnsg+ J}n s}gjm cirm ji jmaam gonmppnsg vmr cirm jmarik`n gvmrm nk y}mtpg vimtm* ikdbm tm kgk tn divntdm omkm* ikdbm t}jjg tprmppg*y}ijn emrdn ontgaki pritvgrpirm ìj egemkpg dbm kgk dn tgkg vnþ vrg`}|ngkn`makm `n y}mtpg kgem* emkprm nksmdm kgn `goonieg vmktirm dbm }ki arik`m jmaamgonmppnsg si cippi t}j divnpijm }eikg m dbm nj divnpijm }eikg t}j y}ijm vgttnieg

nksmtpnrm m t} d}n bi tmktg nksmtpnrm gaan â nj divnpijm }eikg dbm virji `mjjm kgsnpæpmdkgjgandbm vrg`}ppnsm* d}jp}rijn m dbm cirikkg j‗Npijni m j‗M}rgvi ìj ?699 ij?6=6* nj rmtpg kgk dn nkpmrmtti vnþ+ Y}nk`n kgn ioonieg ontgakg `n }ki arik`mjmaam gonmppnsg t}jjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn* dbm tni }ki jmaam dbm ciddni eg`mrknpævnþ dbm eg`mrkn||i|ngkm* dngâ dbm tni }ki eg`mrknpæ cippi `n `nrnppn* tnd}riemkpm*dbm tni dividm `n }tirm nj vimtm vmr drmtdmrm* vmrdbî nj vimtm v}ÿ mttmrm }pnjn||ipg

vmr drmtdmrm* m dbm tivvni dgktmakirm nj vimtm* nk eg`g }k vg‗ or}tdg* kmjjm eikn`mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn+ Tm kg ì y}mtpg p}kkmj kgk tn mtdm+



9=6

3 — Y}ij â ji vgtn|ngkm dbm nj t}g ittmttgripg i`gppi kmjj„ieonpg `mjjm

vgjnpndbm d}jp}rijn vgtpm nk dievg m y}ijn tgkg jm nkn|nipnsm dbm bikkg

rntdgttg eiaangrm t}ddmttg7

Vmr ji smrnpæ* t}j pmrrmkg `mjjm nkn|nipnsm d}jp}rijn* vrnei `n kgn y}mtpg ittmttgripgcidmsi* t}j jipg angsiknjm* nkn|nipnsm vrmsijmkpmemkpm d}jp}rijn+ @ij pmiprg* ijjicgpgaricni* ijji ìk|i8 kgn ioonieg nkprg`gppg n c}emppn m jm irpn enkgrn* vmrdbî

vmktisieg cgttm }k eg`g vmr mkprirm }k vg‗ n vnþ nk rmji|ngkm dgk n angsikn* cnkgi eikncmtpi|ngkn dbm ioonieg cippg drmtdmrm* dgem ‚Angsikn T}gkn―+ Gssniemkpmy}mjjg* ivvirpnmkm grein* ikdbm dgk ji drmtdnpi dbm ioonieg vrgd}ripg nk y}mtpnikkn* i y}ijdgti dbm tn â tm`nemkpipg m dbm bi i dbm cirm dgk nj pmevg jnomrg `mnangsikn* m ikdgri vgdg* ei p}ppg tgeeipg â }k‗gccmrpi dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g }kivrgtvmppnsi ji `ntmaki+ Y}mjjg dbm ioonieg nkprg`gppg nk y}mtpn y}ipprg ikkn `n

k}gsg* â j‗n`mi `n }ki vrgarieei|ngkm pritsmrtijm* j‗n`mi `mjj‗iddmttg ij c}p}rg*j‗n`mi `mjj‗i}pgkgeni* dbm nksmdm kgk d‗mri* vmrdbî tn nkpmk`msikg ivv}kpg jm

vgjnpndbm angsiknjn tgjpikpg dgk }k vg‗ `n pmevg jnomrg* nk pmgrni* dbm vmrÿsmknsikg m smkagkg cippm+ I`mttg `goonieg ikìrm }k vg‗ gjprm* `goonieg divnrmdbm kgk oitpi vnþ* dbm kgk oitpi vnþ* dbm gssniemkpm ji y}mtpngkm angsiknjm `msmmttmrm ji arik`m y}mtpngkm ki|ngkijm `mn vrgttnen ikkn+

1 % Y}ijn tgkg n vrgamppn dbm dgkpritpikg nj `ntiang angsiknjm nk rmijpæ

`nccndnjn dbm rndbnm`gkg ì virpm `mjj„ittmttgripg g `mj tnkìdg }knkpmrsmkpg m }ki rntvgtpi vnþ ippmkpi7 Y}ijn tgkg n vrnkdnvijn gtpidgjn

dbm tn nkdgkprikg kmjji rmijn||i|ngkm `n y}mtpn vrgamppn7 Y}ijn

`nccndgjpæ tn nkdgkprikg nk }k pmrrnpgrng dgk mjmsipg pittg `n drnenkijnpæ

angsiknjm 7

Ijjgri* dgkpritpirm nj `ntiang m ji `msnik|i* â }ki `mjjm ippnsnpæ vrnkdnvijn dbmciddnieg kgk kmjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* mtippiemkpm vmrdbî jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjnkgk vgttgkg m kgk `msgkg mttmrm vgjnpndbm `mj `ntiang+ Tnd}riemkpm i Kivgjn ânevgrpikpm dbm kmj y}i`rg `n vgjnpndbm `m`ndipm in angsikn* dn tni }k‗ippmk|ngkm vmr

jm citdm vnþ tsikpiaanipm* â nkmsnpionjm+ Dn e}gsnieg nk }kg tdmkirng dgk nk`ndn `n`ntiang egjpg cgrpn* ei y}mtpg â }k dgkpg* dgem â nevgrpikpm y}mjjg dbm tpniegvrgsik`g i cirm m dbm ioonieg vrgsipg i cirm pri jm sirnm dgtm* dgtpr}nrm }k ikmjjgdbm emppi nktnmem ji citm `mjj‗i`gjmtdmk|i dgk y}mjji angsiknjm+ Vmrdbî7 Vmrdbî nDge}kn mrm`npikg* tgkg cnajn `mj ‛>66* dgem p}ppg y}mjjg dgk d}n dn dgkcrgkpniegikdgri gaan m gssniemkpm j‗nevnikpg mri< nkcik|ni* enkgrn m i`gjmtdmk|i* dgk }knksmtpnemkpg v}oojndg rmijn||ipg ìn Dge}kn* kgk tgjg ìj Dge}km `n Kivgjn*dgktntpmkpm+ N Dge}kn nksmtpgkg enjngkn `n m}rg t} nkcik|ni* enkgrn m i`gjmtdmk|i*ì kgn y}itn 46 enjngkn `n m}rg* m `gvg7 Vmrdbî gssniemkpm kmj ‛>66 irrnsipn i 91

ikkn d‗mrikg ijprn vrgojmen* ei dge}ky}m n angsikn prgsisikg kip}rijemkpm }ki



9=9

dgjjgdi|ngkm+ Y}ik`g ng mrg riai||nkg en rndgr`g dbm ji drntn mdgkgendi npijnikivirjisi `n y}mtpg 4- `n `ntgdd}vi|ngkm ij t}`* mri }ki priam`ni* }ki dgti`rieeipndi* }k vrgojmei dbm ji vgjnpndi tn vgkmsi dgem }ki arik`m y}mtpngkm ìiccrgkpirm tgvripp}ppg kmj t}` `mj vimtm* d‗mri y}mtpg 4- `n angsikn `ntgdd}vipn+Gaan tnieg ij 06-* y}nk`n â dieonipg nj egk`g* m y}nk`n tnakncndi dbm y}ik`g }kriai||g â tpipg kmn vmrdgrtn m`}dipnsn `mj Dge}km `n Ki vgjn* ei dgem kmaj‗ijprnDge}kn m ci 91 ikkn* jg Tpipg bi nksmtpnpg t} y}mj oneog }ki y}ikpnpæ `n sijgrmv}oojndg kgk ì vgdg* tni nk pmrenkn cnkik|nirn* rntgrtm* tni nk pmrenkn `n sijgrm* `nvrgcmttngkijnpæ* `n dgevmpmk|m* `n amkpm dbm tn â egtti nkpgrkg i y}mtpn riai||nvrmtn nk dirndg* `n p}ppg nktgeei+ Nj Dge}km `n Kivgjn bi 4? dmkprn m`}dipnsnpmrrnpgrnijn m k}emrgtm ijprm tpr}pp}rm vnþ g emkg rnan`m m`}dipnsm m tgdngm`}dipnsm+ Y}ik`g mtdgkg ì jê* nj Dge}km kmj ‛>66 kgk vrmsm`msi k}jji m y}nk`ntgtpik|nijemkpm egjpm `mjjm vnþ rmdmkpn viankm vnþ or}ppm* ikdbm `n y}mtpn ikkn*

rna}irìsikg angsikn iddgjpmjjipn* iddgjpmjjikpn* m` mrikg vrgvrng nk y}mjjg tvi|ngdbm si ìn 91 in ?= ikkn* dbm vgn â `nsmkpipi ji smri citm drnpndi* egjpg vnþ `ny}ikpg mri vrnei* dngâ ji citm nk d}n rmtpn vrgoionjemkpm tgjg nk d}n mkprirm kmjj‗mpæ`mj jisgrg â ittgj}piemkpm `nccndnjm ì }k omj vg‗ â `nsmkpipg `nccndnjm ikdbmmkprirm ijj‗}knsmrtnpæ* jm gvvgrp}knpæ vmr dgtpr}nrm i}pgkgeni tgkg vgdbm mnktgeei dgenkdni i `nsmkpirm vnþ `nccndnjm ji tpgrni m n k}emrn tgkg egjpg arisn+Vmr d}n kgn ioonieg vrgsipg i neeiankirm jm dgtm dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`gemppmttmrg nktnmem n vmrdgrtn `mjj‗nkcik|ni m `mjj‗i`gjmtdmk|i m n angsikn+ Nj`ntiang enkgrnjm m nj rntdbng `n `msnik|i â }k‗ijpri dgti* â gaamppnsiemkpm }k‗ijpri

dgti* â }ki `mjji dgtm vmr d}n i Kivgjn tn ci `n vnþ m gssniemkpm kgk oitpi ein* vmrÿ â }k vrgdmttg `nccmrmkpm m` â jmaipg i` ijd}km irmm virpndgjirn `mjji dnppæ* d‗â}k jisgrg ivv}kpg* dbm sijm dncrm anaikpmtdbm m dbm ì arik`n rnt}jpipn m dbm rntdbnivgn `n `ntvmr`mrtn irrnsipn i y}mj v}kpg jæ m dbm y}nk`n ijd}km n`mm dgem n ar}vvnivvirpiemkpg dbm n riai||n dbm smkagkg ìn vmrdgrtn m`}dipnsn `mj Dge}km `n

Kivgjn m dbm nk y}ijdbm eg`g dgjeikg y}mj pmevg dbm tn vgrpi smrtg j‗i}pgkgeniâ }ki dgti t}jji y}ijm ioonieg jisgripg m riangkipg m cippg y}ijdbm mtvmrnemkpg*cippg y}ijdbm mtvmrnemkpg tgvripp}ppg jmaipg i y}mn riai||n dbm smknsikg ìneenttngkn an}`n|nirnm nk ditm cienajni* dngâ riai||n dbm ijjgkpikn ìjji cienajnivmr riangkn jmaipm i dgkpmtpn cnkik|nirn* dgk `ntiang e}jpn`nemktngkijm* cnknsikg

kmjjm ditm cienajni dbm tgkg tpr}pp}rm grein jiraiemkpm rncgreipm* y}nk`n ikdbmdgk }ki y}ijnpæ m`}dipnsi egjpg ijpi+ Irrnsipn i 91 ikkn `‗mpæ tn mtdm ì diti* m p}bin sntt}pg nk }k dgkpmtpg vrgpmppg cienjnirm* dbm gssniemkpm bi ji smjjmnpæ `nt}rrgaipg ji cienajni kip}rijm m vgn dbm t}ddm`m7 Tgvripp}ppg vmrdbî tirinriai||nkg dbm â drmtdn}pg }k vg‗* dgem `nrm* ij rnvirg `n }ki cienajni* kgk ji t}icienajni kip}rijm* y}nk`n snmkm neem`nipiemkpm emttg i k}gpirm nk eirm ivmrpg*vrgoionjemkpm dgk }k dgkpmtpg cienjnirm ij y}ijm pn tirin ionp}ipg vmr ikkn dgk `mnenkgrn dbm tgkg tpipn vmr ikkn nk ditm cienajni m y}nk`n nj p}g dgkpmtpg cienjnirm gpn bi `nemkpndipg g pm jg tmn `nemkpndipg virdbâ vrgoionjemkpm mri emajng dgtê g

kgk d‗â vnþ m i y}mj v}kpg jê kitdm nj vrgojmei* m kgn y}mtpi virpm y}n j‗ioonieg



9=?

tvmrnemkpipi dgk n ar}vvn ivvirpiemkpg dgk ijd}km dge}knpæ ijjgaang* m `msg `nrmdbm â ikdgri vrmtpg vmr `nrm dgem si* kmj tmktg dbm bi `}m ikkn y}mtpg vgtpgy}nk`n sm`nieg* tnd}riemkpm â }ki tpriì nkpgrkg ijji y}ijm ontgaki jisgrirmegjpg* vmrdbî â ì 9> ikkn nk vgn dbm kitdm y}mtpg vrgamppg+ I Kivgjn â `nccndnjmmttmrm angsikn smriemkpm* kgk angsikn dgem tnieg ionp}ipn i `nrm kgn* vmrdbî iy}irikp‗ikkn }kg â angsikm* vmrdbî emajng dbm ci nj angsikm ijprnemkpn dbm ci+ Dbnâ angsikm smriemkpm gaan nksmdm* g vmrdbî bi is}pg mtvmrnmk|m `rieeipndbm gkgk jm bi is}pm vmr cgrp}ki* vmrÿ â }k riai||nkg `ndnieg* tn â ittin vnþ riai||nkn ismkp‗ikkn `n y}ikpg jg tn mri smkp‗ikkn ci m ijjgri `nsmkpi `nccndnjm* `nsmkpimccmppnsiemkpm `nccndnjm m` â nj pmrrmkg `n dgky}ntpi `mj `ntiang m `mjji drnenkijnpægraikn||ipi+ Nj `ntiang m ji drnenkijnpæ graikn||ipi dbmddbî tm km `ndi* kgk tgkgcmkgemkn `n eitti* jg `goonieg `nrm* nk rmijpæ kgk tgkg egjpn m tgkg }k vrgojmeiargttg+ Ji kgtpri tvmrnemkpi|ngkm â virpnpi ìn tgaamppn vnþ mtvgtpn ij rntdbng vmrÿ

vrgoionjemkpm ji tpriì `n vmrdgrtn dge}knpirn dbm mtippiemkpm nk }k pmevg nk d}n`n dge}knpirng kgk d‗â r neitpg knmkpm* vrgoionjemkpm â }ki tpriì dbm ik`rmoomvmrdgrti vgn dmrpg si ì tî* â gssng* ci vnþ r}egrm }k ijomrg dbm di`m dbm }kicgrmtpi dbm drmtdm* p}ppisni cir drmtdmrm }ki cgrmtpi `n mtvmrnmk|m dgem y}mtpm* nky}mjji `mjndipnttnei citm dbm si ìn 92 in ?= ikkn* â vrgoionjemkpm ji dgti `n }kitgdnmpæ dbm dgjjgdi pir`n y}ik`g dgjjgdi+ Ciddnieg cnkpi dbm `geikn pgrkmrmeg idgjjgdirm kmj egk`g `mj jisgrg m `mjjm vrgcmttngkn* }k vg‗ `n vnþ `n y}ikpgciddnieg gaan* dmrpiemkpm* dgkpnk}mrmeg i dgjjgdirm pir`n* dgkpnk}mrmeg i mttmrmangsikn i 42 m i 06 ikkn vmrdbî â }k ìpg gaamppnsg* d‗â ikdbm }k ijj}kaiemkpg

`mjji snpi* tn egrnsi ittin vrnei+ Angsik Oippntpi Vmragjmtn dbm ci ji vrnei tpitmri*kitdm kmj 9>96 m e}grm kmj 9>?3* y}nk`n }ki dgti ormsm ormsm* i smkp‗ikkn ismsidgkt}eipg* gaan kgk â dgtê m y}nk`n ikdbm vmr y}mtpg â }k itvmppg vgtnpnsg vmr dbnâ ippiddipg ijji snpi m y}nk`n mtntpm y}mtpg vrgojmei y}i+ Â vgttnonjm tm tn nksmrpmjm vgjnpndbm mdgkgendbm m tgdnijn* rnvgrpirm j‗Npijni i }k r}gjg tgdnijm m}rgvmg*tnd}riemkpm tn* ji dbnism â y}mjji `mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn nk eg`g iooitpik|iri`ndijm m vmrÿ d‗â ì tivmrm dbm kgn dgkpnk}mrmeg i dgjjgdirm pir`n* m y}nk`nioonieg ontgakg `n }k vrgdmttg nkpmrem`ng pri j‗i`gjmtdmk|i `mj ‛>66 m y}mjji `ngaan* dbm vrgoionjemkpm vrge}gsi i}pgkgeni egjpg* y}nk`n dmrdik`g `niooittirm y}mtpg eirankm kmj jisgrg gvvgtpg* ikdbm kmn vrgdmttn dbm rna}irìkg nj

divnpijm }eikg tn vgttgkg cirm vgjnpndbm ikpndndjndbm* m vgn ì }k‗ijpri virpm vrgsni vgrtn nj vrgojmei `n y}mjjg `n dbm t}ddm`m nk y}mj o}dg m rntpr}pp}rndgevjmttnsiemkpm jm ippnsnpæ `n vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* `n vgjnpndbm tgdnijn dbmdge}ky}m* nkmsnpionjemkpm bikkg }k v}kpg `n nkdgkprg* cnkdbî dn tiræ ivmrpi jiarik`m y}mtpngkm amkmri|ngkijm kmj vimtm* tivmk`g dbm vmr y}mjjg tvi|ng â pmevg`n m`}dirm* m `n cirjg vmrÿ dgk egìjnpæ dbm kgk tnikg jmttndijn vrgoionjemkpm* eicisgrmk`g egìjnpæ grn||gkpijn m m`}dipnsm* `n tdieon `n pritenttngkm `n tivmrn m`n mtvmrnmk|m* vrgoionjemkpm ikdbm kmj dgrpg rivvgrpg amkmri|ngkijm* t}vmrikgdgtm dbm pn riddgkpikg `n y}ik`g mrn vnddgjg* kmj 9>6?* dbm dgkpnk}ikg i mttmrm ji



9=4

egìjnpæ }pnjn||ipi* nj riddgkpg jitdniegjg in kgkkn* vmrÿ vrgoionjemkpm y}mjjgtvi|ng si dgjeipg nk ijprg eg`g+

2 — Tm `gsmttneg virjirm `mjjm prm vrnkdnvijn ippnsnpæ `mj t}g

ittmttgripg ì dgktn`mrirm dgem o}gkm vripndbm `n agsmrkg ì

mtvgrpirm kmj dievg `mjj„i|ngkm `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* y}ijn

tdmajnmrmoom m vmrdbî7

Tnd}riemkpm NkDiev}t â y}mjjg dbm d‗â nkpgrkg dgem n`mi m dgem tntpmei `nrmji|ngkn* vgn y}ik`g virjn `n y}mtpm dgtm vmktn tmevrm ijjm }jpnem dbm pn tgkgdivnpipm* vmrÿ tnd}riemkpm ikdbm n vmrdgrtn `mjj‗i}pgkgeni8 gaan virjnieg `n dnrdi=66 riai||n dgnksgjpn* `msgkg `nsmkpirm 96+666 tm kg ioonieg tdbmr|ipg* kmj

tmktg `msm `nsmkpirm }ki dgti dbm `nsmkpn y}itn }k cippg kgreijm+ Y}nk`ntnd}riemkpm ikdbm y}mtpg j‗i}pgkgeni ionpipnsi* nj jisgrg t}jj‗iamk|ni* jidbnienieg dgtê* ei kgk â }k tgaamppg i virpm* dbm vrgsi i cirm y}mtpg jisgrg t}jemrdipg neegonjnirm* vmrdbî nj pmei `mjji diti* ikdbm kmn vrgdmttn `n drmtdnpi* `mjdgbionpnka* dngâ `mjj‗ionpirm nktnmem* dbm vgn â }ki dgti dbm grein â kmj dgtp}em`mjjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn* â }k cippg cgkìemkpijm* nkpgrkg i y}mjjg tn dgtpr}ntdmpikpg pmtt}pg `megdripndg m pikpg pmtt}pg `n rmji|ngkn+ M vgn `n dgtm dm km tgkgpikpm* kmj tmktg jisgrirm t}n jnka}iaan y}nk`n jg Gttmrsipgrng Angsikn â nevgrpikpm

vmrdbî dn vmremppm `n cirm }k jisgrg nktnmem ijj‗}knsmrtnpæ nevgrpikpm `n jisgrirmikdbm t} ijd}km vripndbm }k vg„ k}gsm* vmr kgn grein â `nsmkpipg kgreijm nk

rmijpæ* dgkpnk}ikg i mttmrm k}gsm ikdbm nk ijprm dnppæ+ Kgn ioonieg is}pg eg`g`n tdieonirm rmji|ngkn iooitpik|i nkpmktm dgk Cnrmk|m* dgk Pgrnkg* vmr ji smrnpæ* tmd‗â }ki dgti dbm si cippi* rntvmppg ijj‗nevnikpg pgjpg nj tntpmei tsnj}vvg dbm â p}ppgì dgtpr}nrm* d‗â }k vrgojmei `n k}emrn* ei tm p} bin eg`g `n cirm }k dgkcrgkpgdgk dbn tn gdd}vi `n y}mtpm dgtm kmj Dge}km `n Pgrnkg* dnppæ angsikm* vmr ji smrnpækgn ioonieg cippg dgtm vnþ nkpmrmttikpn* vnþ ievnm m `n eiaangr rmtvnrg* y}mtpgsijm ikdbm vmr Cnrmk|m* m` â rndgkgtdn}pg ì jgrg y}nk`n vrgoionjemkpm njvrgojmei tgkg vrmsijmkpmemkpm n k}emrn+ Cnrmk|m vmr mtmevng bi }k nevnikpgdgem dm j‗ismsi vrnei y}i* y}nk`n cikkg tgvripp}ppg ippnsnpæ `n pmevg jnomrg*

tpikkg dgenkdnik`g i cirm y}mtp‗ikkg ijd}km mtvmrnmk|m `n angsikn dbm jisgrikg vmr n angsikn* ei nk rmijpæ ioonieg cippg }k vg‗ vnþ `n dgtm kgn+ @mj rmtpg vgn ijjicnkm* ikdbm nj rnt}jpipg `mj oik`g `mj Enkntpmrg* dbm kgk dn â tnd}riemkpmvirpndgjiremkpm iendg* tnieg irrnsipn kgk tmevrm i snkdmrm ei v}r tmevrm pri nvrnen m y}nk`n â ikdbm nj tmakijm dbm vrgoionjemkpm ontgaki ismrm ji vrmt}k|ngkmdbm dn tni }k rivvgrpg dgk jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn* vmrdbî kgk â dgtê* tm kg kgk dntirmoom }k arik`m vrgojmei ivmrpg kmj vimtm+ P}ppisni ioonieg* nk rmji|ngkm ijjmijprm ieenkntpri|ngkn dge}kijn* tnd}riemkpm }ki `ntdrmpi t}vmrcndnm `n dgkpippg+Jm mtvmrnmk|m dbm tgkg drmtdn}pm nkpgrkg i kgn* y}mtpm tgkg jm dgtm dbm ioonieg

cippg `nrmppiemkpm* ei dn tgkg `nsmrtm mtvmrnmk|m ì Diridgj i P}kkmj dbm tgkg



9=0

mtvmrnmk|m dnppi`nkm m dbm gaamppnsiemkpm drmtdgkg nkpgrkg i y}mtpm ippnsnpæ+P}kkmj dbm tn â ivmrpg i sni Omkm`mppg Drgdm* n vrgpiagkntpn tgkg p}ppn riai||n dbmtgkg vittipn kmaj‗}jpnen prm ikkn kmjjm kgtprm ippnsnpæ* m` â }k ìpg* dgem `nrm*nkdgkc}pionjm* ì _meg* i` Ijomrpg Dgrgki* p}ppn y}mtpn riai||n dbm bikkg jisgripgdgk kgn* y}nk`n y}mtpg tnd}riemkpm d‗â* d‗â nj vrgojmei `n cir drmtdmrm n k}emrn*dngâ d‗â nj vrgojmei* m` ikdbm y}i irrnsnieg tmevrm ijjg tpmttg v}kpg nkmsnpionjm`n cirm }ki tdmjpi dbniri* nj Cgk`g vmr jm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn cippg ìjji Emjik`rn meikpmk}pg ìjji Angrani Emjgkn an}tpiemkpm* dbm bi `negtpripg `n mttmrm }kiangsikm nkpmjjnamkpm* kmj tmktg dbm kgk bi teikpmjjipg y}mjjg dbm d‗mri vrnei* dbmâ }kg `mn vrgojmen dbm iccjnaam ji amkmri|ngkm dbm â ipp}ijemkpm ijji pgjì `ndgeik`g* m â ikdgri }ki agddni kmj eirm8 â ji vrnei sgjpi dbm d‗â* m y}nk`n si anæomkm+ Vmrÿ virjnieg ikdgri `n or}tdgjnkn* tm }kg tn s}gjm vgrrm tmrniemkpm y}mtpgvrgojmei* m` ng vmktg dbm kmn vrgttnen emtn dm jg `goonieg vgrrm* `goonieg

cirji `nsmkpirm }ki rnjmsikpm sgdm `n tvmti `mjjg Tpipg+ Gaan* tm `gooniegcgpgaricirm* ì `gsm tnieg virpnpn* i `gsm tnieg irrnsipn m i dbm dgti dn â anripgnkpgrkg m dgti bi vrg`gppg* m i dbm dgti ioonieg vmktipg tn vgprmoom cirm* vmr jismrnpæ kgn ìssmrg* i gaan* vgttnieg `nrm dbm â nkpmrmttikpm y}mjjg dbm tn nkprism`mnktgeei* vmrÿ `goonieg ikdbm `nrm dbm kgk oitpi dgnksgjamrm jm `}menji* vmktgdbm `gsrmeg jisgrirm ijemkg t} `nmdnenji vmrtgkm* i sirng pnpgjg* tivmk`g dbmy}ik`g tn jisgri i Kivgjn ijemkg nj 46- `n y}mtpg jisgrg â }k jisgrg `nccndnjmikdbm rntvmppg i }ki tdmjpi `n jisgrirm kmj tntpmei }knsmrtijm+

> % Y}ij â nj rntdgkprg `mn angsikn m ji jgrg virpmdnvi|ngkm kmndgkcrgkpn `mjjm nkn|nipnsm vrgegttm ìjj„ittmttgripg `mjjm vgjnpndbm

angsiknjn7

Y}ik`g ji V}oojndi Ieenkntpri|ngkm c}k|ngki* dgk }ki egìjnpæ vmrcgreikpm mangsiknjm* ei kgk ì virpm eni* virjg ikdbm `majn }ccndn dbm bikkg jisgripg* nkrmijpæ p} bin j‗mccmppg gvvgtpg* dngâ bin }ki `ntvgknonjnpæ ì virpm `mjjm angsiknamkmri|ngkn dbm tn itvmppmrmoomrg y}ijdgti* ei dbm nk rmijpæ nk eg`g kgkenpgjgandg* ei rmijm* tikkg dbm tgkg kmjji enajngrm `mjjm nvgpmtn nakgripn* y}ik`gkgk pn snmkm drmipg }k vrgojmei* nk jnkmi `n eittnei+ Gaan* vmrdbî divnpi dbm

j‗ioonieg cippg gaan* jm nkpmrsntpm `n `}m kgtprn }pmkpn ei dbm nk rmijpæ tgkg }k vg‗`n vnþ m tgkg y}mjjn dbm bikkg virpmdnvipg ijji vrgdm`}ri vmr nj dgkprno}pgijj‗ijjgaang* vmr mtmevng* tgkg `}m nkpmrsntpm dbm vnþ dbm virjirm `mj cippg dbmmrikg ieemttn in dgkprno}pn ijj‗ijjgaang dbm msn`mkpmemkpm â nj cgk`g `mjjisndmkì* dn bikkg cippg kgpirm ìjj‗nkpmrsntpi m ì sndnkg vmrdbî ng bg is}pg eg`g`n nkdgkprirm }kg `n jgrg tgppg ij viji||g* dbm nk rmijpæ i. kgk drm`msikg dbmy}mtpi dgti cgttm smri* o. kgk vmktisikg dbm tirmoom tpipg dgtê cidnjm* d. dbmcidmsikg dgtê vrmtpg m dbm tgkg rneitpn tg``ntcippn `n y}mtpg itvmppg y}i+ Âmsn`mkpm dbm y}mjj‗}pmkpm dnppi`nkg* dgtpr}ntdm dgk j‗ntpnp}|ngkm }k rivvgrpg }k vg‗

`nsmrtg* `geikn+ Dmrpg* dgkprno}ntdm ikdbm }k rivvgrpg `n itvmppipnsi m y}mtpg tn



9==

vgkm nj vrgojmei `n dgem tn ij|i ji p}i dividnpæ `n dgtpr}nrm kmjjm V}oojndbmIeenkntpri|ngkn* irrnsnieg tmevrm ijjg tpmttg v}kpg* o}rgdri|ni iendi+ Tndgtpr}ntdm o}rgdri|ni iendi m kgk egjmtpi dgem `ndm nj o}gk Or}kmppi* tm kmjjiV}oojndi Ieenkntpri|ngkm tn cikkg n dgkdgrtn dbm Or}kmppi ojgddi m dbm nk y}mtpiieenkntpri|ngkm* dgem ji eni dgjjmai ittmttgrm bi cippg* gppmkmk`g }k rnt}jpipgittgj}piemkpm nk`ntd}pnonjm+ Neemppnieg j‗}kndg arik`m mkpm `mj t}` `mkprg njr}gjg `mjji V}oojndi Ieenkntpri|ngkm =66 riai||m m riai||n `n prmkp‗ikkn* dgtê tnij|i ji t}i dividnpæ `n mttmrm vmrcgreikpm+ Cnkg i y}ik`g p} bin }ki y}ikpnpæ `n`nvmk`mkpn dbm bikkg cippg tmttikpidnky}m ikkn m tpikkg vmr ikìrm nk vmktngkm*kgk tn divntdm kmikdbm omkm vmrdbî `gsrmoomrg dieonirm eg`g `n cirm* eitmevjndmemkpm vmrdbî jgrg }tikg nj eg`g `mj jgrg pmevg* `mjji V}oojndiIeenkntpri|ngkm `mj jgrg pmevg+ Â nk}pnjm `nrm dbm kgk sgajngkg cirm knmkpm* kg*bikkg cippg* ei bikkg cippg ikdbm pikpg* tn cidmsi nk }k ijprg eg`g* tn cidmsikg

ijprm dgtm* d‗mrikg ijprn ontgakn* dn tpisi }k‗ijpri Kivgjn m d‗mri ikdbm }k‗ijpriNpijni+ Y}mjji jê kgk d‗â vnþ m y}nk`n drm`gkg dbm nj eg`g tni y}mjjg jê+ Tm p} drm`n`n rntvgk`mrm ijj‗mtnamk|i dbm pn bikkg cippg drm`mrm n p}gn }pmkpn `mn tmrsn|n `n gaan‚kgn* dn tnieg prgsipn omkm* kgk dn drm`msieg dbm mri dgtê smjgdm* kgk dndrm`msieg dbm mri dgtê cidnjm* tgkg tpipn dgtê amkpnjn― m sin i sm`mrm vmrÿ* dbn âtpipg dgtê smjgdm* dbn â tpipg dgtê amkpnjm* d‗â dmrpi amkpm dbm tm bi y}irikp‗ikkn âittin ) ‚M tgkg tpipn dgtê amkpnjn* m tgkg tpipn dgtê smjgdn* tgkg tpipn dgtê orisn* m dnbikkg viaipg* m kgk dn drm`msieg―+ Pijemkpm dbm kgk dn drm`msikg dbm y}ik`gajn bikkg dbnmtpg `n cirm j‗nkpmrsntpi mrikg tgrvrmtn+ Gssniemkpm p} iooippn }k

e}rg `n `nccn`mk|i* jg cin dgk n dnppi`nkn `n `geikn* y}nk`n nevgrpikpn m `ntprigr`nkirng sijgrm* m vmrÿ pn `msn gssniemkpm vgrrm nj pmei dbm vgndbî bin ì pmrntdgkpripg dbm c}k|ngki dgtê* pn `msn vgrrm nj vrgojmei `n dgem cin i` ij|irm njjnsmjjg `mjji p}i dividnpæ `n gccrnrm tmrsn|n* `n nky}i`rirm n tmrsn|n* `n sm`mrm tm y}mjtmrsn|ng tmrsm* vmrdbî ikdbm y}mtpg gaan kgk â vnþ dgtê tdgkpipg* dngâ vgprmoomikdbm mttmrjg tm dn cgttn P]* Ijmttik`ri m }k ijprg vg‗ `n riai||n `mjji V}oojndiIeenkntpri|ngkm* vrgoionjemkpm tn toiajnmrmoom ittin emkg* kmjjg tdmajnmrm dbmpnvg `n tmrsn|ng cirm* dgk y}ijm egìjnpæ* nk dbm eg`g* vmr dbn+ M dbnirg tm dbn jgci ivvirpnmkm i }k‗ijpri tpgrni* rntdbni `n toiajnirm egjpg `n vnþ* ijjgri p} bin cippg}ki gvmri|ngkm `n cn`}dni m `n tmktg* dgem y}mtpi dgti dbm ioonieg riddgkpipg

gaan* dbm ioonieg riddgkpipg `gvg dbm j‗ioonieg cippi* dgem ciddnieg t} p}ppm jmdgtm kgk tgjg `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* ei ikdbm vmr jm ijprm* tmk|i `nrm cirmeg`geikn m vgn kgk jg ciddnieg vnþ* vmrdbî y}mtpg â }k ijprg v}kpg rnjmsikpnttneg+Y}ijd}kg `ndm ‚gaan ji amkpm tm d‗â dbm kgk tgvvgrpi â y}mjji dbm tn `ndm dbm`geikn ji ogppnajni tiræ oj} m nj angrkg `gvg ji ogppnajni â smr`m― â smrg* ei kgk âji amkpm* tgkg mtippiemkpm jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn dbm kgk pgjjmrikg y}mtpg* vrnei*jm ijprm amkmri|ngkn* vmr `}m riangkn* ji vrnei â nj ciegtg 4- `n d}n vgd‗ik|n* dngâd‗mri egjpi emkg amkpm dbm ismsi ontgakg m ismrm ontgakg mri }ki dgti kgkvrgvrng kgreijm* dngâ kgk mri }k cippg dge}km+ Ng* vmr cgrp}ki* n tmrsn|n `mj

Dge}km kgk jn bg ein }tipn y}ik`g mrg vnddgjg* vmrdbî eni ei`rm en vgrpisi i



9=3

td}gji m jmn cidmsi p}ppm y}mtpm dgtm y}i* ji citdni `n amkpm dbm kgk v}ÿ cirm iemkg `mn tmrsn|n `mj Dge}km â drmtdn}pi nk eg`g tprigr`nkirng+ Ji citdni `n amkpmdbm rndmsmrmoom }ki eikg tm dn c gttmrg n tmrsn|n `mj Dge}km i`mttg d‗â m kgn`gsrmeeg sm`mrm `n cirm nk eg`g dbm y}mtpm vmrtgkm dbm km vgttgkg cirm i emkg*vmrÿ tm ajn ìn }ki eikg kgk sikkg i cnknrm nk y}mjjn dbm vgn kgk km vgttgkgvrgvrng cirm i emkg8 â }ki citdni nevgrpikpm* `goonieg cirm nk eg`g dbm y}mtpn ntmrsn|n jn rndmsikg* vmrdbî tm y}mtpn jn rndmsgkg* kgk `nsmkpikg dbm kgk dm ji cikkgvrgvrng vnþ m kgk km vgttgkg cirm i emkg vmrdbî kgk eikanikg m gssniemkpm vmrcirm y}mtpg tmrsm }k‗ijpri V}oojndi Ieenkntpri|ngkm m vmr rmijn||ir ji dn sgajngkgpikpm ijprm `gkknkm m genkn `n }k‗ijpri mpæ dbm cikkg }k‗ijpri V}oojndiIeenkntpri|ngkm+

96 % Dgti km vmkti `mjji tnp}i|ngkm vgjnpndi ki|ngkijm nk rncmrnemkpgijjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn m angsiknjn7

Dbm dgti km vmktg* omb vmktg kgk ì Omrj}tdgkn* vmktg ì Vrg`n+ Dngâ vmktgnkkik|np}ppg dbm d‗â }k‗n`mi* tmevrm jmaipi ij cippg dbm d‗â }k ojgddgamkmri|ngkijm* t}jjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn m angsiknjn* nj agsmrkg Vrg`n vrnei m njagsmrkg Omrj}tdgkn i`mttg* dngâ nj dmkprg `mtpri m nj dmkprg tnkntpri* kgk bikkgtgtpik|nijemkpm y}itn divnpg k}jji+ T}jjm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn vmrdbî â smrg dbm nj >=-`mn virjiemkpirn* `mj virjiemkpg* nk d}n dn tgkg `}m dipmagrnm mtpnkpm g y}itn nk sni`‗mtpnk|ngkm* }ki â y}mjji `mn angsikn* j‗ijpri â ibneâ* tijsg ijd}kn t}` %}eikn `n

`}ooni kip}ri* dngâ kgk tg tm tgkg }eikn g emkg* n emrn`ngkijn+ Nj virjiemkpg`‗Npijni â tpipg `genkipg kmjji tpgrni `‗Npijni* `mjji _mv}oojndi ì y}mjjn `mjEm||gangrkg m ismsg tnd}riemkpm pikpn `ncmppn* ei dbm kgn gaan mttmk`g egjpg`ntpikpm ì j}n* vmrÿ bg vrgsipg }ki vrgcgkì angni sm`mrm Vgendnkg dbm `ntd}pmsidgk Ji r}tti* vmrdbî Vgendnkg en â tmeori @m Aitvmrn m Ji r}tti }ki jgpi* y}nk`njm arik`n dipmagrnm tsikpiaanipm tgkg y}mtpm y}i+ Tgkg n angsikn m n emrn`ngkijn*kmj tmktg* n angsikn vrgvrng nk eg`g msn`mkpm* kgk dn tgkg cntndiemkpm* kgk dntgkg emrn`ngkijn `makn `n y}mtpg kgem* dgktivmsgjn* dgkgtdnpgrn `mjEm||gangrkg* dbm bikkg }k‗n`mi `n dbm dgt‗â nj Em||gangrkg m dbm ioonikg

tiv}pg nk y}mtpn ikkn dgkpritpirm nj smrog jmabntpi dbm nk rmijpæ* }k ijprg pmr|g `nvimtm nk eg`g magntpi m engvm* bi tdipmkipg8 y}nk`n y}mtpi â ji vrnei dgti+J‗ijpri dgti dbm kgk bikkg divnpg* kî agsmrkg Vrg`n* kî nj agsmrkg Omrj}tdgkn*vmrdbî mri smrg ikdbm dgk nj agsmrkg Vrg`n* â dbm jm tvmtm vmr jm vgjnpndbmangsiknjn* dngâ rnsgjpm ijjm angsikn amkmri|ngkn m jm tvmtm vmr n tntpmen `nvrgpm|ngkm tgdnijm* kgk tgkg }ki tvmti pri jm ijprm+ Kgk â dbm tgkg j}gag dge}km`mjj‗ittntpmk|nijnteg* p}ppm di||ipm `ndnieg8 j‗ittntpmk|i â j‗ittntpmk|i `msm ismrmji t}i virgji m y}ik`g bin `nrnppg i mttmrm ittntpnpg* `msn mttmrm ittntpnpg* eij‗ittntpmk|i nk Npijni bi cippg }k tijpg `n y}ijnpæ mkgrem* â dieonipi nk eg`g

ri`ndijm* ik|n cgrtm* vrgvrng vmrdbî `msm ismrm i dbm cirm dgk nj `ntiang* m dgk }ki



9=1

tgdnmpæ nk vrgcgkì e}pi|ngkm* kmn Dge}kn y}mjjg dbm â dieonipg `n vnþ tgkgvrgvrng n tntpmen `n qmjcirm* ei tgkg dieonipn nk eg`g vrgcgk`g* kgk tgkg vittipnegjpn ikkn ìj ?666+ Kmj 9>>> nk p}ppi Npijni* d‗mri }ki dgti dbm tn dbnieisiittntpmk|i dmkprijm* tnieg kmj ?666* egjpm ijprm rncgrem nk `nmdn ikkn kgk bikkgdgenkdnipg i cirm knmkpm* kgk bikkg emttg kmeemkg ji pmtpi c}grn ji vgrpi+ Nkp}ppi Npijni* `gsm `n vnþ* `gsm `n emkg* `msg `nrm i dgkcmrei `mj cippg dbm â njrivvgrpg nccndnjm* dgkpnk}g* vmreikmkpm dgk jm dnppæ }k vg‗ vnþ ij t}` dbm ij kgr`*dngâ Enjikg â ikdgri vnþ tnenjm ijji smddbni nevgtpi|ngkm* Kivgjn â vnþ tnenjm ijjm4?2 vmrdbî kgn km ioonieg `n vnþ* egjpg `n vnþ m y}nk`n tnieg dgtprmppn egjpg `nvnþ i dieonirm jm egìjnpæ `n agsmrkikdm `n y}mtpg pnvg `n vrgdmttg+ Y}mtpgissnmkm ikdbm kmjjm vgjnpndbm `mj jisgrg* d‗â }k ìpg t}j Tgjm?0grm `n ikkn ci*y}ik`g tn virjisi `mjj‗issmk}pi rncgrei `mjji jmaam 46 dbm ismsi dieonipg ndgjjgdiemkpn m tn tdgvrnsi dbm n dmkprn vmr j‗nevnmag `mj t}`* cidmsikg rntvmppg

dge}ky}m i k}emrn egjpg vnddgjn* vmrdbî tgjpikpg nj 4- `mj eipdbnka `mjji`geikì m gccmrpi ikìsi in dmkprn vmr j‗nevnmag* vmrÿ y}i mri nj =- m i Enjikg nj4- m` â tpipi `mppi y}mtpi dgti nk }k dgksmakg `mj Tgjm?0grm cippg iEnjikg*y}nk`n kgk ji sndmkì t}`* vmr d}n dn tgkg ikdbm `mjjm tpr}pp}rm tmrnm mtgkg }ki `n y}mtpm+ Kgk tn â divnpg dbm y}mtpm vgjnpndbm* y}mjjm angsiknjn* tgkg ji

vrmemtti vmr ji drmtdnpi* kgk tgkg vgjnpndbm `n ittntpmk|i* j‗ittntpmk|i kgk d‗mkpriknmkpm* j‗ittntpmk|i tgkg jm vgjnpndbm `n ittntpmk|i vmr n kgk i}pgt}ccndnmkpn dbmbikkg ontgakg `n mttmrm ittntpnpn* dbm kgk â }ki dippnsi virgji+ Jm vgjnpndbm `nnkdj}tngkm tgdnijm dieonipm vrgcgkìemkpm nk Npijni* nk pmevg pri j‗ijprg vn}ppgtpg

smjgdm* nk }k vrgdmttg jmantjipnsg dbm â dgenkdnipg kmj ‗>3 m dbm tn â dgkdj}tg kmj?666* m dbm bi dgk`gppg j‗Npijni i dm`mrm dgem Tpipg vgpmrm in Dge}kn* ìk`g jmrndgrtm in Dge}kn* emppmk`gjn ij dmkprg `mjji tdiddbnmri `mjjm rmji|ngkn m `mntmrsn|n vmr n dnppi`nkn* tn â dgkdj}tg kmj ?666 m kmj ?664 â nkn|nipg nj vrgdmttggvvgtpg* â y}mjjg dbm vgjnpndiemkpm tn â dbnieipg cm`mrijnteg vgnieenkntpripnsiemkpm tpi `nsmkpik`g cm`mrijnteg cntdijm+ Y}nk`n bin tgpprippg kmjpmevg vgpmrn m dgevmpmk|m* rnvgrpik`gtn mtippiemkpm ij v}kpg `n virpmk|i*gssniemkpm dgk }k vmaangriemkpg `rieeipndg+ Kgk tn â divnpg y}mtpg* dbm kgkd‗â }kg tsnj}vvg tm nk vrmemtti kgk d‗â y}mtpg* dngâ tm nk vrmemtti kgk tntdmajnmrm `n nksmtpnrm t}j divnpijm }eikg vmr msnpirm dbm jm vmrtgkm irrnsnkg i }ki

dgk`n|ngkm `n rnamppg pgpijm* ì kgk vgpmr mttmrm vnþ rmd}vmripm* kgk d‗â }kgtsnj}vvg vgttnonjm* vmrdbî tm kgk cin dgtê kgk pn pnrn nk`nmprg nj Em||gangrkg* m tmkgk pn pnrn nk`nmprg nj Em||gangrkg* y}mtpg nksmdm `n mttmrm y}mjji arik`m mtprigr`nkirni gdditngkm `n drmtdnpi `mj vimtm* ji arik`m gvvgrp}knpæ dbm d‗â y}n*`nsmkpi }k arik`m vmtg+ M pijemkpm dbm kgk tn â divnpg y}mtpg* dbm nk y}mtpn ikknioonieg cippg cnkpi `n kgk sm`mrm dbm nk Npijni* kgk tgjpikpg ij t}` ei ikdbm kmjkgr`%mtp* nk rmijpæ ji vgsmrpæ drmtdmsi i egjji nk eg`g nevrmttngkikpm* kgn jivgsmrpæ ioonieg vrgsipg* vrnei Vrg`n* vgn Omrj}tdgkn i kitdgk`mrji tgppg njpivvmpg+ Nk rmijpæ kgk tpi vrgvrng dgtê kmj rmtpg `mj egk`g* kmajn Tpipn ]knpn* nk

Amreikni* nk Crikdni* nk Nkabnjpmrri* nk @ikneirdi* nk Gjikì* nk J}ttmeo}rag* nk



9=2

]drinki ìvvmrp}ppg ikdbm nk Armdni* Tviaki m Vgrpgaijjg* d‗â }ki jmaam vmr njtgtpmakg ij rm``npg m d‗â }ki jmaam }knsmrtijm vmr nj tgtpmakg ij rm``npg* dngâ kgk njrm``npg nk }jpnei ntpik|i vmr n vgsmrn* vmr n `ntianipn* vmr nj vj}rnenkgripn* kg* d‗â}kg tpr}emkpg `n tgtpmakg ij rm``npg vmr p}ppn+ Ikdbm y}i y}mtpg vimtm â rneitpgkmjj‗irdg `n y}mtpg y}i`rnmkkng* dgenkdnik`g ndmk`g ‚j‗Npijni â }k vimtm dbm kgkbi }ki jmaam t}j rm``npg* tgjpikpg nk dgeviakni `n Armdni* ]kabmrni m ]drinki― mj‗bi cippi j‗]drinki* vgn j‗bi cippi ji Armdni* j‗]kabmrni bi }k vrgamppg `n jmaam nk

virjiemkpg* nksmdm â rneitpi j‗Npijni* dbm kgk tm jg vgkm vrgvrng nj vrgojmei* m kmjkgk vgrtn nj vrgojmei vmr }ki jmaam ij tgtpmakg ij rm``npg* kgk tn vgkm nj vrgojmei`majn ieegrpn||ipgrn tgdnijn* `mjji rncgrei `majn ieegrpn||ipgrn tgdnijn dbm kgkrna}irì ji amkmri|ngkm `mn jisgripgrn airikpnpn dbm gaan tn tpikkg tgccrmk`g jidrntn* ei dbm p}ppisni bikkg }k jisgrg i dgkprippg i pmevg nk`mpmrenkipg* dbmp}ppisni bikkg }k jisgrg* dbm tm p}ppg si eijm bikkg ji ditti nkpmari|ngkm* emkprm

kgk dm j‗bi kmtt}kg `n y}mjjn dbm bikkg dgkprippn ipnvndn* dgkprippn `maj‗gvmripgrntgdnijn* p} bin ontgakg vmrdbî nj emrdipg `mj jisgrg p}g â dgevjmpiemkpm dieonipg*nktnmem i kgk cirm ji jmaam }knsmrtijm t}j rm``npg `n dnppi`nkik|i* kgk cin ji jmaamvmr rncgreirm ajn ieegrpn||ipgrn tgdnijn* m dgjvntdn nk eg`g `nrmppg* dgk }kiei||ipi nk ciddni* jm angsikn amkmri|ngkn m pgrkn tmevrm ijjg tpmttg v}kpg* vmrdbîgssniemkpm kgk d‗â sntngkm ittgj}pi m y}nk`n* jm vgjnpndbm `n y}mtpn ikkn tgkgvgjnpndbm dgevjmpiemkpm toijjipm+ Ciddnieg ijd}kn mtmevn dbm rna}irìkg p}ppn< njagsmrkg Vrg`n* nk`}jpg* nj pikpg `ntd}ttg nk`}jpg* ioonieg `gs}pg tmkpnrm `majngrrgrn d}jp}rijn nevrgk}kdnionjn8 Anik`gemkndg Jmvgrm `ndbniri< ‚ioonieg

jnomripg vmrtgkm dbm bikkg cippg rmipn `n diegrri―* ijjgri `}m dgtm* g j‗nk`}jpg mritdrnppg eijm gvv}rm p} tpin dgkdjieik`g ji p}i nkdividnpæ nksmtpnaipnsi* m vgndbîkgk tmn p} g kgk tgkg ng dbm ciddng vgjnpndbm v}oojndbm* ei tmn p}* p} kgk jg v}gn`nrm+ @}m tgkg n ditn* vmrdbî tm p} en bin cippg jnomrirm dgk j‗nk`}jpg dbm mri }kvrgssm`nemkpg dbm jnomrisi jm dirdmrn tgsriccgjjipm* `gsm ji amkpm egrnsi m e}grm`n nkcm|ngkm dgem i Vgaangrmijm `gsm dn tgkg ajn neenaripn* ajn ikijciompn* n`ntionjn* vmrdbî nj dirdmrm tpi `nsmkpik`g }ki k}gsi tpr}pp}ri `n ntpnp}|ngkm `n`ntiang t}j kgtprg pmrrnpgrng* vmr mttmrm dbnirn* vmrdbî kgk tivmk`g vnþ dgemiccrgkpirm nj `ntiang jn emppnieg nk dirdmrm m ji k}gsi jmaam dirdmrirni tmrsm iy}mtpg vmrdbî kgk tin vnþ dgem cirm+ Dngâ jm tpr}pp}rm tgdnijn `mn Dge}kn* ì prm

ikkn i y}mtpi virpm tpi pgrkik`g nj crnppg entpg* nj crnppg entpg nk amrag â* `majngvmripgrn tgdnijn* dngâ emppnieg }k vg‗ `n p}ppg* `}m neenaripn* prmpgttndg`nvmk`mkpn* y}ij â nj vrgojmei* o}ppniegjn p}ppn y}ikpn `mkprg ei â y}mjjgdbm bi ivmrpg m tn dgenkdmræ i pritcmrnrm nk dirdmrm* dgem tpi iddi`mk`g anæ ì }k

vg‗ m ji k}gsi jmaam dirdmrirni* tmrsnræ mttmk|nijemkpm i ntpnp}|ngkijn||irm nj`ntiang+ _ntvmppg i y}mtpg* gssniemkpm kgk dn tn vgkm ittgj}piemkpm nj vrgojmei*dngâ kgk tn dgajnm vrgvrng nj arik`m pmei m kgk tn rnmtdm i divnrm dbm y}mj pnvg `ntpr}emkpi|ngkm â }ki tpr}emkpi|ngkm nk`ntvmktionjm8 ijjgri* tm ng ciddng j‗nk`}jpgm jnomrg vmrtgkm dgjvmsgjn `n rmipg* vmrdbî tm kg j‗nk`}jpg kgk jm jnomri cippg nk

y}mj eg`g jæ* `gvg dbm jn bg jnomripn* ng vrgssm`g ijji jmaam dbm mtntpm vmr jnomrirjn



9=>

ìj dirdmrm* vmrdbî ijprnemkpn y}mjjn dbm bg jnomripg dbm eiairn tpikkg nk dirdmrmì }k vg‗ g pgrkikg i cirm y}mjjg dbm cidmsikg vrnei* g rnpgrkikg nk em||g ijjitpriì* dbn tm jg vgkm y}mtpg vrgojmei7 Dbm n`mi bin `mjji vrgarieei|ngkm `mjjitvmti v}oojndi rntvmppg ijjm i|ngkn `n agsmrkikdm dbm cin* vmrdbî j‗nk`}jpg â }kijmaam cippi vmr p}ppi ji snpi `n y}mtpg vimtm m `n p}ppn n vimtn `‗M}rgvi* kgk dm j‗binvrgvrng nk pmtpi tm y}mj jisgrg kgk jg v}gn cirm8 Vrg`n+ Omrj}tdgkn* tn ivrm }ki drntnvrgcgkì* `rieeipndi dgem kgk tm km tgkg ein sntpm m dbm vrgoionjemkpm â jidrntn dgk d}n dgkpnk}mrmeg i cirm n dgkpn dgk ijprmppikpn vrgttnen ikkn m `n pikpmdgtm dbm p} sin i piajnirm kmj prnmkkng* dbm dgti pgajn7 Nj cgk`g vmr jm vgjnpndbmtgdnijn+ Jg vgrpn i >44 enjngkn `n m}rg i 466 enjngkn) M dgk y}ijm jgandi jg cin*ijjgri â msn`mkpm dbm d‗â }ki `ntpik|i prgvvg arik`m+ Y}nk`n pgrkik`g invirjiemkpirn `mj kgtprg Virjiemkpg* `goonieg ieemppmrm dbm ijd}kn ì prgvvgpmevg kgk sikkg i cirm ji tvmti vmr d}n kgk tn rmk`gkg dgkpg nk y}ijm dgkpmtpg

tpikkg* ijprn tgkg nevmakipn i cirm ijprm dgtm nk`ndnonjn m pri j‗ijprg jg cikkg ikdbmvgdg vmrdbî dbn km virji pikpg m km ci virjirm pikpg* jg ci vrgvrng vgdg* m y}mtpgtiræ vrgvrng }k vrgojmei* dngâ y}mtpn virjikg `n O}kai O}kai* nk rmijpæ* kgktikkg kmikdbm dbm dgt‗â+ Y}nk`n nj an}`n|ng t}jji egìjnpæ dgk d}n tn â amtpnpi jitvmti tgdnijm `mj vimtm â kmaipnsi* m vgn tgvripp}ppg* m tn virji `mn divnpgjn `n tvmtidbm tgkg argttn* y}nk`n piajniegjn* m vgn kgn tnieg rneitpn t} }ki dgti dbm`gsrmoom mttmrm griein t}vmripi vmrdbî rna}irì `nmdn ikkn ci* kgn kgk rn}tdniegi t}vmrirm ji vrmsn`mk|i ijj‗ittntpmk|i* dngâ kgn tpnieg ikdgri i }ki `ntd}ttngkmdbm cidmsikg n enmn amknpgrn nk d}n `ndmsikg an}tpiemkpm* nj pmei â< `goonieg

tvmrirm dbm tm tn ciræ nj cgk`g vrmsn`mk|nijm ì y}mjjg ittntpmk|nijm* ei â ikdgri jitpmtti dgti+ Kgk dn vgknieg vrgvrng nj vrgojmei dbm n dgtpn tgdnijn i}emkpmrikkgm vgndbî i}emkpmrikkg vmrdbî vmr cgrp}ki dievnieg `n vnþ* dn `goonieg vgrrm njvrgojmei `n dgem ijjirairm `n vnþ ji oitm dgkprno}pnsi* vmrdbî tm kg rneirrmegijjg tpmttg v}kpg8 m kgk dn vgknieg nj vrgojmei dbm rntvmppg i vimtn dgem nj kgtprgdbm bi }k `monpg v}oojndg `rieeipndg* kgn ioonieg ontgakg `n neenaripn dbm dn

viaikg }k vg‗ `n `monpg v}oojndg* dgem â vgttnonjm dbm y}mtpm dgtm mjmemkpirn tmvrgvrng kgk jm sgajnieg iccrgkpirm kmj smrtikpm d}jp}rijm* dnsnjm* `mj pnvg `n tgdnmpædbm sgajnieg* tm t} y}mtpg smrtikpm ioonieg }k‗nkdge}kndionjnpæ kmj vimtm*tmdgk`g em nk vgjnpndbm amkmri|ngkijn* tm d‗â y}mtpg* vrgsnieg i a}irìrm ì }k

ijprg v}kpg+ Vrgsnieg i a}irìrji dgk }k vg‗ `n magnteg dgktivmsgjm m i divnrmdbm gssniemkpm* â dgem y}ik`g }kg amtpntdm }k smddbng ivvirpiemkpg* }ki diti`n `nai* tm p} kgk ji d}rn p}ppn n tikpn angrkn m ji jitdn iooik`gkipi i tm tpmtti vmr`}m emtn* `gvg `}m emtn dn `gsrin emppmrm enjjm m}rg* tm ji jitdn cmrei }k ikkg*dm km sgrrikkg `nmdnenji m dgtê sni m y}mtpg vrgdmttg* â nkirrmtpionjm nk Npijni*ijjgri g tn nksmrpm* y}nk`n dgk ji vgsmrpæ `goonieg cirm n dgkpn dngâ â }k pmei* d‗âm ji `goonieg irankirm* ontgaki msnpirm dbm `nsmkpnkg p}ppn vnþ vgsmrn* dgtê p}ppnvnþ kmjjm eikn `n y}mn y}ipprg tprgk|n dbm cikkg ji diegrri m ji drnenkijnpægraikn||ipi* `goonieg msnpirm dbm tn vrmdnvnpn* m ji y}mtpngkm ionpipnsi â }ki

y}mtpngkm dbm bi i dbm cirm dgk nj jnsmjjg `n dnsnjpæ `mj kgtprg vimtm m rna}irì p}ppn



936

mtippiemkpm kmjjg tpmttg eg`g m kgk â vnþ ieenttnonjm dbm }k vimtm dbm bi }ki`nccndgjpæ dgem nj kgtprg* dgem ji Crikdni* dgem ji Amreikni* vmrdbî jm `nccndgjpædm jm bikkg p}ppn* pmkì ij viprnegkng ionpipnsg vrnsipg `n cnppg i ngti* kgk âvripndionjm* ontgaki cirm nj dgkprippg* ontgaki ikdbm jê nkkmtdirm egonjnpæ vgtnpnsi*gssniemkpm bin ontgakg `n }k nktnmem `n nkn|nipnsm jmantjipnsm* dbm vrgsnkg i`ntmakirm ì divg nj vimtm* m y}mtpg ibneâ rna}irì p}ppn+

99 % ]k„}jpnei `geikì `n dirippmrm vnþ vmrtgkijm< dgem tn prgsi jmn *}k angsikm* i` gdd}virtn `n angsikn nk }k ieonmkpm vgjnpndg dgtpnp}npg

vmr jg vnþ ì vmrtgkm gsmr =67

Ji amrniprni `megdripndi* `ndnieg+ Omb nktgeei* vmrdbî nk rmijpæ ijji cnkm* p} pnprgsn nk y}mtpg ieonmkpm `gsm y}ij}ky}m dgti cin‣ ng vrnei cidmsg }ki dgti m

kgk mri vmr p}ppn y}ikpn }a}ijm*kgk dieonisi egjpg* m sm`g dbm n dgjjmabn* vmr nenmn iendn dbm tpikkg kmn angrkijn â jg tpmttg* nj vrgojmei â mtippiemkpm jg tpmttg*kmjjm }knsmrtnpæ* prikkm y}ijdbm riri iddm|ngkm* vmr cgrp}ki* vnþ g emkg â jg tpmttg*tnieg jæ+ Y}nk`n drm`g dbm â }k vrgojmei dbm ioonieg p}ppn* vmrÿ dgem `ndmsg iy}mtpn riai||n dbm tdrnsgkg kmn angrkijn dbm vgn tgkg gvmripgrn ikdbm cgreipn dbmbikkg ikdbm* ji pmtpi* g tn vrgsi* tn dgenkdni }k vg‗ tmrniemkpm i riangkirm `ndgem tn vrgsi* t}vmrik`g ikdbm }k vg‗ `n `nccn`mk|i dbm d‗â pri jm dipmagrnm`nsmrtm i sm`mrm tm rn}tdnieg ijemkg i ìrm }ki eikg i y}mjjn dbm km bikkg `nemkg* vmrdbî tm kg dgkpnk}nieg nk eg`g tmevrm }a}ijm m rntdbnipg* pri j‗ijprg*

dbm cri }k vg‗ ikkn dn prgsmrmeg kmjji tvnidmsgjm tmkti|ngkm `n mttmrm kgn nj pivvg`maj‗ijprn* ieemttg dbm kgk `nsmkpnieg nj pivvg `n kgn tpmttn* dgem â egjpgvrgoionjm dbm iddiì* vgn ajn ijprn kgk bikkg is}pg y}mtpi tg``ntci|ngkm `n pmkmrmnj pijjgkm v}kpipg nk pmtpi i y}ijd}kg kmj tmktg dbm mrikg nj pivvg `maj‗ijprn+ Kgnrntdbnieg* m` â `rieeipndg* `n mttmrm nj pivvg `n kgn tpmttn* y}nk`n dgk }kicr}tpri|ngkm* }ki `n y}mjjm dbm kgk dm k‗â i t}ccndnmk|i `n virgjm vmr `mtdrnsmrji+

?9 Amkking ?699



939

ONOJNGA_ICNI

IEIP]_G M+* TISGKI_@G J+* N angsikn+ Ji drmipnsnpæ dgem rntgrti* A}nì*Kivgjn* ?663

IEIP]_G M+* N angsikn< vrgojmen `n `mcnkn|ngkm nk Tisgkir`g J+ "i d}ri `n.* Cnajn

`mjj„nkdmrpm||i+ N angsikn i Kivgjn m vrgsnkdni+ Dirgddn* _gei* ?661

IEIP]_G M+* AIEOI_@MJJI @+* EG_JNDDBNG M+* Nk }jpnei ntpik|i+ _ncjmttngknt}j rm``npg `n dnppi`nkik|i* Jnormrni @ikpm # @mtdirpmt* Kivgjn* ?661

OI]EIK \+* Ji tgdnmpæ `mjj„nkdmrpm||i* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* 9>>>

OI]EIK \+* Ji eg`mrknpæ jny}nì* Jipmr|i* Oirn* ?666

OI_OIAJN E+* EIDDMJJN I+* Ji virpmdnvi|ngkm i Ogjgaki* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki*9>2=

OMDH ]+* Dbm dgt!â ji ajgoijn||i|ngkm< _ntdbn m vrgtvmppnsm `mjji tgdnmpæ

vjikmpirni* Dirgddn* _gei* ?66?

OMDH ]+* Dgtpr}nrm ji vrgvrni snpi+ Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* ?662

OMDH ]+* Ji tgdnmpæ `mj rntdbng+ Smrtg }ki tmdgkì eg`mrknpæ* Dirgddn* _gei*?666i

OMDH ]+* N rntdbn `mjji jnomrpæ+ J!nk`nsn`}g kmjj!mvgdi `mjji ajgoijn||i|ngkm* njE}jnkg* Ogjgaki ?666o

OMDHM_ B+* Irp qgrj`t* ]knsmrtnp~ gc Dijncgrkni vrmtt* Omrhmjm~* 9>2?



93?

OM_AM_ J+* OM_AM_ O+* Tgdngjgani+ Ji `nemktngkm tgdnijm `mjji snpi y}gpn`niki* NjE}jnkg* Ogjgaki* 9>11

OM_AM_ J+* J]DHEIKK P+* Ji rmijpæ dgem dgtpr}|ngkm tgdnijm* Nj E}jnkg*Ogjgaki 9>33 pri` np+ 9>3>

ONC]JDG J+* "i d}ri `n.* Jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn+ Pmen m vrgtvmppnsm memramkpn+Dirgddn* _gei* ?66=

OG]_@NM] V+* Jm divnpij tgdnij* nk Idpmt `m ji _ndmrdbm mk Tdnmkdmt Tgdnijmt¸* 4*9>26

OG]_@NM] V+* Ji `ntpnkdpngk+ Drnpny}m tgdnijm `} l}amemkp * Enk}np* Virnt 9>1>"pri` np+. Ji `ntpnk|ngkm+ Drnpndi tgdnijm `mj a}tpg* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* ?669

O_]DHKM_ V+* Ji pmkpi|ngkm `mjj„nkkgdmk|i* Nvmrem`n}e jnorn* Kivgjn* ?669

O]\\N D+* DISIJJN I+* @M JNJJG I+ "i d}ri `n.* Angsikn `mj k}gsg tmdgjg+ Y}nkpg

rivvgrpg NI_@ t}ji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm nk Npijni* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* ?66?

O]\\N D+* DISIJJN I+* @M JNJJG I+ "i d}ri `n.* _ivvgrpg Angsikn+ Tmtpi nkìankm

`mjj„ntpnp}pg NI_@ t}jji dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm nk Npijni* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* ?661

DIJNTM E+* Nj virpnpg vmrtgkijm* Jipmr|i* Oirn* ?666

DIKNAJNI M+* N`mkpnpæ* virpmdnvi|ngkm m ikpiagknteg kmjji vgjnpndi

angsiknjm* _}oomppnkg* Tgsmrni Eikkmjjn "Dipik|irg.* ?66?i

DIKNAJNI M+* Nevmakg vgjnpndg angsiknjm< smrtg }ki rn`mcnkn|ngkm dgkdmpp}ijm* nkNj @}oong* rnsntpi `n drnpndi tgdnijm * Ikkg NNN* K}emrg 9* ?66?o

DI_IENMJJG J+* Kivgjn< nj cnkpg rnkitdnemkpg* ?662 nk tmjidivg+kmp `mj?0'69'?699



934

DIV]PG I+ Ji virpmdnvi|ngkm angsiknjm nk Tisgkir`g J+ "i d}ri `n.* Cnajn

`mjj„nkdmrpm||i+ N angsikn i Kivgjn m vrgsnkdni* Dirgddn* _gei* ?661

DIV]PG I+* Angsikn* Pmrrnpgrng m Emrdipg `mj jisgrg< k}gsm m smddbnm`nt}a}iajnik|m nk Anikknkn E+* @nt}a}iajnik|m tgdnijn m gdd}vi|ngkn+

_ivvrmtmkpi|ngkn vj}rijn `mjji rmijpæ kivgjmpiki* Jnormrni @ikpm m @mtdirpmt*Kivgjn* ?696

DISIJJN I+ "i d}ri `n.* Nj pmevg `mn angsikn* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* 9>2=

DISIJJN I+* Ji j}kai priktn|ngkm ijj„mpæ i`}jpi* nk D+ O}||n* I+ Disijjn* I+ `mJnjjg "i d}ri `n. angsikn smrtg nj @}menji+ Y}irpg _ivvgrpg NI_@ t}jji

dgk`n|ngkm angsiknjm nk Npijni* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* 9>>1

DISIJJN I+* Angsikn* nk Mkdndjgvm`ni `mjjm tdnmk|m tgdnijn* Ntpnp}pg`mjj‗Mkdndjgvm ni Npijniki* _gei* 9>>0i* NS* vv+ 4?3 %443

DISIJJN I+* Amkmri|ngkn* nk Mkdndjgvm`ni `mjjm tdnmk|m tgdnijn* Ntpnp}pg`mjj‗Mkdndjgvm ni Npijniki* _gei* 9>>0o* NS* vv+ ?41%40?

DBIEOM_T N+* Enarikd~* D}jp}rm* N`mkpnp~* _g}pjmàm* Jgk`gk ik` Kmq ^grh*9>>0

DBNMTN I+ E+* Ji pritcgrei|ngkm `mj jisgrg angsiknjm* ?66? nk O}||n D+* DisijjnI+* `m Jnjjg I "i d}ri `n.* Angsikn mj k}gsg tmdgjg* Ogjgaki* Nj E}jnkg+

DNDGAKIKN M+* Vtndgjgani tgdnijm m rndmrdi y}ijnpipnsi* Dirgddn m`npgrm* _gei*?66?

DNGKN M+ M P_GK] V+ "i d}ri `n.* Angsikn pri jgdijm m ajgoijn* Crikdg Ikamjn*Enjikg ?661

DGJMEIK L+T+* Tgdnij Divnpij nk pbm Drmipngk gc B}eik Divnpij* nk ÏemrndikLg}rkij gc Tgdngjga~¸* >0* T}vvjmemkp* 9>22

DGEPM I+* Dgrtg `n cnjgtgcni vgtnpnsi* "i d}ri `n C+ Cmrrirgppn.* ]PMP* Pgrnkg*

9>31



930

DG_OMPPI V+* Empg`gjgani m pmdkndbm `mjji rndmrdi tgdnijm* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki*9>>>

DG_OMPPI V+* Ji rndmrdi tgdnijm< empg`gjgani m pmdkndbm* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki*?664

D_IKM @+* Ji vrg`}|ngkm d}jp}rijm* 9>>?* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* 9>>1

D_IKM @+* Pbm Tgdngjga~ gc d}jp}rm* Ojidhqmjj* Gcgr`* 9>>0

D_MTVN C+ "i d}ri `n.* Jm rivvrmtmkpi|ngkn tgdnijn `mn angsikn nk Npijni* Dirgddn*

_gei* ?66?

D_MTVN C+* N`mkpnpæ m rndgkgtdnemkpg kmjji tgdngjgani dgkpmevgrikmi* Jipmr|i*_gei* ?660

D_MTVN C+ "i d}ri `n.* Pmevg Sgji+ J„mtvmrnmk|i `mj pmevg kmjji tgdnmpæ

dgkpmevgrikmi* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* ?66=

D_MTVN C+* Eik}ijm `n Tgdngjgani `mjji d}jp}ri* Jipmr|i* _gei — Oirn* 9>>3* ?663

@‗IAGTPNKG A+* M`npgrnijm* nk Ëmrn`ngkm¸* MTN* ?669

@‗M_IEG E+* J„nkiccmrrionjm angsnkm||i+ I vrgvgtnpg `n }ki dipmagrni* nk @ijJiag I+* Egjnkirn I+* "i d}ri `n. Angsikn tmk|i pmevg+ Nj enpg `mjji angsnkm||i

kmjji tgdnmpæ ajgoijm* Georm dgrpm* Smrgki* ?669

@IJ JIAG I+* EGJNKI_N I+* "i d}ri `n. Angsikn tmk|i pmevg+ Nj enpg `mjji

angsnkm||i kmjji tgdnmpæ ajgoijm* Georm dgrpm* Smrgki* ?669

@M IEO_GANG ]+* "i d}ri `n.* Sij}pirm ajn nkpmrsmkpn m jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn*Dirgddn* _gei* ?66=

@M JNJJG I+ nk Tisgkir`g J+ "i d}ri `n.* Cnajn `mjj„nkdmrpm||i+ N angsikn i Kivgjn

m vrgsnkdni+ Dirgddn* _gei* ?661



93=

@M J]NAN K+* N dgkcnkn egonjn `mjji angsnkm||i+ Mtvmrnmk|m* grnmkpiemkpn m

tpripmanm angsiknjn kmjjm tgdnmpæ jgdijn* Crikdg Ikamjn* Enjikg* ?661

@NIEIKPN N+ "i d}ri `n.* Ji amkmri|ngkm nksntnonjm < nkdbnmtpi t}n angsikn `mjkgtprg pmevg* Nj Tgjm ?0 grm jnorn* Enjikg* 9>>>

CM__M_I E+* Jm vgjnpndbm tgdnijn* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* ?663

C_GKPNKN E+* N angsikn kivgjmpikn kmj dgkpmtpg npijnikg< }ki dgeviri|ngkm nkTisgkir`g J+* "i d}ri `n.* Cnajn `mjj„nkdmrpm||i+ N angsikn i Kivgjn m vrgsnkdni+Dirgddn* _gei* ?661

C]H]ÎEI C+* Pr}tp * 9>>4* pri`+ np+ Cn`}dni* _n||gjn* Enjikg 9>>3

AIEOI_@MJJI @+* Nj jisgrg dbm smrræ nk Tisgkir`g J+* "i d}ri `n.* Cnajn

`mjj„nkdmrpm||i+ N angsikn i Kivgjn m vrgsnkdni+ Dirgddn* _gei* ?661

ANIKKNKN E+* @nt}a}iajnik|m tgdnijn m gdd}vi|ngkn+ _ivvrmtmkpi|ngkn vj}rijn

`mjji rmijpæ kivgjmpiki* Jnormrni @ikpm m @mtdirpmt* Kivgjn* ?696

AN@@MKT I+* Ji dgtpr}|ngkm mjji tgdnmpæ* Dge}knpæ* Enjikg* 9>20 pri` np+ 9>>6

AN@@MKT I+* Jm dgktma}mk|m `mjji eg`mrknpæ+ Cn`}dni m rntdbn* tnd}rm||i m

vmrndgjg* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* 9>>0 XM`+ gr+ 9>>9U

ANJEG]_M T+* Dgr`nkipngk ik` Dgksmkpngk+ Pbm graikn|ipngk gc pbm dgkdmrp

qgrj` * nk ¨t~eogjnd nkpmridpngk¸* 96* 9>21* vv+ ?6>%??1

A_NOI]@N A+* @gkkm* ]genkn* Cienajni* j‗Ikdgri `mj Em`npmrrikmg* Kivgjn 9>>>

A]I_NKG C+* Ijdgj m tpnjm angsikm* }k„nkpmrvrmpi|ngkm tgdngjgandi* Crikdg Ikamjn*Enjikg* ?663

A]N\\I_@N J+* Ji priktn|ngkm ijj„mpæ i`}jpi nk M}rgvi< }k„ikijntn dgeviripnsi*

_ivvgrpg `n rndmrdi* Gttmrsipgrng Ki|ngkijm t}jji Cienajni* Ogjgaki* ?663



933

A]N\\I_@N J+* OGKNKN _+* @nsmkpirm i`}jpg< }k k}gsg `nrnppg7* Crikdg Ikamjn*sgj++ 96 k+?* ?661

NKAJMBI_P _+* Sijgrn m d}jp}ri vgjnpndi kmjji tgdnmpæ nk`}tprnijm isik|ipi* ]pmp*Pgrnkg* 9>>1

JMDDI_@N D+* Jnenpn `mjji eg`mrknpæ+ Pritcgrei|ngkn `mj egk`g m `mjji

dgkgtdmk|i* Dirgddn* _gei* 9>>>

J^GPI_@ L+C+* Ji dgk`n|ngkm vgtpeg`mrki* Cmjprnkmjjn* Enjikg* 9>29

EIK@NDB A+* D}jp}rm y}gpn`nikm+ I``gemtpndirm jg Tvi|ng m nj Pmevg* Dirgddn*_gei* ?696

EIKBMNE H+* Tgdngjgani mjji dgkgtdmk|i* @m @gkipg* Oirn* 9>10

EI_PGKM E+* Nj cikpitei `mjji dnppæ* nk Smjir`n D+* Ji dnppæ vgrgti+

Dgksmrti|ngkn t} Kivgjn* Drgkgvng* Kivgjn* 9>>?

ED ENJJIK Q+ @+ M DBISNT E+ @+* Tmktm gc Dgee}knp~< I @mcnknpngk ik`

Pbmgr~* Lg}rkij gc Dgee}knp~ Vt~dgjga~* k+ 9* 9>23

EMJ]DDN I+* Nj angdg `mjj„ng* Cmjprnkmjjn* Enjikg* 9>>9

EMTI @+* J„nkdmrpg tpip}pg `mjjm vgjnpndbm angsiknjn* nk Dgjgeog* Angsikknkn*Jik`rn "i d}ri `n.* Tgdngjgani `mjjm vgjnpndbm m `mn vrgdmttn cgreipnsn* A}mrnkn

Tdnmkpncndi* Enjikg* ?662

EG_N J+* Angsikn dgem tpriknmrn* Crikdg Ikamjn* Enjikg* ?660

E]PPN I+* Divnpijm tgdnijm m tsnj}vvg+ Ji cn`}dni dgem rntgrti Ogjgaki* NjE}jnkg* 9>>2

E]PPN I+* N `ncc}tgrn `mjji cn`}dni nk _ittmaki npijniki `n tgdngjgani k+0* 9>>2o





932

TISGKI_@G J+* D}jp}ri tmk|i âjnpm+ Nj vgpmrm tneogjndg i Kivgjn kmjj„mri

Oittgjnkg+ M`n|ngkn tdnmkpncndbm npijnikm* Kivgjn* ?664

TISGKI_@G J+* "i d}ri `n.* Cnajn `mjj„nkdmrpm||i+ N angsikn i Kivgjn m vrgsnkdni+Dirgddn* _gei* ?661

TISGKI_@G J+* DIV]PG I+* @M KGPI_NT @+* Dgkt}en d}jp}rijn m kmq em`ni*nkTisgkir`g J+* "i d}ri `n.* Cnajn `mjj„nkdmrpm||i+ N angsikn i Kivgjn m vrgsnkdni+Dirgddn* _gei* ?661

PGEITN J+* Nj rntdbng `n mttmrm angsikn+ Y}ijn vgjnpndbm angsiknjn kmjji tgdnmpæ

ajgoijn||ipi* Crikdg Ikamjn* Enjikg* ?666+

PG]_INKM I+* Ji vrg`}|ngkm `mjji tgdnmpæ* Nj E}jnkg* Ogjgaki* 9>14 pri` np+9>1=

PG]_INKM I+* Jnomrpæ* ]a}iajnik|i m @nsmrtnpæ* Nj Tiaanipgrm* Enjikg* 9>>2

P_IVIKMTM _+* Dnppi`nkik|i m vgjnpndbm tgdnijn* Jna}grn* Kivgjn* ?66=

\]_JI V+ "i d}ri `n.* Vmrdgrtn `n tdmjpi< angsikn pri td}gji* cgrei|ngkm m jisgrg*Crikdg Ikamjn* Cgrjê % Dmtmki* ?669



TNPGA_ICNI

qqq+i}pnteik`g+np

qqq+dbniriìk|i+np

qqq+dge}km+kivgjn+np

qqq+m}r%jm+m}rgvi+m}'np

qqq+cgreivmr+dgeqqq+amgrnsntpi+np

qqq+angsikn+rmangkm+dievikni+np

qqq+angsikn+}knki+np

qqq+angsiknikivgjn+np

Documents

Napoli Città Giovane. Politiche e Strategie dell’Amministrazione Pubblica