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Natural history and exploration in Taiwan
臺灣的自然與探索拓殖史
Natural history and exploration in Taiwan
臺灣的自然與探索拓殖史
Jer-Ming Hu 胡哲明[email protected]
Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, NTU
Jer-Ming Hu 胡哲明[email protected]
Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, NTU
本著作除另有註明外,採取創用CC 「姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享」台灣 3.0 版授權釋出
Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
Introduction to the biodiversity of TaiwanIntroduction to the biodiversity of Taiwan
NASA World Wind Version 1.3.5
The geographyThe geography
Land area: 13900 mi2. (36000 m2)Highest point: 12966 ft (3952 m)Mean ann rainfall: 2483 mmAverage ann temp.: 73°F (23°C)
Land area: 13900 mi2. (36000 m2)Highest point: 12966 ft (3952 m)Mean ann rainfall: 2483 mmAverage ann temp.: 73°F (23°C)
NASA World Wind JAVA SDK
Formation of lands of Taiwan
The latest connection between Taiwan and other area
0.2-0.4 mya?
The glacial periods
Günz period: 1.50-1.37 mya
Mindel period: 1.2-1.05 mya
Würm period: 40-32 mya
Migration of animals and plants from adjacent regions
China, Japan, the Philippines, etc.
Highly influenced by migration/dispersal mechanisms
Paleogeography of the East AsiaPaleogeography of the East Asia
Common plant species between Taiwan and adjacent regions
Common plant species between Taiwan and adjacent regions
Endemic to Taiwan: 1069 (26.2%)
Endemic to Taiwan: 1069 (26.2%)
TAIWANTAIWAN
CHINACHINA
2374 2374 spp. spp.
(58.2%(58.2%))
JAPANJAPAN
PHILIPPIPHILIPPINESNES
1701 1701 spp. spp.
(41.7%(41.7%))
1205 1205 spp. spp.
(29.6%(29.6%))
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from T.C. Huang et al. 2003. Flora of Taiwan, 2nd edn., Vol. 6. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan.
Geology in TaiwanGeology in Taiwan
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.
Climate in TaiwanClimate in TaiwanSubtr
opic
sTro
pic
s
Tan-sui
Ann. Temp. Ann. Rain.
22.2°C 2155 mm
Chujihu 18.6°C 4389 mm
Su-ao 22.6°C 4440 mm
Kaohsiung 25.1°C 1885 mm
Alisan 11.2°C 3932 mm
Yu-san 4.2°C 3071 mm
Chiayi 23.1°C 1774 mm
Henchun 25.1°C 2022 mm
Lanyu 22.7°C 2980 mm
Hsinchu 22.6°C 1718 mm
Data from Central Weather Bureau
NASA World Wind JAVA SDK
Average Temperature and Rainfall from 1981 to 2010
Average Temperature and Rainfall from 1981 to 2010
Temperature
Rainfall
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau.NASA World Wind JAVA SDK
Rainfall
Temperature
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau.
NASA World Wind JAVA SDK
Natural survey in TaiwanNatural survey in Taiwan
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 陳正祥 . 1959. 台灣地誌 .
1661
1945
1895
Pres.
Before Dutch1621
1683
Dutch colonization
Ming (Chen)
Ching
Japanese colonization
Current
Colonization of Taiwan
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 張靜宜,張麗芬 . 2010. 台灣博物大調查 . 吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 . 1999. 台灣植物探險 .
Natural survey in TaiwanNatural survey in Taiwan
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
WesternerWesterner
JapaneseJapanese
CurrentCurrent
Early settlement
Early settlement
Early days (1624 - 1662)Early days (1624 - 1662)
1602 ( 明萬曆 30 年 )Ti-Chen ( 陳第【東番記】 )
Cutivated species ofRice ( 稻 )
sesame ( 胡麻 )
green onion ( 蔥 )
ginger ( 薑 )
sweet potato ( 番薯 )
sugarcane ( 甘蔗 )
coconut ( 椰子 )
1602 ( 明萬曆 30 年 )Ti-Chen ( 陳第【東番記】 )
Cutivated species ofRice ( 稻 )
sesame ( 胡麻 )
green onion ( 蔥 )
ginger ( 薑 )
sweet potato ( 番薯 )
sugarcane ( 甘蔗 )
coconut ( 椰子 )
Westerners: before 1895Westerners: before 1895
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華 . 1999. 台灣植物探險 .
1800 1850 1900 1950
Robert Fortune (1812-1880, England; plants in NT)
2000
Charles Wilford (-1893, England; plants)
Collecting period in Taiwan
Life span
Natural survey before 1950Natural survey before 1950
Richard Oldham (England; plants)
Robert Swinhoe (1836-1877, England; various)
A. Adams (1820-1878, England; insects & bivalves)
La Touche, J. D. D.(1861-1935, England; animals)
G. L. Mackay (1844-1901, England; various)
Robert Fortune took the boat ‘Confucius’ from Fuchou ( 福州 ) to Tamshuy ( 淡水 ) at April 20, 1854 for a day. Making note of lily, rice paper plant (Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草 ).
Robert Fortune took the boat ‘Confucius’ from Fuchou ( 福州 ) to Tamshuy ( 淡水 ) at April 20, 1854 for a day. Making note of lily, rice paper plant (Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草 ).
Robert Fortune (horticulturist from Scotland)
Robert Fortune (horticulturist from Scotland)
Lilium formosanum 臺灣百合 Lilium formosanum 臺灣百合
Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草 Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草
Flickr Bettaman
Flickr plj.johnny
The Tea Thiefhttp://www.imdb.com/title/
tt0458235/http://www.roninfilms.com.au/image-viewer.html?photo=/images/large/466.jpg
Info:Image
:
Robert Swinhoe ca. 1863Robert Swinhoe ca. 1863
Robert Swinhoe (England, 1836-1877)Robert Swinhoe (England, 1836-1877)
Robert Swinhoe worked as a consul in Taiwan and has great collections in 1856-1866. He cataloged and named at least 227 new birds and 17 mammals, and many plants too.
Robert Swinhoe worked as a consul in Taiwan and has great collections in 1856-1866. He cataloged and named at least 227 new birds and 17 mammals, and many plants too.
Map of Taiwan in 1864Map of Taiwan in 1864
Swinhoe took British boat ‘Inflexible’ circling the island of Taiwan and wanted to land Ching-shui, Hualien in 1858.
Takao in 1871. Phoenix hanceana ( 台灣海棗 ) can be seen on the seashoreTakao in 1871. Phoenix hanceana ( 台灣海棗 ) can be seen on the seashore
Exploring lagoons near Kaohsiung by Swinhoe.
Noted contribution by R. SwinhoeNoted contribution by R. Swinhoe
Animals named by R. SwinhoePorcula taivana (Formosan wild boar 台灣野豬 )
Macaca cyclopis (Taiwan rock macaque 台灣獼猴 )
Paguma larvata taivana (Taiwan gem-faced civet 白鼻心 )
Neofelis nebulosa brachyurus (Formosan cloud leopard 雲豹 )
Helictis subaurantiaca (Tree civet 鼬獾 )
Talpa insularis (Formosan blind mole 台灣鼴鼠 )
Animals named by R. SwinhoePorcula taivana (Formosan wild boar 台灣野豬 )
Macaca cyclopis (Taiwan rock macaque 台灣獼猴 )
Paguma larvata taivana (Taiwan gem-faced civet 白鼻心 )
Neofelis nebulosa brachyurus (Formosan cloud leopard 雲豹 )
Helictis subaurantiaca (Tree civet 鼬獾 )
Talpa insularis (Formosan blind mole 台灣鼴鼠 )
Formosan cloud leopard
Flickr icools
Noted contribution by SwinhoeNoted contribution by Swinhoe
Found or named after SwinhoeLophura swinhoii (Swinhoe pheasant 藍腹鷴 )
Japalura swinhonis (Swinhoe’s tree lizard 斯文豪氏攀蜥 )
Rubus swinhoei Hance (Swinhoe rubus 斯氏懸鉤子 )
Sabia swinhoei Hemsl (Swinhoe’s sabia 台灣清風藤 )
Found or named after SwinhoeLophura swinhoii (Swinhoe pheasant 藍腹鷴 )
Japalura swinhonis (Swinhoe’s tree lizard 斯文豪氏攀蜥 )
Rubus swinhoei Hance (Swinhoe rubus 斯氏懸鉤子 )
Sabia swinhoei Hemsl (Swinhoe’s sabia 台灣清風藤 )Swinhoe Pheasant 藍腹鷴Swinhoe Pheasant 藍腹鷴
Swinhoe’s tree lizard
Wiki J. Patrick Fischer
Sabia swinhoei Hemsl 台灣清風藤
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Richard Oldham (Royal Gardens, Kew)Richard Oldham (Royal Gardens, Kew)
•Richard Oldham visited Tan-sui and Keelung, March-April, 1864, and collected over 600 species of plants. Now the specimens are deposited in Kew Garden, London
•Oldham discovered 61 new plant species, e.g.•Saurauja oldhamii Hemsl. ( 水冬瓜 )•Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent ( 烏心石 )•Liquidambar formosana Hance ( 楓香 )•Rhododendron oldhamii Maxim. ( 金毛杜鵑 )•Chloranthus oldhamii Solms ( 臺灣及己 )•Diospyros oldhamii Maxim. ( 俄氏柿 )
•Richard Oldham visited Tan-sui and Keelung, March-April, 1864, and collected over 600 species of plants. Now the specimens are deposited in Kew Garden, London
•Oldham discovered 61 new plant species, e.g.•Saurauja oldhamii Hemsl. ( 水冬瓜 )•Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent ( 烏心石 )•Liquidambar formosana Hance ( 楓香 )•Rhododendron oldhamii Maxim. ( 金毛杜鵑 )•Chloranthus oldhamii Solms ( 臺灣及己 )•Diospyros oldhamii Maxim. ( 俄氏柿 )
Rhododendron oldhamii 金毛杜鵑
Picasa 揚霖陳Picasa 曾坤發
Chloranthus oldhamii Solms 台灣及己
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Liquidambar formosana Hance 楓香First collected by Oldham in Tan-sui
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Jstor Plant Science
•Augustine Henry stayed in Taiwan from 1892-1895, mostly in Takao (Kaohsiung), Bankinsing (Wanchin 萬金莊 ), and South Cape ( 今鵝鑾鼻 )
•Augustine Henry stayed in Taiwan from 1892-1895, mostly in Takao (Kaohsiung), Bankinsing (Wanchin 萬金莊 ), and South Cape ( 今鵝鑾鼻 )
Augustine Henry (Irish, doctor)Augustine Henry (Irish, doctor)
Catholic church of Wanchin (now)A. Henry (left) and H. Elwes
Wiki Chan-Pan Liao
Augustine HenryAugustine Henry
•A. Henr collected more than 16000 plant specimens in southern China and Taiwan during 1881-1889, and published more than 1000 new species.
•Henry published “A List of Plants from Formosa” in 1896, including 1288 species. This is the major contribution to the flora of Taiwan.•There are 103 endemic species, all collected
from mountain area.•Most of them are common to southern China
and Japan.•Less connected to the Philippines and Australia.
•A. Henr collected more than 16000 plant specimens in southern China and Taiwan during 1881-1889, and published more than 1000 new species.
•Henry published “A List of Plants from Formosa” in 1896, including 1288 species. This is the major contribution to the flora of Taiwan.•There are 103 endemic species, all collected
from mountain area.•Most of them are common to southern China
and Japan.•Less connected to the Philippines and Australia.
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 .
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Period in Taiwan
Life span
Botanic studies before 1950Botanic studies before 1950
Yasusada Tashiro 田代安定Bunzo Hayata 早田文
藏
Yaichi Shimada 島田彌市Sasaki Syuniti 佐佐木舜一
Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三
Kano Tadao 鹿野忠雄
Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松
Yushun Kudo 工藤祐舜 Genkei
Masamune 正宗嚴敬
Kawakami Takiya 川上瀧彌
Tsunasuke Tada 多田綱輔 Yoneraro Kikuchi 菊池米
太郎 Masamitsu Oshima 大島正滿
Yoneraro Kikuchi is the first person who collected the whole specimen of Mikado pheasant ( 帝雉 )
The type specimen of the pheasant comprises two tail feathers on the head-dress of an aboriginal people, collected in 1906 by Walter Goodfellow
Wiki Snowyowls (photographer) / Jako (uploader)
Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus 櫻花鉤吻鮭 ) was found by Masamitsu Oshima in 1935.
Oncorhynchus masou masou
Wiki Colinwen.tw
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Studying period in Taiwan
Life span
Natural survey studies 1895-1950Natural survey studies 1895-1950
Yasusada Tashiro 田代安定Bunzo Hayata 早田文
藏
Yaichi Shimada 島田彌市Sasaki Syuniti 佐佐木舜一
Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三
Kano Tadao 鹿野忠雄
Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松
Yushun Kudo 工藤祐舜
Genkei Masamune 正宗嚴敬
Kawakami Takiya 川上瀧彌
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 .
Tsunasuke Tada 多田綱輔 Yoneraro Kikuchi 菊池米
太郎 Masamitsu Oshima 大島正滿
Japanese naturalists (1895-1945)Japanese naturalists (1895-1945)
Bunzo Hayata早田文藏
Bunzo Hayata早田文藏
Natural survey in TaiwanNatural survey in Taiwan
Ryoso Kanehira金平亮三
Ryoso Kanehira金平亮三
Yushun Kudo工藤祐舜
Yushun Kudo工藤祐舜
Syuniti Sasaki佐佐木舜一
Syuniti Sasaki佐佐木舜一
1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123.
1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1.
Takiya Kawakami 川上瀧彌 (1871-1915)Takiya Kawakami 川上瀧彌 (1871-1915)
•Director of the National Taiwan Museum from 1910-1915
• In charge of collection over the whole island of Taiwan
•Director of the National Taiwan Museum from 1910-1915
• In charge of collection over the whole island of Taiwan
川上瀧彌Takiya Kawakami
1925. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 15: No. 79, 80.
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Excoecaria kawakamii Hayata( 蘭嶼土沉香 , Euphorbiaceae)
Plant named after Kawakami
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Bunzo Hayata ( 早田文藏 1874-1934)Bunzo Hayata ( 早田文藏 1874-1934)
1906 published ‘Enumeratio Plantarum Formosanarum’ 「台灣植物名錄」 (with 松村任三 )1908 published ‘Flora Montana Formosae’ 「台灣高山植物誌」1911 published Icones Plantarum Formosanarum 「臺灣植物圖譜」
Recorded 170 families, 1197 genera, and 3568 species
1906 published ‘Enumeratio Plantarum Formosanarum’ 「台灣植物名錄」 (with 松村任三 )1908 published ‘Flora Montana Formosae’ 「台灣高山植物誌」1911 published Icones Plantarum Formosanarum 「臺灣植物圖譜」
Recorded 170 families, 1197 genera, and 3568 species
Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata 台灣杉Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata 台灣杉
Flickr plj.johnny
•Director of the herbarium at Taihoku Imperial University at 1929
•Director of the herbarium at Taihoku Imperial University at 1929
National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos
Yushun Kudo 工藤祐舜 (1887-1932)Yushun Kudo 工藤祐舜 (1887-1932)
Yushun Kudo 工藤祐
舜
Yushun Kudo 工藤祐
舜
NTU at 1931NTU at 1931
1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123.
NTU herbarium (TAI)NTU herbarium (TAI)
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Ryoso Kanehira金平亮三
Ryoso Kanehira金平亮三
Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三 (1882-1948)Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三 (1882-1948)
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos
Mitrastema yamamotoi var. kanehirai ( 菱形奴草 , Mitrastemonaceae)
Plant named after Kanehira
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Syuniti Sasaki 佐佐木舜一 (1888-1961)Syuniti Sasaki 佐佐木舜一 (1888-1961)
•Published ‘List of Plants of Formosa’ in 1928, including plants of:•185 families•1121 genera•3265 species
•Published ‘List of Plants of Formosa’ in 1928, including plants of:•185 families•1121 genera•3265 species
Syuniti Sasaki佐佐木舜一
Syuniti Sasaki佐佐木舜一
Plant named by Sasaki
Astragalus nankotaizanensis Sasaki( 南湖大山紫雲英 , Fabaceae)
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松 (1893-1947)
Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松 (1893-1947)
•1928 Assistant Professor, Taihoku Imp. Univ.
•1933-34 Studied in the US and UK•1934 Published Supplementa Iconum
Plantarum Formosanarum ‘ 續台灣植物圖譜’
•1928 Assistant Professor, Taihoku Imp. Univ.
•1933-34 Studied in the US and UK•1934 Published Supplementa Iconum
Plantarum Formosanarum ‘ 續台灣植物圖譜’
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.
1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1.
Epilobium nankotaizanense Yamamoto 南湖大山柳葉菜Epilobium nankotaizanense Yamamoto 南湖大山柳葉菜
Flickr ECOgarden
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.
Genkei Masamune ( 正宗嚴敬 1899-1993)Genkei Masamune ( 正宗嚴敬 1899-1993)
1936 published An enumeration of higher cryptogamic and phanerogamic plants hitherto known from the island of Formosa and its adjacent islands 「最新台灣植物總目錄」1954 published Flora Kaianantensis
1936 published An enumeration of higher cryptogamic and phanerogamic plants hitherto known from the island of Formosa and its adjacent islands 「最新台灣植物總目錄」1954 published Flora Kaianantensis
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.
Morning Star Publishing Inc.
Type specimen localities from records in TAIType specimen localities from records in TAI
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Flora of Taiwan ( 台灣植物誌 )Flora of Taiwan ( 台灣植物誌 )Editorial committee of the first edition (1975-1979):De Vol ( 棣慕華 ), Tang-shui Liu, H.L. Li ( 李惠林 ), Tetsuo Koyama ( 小山鐵夫 ), T.C. Huang ( 黃增泉 )
Editorial committee of the first edition (1975-1979):De Vol ( 棣慕華 ), Tang-shui Liu, H.L. Li ( 李惠林 ), Tetsuo Koyama ( 小山鐵夫 ), T.C. Huang ( 黃增泉 )
Editorial committee of the second edition (1994-2003):T.C. Huang ( 黃增泉 ), W.C. Hsieh ( 謝萬權 ), W.P. Yang ( 楊遠波 ), C.F. Hsieh ( 謝長富 ), C.I Peng ( 彭鏡毅 ), C.S. Kuo ( 郭長生 ), H.C. Su ( 蘇鴻傑 )
Editorial committee of the second edition (1994-2003):T.C. Huang ( 黃增泉 ), W.C. Hsieh ( 謝萬權 ), W.P. Yang ( 楊遠波 ), C.F. Hsieh ( 謝長富 ), C.I Peng ( 彭鏡毅 ), C.S. Kuo ( 郭長生 ), H.C. Su ( 蘇鴻傑 )
National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang
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National Taiwan University Kuo-Yen Wei
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from T.C. Huang et al. 2003. Flora of Taiwan, 2nd edn., Vol. 6. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan.
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebookimages/Flora%20of%20Taiwan/Flora%20of%20Taiwan(2nd)/Flora%201/pdf/Flora_2_I-0004.pdf2011/12/19 visitedIt is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement
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National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau.
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau.
Wiki Johannes Vingboonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Formosa_Map.jpg2011/10/11
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National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 陳正祥 . 1959. 台灣地誌 .
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Wiki user: Valérie75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swinhoe_Robert_1836-1877.png2011/10/11 visited
Robert Swinhoe 1864. Notes on the island of Formosa. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 34: p. 6. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1798463
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華 . 1999. 台灣植物探險 .
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Robert Swinhoe1864. Notes on the island of Formosa. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 34: p. 6. http://www.jstor.org/stable/17984632011/10/11 visited
Frederick Le Breton Bedwell. 1902. On the east coast of Formosa - Attacked by savages. In William Blakeney, On the coasts of Cathay and Cipango forty years ago. London: Elliot Stock, 1902, p. 75. http://www.archive.org/stream/oncoastscathaya00blakgoog#page/n116/mode/2up2011/10/11 visited
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Edmund Hornby Grimani1890. Canoeing at Takow, Formosa. In Illustrated London News Vol. 96, No. 2651 (8 February 1890):181. http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/gallery/image_pages/LondonNews/ln96p181canoeing_S.html2011/10/11 visited
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Alexander Francis Lydon http://www.takaoclub.com/swinhoe/ornithology.htm2011/10/11 visited
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Picasa 曾坤發https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/view?q=%E9%87%91%E6%AF%9B%E6%9D%9C%E9%B5%91&uname=112972057494130280024&psc=G&filter=1&imglic=creative_commons#52689415612942227382011/12/15 visited
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Jstor Plant Sciencehttp://plants.jstor.org/specimen/bm0007530022011/12/15 visitedIt is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: •Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.• Jstor Terms and Conditions of Use
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Wiki user: Nyttend, Skier Dude. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_%26_Elwes.jpg2011/10/25 visited
Wiki Chan-Pan Liaohttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catholic_Church_of_Wanchin_front_external.JPG2011/12/15 visited
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1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123.It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: •Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
Syuniti Sasaki1938. Miscellaneous. The Journal of Japanese Botany, Vol. 14: No. 10, p. 692-704.
National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos (臺灣大學總圖書館)http://photo.lib.ntu.edu.tw/pic/db/detail.jsp?dtd_id=32&id=35331&86&pk=seq&showlevel=22011/10/27 visited Note1.
Wiki Sasakihttp://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ファイル :Bunzō_Hayata.JPG2011/10/21 visited
1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1.It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: •Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
Takiya Kawakami1910. A List of Plants of Formosa.著作者川上瀧彌。川上瀧彌生卒年 18717-1915。出版年 1910與生卒年都大於 50年,判斷為公共財。
1925. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 15: No. 79, 80.It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: •Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
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Bunzo Hayata1921. Icones Plantarum Formosanarum, Vol 10
Flickr plj.johnnyhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/plj/3504564827/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/10/21 visited
Bunzo Hayata1906. On Taiwania, a new genus of Coniferae from the island of Formosa. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 37: p. 330-331. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1906.tb00842.x/pdf2011/10/27 visited
Bunzo Hayata1906. On Taiwania, a new genus of Coniferae from the island of Formosa. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 37: p. 330-331. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1906.tb00842.x/pdf2011/10/27 visited
Bunzo Hayata1906. On Taiwania, a new genus of Coniferae from the island of Formosa. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 37: p. 330-331. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1906.tb00842.x/pdf2011/10/27 visited
National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos (臺灣大學總圖書館)http://photo.lib.ntu.edu.tw/pic/db/detail.jsp?dtd_id=32&id=29329&2&pk=seq&showlevel=22011/10/27 visited Note1.
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National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook/ebookpage.php?book=Tr.%20Taiwan&volume=0&page=iIt is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement
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Syuniti Sasaki (佐佐木舜一 )1928. Lists of Plants of Formosa.
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National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook.php?ebook=Suppl.%20Icon.%20Pl.%20Formos.It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook/ebookpage.php?volume=2&book=Suppl.%20Icon.%20Pl.%20Formos.&page=29It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement
National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook/ebookpage.php?book=Suppl.%20Icon.%20Pl.%20Formos.&volume=2&page=46It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement
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Yung-hua Wu. Portraits of the Forgotten Japanese-Taiwanese Botanists. Taichung City : Morning Star Publishing Inc.吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 . 晨星出版社 .P435This work is licensed by Morning Star Publishing Inc. (晨星出版社) for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65
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National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang This work is licensed by Tseng-Chieng Huang for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned entity and GET does not have the authorization right. Copyright privileges have to be negotiated with the copyright owner(s) for separately
National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang This work is licensed by Tseng-Chieng Huang for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned entity and GET does not have the authorization right. Copyright privileges have to be negotiated with the copyright owner(s) for separately
Taiwan Forestry Research InstituteThis work is licensed by Taiwan Forestry Research Institute for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned entity and GET does not have the authorization right. Copyright privileges have to be negotiated with the copyright owner(s) for separately