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NCW NCW 시대에시대에 요구되는요구되는국방국방 IT IT 기술기술
((은종관교수은종관교수 추모추모 워크샵워크샵))
2008. 2. 122008. 2. 12
AJOU-TNRC 임 재성
Contents
NCW & NCONCW & NCONCW & NCO111
Global Information GridGlobal Information GridGlobal Information Grid222
Joint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System Issues333
Joint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network Issues444
Network Centric WarfareNCW & NCO
C2 Cycle• A framework for the application of Command and Control• OODA: Observation, Orientation, Decision, and Action
Communications
Communications
Communications
Communications
InformationProcessing
DecisionMaking
Action
Surveillance and Target acquisition
Network Centric WarfareNCW & NCO
Network Centric Warfare전장의 여러 전투 요소를 연결하여 전장 상황을 공유하고 통합적, 효율적
전투력을 만들어 내는 개념 세브로스키(미해군제독, 1998년)
정보정보 네트워크네트워크 구성구성
전장전장 정보의정보의 디지털화디지털화
정보정보 혁명혁명 전투전투 효율의효율의극대화극대화
NCW Theory
정보망구성
정보망구성
질 높은전장 정보
창출
질 높은전장 정보
창출
전장 정보풀 생성
전장 정보풀 생성
부대원간상호협력부대원간상호협력
완전한전장정보
이해
완전한전장정보
이해
전장 상황인지
전장 상황인지
Information Information DomainDomain
정보전달정보전달
정보전달정보전달
정보처리정보처리
Cognitive Cognitive DomainDomain
Physical Physical DomainDomain
작전명령작전명령
작전수행능력향상
작전수행능력향상
NCW & NCO
NCW Tenets
A robustly networked force improves information sharingInformation sharing and collaboration enhances the quality of information and shared situation awarenessShared situational awareness enables collaboration and self synchronization, and enhances sustainability and speed of commandThese in turn dramatically increase mission effectiveness
NCW & NCO
Network Centric Operation
Information Superiority-enabledConcept of Operations
Net-Centricity is a enabler that empowers all users with the ability to easily discover, access, integrate, correlate and fuse data/ information that support their mission objectives unconstrained by location or time
Common Operation
Picture
NCW & NCO
Interlocked Grid Arrangement for NCO• 3 interlocked grids: Information grid, Sensor grid, Engagement grid• 3 types of participants: Sensors, Command elements, Shooters
NCO Requirements: Grid ArrangementNCW & NCO
Sensor
C2
Shooter
Objects
NegatedObjects
Control
Control
Information
Information
Information
Information GridSensor Grid
Engagement Grid
Operational Interoperability• Address how system can collaborate and cooperate in operations
Net-centric Interoperability• Mean data interoperability which is translated to the requirement to have
Tactical Data Link
NCO Requirements: Joint OperationNCW & NCO
NCO Systems and NetworksNCW & NCO
NCO ArchitectureNCW & NCO
Architecture of Interoperability
Interoperability for NetInteroperability for Net--CentricCentric
NetNet--centric Service Layercentric Service Layer
NCO ApplicationsNCO Applications
System of SystemsSystem of Systems
IPIP--based Transport Layerbased Transport LayerNetwork of NetworksNetwork of Networks
IP version 6IP version 6
IntegrationIntegration IntegrationIntegration
ApplicationApplication
OntologyOntology
CollaborationCollaboration
MediationMediation
StorageStorage
IA / SecurityIA / Security
MessagingMessaging
AssistAssist
DiscoveryDiscovery
ApplicationApplication
Multi hopMulti hop
Multi RadioMulti Radio CooperationCooperation
MANETMANET SDRSDR
MIMOMIMO
Spectrum Spectrum on on
DemandDemand
ISR
PG
M
NCW & NCONCW & NCONCW & NCO111
Global Information GridGlobal Information GridGlobal Information Grid222
Joint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System Issues333
Joint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network Issues444
DoD Net-centric ProgressGlobal Information Grid
Enables rapid exploitation of diverse data sources by GIG users in a manner that can be customized to meet specific mission demands
GIG(Global Information Grid)
Applications and Data
CoreEnterpriseServices
Global Information Grid –Bandwidth Expansion (GIG-BE) TSAT, JTRS, Teleport, GBS
- Enterprise Systems Management - Messaging - Discovery - Mediation - Collaboration- User Assist - IA/Security - Storage Services - Application
9 CES “Bundles” + APIs
IP-based Transport
Provided by COI Programs
Providedby NCES
Providedby CommsPrograms
Global Information Grid
* COI : Community of Interest
GIG: NCESGlobal Information Grid
Users
Business Domains
Warfighter Domains
Domain/ COI
Capabilities
ICOrg Spaces
National Intelligence Domain
Net-Centric Enterprise Services (NCES)Transformational Communications (TC) & Computing Infrastructure
User Assistant
Storage MessagingICSIS Community Space
IA/Security
IA/SecurityESM
IA/SecurityESM
IA/SecurityESM
Discovery
IA/SecurityESM
Collaboration
IA/SecurityESM
Enterprise Service
Management (ESM)
Mediation
IA/SecurityESM
IA/SecurityESM
ESM
IA/Security
Levels of Services Above
Core Level
COI’s
Com
man
d &
Com
man
d
Battl
espa
ceA
war
enes
s
Forc
e A
pplic
atio
n
Pre
cisi
on L
ogis
tics
Pro
tect
ion
COI’s
Business Lead
Inst
alla
tion
& En
viro
nmen
t
Hum
an
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t
Acq
uisi
tion
Stra
tegi
c P
lann
ing
& B
udge
t
Logi
stic
s
Acco
untin
g &
Fina
nce
Warfighter Lead
Application
LEOSWide-Area NetworkRAircraft
Tier 3 Wide Area
Coverage
Land Line (wire or fiber)R
Ground Based
Radio
Local Area Network
PeopleWeaponsSensors
UGS
R RAAVsMedium-
Area Network
Tier 2 Inter-Team
Coverage
Tier 1Team
Coverage
R = Internet Router or JTRS WNW
JTRS
JTRS
GIG-BE
R
RR
R
R
R RR
GEOS
Tier 4 Global
Coverage
R R
R RGlobal-
Area Network
GIG-BEDWDM
※※ GIGGIG--BE : Global Information Grid BE : Global Information Grid –– Bandwidth Expansion Bandwidth Expansion ※※ AAVsAAVs : Armored Amphibious Vehicle: Armored Amphibious Vehicle※※ WNW : Wideband Networking Waveform WNW : Wideband Networking Waveform ※※ LEOS : Low Earth Orbiting Satellite LEOS : Low Earth Orbiting Satellite ※※ TCA : Transformational Communications Architecture TCA : Transformational Communications Architecture ※※ UGS : Unattended Ground Sensors UGS : Unattended Ground Sensors
BharatBharat T. T. DoshiDoshi, , ““Global Secure Communications: Challenges and OpportunitiesGlobal Secure Communications: Challenges and Opportunities””, 2005 , 2005 APL Technical DigestAPL Technical Digest
GIG: TransportGlobal Information Grid
GIG: Service EnvironmentsGlobal Information Grid
IP phone/STE
IP Phone/softphone
Unclass
GCCS, COP, etc.
GIG-BEIP SATCOM
Modems/ Router
VTCHorizontal Fusion,
DCTS, etc.
Secret
SATCOMDSCS, Com’l SATs
WGSTSAT
DeployedJTRS
FCS/WIN-TForceNet
Deployed WarfightersDISN/GIG-BE Entry
TerrestrialGIG-BE
GatewayTeleport
GBS
NCW & NCONCW & NCONCW & NCO111
Global Information GridGlobal Information GridGlobal Information Grid222
Joint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System Issues333
Joint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network Issues444
Joint Tactical OperationJoint Tactical System Issues
Unit of Action
Unit of Employment
FCS Battalion
Unit of Employment
Unit of Action
FCS Battalion
FCS Battalion
Unit of Employment
Source: TRADOC14 December 2001
TSAT, JTRS, GIG-BE, NCES, IA + TELEPORT, JNMS
FORCEnetLandWarNet ConstellationNet
Seamless Tactical Operation
Joint Tactical System Issues
NCES: Service Oriented Architecture
Seamless Tactical Operation over SOA
Joint Tactical System Issues
NCES: Service Oriented Architecture•Discovery is a GIG registry providing services directory for all NCES applications and users
•Messaging exchanges information among users or applications on enterprise infrastructure
•User Assistant is automated “helper” capabilities that reduce effort required to perform manpower task
•IA/Security provides protection mechanisms to SOA by supporting authentication, authorization and access control processes
•Enterprise Services Management is a continuous process of managing, measuring, reporting and improving QoS
•Storage helps that consumers or providers determine storage type and availability
•Mediation includes data transformation, aggregation, service orchestration and adaptation
•Collaboration provides full range of Web-accessible, hosted, and managed services
•Application is a set of capabilities & resources necessary to provide, operate and maintain NCES applications
•Ontology realizes semantic interoperability by information extraction and transport
SOASOA
OntologyOntology
ApplicationApplication
CollaborationCollaboration
MediationMediation
StorageStorage
ESMESM
IA / SecurityIA / Security
User AssistantUser Assistant
MessagingMessaging
DiscoveryDiscovery
Joint Tactical System Issues
NCES: Core Enterprise ServiceEnd-User Consumer End-User ProducerEnd-User Consumer End-User Producer
“What data exists?““How do I access the data?”“How do I know this data is what I need?”
“How can I tell someonewhat data I need?”
“How do I share my data with others?”
“How do I manage access to my data?
“How do I describe my data so others can understand it?”
Yes/NoDecisionYes/No
Decision
PolicyAuthority
AuthorizationDecision
EnforcementPoint
EnforcementPointSubject
ResourceYESYES
RulesRules
AttributeStore
AttributeStore
Can Subject with attribute “Citizenship = UK” access resource “Gel Explosive
Threat Update” to perform “Update”?
NONO
If “Citizenship = UK”or “Citizenship = US”and Mission Function
= “Intel” then allow access
● Credential Validation ● Attribute Based Access Control
● Content Discovery
● Service Discovery
● Service Management
DDMS AttributesSecurity
TitleIdentifier Creator
Publisher Contributor
Date Rights
LanguageType
SourceSubject
Geospatial Coverage
Temporal CoverageVirtual Coverage
DescriptionFormat
Data Catalog
****
*
*
● Metadata Services
SOSCOE
NCES
Warfighter Interfaces
Battle Command Applications
FCS BC
NECC
GMR JTRSHMS JTRS
WIN-TNetwork Systems
AMF
ISR Platforms
Future Combat SystemJoint Tactical System Issues
System of System Common Operation EnvironmentWindows like environment to the “Tactical Domain”
• Platforms act like Computers where they can discover and be discovered• They can exploit remote Services and Information in a seamless manner• Weapons/Sensors act like Printers with respect to a Plug-n-Play approach
Why SOSCOE?Joint Tactical System Issues
NCES : High-bandwidth Reliable NetworkNCES focused on providing enterprise services running with a high bandwidth reliable network infrastructure• Capabilities are server-based• Leverages centralized computing paradigm• Emphasis on ‘shared spaces’ presumes
uninterrupted access to those spaces
BCTX
BCTX
SOSCOE : Low-bandwidth Ad Hoc NetworkSOSCOE focused on providing reusable software infrastructure components for Platform and Battle Command Applications on a Bandwidth Constrained Ad-hoc Network• SOSCOE must support decentralized real-time
and safety-critical applications• Emphasis on managing QoS over radio networks
NCES vs. SOSCOEJoint Tactical System Issues
FCS SystemsJoint Tactical System Issues
Manned Systems Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Class II Class III Class IV
Class I
ARV-A (L)
Small (Manpackable) UGV
Non-Line-of-SightCannon (NLOS-C)
FCS Recovery and
MaintenanceVehicle(FRMV)
Recon and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV)
Infantry CarrierVehicle (ICV)
Mounted Combat System (MCS)
MULE(Countermine)
MULE(Transport)
Unmanned Ground Vehicles
Command andControl Vehicle (C2V)
Unattended Ground Sensors
Unattended Ground Systems
ARV RSTAARV Aslt
Intelligent MunitionsSystems
Non-Line-of-Sight Mortar (NLOS-M)
MedicalEvacuation
Vehicle (MEV)
StandardsStandardsTransportTransportServicesServices
ApplicationsApplicationsSensorsSensors
Medical Treatment
Vehicle (MTV)
NLOS LS
MULE: Multifunction Utility Logistics & EquipmentARV: Armed Robotic Vehicle
Situation Awareness: COP
SASA--1010HostileHostile
Ground TrackGround TrackUnknownUnknown
SASA--88HostileHostile
AAAAAAHostileHostile Air TrackAir Track
UnknownUnknown
CC22 UnitUnitFriendlyFriendly
Ground TrackGround TrackFriendlyFriendly
AA
BBDD
전투기전투기실제실제 위치위치
Ground TrackGround TrackHostileHostile
Air TrackAir TrackHostileHostile
MinimumMinimumRiskRiskRouteRoute
FireFireSupportSupportCoordinationCoordinationLineLine
FlightFlightRouteRoute
실제 전장 환경
AUTOFF
NGT
BRT
DAY
CONT
SCL/4 0MAP
21
36
E
12
15
S24
W
30
33
N
DCLTR
EXP
1 F/A -18BL012 2 0 110.6
AI C 09 2F09 2/ 117V09 2/ 117
0°0MENU
M
DCNTR
WPDSGSEQ1
WYPT
1
STEP TXDSG AUTO
A
B
D
8
10
L
A
AUTOFF
NGT
BRT
DAY
CONT
SCL/4 0MAP
21
36
E
12
15
S24
W
30
33
N
DCLTR
EXP
1 F/A -18BL012 2 0 110.6
AI C 09 2F09 2/ 117V09 2/ 117
0°0MENU
M
DCNTR
WPDSGSEQ1
WYPT
1
STEP TXDSG AUTO
A
B
D
8
10
L
A
위치정보위치정보
주위주위 전투기전투기
정보정보
C2 C2 유닛유닛
공격공격 대상대상
전투기전투기 또는또는외부외부 센서로센서로
부터부터적적 정보정보 추적추적
새로운새로운네트워크네트워크 참여참여
전투기전투기상태상태 정보정보
COP Example: Data Link 16
Situational Awareness (SA) as a COP result
Joint Tactical System Issues
Situation Awareness: COPFBCB2: Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below
Joint Tactical System Issues
GIS, LBS, Combat ID, GEOINT
Situation Awareness: COPFBCB2-BFT
Joint Tactical System Issues
NCW & NCONCW & NCONCW & NCO111
Global Information GridGlobal Information GridGlobal Information Grid222
Joint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System Issues333
Joint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network Issues444
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Joint Tactical Data Link
CommSatellites
AirborneNetwork
EmergingSensor
Networks
Airborne Backbone
ISR NetworkEdge
Tactical NetworkEdge CDLs
ABIT
Emerging TacticalNetworks
SpaceNetwork
GroundNetwork
ABIT Airborne Information Transmission systemCDL Common Data LinkISR Information, Surveillance, ReconnaissanceMIDS Multifunction Information Distribution System
TADIL JTADIL J
TADIL JTADIL J
Link 22Link 22OceanNetwork
VMFVMFMIDS FDLMIDS FDL
MIDS FDLMIDS FDL
MIDS LVT 2MIDS LVT 2
CDL/TCDLCDL/TCDL
Internetworking of Tactical Data Links
IPv6 in the Battle Space
IP Based IP Based Transformational Transformational CommunicationsCommunications
Battle SpaceBattle Space
Demand for Future Combat Systems• Network ubiquity (IP centric)• Mobility and ad-hoc networking (Dynamic addressing)• Operability (Security, QoS, NetOps)
IPv4 Cannot Support Future Required CapabilitiesIPv4 Cannot Support Future Required Capabilities
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Why IPv6?
Much larger address space• IPv6 : 128bits addresses• IPv4 : 32bits addresses
Improved routing• Routing aggregation reduces the size of routing tables• Simplified header reduces router processing loads
Enhanced security and QoS• Support mandatory IPsec for all fully IPv6 compliant devices
Improved mobility support for mobile IP and Ad-hoc devices• Support mandatory Mobile IPv6
Reduced Administration
Joint Tactical Network Issues
v6
Interoperability through IPv6
Architecture supports general net-connectivity• Interfaces at the lowest layer possible in the protocol stack• Layer 2 interfaces is switched at layer 2 if they are same• When layer 2 interfaces differ or subnets get too big, IP is the common layer that connects the interfaces
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Features of Tactical Networks
Huge Demands of Military Spectrum
Spectrum Range for Tactical Networks
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Tradeoff between Range, Capacity, and Mobility
Features of Tactical Networks
Low capacity
Short rangeLow mobility
High mobilityLo
ng ra
nge
High capacity
HF CNRVHF CNR
Sate
llite
com
mun
icatio
ns
Trunk Network
Optical fiber Wireless LAN
Cellular
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Military Satellite Communications
TSAT: Transformational Satellite Communications
1960-2020
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Military Satellite Communications
1960
DefenseSatellite
Communications System
“DSCS I”
1971-
1979
DSCS II
1982-
1997
DSCS III DSCS III SLEP
2000-
20031994-
1995
Milstar I
2001-
2003
Milstar II
20062008
AEHF
2013
Capacity ~ 4 Mbps Intersat link ~ 10 MbpsBeam coverage 9 beams
~ 40 Mbps~ 10 Mbps
16 beams
~ 400 Mbps~ 60 Mbps
37 beams
~2.2 Gbps19 beams
~250 Mbps5 beams ~100 Mbps
5 beams
Capacity ~ 1 MbpsBeam coverage 1 beam
X, Ka, Ku Wideband WGS
EHF Protected, Secure
~ 100 Mbps3 beams
Capacity
Capacity
2015
TSAT
~ 3 Gbps
~ 6 GbpsIntersat link ~ 20 GbpsBeam coverage ~ 90+ beams
RF CapacityLasercom
Capacity
Global Information Grid
Sustainment ProductionSystem Development
~1.28 Mbps 3 beams
EPS
Robotic Direct Fire
Small Unit UAV
Other Layered Sensors
Robotic Sensor
Manned C2/Infantry Squad
10s of MbpsMbps BWkbps BW
Connectivity Level
Assured Communications• High Data Rates• Low Probability of Detection• Anti-jam
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks• Dynamic• Re-configurable• Low Latency• Multi-user
Network Centric Force
Robotic NLOS Fire
MANET as Tactical Networks
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Software Defined RadioSoftware Defined Radio
SDR in Tactical Networks
Software Defined Radio
Joint Tactical Network Issues
Spectrum for Tactical Networks
Spectrum on Demand
Joint Tactical Network Issues
DS3
SpectrumXXI
SpectrumM&S
GIG
EnterpriseServices
Standard Data StructureWeb-based/Automated SM Processes
Predictive Planning
JTRS
WIN-T
NetForce
Common Spectrum Information Resources/Environment
Deliberate/Deployment/Operational Planning
5
6
4
Shared Information Environment
SpectrumSituationalAwareness
Adaptive Spectrum Control
Improved Spectrum Efficiency
Bandwidthon Demand
Sense & Adjust
Cognitive Spectrum
Use
1 2 3
Red Force Commercial
Blue Force
Near-Term - 2010Mid-Term - 2015
Far-Term - 2020
Self-Syncing Spectrum Use
Underwater NCW
Underwater Communications
Joint Tactical Network Issues