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Nephrology Mini-Symposium:
Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome
R3潘思宇 ,R3李宗育 ,R3張凱迪 ,R3柯雅琳R5王介立 /VS林水龍
Nov. 24th, 2010
“Cardiorenal” for 100 Years• Sir Thomas Lewis (1881-1945)
Lewis T., Br Med J 1913;2:1417-20
PubMed Trend
NIH Definition
Ronco Classification
Working Definition (2004)
At its extreme, cardio-renal dysregulation leads to what is
termed “cardio-renal syndrome” in which therapy to relieve congestive symptoms of heart failure is limited by further decline in renal function. It is clear that our current understanding of cardio-renal connections is inadequate to explain many of the clinical observations in heart failure or to direct its therapy.
NHLBI Working Group. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/meetings/workshops/cardiorenal-hf-hd.htm
Proposed Classification (2008)
Acute Chronic
HeartKidney
KidneyHeart
Ronco C. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1527-39.
(cardiorenal)
(renocardiac)
Cardiorenal Syndrome is Always There
Type 2 and 4
Type 3
This year, 2010, we present you the…
Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome
Acute decompensated heart failure
Acute myocardial infarction
Low cardiac output syndrome post cardiac surgery
There’s Always a Problem…CASE
PRESENTATION
Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome
Epidemiology & Pathophysiology. R3 潘思宇Diagnosis & Management......…... R3 李宗育Volume & Diuretics………………. R3 張凱迪Ultrafiltration………………………. R3 柯雅琳
R5 王介立VS 林水龍
Cardiorenal Syndrome Type I
• Acute heart disorder leading to acute kidney injury
• Acute heart disorder ?– Acute decompensated heart failure– Acute coronary syndrome– (Low cardiac output syndrome after open heart surgery)
• Acute kidney injury ?– ARF, Worsening renal function– AKI: RIFLE, AKIN, K-DIGO– Biomarkers: NGAL, cystatin C
Epidemiology
Acute decompensated heart failure
Acute coronary syndrome
Acute decompensated heart failure
Observational, 2002/10~2004/10, FranceWRF:↑Cre > 0.3 mg/dL, Total: 416 with AHF
WRF: 37%WRF: 37%
D. Logeart et al, Int J Cardiol 2008; 127: 228–232
Event: death or unscheduled readmission for HF
P = 0.01P = 0.01
D. Logeart et al, Int J Cardiol 2008; 127: 228–232
Acute coronary syndrome
Observational, 1994/1~1996/2, Total: 147007 with AMIMild: ↑0.3~0.4, Mod: ↑0.5~0.9, Severe: ↑ 1.0 mg/dL≧
CR Parikh et al, Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(9):987-995
7.1%7.1% 7.1%7.1%
5.2%5.2%
Observational, 1994/1~1996/2, Total: 147007 with AMIMild: ↑0.3~0.4, Mod: ↑0.5~0.9, Severe: ↑ 1.0 mg/dL≧
P < 0.01P < 0.01At all time pointsAt all time points
CR Parikh et al, Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(9):987-9951 yr 10 yr5 yr3 yr
Pathophysiology
The low flow state hypothesis
Venous congestion: IAP & CVP
Others: Neurohormonal activation
JG Abuelo et al, N Engl J Med 2007; 357(8): 797-805
Pgc
PT
Pgc: Glomerular pressure, PT : Tubular pressure
πgc: Glomerular colloid p, πT : Tubular colloid p
△π
GFR GFR αα ( ( Pgc - PT - △π)
• Pgc
– MAP?– Intra-Abdominal hypertension?– Change of Resistance at A or E arteriole?
• PT
– Intra-Abdominal hypertension?– Tubular obstruction?
Factors affect GFRPPgcgc αα (MAP – IAP) (MAP – IAP)MAPMAP αα Pgc α α GRFGRF
Franklin H. Epstein et al, N Engl J Med 1999; 341(8): 577-585
If this low output theory holds true, then …
↓LVEF / CI ↓GFR
這病人 Kidney 不好
灌水 Dopamine !!!
↓Renal Renal perfusionperfusion??
Prospective, 1990, USA, CHF, Total: 34A: CI>2 ; B: CI 1.5~2 ; C: CI <1.5 L/min/m2
Ljungman et al. Drugs 1990; 39(Suppl. 4): 10-21
Autoregulation
Renal auto-regulation
Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney, 8th edhttp://www2.kumc.edu/ki/physiology/course/two/2_4.htm
• Pgc
– MAP?– Intra-Abdominal hypertension?– Change of Resistance at A or E arteriole?
• PT
– Intra-Abdominal hypertension?– Tubular obstruction?
Factors affect GFR
PPTT αα IAPIAP
PPgcgc αα (MAP – (MAP – IAPIAP))
Wilfried Mullens et at, Intensive Care Med (2006) 32:1722–1732
IAP range in critical careNormal: 5-7 mmHgElevated: ≥8 mmHg
IAH: ≥ 12mmHg
Prospective cohort, 2006/11~2007/5, CCU, USAAHF: LVEF<30%, PCWP>18 or CVP>8, Total: 40
Goal: PCWP<18, CVP<8, CI>2.2
Wilfried Mullens et at, Intensive Care Med (2006) 32:1722–1732
Retrospective cohort, 1989/1~2006/12, CCU, NetherlandPatient s/p Rt heart catheterization, Total: 2557
Baseline CVP vs. GFR
Kevin Damman et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53(7): 582–8
Prospective, 2006/1~2007/6, USA, CCU, Total: 145Inclusion: LVEF<30%, CI<2.4, PCWP>18 or CVP>8
PA catheter goal: PCWP<18, CVP<8, & CI>2.4
Wilfried Mullens et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53(7) 589–96
CVP rather than CI ?
Animal study, Dog, 1931, Renal a & v cannulation
F. R. Winton et al, J Physiol 1931; 72: 49–61.
Fluid status evaluation in CRS
Venous congestion may be more important than hypovolemia
脫水 灌水 ??
Other postulated mechanisms of CRS
• Low evidence & inconclusive– Sympathetic overactivity– Adenosine– Vasopressin– Natriuretic peptide– Oxidative injury & endothelial dysfunction
Jeremy S. Bock et al, Circulation. 2010;121:2592-2600.
Sympathetic Overactivity
Gerald F. Dibona et al, Physiol Rev, 1997; 77(1): 75-197
Animal study, Rat, 1980, Renal sympathetic stimulate, Total: 10
Prospective cohort, 2007/6~2008/11, Australia & EuropeanHypertension s/p renal sympathetic denervation, Total: 45
Henry Krum et al, Lancet 2009; 373: 1275–81
Improvement of hypertension
Improvement of renal function??
Pathology
老師 , 第三床 ARF 咧要不要作 Renal biopsy 看一看 ?
第三床不是 第三床不是 Heart failureHeart failure 嗎嗎 ??阿就是阿就是 Pre-renal ARFPre-renal ARF 阿阿 , Biopsy, Biopsy 做什做什
麼麼 ??
Pathology
• Acute heart failure not a traditional indication for renal biopsy
• Case report– The characteristics of acute renal failure in
cardiogenic shock in the elderly– 4 patients with cardiogenic shock and ARF– 1 patient with ATN– 3 patients without pathological change
Durakovi et al, ZFA 1986; 41(5): 301-5
Can we predict who will developed CRS in patients presented with acute cardiac dysfunction?
Known Predictors from Past Observations (I)
WH Tang & W. Mullens. Heart. 2010; 96(4):255-60
Known Predictors from Past Observations (II)
WH Tang & W. Mullens. Heart. 2010; 96(4):255-60
Summary• AKI occurs frequently in AHF (type 1 CRS)
– It is an independent risk factor of worse outcome– However, only very limited prospective
observational studies have addressed the issues
• The mechanism of type 1 CRS remained largely speculative– We have no ideas why his (her) kidney failed– Venous congestion should be kept in mind other
than arterial underfilling
Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome
Epidemiology & Pathophysiology. R3 潘思宇Diagnosis & Management......…... R3 李宗育Volume & Diuretics………………. R3 張凱迪Ultrafiltration………………………. R3 柯雅琳
R5 王介立VS 林水龍
DIAGNOSIS
Back to the Problem…CASE
PRESENTATION
How do we know the sequence?
Time Course of the eGFR
Acute (type 1,3) rather than chronic (type 2,4)…
CASEPRESENTATION
CKD stage 3
AKI
Cause of CKD?CASE
PRESENTATION
12 cm
(Long-standing; microscopicovert)
Other non-DM cause of CKD related to CVD: - Ischemic nephropathy (renovascular disease)
- Malignant hypertension
AKI from Heart?CASE
PRESENTATION
Hypotensive episode?
“No diagnostic criteria = by exclusion”
Typical Acute CRS• Acute heart failure syndrome
• Acute kidney injury
• No evidence of intrinsic kidney disease other than the baseline CKD
So far, has the diagnosis of type 1 cardiorenal syndrome been secured?
Mimickers of Type 1 CRS• NSAIDs causing concurrent heart failure
and vasomotor nephropathy
• Flash pulmonary edema (bilateral renal artery stenosis)
• Hypertensive crisis from identifiable causes (e.g. pheochromocytoma)
(the primary cause is outside the heart)(potentially treatable)
BEDSIDE APPROACH
Bedside Evaluation
Evaluation of perfusion & congestion is equally important in acute renal failure
1Nohria A, et, al. JAMA 2002;287:628-40
MANAGEMENT
Treatment of Type 1 CRS
: Not mentioned
: Not mentioned (unpublished draft)
&
Heart failure guideline
AKI guideline
Overview
ADHF AKI Acute CRS
Drug Therapy …
CPAP ?
Ultrafiltration
Drug Therapy for Acute CRS• Traditional agents for AHF
– Oxygen– Morphine– Vasodilators– Inotropopic agents– Vasopressin antagonists– Loop diuretics
• Investigational agents with specific renal effect
Renal effect?
Vasodilator therapy
• Nitroglycerin– Effect on Renal Function ?
Lagrand WK, et al. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2009;34(8):330-349.
• Sodium nitroprusside– Improved outcomes and stable kidney function
• Nesiritide– Synthetic human B type natriuretic peptide:
potent vasodilator– Increased the risk of worsening renal function ?
Vasodilator therapy
Mullens W, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(3):200-207.
Sackner-Bernstein JD, et al. Circulation 2005; 111: 1487-1491
Comparison between clinical effects of intravenous vasodilators in the treatment of heart failure
Elkayam, U., M. Janmohamed, et al. (2008). "Vasodilators in the management of acute heart failure." Crit Care Med 36(1 Suppl): S95-105.
Elkayam, U., et al. (2008). Crit Care Med 36(1 Suppl): S95-105
Variables Nitroprusside Nitroglycerine Nesiritide
Clinical studies -- + +++
Hemodynamic effect +++ +++ +++
Tolerance -- ++ --
Need for dose titration
+++ +++ --
Effect on coronary flow Myocardial ischemia NAEffect of urine output NA NA +/-Effect on neurohormones
+ + +
Mullens W, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(3):200-207.
Sodium nitroprusside for advanced low-output heart failure. retrospective, 2000~2005, USA, ADHF: CI<2
L/min/m2,Total: 175, Scre: 1.3~1.5 mg/dL
Sackner-Bernstein JD., et al. Circulation 2005; 111: 1487-1491
The use of nesiritide for ADHF did not avoid type 1 CRS and increased the risk of worsening kidney function, as well as mortality, in the active treatment groups
Incidence of Worsening Renal Function in studies ofNesiritide for ADHF. Meta-analysis of 5 randomized double-blind controlled trials , WRF: SCre > 0.5mg/dL, USA, Total: 1269
Witteles RM, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov 6;50(19):1835-40.
No significant difference was observed in the primary end point of worsenedrenal function (increase in serum creatinine 20%)
Impact of Nesiritide on renal function. Separate randomized double-blind controlled trials , Scre: 1.82: 1.86mg/dL, USA, Total: 75
Inotropic Agent: Levosimendan
• Lusitropic activity(calcium sensitizer) Improves hemodynamics and renal perfusion compared with dobutamine but not comfirmed in SURVIVE study
Yilmaz MB, et al. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2007;21(6):431-435.
Levosimendan: Improves hemodynamics and renal perfusion
Yilmaz MB, et al. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2007;21(6):431-435.
P< 0.001
P= 0.008
P< 0.001
P > 0.05 for all
Mebazaa A. et al,. SURVIVE Investigators. JAMA. 297(17):1883-91, 2007 May 2.
Levosimendan Dobutamine
Cox Proportional Hazards P = 0.04
Time Since Start of Study Drug Infusion, d
Effect of Dobutamine and Levosimendan Treatment on All-Cause Mortality -- The SURVIVE Trial: randomized, double-blind trial, 2003~2004, LVEF: 24%,Total: 1327, Scre: >2.5 mg/Dl(n=87)
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Kellum JA, et al. Crit. Care Med 2001;29: 1526-1531
The use of low-dose dopamine for the treatment or prevention of acute renal failure cannot be justified on the basis of available evidence and should be eliminated from routineclinical use.
Vasopressin Receptor Antagonist
• Increased renal free water clearance and improvement in hyponatremia and weight loss without survival benefit
Konstam MA, et al. the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA 2007; 297: 1319-1331
Vasopressin Receptor Antagonist
Sanghi P, et al .Eur Heart J 2005;26:538-43.
Atrial underfilling
BaroreceptorsLeft atriumCarotid sinusAortic arch
Hyperosmolality
Osmoreceptors
Vascular smooth muscleV1 a receptors
Collecting duct of kidneyV2 receptors
Vasocontriction Water re-absorption
Profile of AVP receptor antagonists
Cleve Clin J Med. 2006 Sep;73 Suppl 3:S24-33.
Conivaptan (YM-087)
Tolvaptan(OPC-41061)
Receptor(s) V1A/ V2 V2
Admin. route Intravenous Oral
Urine volume
Urine Osmolality
Sodium excretion in 24hours
Acute hemodynamic effects of conivaptan
Udelson JE, et al. Circulation 2001;104:2417-23.
Placebo 10 mg 20 mg Conivaptan 40 mg
Time (h)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
300
100
50
0
-50
-100
250
200
150
Konstam MA, et al.JAMA 2007; 297: 1319-1331
Log-Pank Test: P = 0.76Peto-Peto-Wilcoxaon Test: P = 0.68Stratified Peto-Peto-Wilcoxon Test: P= 0.68
All Cause Motality
Months of Study
All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality or Hospitalization —Tolvaptan (The EVEREST Outcome Trial): randomized, double-blind trial, 2003~2006, LVEF: 27.5%,Total: 4133, Scre: >1.3 mg/dl(n=827)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 0.4 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Investigational agents: Adenosine A1−Receptor Antagonist
Renal effects of Adenosine A1 receptor Antagonists in Congestive heart failure
Gottlieb SS. Drugs 2001;61:1387-93.
Tubule LumenIncreased NaCl delivery Increased adenosine (perhaps
from ATP needed for active transport)
Adenosine A1 receptor
Vasocontriction
Afferent arteriole
Adenosine A1 receptor AntagonistBG 9719KW3902 (Rolofylline)
Adenosine Antagonistgs
Stephen S. Gottlieb, Circulation. 2002;105:1348-1353
BG9719 + Furosemide
BG9719
Urine Volume (ml)0~8 hours(Day 1 - Baseline
BG9719 Dose (mcg/ml)-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2,5 3
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Adenosine Antagonistgs
Stephen S. Gottlieb, Circulation. 2002;105:1348-1353
GFR(% change)(1~8 hours)
Urine Output (ml)(0~8 hours, Day 1 - Baseline)
BG9719
PlaceboFurosemide Alone
BG9719 + Furosemide
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
15
5
-5
-15
-25
Barry M. Massie, et al. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1419-1428
Placebo
Rolofylline
Hazard ration: 1.03 (95% CI, 0.82-1.28)P = 0.82
Day
Rolofylline (KW3902), an Adenosine A1 receptor antagonist in acute heart failure with impaired renal function (PROTECT-1): randomized, double-blind trial, LVEF: 32%,Total: 2033, Ccr: 50.4~51 ml/min
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Major Ongoing Clinical Trials of Renal-Sparing Treatment Strategies
Drug Trial acronym Phase Sample size
Natriuretic peptides Nesiritide
CD-NPASCEND-HF
CONDITION-HFIVII
7000380
Vasopression receptor antagonist Tolvaptan Conivaptan Lixivaptan
EVERESTCONVERT-HF
BALANCE
IIIIIIIII
3600105650
Adenosine A1 receptor antagonists Rolofylline SLV320 BG-9928
PROECT1&2RENO-DEFEND 1
POSEIDON/TRIDENT
IIIII
II/III
2000500
300/900
Standard treatment Loop diuretics Ultrafiltration
DOSE-AHFCARRESS
IVIV
300200
Summary• There is nothing specific for the diagnosis
of acute cardiorenal syndrome– Follow the principle of diagnosis of AKI
• No definite pharmacological therapy could be recommended for the acute cardiorenal syndrome– Follow the principle of therapy of AHF
Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome
Epidemiology & Pathophysiology. R3 潘思宇Diagnosis & Management......…... R3 李宗育Volume & Diuretics………………. R3 張凱迪Ultrafiltration………………………. R3 柯雅琳
R5 王介立VS 林水龍
How to Measure the Fluid Status?
Possible Methods to Evaluate Fluid Status
• History and Physical Examination• Body Weight• JVP/CVP/PCWP• Pulse wave variation• Urine Sodium• Natriuretic peptide• CXR• Thoracic Ultrasound• Vena Cava Ultrasound• Initial Distribution Volume of Glucose• Bioimpedance spectrography• ……
In our daily practice……
Toshiba.com
Library and Archives Canada
Wang CS, JAMA 2005;294:1944-1956
Evaluation about fluid status: History takingMeta-analysis of 18 studies during 1966~2005
FindingFinding SensitivitySensitivity SpecificitySpecificity Positive Positive LRLR
Negative Negative LRLR
Symptoms
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 0.41 0.84 2.6 0.70
Orthopnea 0.50 0.77 2.2 0.65
Edema 0.51 0.76 2.1 0.64
Dyspnea on exertion 0.84 0.34 1.3 0.48
Fatigue and weight gain 0.31 0.70 1.0 0.99
Cough 0.36 0.61 0.93 1.0
FindingFinding SensitivitySensitivity SpecificitySpecificity Positive Positive LRLR
Negative Negative LRLR
Physical examinationThird heart sound 0.13 0.99 11 0.88
Abdominal jugular reflux 0.24 0.96 6.1 0.79
Jugular vein engorgement 0.39 0.92 5.1 0.66
Rales 0.66 0.78 2.8 0.51
Any murmur 0.27 0.90 2.6 0.81
Lower extremit edema 0.50 0.78 2.3 0.64
SBP<100mmHg 0.06 0.97 2.0 0.97
Fourth heart sound 0.05 0.97 1.6 0.98
SBP>150 0.28 0.73 1.0 0.99
Wheezing 0.22 0.58 0.52 1.3
Ascites 0.01 0.97 0.33 1.0
Wang CS, JAMA 2005;294:1944-1956
Evaluation about fluid status: Physical examinationMeta-analysis of 18 studies during 1966~2005
Body Weight
Chaudhry SI, et al, Circulation 2007;116:1549–1554
Days before admission
Chest Radiography
10 ± 4 22 ± 4 34 ± 4
Cardiomegaly 87 98 100
Redistribution 26 40 66
Interstitial edema 16 47 61
Peribronchial cuffing 10 40 22
Hilar haziness 16 40 44
Kerley B line 16 40 39Chakko S, et al, Am J Med 1991;90:353–359
PCWPCXR finding (%)
Chest Radiography and Diagnosis of CHF
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)
(~2004/7)
Patients discharge with diagnosis of CHF
Sean P. Collins et.al, Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:13-18
**CXR negative rate: 18.7%
Chest Radiography
Limitation
• Technique
• Abnormalities lag the clinical appearance by hours
• Unreliable sensitivity, specificity and predictive value in Chronic HF patients
Natriuretic Peptides
• BNP
• NT-pro-BNP
Marc Vanderheyden, et al, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004;44;2349-2354
NP level: Rapid Response to ↓PCWP
Kazanegra R, et al. J Card Fail 2001;7:21–29
Why NP Level did not Decline Despite Effective Treatment?
1. Acute cardiorenal syndrome renal insufficiency
2. Mobilization of third-space fluid rather than lowering cardiac filling pressure
3. High optivolemic BNP level
Maisel A , et al, Eur J Heart Fail, 2008;10:824-39
NP level: “Wet” versus “Optivolaemic”BNPpg/mL
t
Wet BNP levels
Optivolemic (dry) BNP levels
DecongestionDecongestionDecongestionDecongestion
Maisel A , et al, Eur J Heart Fail, 2008;10:824-39
?
Thoracic Ultrasound
• B-lines: – thickened interstitia – fluid-filled alveoli
Thoracic Ultrasound
Liteplo AS. et al, Acad Emerg Med, 2009;16:201-210
Threshold for a Positive Test Sensitivity Specificity LR+ LR-
8-zone Totally positive (4-B) 0.23 1.00 Infinite 0.78
8-zone Positive (> 2-B) 0.58 0.85 3.88 0.50
2-Zone (4 and 8) 0.53 0.89 4.73 0.53
Thoracic Ultrasound
Positive ultrasound lung scans in the 11 individualizeable thoracic areas before and after treatment in 70 ADHF patients
Thoracic area Before tx After tx P
Giovanni Volpicelli, et.al, Am J Emerg Med, 2008;26:585-591
• Predicting right atriam pressure > 10mmHg
IVC Respiratory Variation Ultrasound
%Collapse % sen. % spe.
20 38 100
40 74 91
50 87 82
60 94 44
80 98 14
Kircher B, et al, J,Am J Cardiol. 1990;66(4):493-496
IVC Respiratory Variation Ultrasound
IVC Respiratory Variation:
• CHF: 9.6% vs non-CHF: 46%
David J. Blehar, et.al, Am J Emerg Med, 2009; 27: 71-75
1
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.2
1-specificity0.80.60.4
Sens
itivi
ty
**Cutoff value: 15% -Sensitivity: 93% -Specificity: 84%
Initial Distribution Volume of Glucose
•
Gabbanelli V, et.al, Intensive care medicine 2004;30:2067-73.
Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
Calculate the proportion of total body water, fat, and muscle
Limitation:1. Only validated in chronic HD patients
2. Interfere by other body monitor
Wabel P, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:2965-71
SummaryMeasurements Advantages Limitations
History and Physical Examination Rapid assessment Low sensitivities
Body WeightSimple measurement May not represent intravacular
volume change
JVP/CVP/PCWP Good sensitivity and specificity Need invasive method
Pulse wave variation Rapid assessment Invasive arterial cannulation
Natriuretic peptidePredict outcomes Less specificity in certain
conditions (CKD, obesity…)
CXRObjectively represent pulmonary congestion
Not enough sensitive or specific
Thoracic UltrasoundRapid and easy to use at bedside.
Evolving technology; requires training
Vena Cava UltrasoundRapid and easy to use at bedside
Evolving technology; requires training
Initial Distribution Volume of Glucose
Rapid and easy to use at bedside
Cannot represent extravascular volume
Bioimpedance spectrographyNeed specialized equipment Evolving technology; may not
represent preload
Gheorghiade M, et al. European Journal of Heart Failure 2010;12:423-33.