NEW RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM AND ხალი... · PDF filenoam Comski ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omis Semd-gom ruseTis federaciis mier yirimis aneqsia 2014 wlis martSi (`gansakuTrebuli

axali rusuli imperializmi da kavkasia

krebulis Semdgeneli da samecniero redaqtoriTengiz iremaZe

NEW RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM AND CAUCASUS

Edited by Tengiz Iremadze

Tbilisi 2015 Tbilisi

axali saqarTvelos universitetikavkasiuri filosofiisa da Teologiis

samecniero-kvleviTi arqivi

New Georgian UniversityArchive of Caucasian Philosophy and Theology

krebulis Semdgeneli da samecniero redaqtori:

profesori, doqtori Tengiz iremaZe

Edited by Prof. Dr. Tengiz Iremadze

recenzentebi:

profesori, doqtori helmut Snaideri

asoc. profesori, doqtori nino fifia

Reviewers:

Prof. Dr. Helmut Schneider Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nino Pipia

pirveli gamocema, 2015

First Edition, 2015

© kavkasiuri filosofiisa da Teologiis

samecniero-kvleviTi arqivi, 2015

© Archive of Caucasian Philosophy and Theology, 2015

daibeWda Sps `favoriti stilSi~, 2015

Tbilisi, CubinaSvilis 50

ISBN 978-9941-0-8031-9

_ 3 _

sarCevi

winaTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

lali zaqaraZerusuli suli nacionalizmsa

da imperializms Soris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

giorgi TavaZeaxali rusuli imperializmi da

saqarTvelo: ruseTis Zaladobrivi sivrcobrivi politika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

mixeil gogatiSvilimtrisa da moyvris cnebaTa

urTierTmimarTeba da postsabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri realoba (karl Smiti _ leo Strausi) . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

danarTi

andre gluksmaniCeCneTis de goli (Targmna Tengiz iremaZem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

reziumeebi inglisur enaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

saxelTa saZiebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

krebulis avtorebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

_ 4 _

Contents

Editor’s Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lali ZakaradzeRussian Geist between Nationalism

and Imperialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Giorgi Tavadze New Russian Imperialism and Georgia:

Russia’s Violent Spatial Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Mikheil GogatishviliFriend-Enemy Disposition in the Political

Reality of Post-Soviet Georgia (Carl Schmitt _ Leo Strauss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Appendix

André GlucksmannChechnya’s de Gaulle (translated by Tengiz Iremadze) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Notes on Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

_ 69 _

giorgi TavaZe

axali rusuli imperializmi da saqarTvelo: ruseTis Zaladobrivi

sivrcobrivi politika

hegemonuri ZalisaTvis oficialuri politikis gamocxadeba sakmarisi ar aris.

man es politika saerTaSoriso samarTlis axal normad gansakuTrebuli

qmedebis meSveobiT unda daamkvidros.

noam Comski

ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omis Semd-gom ruseTis federaciis mier yirimis aneqsia 2014 wlis martSi (`gansakuTrebuli qmedeba~ _ n. Comskis fraza rom moviSvelioT) rusuli impe-rializmis axal agresiul talRaze miuTiTebs. winamdebare statiaSi Sevecdebi, vaCveno, rom ruseTis axali imperializmi, maRalCinosani rusi politikosebis da zogierTi dasavleli eqsper-tis maRalfardovani gancxadebebis miuxedavad, ruseTis moqalaqeebis da, zogadad, samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dacvis motiviT, sinamdvileSi sistematur Zaladobriv sivrcobriv praqtikebs emyareba. es Zaladobrivi qmedebebi Zirs uTxris

_ 70 _

adgilebs da mezobeli saxelmwifoebis sivrceebis destabilizebas axdens, riTac swored im obieqts (anu samoqalaqo sazogadoebas) uqmnis safrTxes, romlis dasacavadac TiTqos es qmedebebia gam-iznuli. ruseTis axali imperializmi mWidro ka-vSirSia ruseTSi Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoe-bis ararsebobasTan. es SesaZloa aixsnas ruseTis Sidapolitikuri mRelvarebebiT 1990-ian wlebSi da, aseve, am qveyanaSi mzardi avtoritarizmiT, SovinizmiT, rasizmiTa da neo-faSizmiT (gansa-kuTrebiT XX saukunis bolodan). erToblioba-Si es procesebi CanasaxSive anadgurebs ruseT-Si samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisaken warmarTul TiTqmis nebismier mcdelobas.

Cems msjelobas swored am sakiTxiT daviwyeb. 1989 wels erT-erT interviuSi merab mamardaSv-ilma (1930-1990 ww.) aRniSna, rom ruseTi àmoxta istoriidan da metafizikuri TviTmkvleloba ganaxorciela imisaTvis, raTa realuris gverdis avliT idealurisaken wasuliyo~.1 ras gulisx-mobda mamardaSvili am ucnaur debulebaSi? Tu teqsts ufro Rrmad CavukvirdebiT, naTeli gax-deba, rom qarTveli filosofosi miuTiTebda ruseTSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ararseboba-ze. misi azriT, amis mTavari mizezi ivane mrisx-anes (1530-1584 ww.) mmarTvelobaSi unda veZioT, romelmac rusuli sazogadoeba gaanadgura.

1 М. Мамардашвили, “Гражданское общество”, см.: М. Мамардашвили, Сознание и Цивилизация. Тексты и Беседы. Москва: Издательство “Логос”, 2004, gv. 168.

giorgi TavaZe

_ 71 _

ìs, rac mefis nebas ar emTxveoda, yovelgvar mniSvnelobas kargavda. mTeli sazogadoeba me-fis uzarmazar Crdilad gadaiqca. magram Crdi-li ar aris realuri. im droidan ararealuro-ba ruseTis socialuri cxovrebis winapirobad iqca. ruseTi Crdilovan sazogadoebad gadaiq-ca. swored amitom auara mas ganmanaTleblobam gverdi da swored amaSia 1917 wlis oqtombris revoluciis gamarjvebis erT-erTi mizezi.~2 es daskvna safuZvlad udevs mamardaSvilTan imis rwmenas, rom `ruseTis mravalsaukunovani isto-ria amzadebda marqsizm-leninizms, stalinizms da saxelmwifoebriobis im tips, romelic sabWo-Ta kavSirSi XX saukuneSi Camoyalibda.~3

mamardaSvilis debulebebi metafizikuria da maTi empiriuli dasabuTeba rTuli saqmea (albaT, SeuZlebelic ki). magram erTi ram naTe-lia: igi miiCnevs, rom mWidro kavSiri arsebobs ruseTSi imperiis damkvidrebasa da adamianTa jgufebis daTrgunvas Soris. swored am mimar-TulebiT msurs Cemi msjelobis gagrZeleba.

Tavis axal naSromSi ̀ putinis omebi. ruseTis axali imperializmis aRzeveba~4 marsel van herp-

2 iqve, gv. 169-170.

3 iqve, gv. 169. mamardaSvilis Sesaxeb ix. T. iremaZe (red.), èvropuli pasuxismgebloba. m. mamardaSvilis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSo-riso samecniero konferenciis masalebi~, Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2013 w.

4 M. H. Van Herpen, Putin’s Wars. The Rise of Russia’s New Imperialism, Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

axali rusuli imperializmi da saqarTvelo

_ 72 _

eni rusuli imperializmis oTx mizezs gamoyofs: 1. ruseTis geografiuli mdebareoba; 2. ruseTis ekonomikuri sistema; 3. ruseTis eqspansionis-turi tradicia; 4. ruseTis mmarTveli elitis mier amoqmedebuli gamiznuli eqspansionisturi politika.5 igi, aseve, gansakuTrebul yuradRe-bas amaxvilebs ruseTSi `Sida despotizmsa~ da èqsternalur imperializms~ Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirze da maT ùrTierTganmamtkiceb-el procesebad~ miiCnevs.6

rogorc mamardaSvili, aseve, van herpeni xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ararseboba ganuyofladaa daka-vSirebuli despotur mmarTvelobasTan. amis gaTvaliswinebiT ruseTSi Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis perspeqtivas uRim-

5 iqve, gv. 15.

6 iqve, gv. 17 da Smd. aRniSnul naSromSi van herpeni aSkarad miuTiTebda aRmosavleT ukrainaSi ru-se Tis SesaZlo agresiis Sesaxeb (gv. 4-5, 243 da Smd.). ruseTis axali imperializmis erT-erTma mTavarma ideologma aleqsandre duginma BBC-Tan interviuSi Riad aRniSna, rom ruseT-ukrainas Soris omi `gardauvalia~. D. Newman, “Russian nationalist thinker Dugin sees war with Ukraine”, 10.07.2014, bbc.com (aq da qvemoT miTiTebuli internet-bmulebis sruli misamarTebi ix. bibliografiaSi). rusuli imperializmis Sesaxeb ix., aseve, M. Galeotti and A. S. Bowen, “Putin’s Empire of the Mind. How Russia’s President Morphed from Realist to Ideologue – and What He will do Next”, Foreign Policy, May/June 2014, gv. 16–19; A. Cohen, Russian Imperialism. Development and Crisis, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996.

giorgi TavaZe

_ 73 _

Ramo momavali aqvs. am qveyanaSi bolo periodSi momxdari movlenebi cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo aZlierebs kontrols da sakuTari poziciebis daTmobas ar apirebs (gaZlierda arasamTavro-bo organizaciebis kontroli ruseTis saSin-ao politikis gareSe Carevebisagan `Tavdacvis~ mizniT, Tavs esxmian da klaven Jurnalistebsa da opoziciis liderebs da a.S.).7

ra Tqma unda, gulubryvilo iqneba imis molodini, rom avtoritaruli reJimis mqone qveyana, sadac regularulad irRveva adami-anTa uflebebi, ar daarRvevs saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs Tavis mcire mezoblebTan mimarTebaSi. ruseTis avtokratiuli elitisaT-vis misi ramdenime mezobeli qveynis miswrafe-ba demokratiisaken uaRresad xelisSemSlelia. Sesabamisad, ruseTis imperiuli sivrcobrivi praqtikebi sistematur Zaladobasa da mezobeli saxelmwifoebis sivrceebis regularul desta-bilizebazea dafuZnebuli. amdenad, ruseTi war-

7 mivuTiTeb ramdenime gaxmaurebul movlenaze: ana politkovskaias mkvleloba _ “Chechen war reporter found dead”, 7.10.2006, bbc.com; ruseTis xelisuflebis mier arasamTavrobo organizaciebze kontrolis gamkacreba _ “Russia: Controversial NGO bill becomes law”, 21.07.2012, bbc.com; “Russia NGO law: Election watchdog Golos fined”, 25.04.2013, bbc.com; “Russia NGO law: Election watchdog Golos suspended”, 26.06.2013, bbc.com; T. Balmforth, “Levada Center, Russia’s Most Respected Pollster, Fears Closure”, 21.05.2013, rferl.org; boris nemcovis mkvleloba _ “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”, 28.02.2015, bbc.com.


_ 74 _

moadgens imperiul parazits, romelic `xrwna-di~ sivrceebiTa da destabilizaciis zonebiT ikvebeba. es Zaladobrivi sivrcobrivi praqtike-bi sruliad ugulebelyofen kulturul gansx-vavebebs, arRveven yoveldRiuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis sivrceebs da anadgureben adgilebs Soris arsebul kavSirebs.8

vidre adgilebis bunebas da maT arsebas ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilav, mizanSewonilad mimaCnia, davazusto, Tu ras vgulisxmob termin-Si ìmperiuli~. rodesac aRniSnul termins vi-yeneb ruseTis mier sakuTari mezoblebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis dasaxasiaTeblad, mxedvelobaSi maqvs ruseTis amJamindeli xeli-suflebis survili _ aRadginos sabWoTa impe-riis `dideba~. Tumca, ruseTis mmarTvel eli-tas sakuTari survilis ganxorcielebaze fiqri sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstSi uwevs: saer-TaSoriso doneze imperiis aRmSeneblobis da ganvrcobis survils Riad ver daafiqsireb. ami-tom, xdeba iseTi diskursebis9 damkvidreba, rom-

8 yoveldRiuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis sivrceSi (SemoklebiT: yoveldRiuri sivrce) individebi regu-larul aqtivobebs axorcieleben. aRniSnul sivrceSi isini erTmaneTTan da adgilebTan urTierTqmedeben. adgils gaviazreb rogorc mniSvnelobis centrs, romelsac garkveuli fizikuri teritoria uWiravs, Tumca, is ufro procesia, vidre statikuri werti-li. ufro dawvrilebiT ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili fi-losofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2013 w., gv. 3 da Smd.

9 diskursi SesaZloa ganisazRvros, rogorc siste-

giorgi TavaZe

_ 75 _

lebic cdiloben imperiuli politikis SeniRb-vas iseTi cnebebis damkvidrebiT, rogorebicaa `gavlenis sferoebi~, `strategiuli interesebi~ (rac reJimisTvis potenciuri safrTxeebis ar-sebobaze mianiSnebs), `samoqalaqo mosaxleoba~ (SesaniSnavi mizezi okupaciisaTvis), ̀ istoriuli WeSmariteba~ (rodesac xdeba suverenuli qvey-nis teritoriis aneqsiis gamarTleba) da a.S. aR-niSnuli diskursebi da Zalauflebrivi mimarTe-bebi, romlebiTac es diskursebia ganmsWvaluli, kulturis yvela doneze arseboben (umaRlesi rangis saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebi, masmedia, lit-eratura, mxatvroba, yoveldRiuri kulturuli praqtikebi da a.S.10) da maTi mizani mezobeli saxelmwifoebis sivrceebis destabilizaciis, rRvevisa da okupaciis gamarTlebaa.

qvemoT ganvixilav sam magaliTs, romlebic,

maturi saxiT organizebul debulebaTa erToblioba, romlebic garkveul codnas ayalibeben (aq igulisx-meba is Zalauflebrivi mimarTebebic, romlebic ganuyofel kavSirSi arian codnis warmoebis proces-Tan). ufro davwrilebiT ix. M. Foucault, “The Order of Discourse”, in: Young, R. (ed.), Untying the Text: A Post-Struc-turalist Reader, Boston: Routledge, 1981, gv. 51–77; misive, The Archeology of Knowledge, Tavistock Publications, 1972.

10 magaliTad, rusul literaturaSi imperiuli motive-bis Sesaxeb ix.: S. Layton, Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; K. Hokanson, “Literary Im-perialism, Narodnost’ and Pushkin’s Invention of the Caucasus”, The Russian Review, 53 (1994), gv. 336–352; H. Ram, Imperial Sublime. A Russian Poetics of Empire, Madison, WI: The Uni-versity of Wisconsin Press, 2003.


_ 76 _

Cemi azriT, cxadad aCvenebs ìmperiuli~ di-skursis `muSaobis~ Sedegs. pirvel SemTxveva-Si es diskursi obieqturi mecnierebis niRab-saa amofarebuli. a. saporovi Tavis statiaSi `konfliqtidan avtonomiamde: samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Camoyalibeba 1918-1922 wlebSi~11 TavgamodebiT cdilobs, daarwmu-nos Tavisi mkiTxveli, rom e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi bolSevikebma mxolod da mxolod qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris arsebu-li `konfliqtis gadasaWrelad~ Seqmnes. stati-is aSkarad mikerZoebuli buneba SeniRbulia im faqtiT, rom igi gamoqveynebulia anonimurad recenzirebad akademiur JurnalSi da daweril-ia Tanamedrove mecnieruli eniT. regionSi ar-sebuli konfliqtis ganxilvisas saporovi mxo-lod rusulenovan wyaroebs emyareba, romelTa umetesoba sabWoTa periodSia gamoqveynebuli da, Sesabamisad, naklebad Tu asaxavs imas, Tu ra xdeboda sinamdvileSi. qarTvel mecnierTa Tvalsazrisebs saporovi erT sqolioSi aqcevs, riTac uars ambobs balansirebuli poziciis gadmocemaze. magram amiT mas absurdamde dahy-avs Tavisi midgoma, romelic rusuli imperiuli diskursis produqtia.12

11 A. Saporov, “From Conflict to Autonomy: The Making of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region 1918 –1922”, Europe–Asia Studies, vol. 62 (2010), gv. 99–123.

12 obieqturi mecnierebis safarqveS rusuli imperial-isturi diskursis interesebSi moqmedebis samwuxaro nimuSia jerard toalis (daib. 1962 w.) amJamindeli

giorgi TavaZe

_ 77 _

meore SemTxveva imiTaa saintereso, rom aq ori dasavleli eqsperti, romelTa mizania amer-ikeli politikosebisa da dainteresebuli mkiTx-velis `gaTviTcnobiereba~ saqarTvelos de-faq-to regionebis Sidapolitikur niuansebSi, `kon-fliqtur regionebTan kontaqtebis damyarebis~ aucileblobaze saubrobs.13 isini aRniSnaven, rom àraefeqturi sagareo politikis gamo aSS-sa da mis dasavlel mokavSireebs ar hqondaT urTierToba im dajgufebasTan, romelmac xeli Seuwyo anqvabis winaaRmdeg amboxs~. aRniSnulis safuZvelze isini askvnian, rom àxla afxazeTi kidev ufro axlos aris ruseTTan, vidre adre~. aq saxezea imperiuli diskursis gaucnobierebe-li gamoyeneba: TiTqos afxazeTi imTaviTve ar yofiliyo ruseTis marionetuli saxelmwifo! aseTi tipis èqspertuli~ msjeloba niRbavs im-periuli diskursis moqmedebas da mis Zalado-briv sivrcobriv praqtikebs, romlebic uxeSi, gamanadgurebeli da arahumanuria.

dabolos, imperializmis TviT iseTi kri-tikosic ki, rogorc noam Comskia, SesaZloa, im-periuli diskursis tyveobaSi aRmoCndes. Comski, romelic didi gulmodginebiT cdilobs, daamt-kicos, rom samyaros safrTxes mxolod ameriku-

kvlevebi. misi veb-gverdi toal.org, faqtiurad, mxars uWers e.w. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis damoukide-blobas da politikuri mikerZoebulobisa da calmx-rivobis SesaniSnavi nimuSia.

13 L. Mitchell and A. Cooley, “Learning from Crimea”, 16.06.2014, foreignpolicy.com.


_ 78 _

li imperializmi uqmnis, ruseTis imperiuli di-skursis gavlenis qveS, zedapirulad ganixilavs faqtebs da amiT seriozul zians ayenebs saku-Tar mecnierul reputacias. ruseT-saqarTve-los 2008 wlis omis Sesaxeb igi wers: `ZiriTadi faqtebi kamaTs ar iwvevs. samxreT oseTi, ufro mniSvnelovan afxazeTTan erTad, stalinma Tav-is mSobliur saqarTvelos miakuTvna. dasavleli liderebi mkacrad migviTiTeben, rom stalinis direqtivebs pativi unda vceT, osebisa da afx-azebis Zlieri winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad.~14 msoflio politikis amerikul imperializmze dayvaniT da amiT sxva imperiul praqtikebze Tvalis daxuWviT, aseve, yalb faqtebze dayrd-nobiT, Comski Tavisda uneburad ruseTis impe-riuli ambiciebis xelSemwyobad gvevlineba.

axla davubrundebi Cemi msjelobis mTavar sagans _ adgilebsa da sivrceebs. amerikeli fi-losofosis, e. keisis mixedviT, `samyaroSi yof-na, saerTod raime mdebareobis qona, adgilze yofnas niSnavs.~15 adgilebi adamianis cxovrebis aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgenen. kanade-li geografi e. relfi Tavis naSromSi àdgili da uadgiloba~ aRniSnavs, rom àdamianad yof-na niSnavs mniSvnelovani adgilebiT savse sam-

14 N. Chomsky, “Ossetia-Russia-Georgia”, 09.09.2008, chomsky.info.

15 E. S. Casey, Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of the Place-World, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993, gv. xv.

giorgi TavaZe

_ 79 _

yaroSi cxovrebas; adamianad yofna niSnavs sa-kuTari adgilis qonasa da codnas.~16 adamianebi yovelTvis ukavSireben sakuTar Tavs garkveul adgilebs. Tavis mxriv, es adgilebi Zlier zegav-lenas axdenen maT individualur da koleqtiur identobebze maSinac ki, rodesac es zegavlena aSkarad gacnobierebuli araa. erTi sityviT, adamianebi da adgilebi urTierTqmedeben. ada-mianebi qmnian an anadgureben adgilebs, cvlian maT da axal mniSvnelobebs aniWeben. meore mx-riv, adgilebi gavlenas axdenen identobaze, az-rovnebasa da moqmedebaze.17 ̀ xolo Tuki adgile-bi marTlac arian samyaroSi adamianis arsebobis Semadgeneli fundamenturi aspeqti, Tuki isini calkeuli individebisa Tu individTa jgufe-bisaTvis usafrTxoebisa da identobis wyaroebs warmoadgenen, maSin arsebiTia, rom SenarCundes mniSvnelovani adgilebis aRqmis, Seqmnisa da dacvis saSualebebi.~18

ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli Zalado-

16 E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, London: Pion, 1976, gv. 1 (kursivi avtoriseulia).

17 g. TavaZe, `Satili filosofiuri geografiis per-speqtividan~, gv. 26.

18 E. Relph, Place and Placelessness, gv. 6. adgilebis bunebis Sesaxeb ix., aseve, J. E. Malpas, Place and Experience: A Philosophical Topography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; T. Cresswell, Place: A Short Introduction, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004; L. C. Manzo and P. Devine-Wright (eds.), Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods, and Applications, New York: Routledge, 2014.


_ 80 _

brivi sivrcobrivi politika arRvevs adgilebs da sivrceebis destabilizebas axdens. adami-anebsa da adgilebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebi wydeba da warmoiSoba daqucmacebuli sivrceebi. upirveles yovlisa, Zaladobrivi sivrcobrivi praqtikebi arRvevs yoveldRiuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis sivrces. es xorcieldeba Tavad okupaciiT, mavTulxlarTebis gayvaniT, betonis kedlebisa da sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebis aSenebiT. aseTi qmedebebi xels uSlis adg-ilebTan adamianTa interaqciebs da individebSi SfoTvas, usaxlkarobis gancdas da topofobias (adgilebis mimarT SiSs, gaucxoebas)19 warmo-Sobs. qvemoT ganvixilav konkretul magaliTebs, romlebic naTlad aCvenebs ruseTis Zalado-brivi sivrcobrivi praqtikebis destruqciul zemoqmedebas.

òkupacia faqtobrivi viTarebaa da ara ganzraxva an gacxadebuli survili~, _ marTebu-lad SeniSnavs amerikeli geografi d. gregori.20 msurs, yuradReba gavamaxvilo ruseTis mier qa-rTuli teritoriebis okupaciis im epizodze, romelic, samwuxarod, didi albaTobiT ucnobia

19 E. Relph, “Geographical experiences and being-in-the-world: The phenomenological origins of geography”, in: D. Seamon and R. Mugerauer (eds.), Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985, gv. 27. Zaladobrivi sivrcobrivi praqtikebis klasikuri analizisaTvis ix. D. Gregory, The Colonial Present, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

20 D. Gregory, The Colonial Present, gv. 219.

giorgi TavaZe

_ 81 _

farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. CeCneTis meore omis dros, 2000 wlis TebervalSi, ruseTma moaxdina sof. Satilis maxloblad mdebare sof. fiWvnis okupacia, sadac adre qarTvel mesazRvreebs sa-sazRvro posti hqondaT. qarTvel mesazRvreebs mimdebare teritoriis datoveba mouxdaT, raTa `Tavidan aecilebinaT konfliqti~. inglisuren-ovani internet-wyaroebis mixedviT, aRniSnu-li movlena farTo sazogadoebisaTvis mxolod 2000 wlis maisSi gaxda cnobili. amis mizezad mocemuli wyaroebi moaxlebul arCevnebs asaxe-leben: wyaroebis mixedviT, xelisuflebas ar surda, winasaarCevno periodSi sazogadoebaSi daZabuli da negatiuri foni Seeqmna am infor-maciis gaSuqebiT.21

fiWvni Satilidan daaxloebiT eqvsi km-is moSorebiT mdebareobs. Satilis macxovreble-bi TavianT saqonels swored iq azamTrebdnen. rusuli okupaciis Sedegad, isini iZulebulebi

21 Jamestown Monitor - Russia and Georgia, 18.05.2000, groups.yahoo.com. ix., aseve, G. York, “Tension mounts in Georgia as Chechen war spills over”, 29.5.2000, theglobeandmail.com. amomwuravi informaciis miReba qarTul enaze fi-Wvnis incidentTan dakavSirebiT internetis meSveo-biT ver movaxerxe. mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb pole-mikuri statia ekuTvniT n. verZeuls da k. bedoiZes: `daucveli sazRvrebi~, 21.06.2007, bedoidze.netii.net. ix., aseve, i. jaWvaZe, `patrono xevsureTisav, imedo Satilisao!.. : miyvarxar mTao, tialo~ // `saqarTve-los respublika~, 09.06.2003, 149, gv. 5-6. aRniSnuli wyaros Sesaxeb bibliografiuli informacia mop-ovebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli bib-lioTekis veb-gverdidan, www.nplg.gov.ge).


_ 82 _

gaxdnen, mietovebinaT sakuTari sazamTro sad-gomebi da saqoneli ukan, SatilSi gamoerekaT. Tivis naklebobis gamo im zamTars Satilivnebs saqoneli kinaRam SimSilisagan daexocaT.

piriqiTa xevsureTSi, sadac fiWvni mdebare-obs, saxnav-saTesi da saTibi adgilebi Zalian cotaa. fiWvnis okupaciam daarRvia Satilis macxovrebelTa yoveldRiuri moZraobisa da mo-qmedebis sivrce. maT ara mxolod TavianTi sa-kuTreba dakarges materialuri qonebis saxiT, aramed is istoriuli adgilic, sadac maTi wina-prebi cxovrobdnen da Sromobdnen. garda amisa, okupaciam sakraluri sivrcec daarRvia, radgan erT-erTi salocavi niSi okupirebul terito-riaze moeqca. amrigad, okupacia Tanabrad uqm-nis safrTxes rogorc yoveldRiur, aseve, is-toriul da sakralur sivrceebs da arRvevs maT Soris arsebul kavSirebs, romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda adamianTa cx-ovrebis Sedegad.22 miuxedavad mcire masStabisa, aseT `mini~ okupacias aranakleb negatiuri Se-degebi aqvs individebisaTvis, vidre mTeli re-gionis an regionebis aneqsias (samwuxarod, saqa-rTvelo am kuTxiTac dazaralebulia ruseTis mxridan).

22 SatilSi arsebuli yoveldRiuri, istoriuli da sakraluri adgilebisa da sivrceebis Sesaxeb ix. Cemi zemoT dasaxelebuli naSromi `Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~. fiWvnis adgilmdebare-obis naxva SesaZlebelia Wikimapia-s rukaze (ix. bib-liografia).

giorgi TavaZe

_ 83 _

Zaladobrivi sivrcobrivi praqtikebi ruse-Tis mxridan dResac grZeldeba. ruseTi TviTne-burad anacvlebs e.w. `samxreT oseTis respub-likis~ sazRvrebs saqarTvelos sazianod. 2013 wlis dekemberSi rusma jariskacebma goris mu-nicipalitetSi sof. flavsa da sof. flavismanSi mavTulxlarTebi gaabes da amiT daarRvies sof-lebis yoveldRiuri sivrce. amis gamo, adgilo-brivebi ver axerxeben `sazRvris~ miRma arsebu-li sasaflaos monaxulebas da sasoflo-sameur-neo daniSnulebis miwis damuSavebas.23 aRniSnuli qmedeba cinizmiTaa ganmsWvaluli, radgan adg-ilobrivi macxovreblebi, ZiriTadad, soflis meurneobaze arian damokidebulni. sakuTari mi-wis damuSavebis uflebis mospoba am adamianTa yoveldRiuri sivrcis ngrevas da maTTvis arse-bobis ZiriTadi wyaros mospobas niSnavs.

ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli e.w. `mco-cavi okupacia~ gulisxmobs e.w. `sazRvarze~ mavTulxlarTebis `kedlis~ agebas (dReisaTvis am `kedlis~ saerTo sigrZe 35 km-s aRemateba). rusma samxedroebma axali SemarTebiT daiwyes sangrebis gaTxra da saTvalTvalo kamerebis dayeneba Semdeg soflebSi: dvani, RoReTi, ato-ci da axali xurvaleTi. samwuxarod, aRniSnu-li Zaladobrivi sivrcobrivi praqtikebi dRe-

23 `saqarTvelos sagareo uwyeba qveynis winaaRmdeg ruseTis provokaciul politikas gmobs~, 11.12.2013, interpressnews.ge; “Russia installs barbed wire fences along vil-lage Plavi and Plavismani”, 10.12.2013, georgianews.ge.


_ 84 _

sac grZeldeba: ruseTi mizanmimarTulad axor-cielebs yoveldRiuri da masTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli da sakraluri sivrceebis ngrevas suverenuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze.24

Zaladobrivi sivrcobrivi praqtikebi mx-olod mavTulxlarTebis gavlebiT ar Semoifar-gleba. yoveldRiur sivrceze Tavdasxmis gam-ovlinebebia rusi samxedroebisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebuli formirebebis mier saqa-rTvelos moqalaqeebis gatacebis faqtebi. kon-fliqtis regionSi mcxovrebi TiTqmis yvela is adamiani, romelic SeiaraRebulma pirebma gaita-ces, yoveldRiur sivrceSi garkveul saqmiano-bas eweoda (tyeSi sokos an jonjolis krefa, ya-naSi muSaoba, saqonlis mwyemsva da a.S.).25 uares

24 `giorgi jiRauri _ okupirebul cxinvalze mavTulx-larTebis saerTo sigrZe daaxloebiT 30 kilome-tria~, 25.07.2013, interpressnews.ge; `maia fanjikiZem ruseTs mavTulxlarTebis gavlebis procesis SeCere-bisken mouwoda~, 10.10.2013, interpressnews.ge; M. Ellena, “On Edge – Life Along the Dividing Line”, 17.11.2013, civil.ge; `manana kobaxiZe _ mcocavi okupacia qveynisTvis problemaa~, 28.02.2015, interpressnews.ge; `de faqto samxreT oseTis e.w. sazRvrebis aRmniSvneli baner-ebi amjerad goris raionSi daamontaJes~, 12.07.2015, interpressnews.ge; G. Mchedlishvili, “Viewpoint: What’s be-hind Russia’s actions in Georgia?”, 10.08.2015, bbc.com. sof. dvanSi `sazRvris~ gavlebis procesis amsaxveli fo-tomasala internetSi moipoveba (ix. bibliografia).

25 sakmaod mravalricxovani SemTxvevebidan mxolod ramdenimes mivuTiTeb: `sofel korbuloSi mcxovre-bi 6 piri e.w. samxreT oseTis sazRvarTan daakaves~, 02.05.2013, interpressnews.ge; „avlevSi rusma e.w. mesaz-

giorgi TavaZe

_ 85 _

SemTxvevebSi maT pirdapir soflebidan itace-ben.26 es da sxva uamravi daufiqsirebeli Zalado-brivi qmedeba warmoSobs imas, rasac `yoveldRi-uri sivrcis kolonizacia~ SeiZleba vuwodoT. aRniSnuli procesebi arRvevs adgilis pulss27 da usafrTxoebis gancdas, romelsac adamiane-bi TavianT yoveldRiur adgilebs ukavSireben. saboloo jamSi, es warmoSobs SfoTvas, SiSsa da mwuxarebas.

Rvreebma ori adamiani daakaves“, 10.06.2013, interpress-news.ge; “Russian Occupants Detain Three Women at Khurvaleti Village”, 25.04.2014, tabula.ge; “Family members of the abduct-ed from Khurvaleti are demanded to pay money”, 25.04.2014, georgianpress.ge; `rusi samxedroebi konfliqtispira teritoriebidan moqalaqeebs itaceben da cxinvalSi gadayavT~, 29.04.2014, humanrights.ge; “Seven more Geor-gian citizens illegally detained at border”, 12.05.2014, agenda.ge.

26 “Condition of Four Georgians Kidnapped from Sachkhere Two Weeks Ago Is Unknown”, 14.09.2008, interpressnews.ge; `duSeTis raionidan osebma saqarTvelos 16 moqalaqe gaitaces~, 26.10.2009, humanrights.ge.

27 adgilis pulsSi (ritmSi) vgulisxmob im moqmede-bebs, romlebic mocemul adgilze yoveldRiurad xorcieldeba. aq amosavalia is debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, adgili aris procesi. ix. g. TavaZe, `Sati-li filosofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, gv. 4. amerikeli geografi d. simoni iyenebs termins àdgi-lis baleti~ (place-ballet). ix. D. Seamon, “Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Ballets”, in: A. Buttimer and D. Seamon (eds.), The Human Experience of Space and Place, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980, gv. 159. Tumca, vfiqrob, rom àdgilis pulsi~ ufro ukeT asaxavs adgilis `feTqvas~, romelic SesaZloa, aCqardes, Seneldes an sulac, Sewydes.


_ 86 _

saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gaadadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros veb-gverdze gan-Tavsebuli informaciis mixedviT, registrire-bul devnilTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi 263 598 pirs Seadgens (2015 wlis 5 martis mdgomareo-biT).28 gaeros generaluri mdivnis 2014 wlis 7 maisis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omis dros 100 000-ze met adamians mouxda iZulebiT gadaadgileba. maTgan did-ma nawilma SeZlo sakuTar saxlSi dabruneba, Tumca 20 272 piri usaxlkarod darCa.29 saer-TaSoriso daxmarebis meSveobiT saqarTvelos xelisuflebam iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pire-bisaTvis axali dasaxlebebi aaSena (werovani,

28 registrirebul devnilTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi, mra.gov.ge.

29 “Status of internally displaced persons and refugees from Abkha-zia, Georgia, and the Tskhinvali region/ South Ossetia, Georgia”, Report of the Secretary-General, 7.05.2014, un.org. aRniSnul moxsenebaSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom gaeros ada-mianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris samsaxuri isev iRebs Setyobinebebs gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis, sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevis, religi-ur da kulturul adgilebze misvlis akrZalvis Ses-axeb. garda amisa, moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom admin-istraciul sazRvarTan xdeba adamianTa TviTneburi dakavebebi sazRvris ukanono gadakveTis braldebiT da rom dakavebulebi mZime pirobebSi imyofebian (gv. 4). angariSSi dazustebulia, aseve, Tu rodis xdeba adamianTa dakaveba: sasaflaoebis monaxulebisas, da-karguli saqonlis Ziebis dros, sarwyav arxebTan Tu mindvrebze muSaobis periodSi (gv. 6).

giorgi TavaZe

_ 87 _

xurvaleTi, verxvebi, SavSvebi da sxv.). miuxeda-vad amisa, devnilTa did nawils arsebobisaTvis brZola uxdeba da maRali arteriuli wneviT, SfoTviTa da depresiiT itanjeba.30 samudamod Caanacvlebs Tu ara es dasaxlebebi maT mSobli-ur keras? miscems Tu ara es axali da myife yoveldRiuri sivrceebi iZulebiT gadaadgile-bul pirebs energiuli moqmedebisaTvis saW-iro stimulebs? Tu isini sasowarkveTilebis, SiSis da imedgacruebis adgilebad iqcevian? ra damokidebuleba aqvT afxazeTidan da sama-Cablodan 1990-ian wlebSi omisa da Zaladobis gamo gamosaxlebul pirebs TavianTi `Zveli~ saxlebis mimarT?

am SekiTxvebze pasuxs iribad gavcem fran-gi filosofosis gaston baSliaris naSromze dayrdnobiT. `sivrcis poetikaSi~ (1958 w.) baSliari saxlis cnebis Sesaxeb saubrobs. igi Tvlis, rom `Cveni saxli Cveneuli kuTxe-kun-Wulia am qveyanaze. rogorc xSirad amboben

30 M. Corso, “Georgia: IDPs Have Found Homes, but Not Work”, 17.08.2009, eurasianet.org; `gorSi wyaldidobis Se-degebis salikvidacio samuSaoebi mimdinareobs~, 17.03.2010, interpressnews.ge; M. Corso, “Georgia: War IDPs Fight Ongoing Battle with Poverty”, 08.08.2012, eurasianet.org; S. Modebadze, “Five years since the war - challenges remain”, 08.08.2013, messenger.com; s. wiwikaSvili, `maRali wneva, SfoTva da depresia devnilebSi~, 22.04.2010, human-rights.ge. miuxedavad amisa, mainc rCeba adgili ada-mianuri TanagrZnobisa da TanadgomisaTvis. ix. G. Aptsiauri, “A Georgian-Ossetian family sees in the New Year”, 9.02.2012, conflict-voices.net.


_ 88 _

xolme, is Cveni pirveli samyaroa, namdvili kos-mosia am sityvis yvela mniSvnelobiT.~31 adamian-Ta fiqrebi, mogonebebi da ocnebebi saxlTanaa Serwymuli. `saxlis gareSe adamiani usaZirkvlo arseba iqneboda. saxli icavs adamians bunebi-sa da cxovrebiseuli qariSxlebisagan. saxli suli da sxeulia, is adamianis pirveli samyaroa. vidre adamiani ‘samyaroSi iqneba gadagdebuli’, rogorc amas daufiqreblad amtkicebs zogier-Ti metafizikosi,32 igi saTuTadaa moTavsebuli saxlis akvanSi. da yovelTvis, Cvens ocnebebSi, saxli did akvnad rCeba.~33 Tavisi sardafiTa da sxveniT, derefnebiTa da kuTxe-kunWulebiT sax-li Seicavs im adgilebs, romlebsac adamianebi TavianT zmanebebSi ubrundebian. Tuki baSliar-iseul saxlis cnebas filosofiuri geografiis lokalur dones mivuyenebT,34 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxli individis yoveldRiuri sivrcis sa-

31 G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, translated by M. Jolas, Boston: Beacon Press, 1994, gv. 4.

32 aq baSliari akritikebs eqsistencialuri filosofiis warmomadgenlebis (m. haidegeri, J.-p. sartri) po-zi cias, romlis Tanaxmad, adamiani samyaroSia `ga-dagdebuli~. ix. M. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, in: Martin Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 1, Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1977; J.-P. Sartre, Existentialism is a Humanism, translated by C. Macomber, New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2007.

33 G. Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, gv. 7.

34 filosofiuri geografiis kvlevis doneebis (koncep-tualuri CarCos) Sesaxeb ix. g. TavaZe, `Satili fi-losofiuri geografiis perspeqtividan~, gv. 1-13.

giorgi TavaZe

_ 89 _

Zirkveli da gulisgulia. Zaladobrivi sivr-cobrivi praqtikebis meSveobiT adamianTa yoveldRiuri sivrceebis darRveva (okupacia, mavTulxlarTebis gabma, adgilobrivTa dakave-bebi da gatacebebi) safrTxes uqmnis saxlebis arsebobas, did zians ayenebs maT macxovrebel-Ta identobebs (radgan identobebi yovelTvis sxeulTanaa dakavSirebuli35), anadgurebs maTi cxovrebis mniSvnelobis centrebs _ adgilebs _ da ukiduresad anelebs adgilis pulss (uares SemTxvevaSi _ wyvets mas). am destruqciuli qmedebebis fonze uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom politikosebma da samxedro meTaurebma (miuxe-davad imisa, Tu `sazRvris~ romel mxareze ari-an isini) pasuxismgeblobiT imoqmedon; rigiTma moqalaqeebma ki TanagrZnoba, patiebis unari da urTierTdaxmarebis mzaoba gamoavlinon. es ki ver ganxorcieldeba adgilebze mudmivi zrun-vis gareSe, `radgan mxolod maSin SevZlebT Sen-ebas, Tuki SevZlebT, rom vicxovroT.~36

35 R. Jenkins, Social Identity, 3rd edition, London/New York: Routledge, 2008, passim.

36 M. Heidegger, “Bauen Wohnen Denken”, in: Martin Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 7, Vorträge und Aufsätze, Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2000, gv. 162.


_ 90 _

gamoyenebuli literatura

TavaZe, g., `Satili filosofiuri geografiis perspeq-tividan~, Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2013 w.

iremaZe, T. (red.), èvropuli pasuxismgebloba. m. mamar-daSvilis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi~, Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2013 w.

jaWvaZe, i., `patrono xevsureTisav, imedo Satilisao!.. : miyvarxar mTao, tialo~ // `saqarTvelos respub-lika~, 09.06.2003, 149, gv. 5-6.

Bachelard, G., The Poetics of Space, translated by M. Jolas, Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.

Casey, E. S., Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Under-standing of the Place-World, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

Cohen, A., Russian Imperialism. Development and Crisis, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996.

Cresswell, T., Place: A Short Introduction, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

Foucault, M., The Archeology of Knowledge, Tavistock Publications, 1972.

Foucault, M., “The Order of Discourse”, in: Young, R. (ed.), Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader, Boston: Routledge, 1981, gv. 51–77.

Galeotti, M. and Bowen, A. S., “Putin’s Empire of the Mind. How Russia’s President Morphed from Realist to Ideologue – and What He will do Next”, Foreign Policy, May/June 2014, gv. 16–19.

Gregory, D., The Colonial Present, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publish-ing, 2004.

Heidegger, M., Sein und Zeit, in: Martin Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe, Bd. 1, Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1977.

Heidegger, “Bauen Wohnen Denken”, in: Martin Heidegger, Ges-amtausgabe, Bd. 7, Vorträge und Aufsätze, Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2000, gv. 147-164.

giorgi TavaZe

_ 91 _

Hokanson, K., “Literary Imperialism, Narodnost’ and Pushkin’s In-vention of the Caucasus”, The Russian Review, 53 (1994), gv. 336–352.

Jenkins, R., Social Identity, 3rd edition, London/New York: Rout-ledge, 2008.

Layton, S., Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Cauca-sus from Pushkin to Tolstoy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Malpas, J. E., Place and Experience: A Philosophical Topography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Manzo, L. C. and Devine-Wright, P. (eds.), Place Attachment: Ad-vances in Theory, Methods, and Applications, New York: Rout-ledge, 2014.

Ram, H., Imperial Sublime. A Russian Poetics of Empire, Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2003.

Relph, E., Place and Placelessness, London: Pion, 1976.Relph, E., “Geographical experiences and being-in-the-world: The

phenomenological origins of geography”, in: D. Seamon and R. Mugerauer (eds.), Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World, Dordrecht: Martinus Ni-jhoff, 1985, gv. 15-31.

Saporov, A., “From Conflict to Autonomy: The Making of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region 1918 –1922”, Europe–Asia Stud-ies, vol. 62 (2010), gv. 99–123.

Sartre, J.-P., Existentialism is a Humanism, translated by C. Ma-comber, New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2007.

Seamon, D., “Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Bal-let”, in: A. Buttimer and D. Seamon (eds.), The Human Expe-rience of Space and Place, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980, gv. 148-165.

Van Herpen, M. H., Putin’s Wars. The Rise of Russia’s New Imperial-ism, Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

Мамардашвили, М., “Гражданское общество”, см: М. Мамарда-швили, Сознание и Цивилизация. Тексты и Беседы. Москва: Издательство “Логос”, 2004, gv. 167-178.


_ 92 _

gamoyenebuli internet-bmulebi (mocemulia teqstSi arsebuli Tanmimdevrobis dacviT)

(internet-bmulebze wvdomis TariRi: 11.08.2015)

• D. Newman, “Russian nationalist thinker Dugin sees war with Ukraine”, 10.07.2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-eu-rope-28229785

• “Chechen war reporter found dead”, 7.10.2006.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5416218.stm• “Russia: Controversial NGO bill becomes law”, 21.07.2012.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18938165 • “Russia NGO law: Election watchdog Golos fined”, 25.04.2013.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22291563 • “Russia NGO law: Election watchdog Golos suspended”,

26.06.2013. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23070102 • T. Balmforth, “Levada Center, Russia’s Most Respected Pollster,

Fears Closure”, 21.05.2013. http://www.rferl.org/content/rus-sia-levada-center-foreign-agent/24992729.html

• “Russia opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead”, 28.02.2015.

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31669061 • Critical Geopoliticshttp://toal.org/• L. Mitchell and A. Cooley, “Learning from Crimea”,

16.06.2014. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/16/learning_from_crimea

• N. Chomsky, “Ossetia-Russia-Georgia”, 09.09.2008.http://www.chomsky.info/articles/200809--2.htm • Jamestown Monitor - Russia and Georgia, 18.05.2000. https://

groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/chechnya-sl/conversations/top-ics/8570

giorgi TavaZe

_ 93 _

• G. York, “Tension mounts in Georgia as Chechen war spills over”, 29.5.2000. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/na-tional/tension-mounts-in-georgia-as-chechen-war-spills-over/article4164365/

• n. verZeuli, k. bedoiZe: `daucveli sazRvrebi~, 21.06.2007. http://bedoidze.netii.net/index.php?p=1_42

• saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/• sof. fiWvnis mdebareoba

http://old.wikimapia.org/#lat=42.6754727&lon=45.1873093&z=16&l=0&m=b&search=pichvni

• `saqarTvelos sagareo uwyeba qveynis winaaRmdeg ruseTis provokaciul politikas gmobs~, 11.12.2013.

http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/politika/263057-saqarthve-los-sagareo-utsyeba-qveynis-tsinaaghmdeg-rusethis-provokaci-ul-politikas-gmobs.html?ar=A

• “Russia installs barbed wire fences along village Plavi and Plavismani”, 10.12.2013. http://www.georgianews.ge/poli-tics/25613-russia-installs-barbed-wire-fences-along-village-pla-vi-and-plavismani.html

• `giorgi jiRauri _ okupirebul cxinvalze mavTulx-larTebis saerTo sigrZe daaxloebiT 30 kilome-tria~, 25.07.2013.

http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/politika/247874-giorgi-jighau-ri-okupirebul-ckhinvalze-mavthulkhlarthebis-saertho-sig-rdze-daakhloebith-30-kilometria.html?ar=A

• `maia fanjikiZem ruseTs mavTulxlarTebis gavlebis procesis SeCerebisken mouwoda~, 10.10.2013.

http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/politika/255797-maia-fanjikid-zem-ruseths-mavthulkhlarthebis-gavlebis-procesis-shecherebi-sken-moutsoda.html?ar=A

• M. Ellena, “On Edge – Life Along the Dividing Line”, 17.11.2013.

http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=26697


_ 94 _

• manana kobaxiZe _ mcocavi okupacia qveynisTvis prob-lemaa~, 28.02.2015.

http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/politika/319292-manana-kobakh-idze-mcocavi-okupacia-qveynisthvis-problemaa.html?ar=A

• `de faqto samxreT oseTis e.w. sazRvrebis aRmniS-vneli banerebi amjerad goris raionSi daamontaJes~, 12.07.2015.

http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/konfliqtebi/338491-de-faqto-sam-khreth-osethis-ets-sazghvris-aghmnishvneli-banerebi-am-jerad-goris-raionshi-daamontazhes.html?ar=A

• G. Mchedlishvili, “Viewpoint: What’s behind Russia’s actions in Georgia?”, 10.08.2015.

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33675488• sof. dvanSi `sazRvris~ gavlebis procesis amsaxveli

fotomasala

http://www.civil.ge/eng/category.php?id=87&gallery=97

• `sofel korbuloSi mcxovrebi 6 piri e.w. samxreT os-eTis sazRvarTan daakaves~, 02.05.2013.

http://www.interpressnews.ge/geo/samartali/238380-sofel-kor-boulshi-mckhovrebi-6-piri-ets-samkhreth-osethis-sazghvart-han-daakaves.html?ar=A

• „avlevSi rusma e.w. mesazRvreebma ori adamiani daakaves“, 10.06.2013.

http://www.interpressnews.ge/geo/konfliqtebi/242760-avnevshi-rusma-ets-mesazghvreebma-kidev-ori-adamiani-daakaves.html?ar=A

• “Russian Occupants Detain Three Women at Khurvaleti Village”, 25.04.2014. http://www.tabula.ge/en/story/82582-russian-occu-pants-detain-three-women-at-khurvaleti-village

• “Family members of the abducted from Khurvaleti are demand-ed to pay money”, 25.04.2014. http://georgianpress.ge/com/news/view/3411?lang=3

• `rusi samxedroebi konfliqtispira teritoriebidan moqalaqeebs itaceben da cxinvalSi gadayavT~, 29.04.2014.

giorgi TavaZe

_ 95 _

http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=main&pid=17708&lang=-geo

• “Seven more Georgian citizens illegally detained at border”, 12.05.2014.

http://agenda.ge/news/13966/eng• “Condition of Four Georgians Kidnapped from Sachkhere Two

Weeks Ago Is Unknown”, 14.09.2008. http://www.interpress-news.ge/en/justice/1409-condton-of-fou-geogns-kdnpped-fom-schkhee-two-weeks-ago-is-unknown.html?ar=A

• `duSeTis raionidan osebma saqarTvelos 16 moqalaqe gaitaces~, 26.10.2009.


• registrirebul devnilTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi

http://mra.gov.ge/geo/static/55• “Status of internally displaced persons and refugees from Abkha-

zia, Georgia, and the Tskhinvali region/ South Ossetia, Georgia”, Report of the Secretary-General, 7.05.2014.

http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/68/868• M. Corso, “Georgia: IDPs Have Found Homes, but Not Work”,

17.08.2009. http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/ar-ticles/eav081809.shtml

• `gorSi wyaldidobis Sedegebis salikvidacio samuSaoebi mimdinareobs~, 17.03.2010.

http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/regioni/128663-gorshi-tsyaldido-bis-shedegebis-salikvidacio-samushaoebi-mimdinareobs.htm-l?ar=A

• M. Corso, “Georgia: War IDPs Fight Ongoing Battle with Pover-ty”, 08.08.2012. http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65764

• S. Modebadze, “Five years since the war- challenges remain”, 08.08.2013. http://www.messenger.com.ge/issues/2921_au-gust_8_2013/2921_salome.html

• s. wiwikaSvili, `maRali wneva, SfoTva da depresia devnilebSi~, 22.04.2010.


_ 96 _


• G. Aptsiauri, “A Georgian-Ossetian family sees in the New Year”, 9.02.2012.

http://www.conflict-voices.net/blog/2012/02/a-georgian-ossetian-family-sees-in-the-new-year/

giorgi TavaZe

_ 128 _

Giorgi Tavadze

NEW RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM AND GEORGIA: RUSSIA’S VIOLENT SPATIAL POLITICS

Placesarenecessaryprerequisitesforhumanlife.Humansalways identify themselves with certain places which, inturnhavestronginfluenceonhumans’ individualandcol-lective identitiesevenwhenthis influence isnotexplicitlyacknowledged.TheauthorofthearticlearguesthatRussia’snewimperialismrestsonsystematicviolentspatialpractic-es,whichdisruptplacesanddestabilizespacesintheneigh-bouringcountries.Theseviolentspatialpracticesconstitutewhatcanbecalleda“colonizationofeverydayspace”whichdisruptsthepulseofplaceandfundamentalfeelingofse-curitywhichhumansassociatewiththeireverydayplaces,therebyproducinganxiety,fear,andsuffering.

Mikheil Gogatishvili

FRIEND-ENEMY DISPOSITION IN THE POLITICAL REALITY OF POST-SOVIET GEORGIA

(Carl Schmitt _ Leo Strauss)

In thepresentarticle theauthoranalyses thenotionsoffriend and enemy in the context of political philosophyofCarlSchmittandLeoStraussandarguesthatthisfun-damentaldichotomyisessentialtograspadequatelytherole ofGeorgia in the contemporary political landscape.Thereisnotaclearconsensusaboutthenatureofpolitical

ABSTRACTS

Documents

NEW RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM AND ხალი... · PDF filenoam Comski ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omis Semd-gom ruseTis federaciis mier yirimis aneqsia 2014 wlis martSi (`gansakuTrebuli