1

Nghin cu, iu tra, kho st v nh gi cc h thng pht

in kt hp cc dng nng lng ti to cho cm dn c

vng ngoi li in quc gia

Phm Hng Vn - K s, nghin cu vin chnh

Vin Nng lng, B Cng Thng

Tm tt

Vic ng dng cng ngh nng lng ti to (NLTT)Baiba p ng nhu cu s dng nng lng

vi quy m nh nhng khu vc khng th kt ni c vi li in nhiu nc trn th gii pht

trin mnh v t c hiu qu rt cao. Vit Nam, c nhiu n v tham gia nghin cu trong lnh vc

ny nhng hu ht cc d n ng dng u cha mang li kt qu mong mun. Tnh cht bin i tht

thng ca cc ngun NLTT dn n vic cung cp nng lng khng n nh trong h thng NLTT, h

thng kt hp cc ngun NLTT c th khc phc c phn no nhc im ny. Chnh v vy, vic nghin

cu, iu tra, kho st v nh gi hin trng, tnh hiu qu, tnh hp l ca cc h thng pht in kt hp cc dng NLTT cho cm dn c vng ngoi li in quc gia, t rt ra c cc yu t thnh cng

quan trng cho cc ng dng ca h thng kt hp v nhn nhn li cch thc hin trin khai ng dng h

thng kt hp cc dng NLTT cp in cho cm dn c ngoi li in quc gia.

1. t vn

Theo t chc Lin Hp quc (UNDP) pht ng, khng th pht trin m khng c in v

khng th gii quyt c vn ngho i mt cch bn vng nu khng quan tm ch ng

mc ti cc dch v nng lng. Cc ngun NLTT l mt la chn thun li cho cung cp nng

lng nng thn vng su, vng xa.

Cc dng cng ngh NLTT thng c p dng: in mt tri thng qua s dng pin mt

tri (PV) quy m h gia nh v quy m cm h gia nh, tua bin gi pht in c nh, hm kh

sinh hc (KSH) quy m trang tri c lp t thm my pht in cung cp in t dng cho

trang tri (cng trnh c th tch t 50 200m3).

Vit Nam hin nay, m hnh qun l vn hnh nhng d n in NLTT ngoi li

c nghin cu xy dng mt cch hon thin trong bo co M hnh th ch i vi cc dch

v NL cng ng, c son tho bi nhm chuyn gia t vn vo thng 3/2007 ca chng trnh

NL nng thn Vit Nam - Thu in.

Mc d c nhiu d n ng dng h thng kt hp cc dng NLTT cp in cho cm

dn c ngoi li in quc gia, nhng cha c n no tng kt phn tch nh gi tnh ph hp

vic ng dng cc h thng kt hp ny i vi tng vng Vit Nam. Cn vic thc hin chuyn

giao cc d n h thng kt hp cho c s chu trch nhim vn hnh v vic qun l d n trong

sut tui i ca n c xc nh v m t r trong M hnh th ch, vi s cn nhc mt

cch nghim tc mi kha cnh lin quan n h thng lut php hin hnh ca Vit Nam, cng

cha c tng kt nh gi tnh ng n v ph hp V vy, cn thit phi thc hin iu tra,

kho st v nh gi cc h thng kt hp NLTT p dng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua.

2. Thc trng hot ng v hiu qu ca cc d n NLTT

2

Tm tt thc trng hot ng ca mt s d n NLTT ng dng Vit Nam

TT Tn h thng Quy m cng sut Tnh trng hot ng C quan qun l

vn hnh

1

H thng Pin mt tri + my pht diesel xm Mng (Ho Bnh)

-Tr 1: PV 6,48kWp + diesel 8,5kVA -Tr 2: PV 2,16kWp + diesel 2,0kVA

Bt u vn hnh t ngy 01/09/2011 n cui nm 2012 bt u hng b Inverter, sau n c quy. n thng 3/2013 th ngng hot ng.

05 ngi dn a phng c o to qun l vn hnh.

2

H thng Pin mt tri x Thng Trch (Qung Bnh)

PV 11,07kWp + diesel 11kVA

Bt u vn hnh t ngy 16/12/2010. Hin ti, h thng vn ang hot ng nhng mi ti ch s dng c mt gi l c quy cn kit.

n bin phng 593 C Rong.

3

H thng pin mt tri + thu in nh x Trang huyn k oa (Gia Lai)

PV 100kWp + TN 25kW

- T nm 1999 - 2004, cng trnh vn hnh c lp, khng ha li quc gia. - Nm 2004, ho li in, n nm 2009 hng b Inverter, c sa cha nhng khng c kt qu. Hin ti h thng ngng hot ng.

05 cng nhn in lc Gia Lai

4

H thng Pin mt tri + tua bin gi lng Kongu 2 (Kon Tum)

PV 6,75kWp + Gi 1,8kW

Thng 10/2000 bt u vn hnh. Sau khong 3 nm h thng bt u hot ng khng hiu qu sau ngng cp in. Nm 2011, thit b trm in c chuyn giao cho Trng HBK Nng phc v cng tc nghin cu, ging dy.

H thng vn hnh t ng khng c cn b chuyn trch trng nom

5

H thng tua bin gi + my pht diesel huyn o Bch Long V (Hi Phng)

Gi 800kWp + diesel 800kW

Thng 12/2004, h thng a vo vn hnh. Thng 6/2006, h thng iu khin ca trm b hng, tua bin gi khng hot ng. n thng 10/2009, cn bo s 10 trn qua o v qut tua bin gi, hin ti cha c khi phc li.

Tng i Thanh nin xung phong Hi Phng

6

H thng Pin mt tri + my pht diesel Bi Hng (Qung Nam)

PV 28,8 kWp + diesel 5,5kW v 15kW

Thng 01/2010, h thng a vo vn hnh, c 3 thng th c quy b trc trc v c thay th nhng bnh hng v h thng li vn hnh. Sau mt thi gian ngn, h c quy b hng hon ton, v vy ban ngy h thng cp in bng PV khng c c quy tch tr, bui ti chy my pht diesel. Thng 8/2012, h thng ngng hot ng hon ton.

05 ngi (ngi a phng) c o to trong thi gian 3 thng

7

H thng Pin mt tri + Tua bin gi + Hm KSH ti o M Tnh Gia (Thanh Ho)

PV 4,9 kWp + gi 1kW+ biogas 20m3 v my pht biogas 2kW

Thng 10/2012, h thng a vo vn hnh, ch c PV v tua bin gi hot ng, cn biogas khng hot ng do khng d nguyn liu v nc

n v b i o Hn M

8

H thng Pin mt tri + Tua bin gi ti Bi Lng (Qung Nam)

PV 1,16 kWp + gi 1,5kW

u nm 2012, h thng a vo vn hnh, v hin nay vn ang hot ng.

H thng vn hnh t ng khng c cn b chuyn trch trng nom

9

H thng tua bin gi + Diesel ti o Ph Qu (Bnh Thun)

Gi 6MW + Diesel: 3MW; ph ti: Pmax: ~ 2MW, Pmin: ~ 0,76MW.

Thng 5/2012, in gi u ni vo li in trn o. H thng hn hp Diesel - Gi chnh thc vn hnh thng mi t ngy 24/08/2012. K t khi i vo hot ng cui thng 8/2012 n u nm 2013, tng xy ra s c trn di 20 ln gy nguy c r li.

in lc Ph Qu + Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin NLTT in lc Du kh Vit Nam.

Tnh trng cc d n ng dng cc h thng kt hp cc ngun NLTT cp in cho vng

ngoi li c th c nh gi nh sau:

3

- Hu ht l cc d n ti tr, mt s d n c ngun i ng ca a phng vi t l phn

trm 20%.

- Hu ht cc d n u khng c ngun kinh ph vn hnh bo dng.

- Khng c cn b k thut c o to theo di d n. Cn b qun l, vn hnh v bo

dng ch c o to trong thi gian ngn bit cch ng m h thng v h khng c

hng lng.

- Khng c vt t, ph kin sa cha, dng c phc v cho cng vic thay th v khc

phc cc li nh.

- Hu ht cc h thng c tnh ton thit k c quy m cng sut thng khng p ng

nhu cu s dng in ca cc h tiu th.

- Mt s d n khi thit k, la chn thit b cha ng b, cha ph hp, tin cy khng

cao hoc cha cc thit b ph tr bo v, dn n tnh n nh ca h thng khng m bo.

- Mt s d n khi thit k u c ngun my pht diesel d phng, nhng khi cc ngun

NLTT c s c khng pht in th ngun diesel cng khng chy b s thiu ht v khng c

kinh ph mua nhin liu du diesel. Cc d n u khng thu tin in ca cc h tiu th, cc

my pht diesel c u t nhng li khng s dng vn hnh, rt lng ph.

- Mt s d n la chn a im m ch hai ba nm sau in li ko n, gy nn tn

tht u t rt lng ph.

- thc ca ngi s dng khng tun th theo quy nh c hng dn ra.

- n v xy dng v pht trin d n khng c trch nhim sau khi d n i vo hot ng

v s lm ng ca chnh quyn a phng ni hng li ca d n.

- Trong qu trnh hot ng, Ban qun l khng thc hin ng, khng tun th ng

theo quy trnh k thut gy nn cc s c v khng hiu qu ca cc h thng.

3. nh gi tc ng ca cc h thng kt hp

Tiu ch v cc ch s nh gi cc cng ngh nng lng

Kha cnh Tiu ch Cc ch s T trng

Sinh thi Bo v mi trng

Pht thi kh nh knh mi kWh 0,3 Pht thi cc cht nhim khng kh cho mi kWh 0,3

Bo v ti nguyn Tiu th cc ngun khng bn vng 0,3 Gim ting n nhim ting n 0,1

Cc vn Kinh t - x hi

Cc vn kinh t - x hi tng th

Kh nng thch ng v s ng thun 0,2 Kh nng tham gia v trao quyn 0,1 Tim nng pht trin kinh t 0,4

Cc li ch ring v kinh t- x hi

Tc dng vic lm 0,2 Tc ng n sc khe 0,1

Cc vn Kinh t

Chi ph v biu gi thp

Chi ph u t cho mt W 0,2 Chi ph cho sn xut cho mt kWh 0,3

Bo dng Cc yu cu bo dng 0,25

c lp v kinh t Mc ph thuc nhp khu v mc t cung cp ca khu vc 0,1 An ninh cung cp 0,1

Tim nng tng lai Mc ci thin kin thc 0,05

Vic nh gi h thng kt hp so vi cc gii php khc c thc hin vi mt b ch s

c th hin trong bng trn, c th so snh theo ba kha cnh ca pht trin bn vng, l: cc

vn sinh thi, kinh t-x hi v kinh t. B ch s ny c s dng tng hp cc thng tin

4

lin quan n nhau v mc bn vng ca h thng cho c ngi ra quyt nh v ngi c

hng li.

Vic phn tch tc ng h thng kt hp c thc hin trong iu kin tng i chung

chung. ng dng h thng kt hp trong thc t, cc tc ng v sinh thi v kinh t-x hi cn

phi c iu tra c th. T cc phn tch cho thy, kh nng cnh tranh v ti chnh vi cc gii

php in kh ha nng thn khng tp trung l mt vn ln, v liu h thng kt hp c thc

s tc ng tch cc n kha cnh sinh thi v kinh t - x hi hay khng, vic cn bng cc vn

ny t c mt h thng kt hp ti u l rt quan trng.

Nhng vn cn t ra l: H thng kt hp c phi l mt gii php bn vng cho in

kh ha nng thn? Nhng g thch hp cho cc h thng kt hp v trong trng hp no th

chng c thc hin?

Gii p cc vn ny, c hai kh nng khc nhau c th hin:

1 . Th nht, li th quan trng nht ca h thng kt hp so vi cc h thng khc l cung

cp mt tim nng pht trin kinh t. i vi khu vc tim nng c th pht trin sn xut, th mi

nn ng dng h thng kt hp cp in. Cn nhng khu vc nng thn, ni khng c nhu

cu pht trin sn xut v khng yu cu cp in lin tc, th h thng kt hp khng thc s

thch hp p dng v khng khai thc c trit tim nng ca h thng.

Tng mc u t cho h thng kt hp l kh cao v h thng kh phc tp, v vy h thng

kt hp c coi l khng ph hp cho xa i gim ngho cho nhng ngi ngho nht nh cc

h thng khc.

2 . Th hai, h thng kt hp quy m nh p dng cp in cho tng cm ph ti nh l

trm y t nng thn, cc trm bu chnh vin thng, khch sn, i vi mc ch ny, cht

lng in v n nh lin tc l li th ca h thng kt hp lm cn bng chi ph u t tng

i cao ca h thng.

Tnh bn vng l mt qu trnh ng, v th h thng kt hp c th khng m bo l

mt la chn bn vng cho in kh ha nng thn. Tnh bn vng phi c m bo bi vn

hnh h thng theo phng thc hot ng khp kn bn vng sau khi thc hin d n. t

c iu ny, cc yu t thnh cng quan trng trong vic tip cn mt d n in kh ha bn

vng vi h thng kt hp l: t chc ti chnh, s hu, vn hnh v bo dng, nh gi v qun

l nhu cu, xy dng nng lc.

4. Nhng xut ng dng

* i vi cc huyn o

i vi cc huyn o khu vc Bin ng c tim nng gi tt, dn c thng sng tp

trung th h thng kt hp tua bin gi + pin mt tri + my pht diesel + c quy cp in lin tc

24 gi/ngy c th c ng dng cp in cho cc o ln. V d nh cc o ln: Ph Qu

(Bnh Thun), L Sn (Qung Ngi), Bch Long V (Hi Phng), Cn C (Qung Tr).

5

i vi cc o nh, s dn t, dn c sng tp trung, khng c tim nng pht trin sn

xut, th h thng kt hp tua bin gi + pin mt tri + my pht diesel + c quy c th c ng

dng cp in khng lin tc theo cc gi cao im s dng in trong ngy.

i vi cc o nh nm khu vc vnh Thi Lan khng c tim nng gi, nhng c tim

nng NLMT cao, th h thng kt hp pin mt tri + my pht diesel + c quy c th c ng

dng cp in khng lin tc theo cc gi cao im s dng in trong ngy.

* i vi khu vc min ni

i vi khu vc min ni thng c tim nng v thu in nh, c tim nng pht trin

sn xut, dn c sng tp trung, th h thng kt hp pin mt tri + TN + c quy + my pht

diesel c ng dng cung cp in lin tc 24 gi/ngy p ng nhu cu sinh hot v sn xut

ca khu vc.

i vi khu vc min ni c tim nng v thu in nh, khng c tim nng pht trin

sn xut, dn c sng tp trung, nhu cu ph ti khng ln lm, d dng qun l vic cung cp

in, th h thng kt hp pin mt tri + TN + c quy cung cp in tp trung v ch cung cp

mt s gi cao m trong ngy.

i vi mt s khu vc c bit min ni c tim nng gi a hnh th c th khai thc h

thng kt hp tua bin gi + pin mt tri cp in cho khu dn c vng .

i vi khu vc khng c tim nng pht trin sn xut, dn c sng ri rc khng tp

trung, th gii php cp in NLTT quy m h gia nh c p dng (SHS, WHS, Biogas) tu

theo iu kin c th ca tng a phng.

6. Kt lun v kin ngh

T kt qu nghin cu iu tra, kho st v nh gi xc nh c cc nguyn nhn gy

ra s hot ng khng bn vng ca cc d n cp in bng cc ngun NLTT ng dng Vit

Nam. Cng t xc nh c cc yu t quan trng p dng thnh cng h thng kt hp

cc khu vc khng th ko li in nc ta, l cc vn v t chc vi quyt nh la chn

m hnh t chc qun l vn hnh ph hp v thc hin cc chng trnh bo dng bn vng; cc

vn v ti chnh nh vic iu tra s sn sng v kh nng chi tr cho cc dch v in, hoc

thc hin mt h thng biu gi ph hp vn ; Xy dng nng lc l iu kin cn thit to ra

cc c cu t chc ph hp cho s pht trin kinh t v s dng ng tim nng ca h thng kt

hp; nh gi nhu cu in hin nay v d bo tng lai, v kh nng p ng nhu cu vi tim

nng ca cc ngun NLTT thit k h thng cp in thch hp; cc yu t chnh tr, con ngi

v mt s kha cnh v k thut.

Trn c s nghin cu iu tra ny, chng ta cn nhn nhn li cch thc hin trin khai ng

dng h thng kt hp cc dng NLTT cp in cho cm dn c ngoi li in quc gia. Cn

phi nghin cu iu tra k lng a ra cc gii php ng nh: La chn cu hnh pht in,

m hnh qun l vn hnh bo dng, xy dng nng lc, vn ti chnh, k thut, nhn thc ca

ngi thc hin qun l d n v ngi hng li t d n..., v lp k hoch thc hin cc bc

cng vic xy dng v thc hin d n thnh cng.