yng [10]ftu tao nrhon 'tirlt6 hQ'Pnrang [55]y ruing doc (chit d€ ph6 thong) [40]_Di~n tir vao ch6 trong (2 bai, khoang 200 nr) [20]_ DQc hieu: 2 bai (khoang 400 tir; khuyen khich cac y~u t6 van hoa)[20]

KjI ruing vii! [15]- Vi~t chuyen hoa (dang di~n khuyet; cftp dQ: phrase - clause)

- Phat hien 16i- Tim cau d6ng nghia

6

CbuongI

DAI CUONG vE DAu NIlAN - NGU AM•

A. DAu NIlAN (fRQNG AM)Muon bi~t vi tri dftu nhan cua tieng Anh can luu y mfty di~m sau day.

~ G6c cua chtr (roots)~Ti~p dAu ngir (prefixes)~Ti~p vi ngii (suffIXes)~ TV 10;;U (parts of speech)* Danh tu hai vAn duoc nhan VaG van aizu: table, ceiling, apple.

Danh tir dU!1c nhan van sau thuong co nhfrng duoi:

ade: parade, charadeee: payee, trainee, coffee la ngoai I?eer : career, compeer ...ette: banquette, cigarette ...00: taboo, bamboo, cartoon ....

Va co mQt s6 danh tir thong dung nhu: abuse, account, adult, advance,advice, affar, alarm, amount, appeal, approach, attach, attempt, behalf, cafe,canal, cement, command, concern, default, defeat, event, exchanges, excuse,expanse, extent, extreme, finance, ideal, Iran, Japan, machine, Malay, offense,pusuit, regard, remask, reply, report, result, return, revenge, review, revolt,routine, salute, surprise, technique, mosquito.* Danh tir co nhi~u vAn: nhan ngay trencac tiip Vl ngit sau:

ade: lemonade, escapade .... ngoai l~ marmaladeaise : millionaireee : referee, employee, thirteen, fourteen .eer : engineer, buccaneerese : Vietnamese, Japanese, Chinese ...ette : cigarette, silhouette ...

Thuong nhiing tiip vi ngii tao nen danh tit sau day khong anh huang t67 vitri ddu nhdn trong chit: acy, ate, al, ance, aut, ative, ature, dom, ence, ent, er.ess, ing, ish, ism, ist, ment, nes, or, our, son, ture, ship.

Vi du: accord ~accordance, descend ~descendant.compare ~comparative, champion ~championship.

7

Tinh tlr hai vfuI, diroc nhan van dau: happy, busy, noisy ...Tinh tlr nhi~u vfuI,nhan tnrc tiip tren cac tiip vi ngft sau:ental: accidental, continental ....entary: elementary, complementaryese : Japanese, Vietnamese ...esque : picturesque, grotesque (kech com)otive : locomotive, emotive* Tinh tlr nhi~u vfuI,nhung nhan tnaic cac nip vi ngii sau:ial : essential, commercialic : economic, electricinous : luminous, multinous .ious : ambitious, delicious .sive : expensive, exclusive .tive (tnroc co phu fun): productive, detective ....ular : singular, regularulous : fabulous, tremulous .urous : mumurous, torturous .uous: continuous, conspicuous ...* Tinh tlr nhi~u vfuI,nhung nhan tren van cdcb nhiing nip vi ngft sau.tive (tnroc co nguyen fun): positive, comparative, representative,declarative.

Nhiing t;ip vi ngii tao nen tinh tit sau khong anh huang gi din vi tri ddu'lJn truce do: able, less, ous, some, ward, ways, wise, al, ist, ly, ent, ant, y,I, ful.

Vi du: comfort ---7 comfortable; beauty ---7 beautiful;person ---7 personal

Trang tlr $1 cung bang IT theo ddu nhJn cua tinh tit g6c: happily,fortunately, comparativelyTrang nr co any & some theo nhan cua any & someVi du: anyhow, anyway, somehow, somewhere ...

• Gim tl:r va lien tl:r hai vck duoc nhan van sau: across, above, throughout,unless.Ngoai l~: diroc nhan van aJu tnroc co tan cimg er

Vi du: over* Dai danh tu hai vfuI,nhan van sau: myself, youself, ourselves* Dong tlr hai vfuI,nhan van sau: except, expand, control, connect. ..Dong tlr hai vfuI,nhan van aJu n~u co $1cung:

age: damage, ravage ...er : platter, cover, enterish: cherish, finish ....Ql2 : gallop ...ow : follow, borrow ... ngoai trie chit allow,ness : witness ...on: poison ...Ie : paddle, dwindle, struggle.ture : venture pasture ...vel : travel, marvel.. .ill: gossip, worship ...L study, carry.,; .* Dong tl:r ba vfuI,nhan cacb mrt van cac ti~p vi ngit sau:ate: dominate, indicateise: superviseize: realize, organize .yse; analyse, paralyse .

MQt s6 dong nr n~u chi co ti~p diu ngfr va g6c, dau nhan bao gio ding iitren vanggc

Vi du: overun, overflow, contracdict, understand, entertain, introduce,misapply, misunderstand, recommend.

Nhin chung dQngnr co re, de, ~, van dung trutic khitng bao giil nhanVidu: begin, restart, decide, delete ...Them mQt cong thirc t6ng quat khi qua kho nho cling giup ta phan nao

trong vfin d~ d~u nhan.2 - 1 (hai vfuInhan vfuIdiu)3 - 1 (ba vfuInhan vfin diu)4 - 2 (b6n vfuInhan vfuIhai)

Tuy nhien hay c6 gang nho cac duoi cua cac nr loai.

g hQPI~i:+Danh tir hai vfuI,nhfm van ilfiu

Nhfin true tiip cac duoi sau ee, 00, ade, ette, aire, ese (nhiing duoitllUOn~g?p), entary, otive, ental (ba duoi sau la tinh nr nhung x~p chungcho de nho)

+ Tinh tir hai vfu1 nhfin van ilfiu (happy, friendly, busy .... )Nhfin trtaic cac duoi sau; ic, ie, ia, tive (tnroc phu fun), ity, ion (rieng ionva ity la danh tir nhung xep vao luon cho d€ nho).

+Dong tu hai vfuI,nhfin van thtr hai

Chi nhfin van ilfiu khi co duoi en, er, ow, ish, Ie, y, op, on (cac duoithirong g?p)

Va nhfin each m9t van tnroc cac duoi sau: ate, ize, ise, yse. (ex:communicate, organize, analyse, advertise)

TAPvETRONGAM. .on tit co trong' am khac voi cac tit con l~i:1. a) accurate b) customer

c) computer d) exercise2. a) contaminate b) supervisor

c) investigate d) convenient3. a) reduction b) popular

c) fmancial d) romantic4. a) environmental b) technological

c) personality d) representative5. a) except b) extra

c) exhaust d) expect6. a) entertainment b) accumulation

c) humiliation d) determination7. a) recent b) receipt

c) rewrite d) review8. a) industry b) computer

c) restaurant d) ambulance9. a) champion b) composer

c) research d) machine10. a) horizon b) collection

e) petroleum d) reading

10

Answer keyThuong cac bai ~p vS trong fun va ngfr fun, till sinh r~t kho khan trong

vi~c lam bai, ~fru nh,-!cac khai niem vS cac loai bai t~p nay chung ta t;huOngxem nhe, vi the fun tiet cua mot tir thirong bi noi sai va da so hoc sinh hau nhukhong hoc ciing nhu khong bi~t vS phan nay. Do do, tnroc khi lam bai, hayxem kYphfuI t6ng hap lai d~ co huang lam bai t6t hem.

1. Chon c (vi computer nhk vfuI thir hai, cit ca con lai la 3-1, nrc la bavfuIthi nhan vfuI dAutien)

2. Chon b (vi vfuI ate: nhan each mot vfuI: contaminate; tnroc ie thi nhanconvenient .... )

3. Chon b (tnroc ion, ia, ie: nhan; con popular thi nhan vfuIdfru)4. Chon a (vi co nhiing duoi cfuInho: ic, ity, ative); ental: nhk chinh no.

VD: environmental5., Chon b (cac tir khac nhan vfuI thir hai - verb)6. Chon a (vi eo mot s6 dQng nr nhan vfuI thir ba theo g6c: introduce,

overrun, entertain, understand .... )7. Chon a (recent: nhan vfuIdAu,tinh tir)8.· Chon b (nhiing chtt khac nhk vfuI dfrutheo cong thirc 3-1: chu ba vfuI

thi nhan vfuIdfru; con cau b thi nhk tnroc duoi 'ural)9. Chon a: tnroc ion (nhiing chu khac nhan vfuIthir hai)10. Chon d: nhiing chtr khac nhan vfuI tlnr hai

~ Exercise: Put the correct accent mark over the main stressed syllable ofthe words (d~t diu nhin dung len cac tir sau) (giai sin)1. a) begin b) open c) foreigner d) beautiful2. a) understand b) among c) difficult d) result3. a) accent b) syllable e) following d) enjoy4. a) winter b) separate c) entertainment d) landscape5. a) remain b) pioneer c) remember djseveral6. a) city b) tradition c) cosmopolitan d) excellent7. a) perfect b) intelligent c) confidence d) concert8. a) anywhere b) tiresome c) supposed d) surprised9. a) ambassador b) outside c) reflect d) philosophy

11

B.NGUAM1. each dQc mQt sB nguyen am & phu am dang nh«,

Ta co nguyen fun A, E, I, 0, U

LfuI hrot ta ill tirng chit:

• Am A : ~ lrel (doc la a hay e) thuong dung tnroc phu fun, trir phu fun rva l,

Vi du: am, ban, cat, dab, gang, hang, ... ngoai I?: fatherTa cling nen d~ y mot s6 tieng doc la Ia! theo ngiroi Anh, nguoi My doc la

lre/:

British Englishask la:sklcan't /kan't!

American EnglishIre:ski/keen't/

Tlnrong g~p trong vfuI duoc nhan manh cua mot ill nhieu vfuI va dungtnroc hai phu fun (nrc la chit 2 vfuI, chit dftu diroc phien la lrel n€u nguyen funthir hai khong diroc nhan)

Vi du: commander /kc'mg.ndo/; intransitive /in'trgnsitiv/; JapaneseId3rep;}'ni:zJ; magazine Imreg;}'zi:nI (d~ Y thay chit ~ dftu chit diroc phien la lre/,khong phai 1ft I;}/)

T6ng quat la trong chit ~ diroc nhan thuong la lre/, khong nhan la I;}/.~ lei! thuong g~p trong nhtrng chit mot vfuI theo cong tlnrc:

a + phu fun + e: cake /k~ik/

Vi du: bake !b~ik/; case /keis/; cate /keit!; fate Ifeit!; gate l@it!.Ngoai ra dirng tnroc $I cung: tion, sion, sian, dian, nhu cac ill nation,

invasion lin'veiznl, Asian, Canadian.

Tuy nhien n€u co them duoi phu fun thi thuong ~ diroc nhan la lre/. Vi du:national I'nf!dn;}l!

~ Ia! tnroc r a cu6i ill hoac co them mN phu fun.

Vi du: bar !ba:/; car /ka:/; park Ipa:kI;card Ica:d!; cart /k~t!.~ la:jthuOng dung tnroc r va mot s6 phu fun theo r a gifta 1 ill nhi~u

van.

Vi du: farther l'fa:d;}/; departure Idi'p a:tf;}1

~ le;}1 tnroc re a cu6i ill: bare !be;}/, care /ke~/, dare Ide~/, fare Ife;}/,mare l'me~/ ...

~ hi tnroc ll: trir tic shall.Vi du: all, ball, call, fall, small. .. ngoai I? co half /haf/

£)~c biet trong mQt s6 ill: war, ward, warm, warn, water, want, watch, wash.

~ lei!: g6m co ai, gy, thuong dung tnroc phu fun, trir am r.:Vi du: bait !beit!; fait Ifeil!; train Itreinl; rain Ireind!; wait Iweit!.

~ ledl g6m co ai tnroc r: .Vi du: air ledl, chair, pair Ipe;}/, fair Ife'J/.

Ngoai ra co cac ill qua khir: said Ised!, paid Iped!, laid /led/

Hftu h€t cac tir: cause, daughter l'cb:t;}/; because !bi'k:::>zJ;august 1':::>:gAstI;taught lot!

~ Ia!: co laught Ilafl; aunt I~t!

MQi ill: law 11:::>:1;crawllkr:::>:l!, draw 1dr:::>:1

~ Ii! thirong g~p a ill co hai vfuI tro len:$Icung a(ge), a(te), a(ce):

Vi du: village l'vilid3/; manage l'mrenid3/; savage l'srevid3/; fortunate I'b1filly; pirate I'pairit!; private I'praivit!; surface I's;}:fis/, palace I'prelis/.

• Am E: HQ'P voi mQt phu fun dung tnroc d~ lam thanh mot ill be, he, me,she ...

Nam trong $Icung: e + phu fun + e

Vi du: complete /k;}m'pli:t! ; delete Idi'li:t!, scene Isinl

Gap trong cac ti€p dftu ngtr: recall, regain, decide, become.

~ lei tnroc phu fun, trit r, hoac vfuI diroc nhan

Vi du: bet !b~t!; debt Id~t!; regret lrigr~t!~ I;}I Gap a vfuI khong nh§n hay tnroc r.

Vi du: current l'kAr~nt!; general l'd3en~r'J1!; teacher /'ti:tf~.

Nhtmg vfuI khong nhan thirong diroc phien la 'J hay i (neu a hai vfuI vakhongnh§n.

Vi du: perfect I'P;}:fjktl, forest I'brist!

MQt vfuI tnroc r.Vi du: her /h;}:/; germ Id3'J:m I; fern If;}:nI

~ Ii! g~p nhi€u: ease, tea, meal, ineat

13

~ leI: trong cac ill thuong g~p: bread /bred!; breath; feather; head;health; read - qua khir cua read; meadow; meant; measure; pleasure;treasure; heavy /hevi/; heaven /hevn/; pleasant; dread Idred/; wealthIwe18/; sweat Iswet/; lead /led/; deaf (di€c) Idef7; breasts (nguc.vu)/brest/; weapon (vii khi) I'wep;ml

MQt s5 chit $I cung r: swear Iswe'dl; tear Ite-;;,I(xe rach); bear /be'dl (cong~u); pe~ Ip'dl (trill ciao); dear /dio/; tear Iti'dl (mroc mat); spear /spio/ (ngongiao).

~ lei I trong: break /breik/, great Igreit/, steak Isteikl.

~ l'dl trong: ocean, earn, heard, learn, ngoai l~: heart /ha:t/

~ Iii g~p trong bee, cheese, see, free ,

hoac tnroc r: beer /bi:r/; deer /dio/; engineer. ... .

~ leil: thuong th~y trong: eight, freight, weight. ..

~ Iii kha phf>bien: giong ea: conceive, deceive, receive.

~ li'dl: D~ y la er diroc nh~ tlnrong doc la li'dl,Vi du: experience /ik'pjgrians/

~ laiI: trong cac chit: height /hait/; sleight Islait/

~ /eo/iheir (ngiroi thira k€), heifer (bo to') /hefs/.~ Iii: key; donkey (con lira)

~ leil: prey /prei/MQt s5 ill d~c biet: area (vung, mien) I'e'dri'dl; to bury (mai tang) I'beril;

melaria (benh s5t ret) /mo'leoria/.

-Ami~ lail g~p trong nhtmg tir mot v§n cu5i cung co: i+phu am+e.

Vi du: bike /baik/; crime Ikraim!; dive ldaiv/; five; kite ... , ngoai l~: live/liv/; give Igivl

~ Iii t~ cung mot hay hai phu fun.Vi du: big, thick, thin, ... ngoai l~: climb /klaim!.MQts5 ill g5c tieng Phap: machine, regime.

~ Iii: g~p a giit nhtmg tir nhieu v§n: believe, grief, chief, thief,archieve ...

Chu y: mot s5 chit ~ a ti€p dAungtt dQClit Iii.14

detach Id[tretfl (tach roi); exchange liks' tfeind3 I (trao df>i);eradicate /i'nedikeit I (nhf>r~, diet); effective li'fektivl (hfru hieu)predict Ipri'diktI (tien doan); report lri'p:>:t/ (nrong trinh).

* v§n et a cu5i ill (hai v§n) doc lit IiiVi du: market I'ma:kit/; toilet l'bilit/; booklet l'buklit/; ticket I'tikit/;

Ngoai ra con mot s5 ill d~c biet: England I'illgl'dnd/; English l'illgliJI;women /wimin/; busy /bizi/; business I'biznis/; here /hio/; sincere /sin'sio/;coherent /kou'bioront/; pierce /pios/

- Cac ill t~ cung b~g ive bao gio ciing doc lit liv/: expensive-MQtvai ill co hai phu fun a giua iva ~ dQClit lail

Vi du: idle (nhan r6i); title (ten, nra d~mQt cuon sach)- Nhom igh: high /hail; light /lait/

ild: child; mild (hien diu, on hoa); wild Iwaild/ind: kind Ikaind/; mind Imaind/; blind /blaind/.

* Ngoai l~: wind lwind/ (gio); pyramid /piromid/, minute I'minit/Am o. Co tit ca 7 am cua 0

~ loul: rAtb~t thirong, a cu5i ill: echo, go, no, quo ...~ I'JI tnroc r: adorn, born, com, dormitory, form, lord.

hI doc hoi a: bomb /bomb/, not, cod, not. Ngoai l~ tomb ltu:mbl

~ l'dl nhtrng chit khong nhan: abandon, cgmpare; freedgm; atom.cQntrol.

~ IAI g~p trong mot s5 ill thong dung nhir: cgmpany; hgney; mother;cgme; dgne; brother; among; dQve; lQve; Qther; one; thgrough,wgrry.

~ Iul hay g~p a: to, do, bosom /'buzm/; move, prove, remove, lQse.

~ loul hay l'dul doc hoi giong chit 0 cua tieng Viet, thuong g~p tnrocphu fun, tnr chii'r: goat Igout/; coat Ikout/; loan /loun/; boat.

~ hI tnroc r: boar; board; coarse; roar (giong I'JIa diu)Co hai each dQc cua 00:

~ lu:1 u doc hoi dai, thirong thay: bamboo, food, hoot, boot, boon,boom ...

15

Iul u doc ngan, a nhtrng nr: crook, foot, good, hook, look, soot,book, brook, hood, stood.

~ iJ:I tnroc r: door, floorTom lai co hai each doc chinh cua fun 00: Iul va bl

Co 5 each c1Qcam ou~ laul: thirong tnroc phu fun, tnr r.,1

Vi du: cloud /klaud!; about, scout Iskaut/; doubt Idaut/; fout Ifaut/,. proud, house /haus/.

~ iJ:I Tnroc r: court, courre, four, mour, pour, trir our, hour, honor,flour, odour

. Tnroc gh!: bought, fought, nought, sought

Gap rieng trong: cough, tough ltAt/~ ItJ tnroc ble, ~: double, trouble, cousin, enough

~ Iul tnroc ld: should, would, could~ loul trong shoulder, soul, moulde (muc nat)

Ngoai I? cua QQ:flood, blood, nQthing, dQCla ItJ

Co hai each c1Qcam ow~ laul thuong g~p tnroc phu fun se hay n di theo ow; crown, down,

frown, gown Igaun/; browse Ibrausl ,MQt s6 ill thuong g~p: cow /kaul, now Inaul; coward, bow Ibaul (cui dau),

bowels, crowd, fowl, brow.~ loul: crow (con qua), bowl (qua bong, bat), window, widow, grow,

know, sow (gieo hat giong) .

Luu j: mQt s6 nr co duoi sau day doc la loulld: cold /kould!, old, gold, holdm dough Idoul bQtnhao lam banh; though Idoul, although: mac a~u.

D~c bi~t:sew Isoul, sewing (nghe may va).

Co phu fun chen giira Qva e. ,Vi du: rose IrouzJ; close /klouzJ; home /hourn!; smoke Ismoukl; stroke

IstrouklTruong hop tir co hai nguyen fun lien ke nhu foe Ifoul (dich thu).

16

Am u: Co ba each dQc am u.Co ba each c1Qcam u.

~ Ijul doc nhu tir ieu cua tieng Viet, cong thirc: u+phu am+eVi du: endure; pure, cure, lure, immune

~ ItJ $1cling mot phu am trong nhfmg tir mQtvk but, cut, dug, fun,gun, rug, drug

Cac tir co duoi uck: duck, chuckle (cum khuc khich).ust: must, dustum: number, summer.ung: lungs (buong phoi), hung, sung, sung.

Ti~p d~u ngfr un, um: unripe (xanh, chua chin).~ Iul t~ cling mot hay hai phu am: full lful/; bush, push, pull Ipul/; put

Iput/; sare, butcher.Co ban each c1Qcam ui.

~ lail trong $1cling: ui + phu am + e: guide Igaid!; squire~ Iul thong dung: fruit Ifrut/; suit Isutl; juice; recruit; suitable; pursuit

(theo du6i).~ lui/ trong: tuition, fluid (ch~t long); ruin lruin/; nuisanceDQcnhu hai vk!! va i~ Iii: trong mosquito; build Ibild!; exquisite (tinh t~); quixotic (cao

thuong, hao hiep)Co mQt each c1Qcam uy.

~ lail moi nr mQtvk: buy, guy.Am y: Co hai each c1Qc.

~ lail dirng sau phu am cua vk diroc nhan, hoac mQtvk: by, fly, deny,cry, sky, reply, fry, july

Cong thirc: y + phu am + e: style Istail/; type ltaipl~ Iii trong nhirng vk khong nhan: study, carefully, rainy, sunny,

stormy, foggy, snowy ...Cach c1QcmQt sa phI} am:ChilC~ Is/: thirong g~p tnroc ~ va i; center I'senta/, certain l's~tnI, city

I'sitil, circle /sokl/

ft 17

--------~--------~-

~ /kI: tnroc ~ y va phu fun: cat /kret!, calm /kaml, cut !kAt!, class /klas/,cry /krai/ ...

~ III: doc manh, tnroc ra i~ ~, io, y d~c bi~t trong nr: ocean l'o~InI,confucian /k:m'fjuInI, sufficient /sa'fijnt/, social l'souI1 I, COnsCIOUS1'k:mIds!; spacious l'spreIds I ...

Tom lai, co ba cdch. d{Jcchinh cua chir c:Cbfr g:~ Ig/: thirong dirng d~u tir va tnroc nguyen fun, tnr chfr ~ hoac eo (get

la tnrong hop d~c biet). .~ Id3/: tnroc ~ hoac ~va trong $1 cung @: general Idzenral/, germ

Id3d:mI, george Id3:>dz/, geography Id3i':>grdfi/, village l'vi1id3l, ageleid31

~ Cbfr j: Id3l: d~u tir: jack Id3rek/;joy Id3:>iI; enjoy lin'd3:>iI

:$. Cbfr s: Is!: d~u tir: same Iseiml; sit, sun ....

Ngoai I?: sure IIudl, sugar l'IugdlThirong a gifra mQt nr theo sau c6 phu fun ill doc thanh nhfmg fun If,k,p,t!

nhu transfer, describe ldiskraib/; transport, sister ...

DUng cu5i tir sau phu fun f,k,p,t: roofs, books, tops, cats ...~ hi giira hai nguyen fun trir y, io, ia: closet /klouzit!, basement,

composition, seasonDUng cuM tir (ngoai fun a s5 1): as, his, doors, pens (theo each doc fun s6

nhieu cua fun hi)~ IIlg~p sau phu fun va c6: y, io, i~ di theo. Vi du: ingure, pension,mansion.

~ 131 sau nguyen fun va c6: y, io, ia di theo. Vi du: expo~ure,composure, invasion, divigion, parisian ...

Cbfr t: fun It! g~p ph6 bien: ten, tan, toat, student.

~ III: tru6c i~ io, ie: nation, patio, patient, militia.

~ I tII doc nhu ch cua tieng Viet: thirong dung tnroc u, va sau !L1a$Icung ra, re, ri, ry, al ... Vi du: nature, future, cenjury, natural,

Cbfr sb III: Vi du: shall, shoe, wish, wash ...

Cbfr cb:~ I tJ/: chair; change, church ...

18------~--~~------------

~ /kI trong nhtrng chfr: orchestra; orchid, monarch, anar£hy ...

Chir th:~ 18/: g~p trong nhieu tir: think, through, tpoth, bath

~ Id/ hay 10/: g~p trong nhfmg nr thong thuong sau: the, this, that, these,those, they, there, then, though, than, them, thy, father, mother,brother, either, together, whether, weather, bathe, breathe, clothes,bother, smother va mQt s5 tir vira bi bi€n d6i tir (th) s5 it sang s5nhieu nhu (f): mouths, paths, truths, youths, weaths, baths, oaths.

Cbfr x: c6 hai each doc:

~ /ks/: khi dirng tnroc phu fun hay la mot nguyen fun khong nhan, Vidu: expensive lik'spensiv/, exit I'eksit!, expand /ik'speend/ .

~ Ig3/: khi dung tru&c nguyen fun diroc nhan. Vi du: example/ig'sampl/; exist /ig'sist/; existent /eg'sistant/; exact lig'3rektl .

1. sA nbiSu cua danb tir (The plural ending of nouns)Danh tir c6 hai loai: aim auac va !chong aim auac (countable nouns &

uncountable nouns)

Rieng danh nr loai d€m diroc ta phai them ~ hoac es a s5 nhieu, vi th€ ta c6ba each phat fun.

1. Cach dQC fun Isl $1cung bang ~ hoac es (trir tnrong hop es dirng sau £hay ph duoc doc la Is! trong nhtrng danh tir s5 it k€t thuc bang f, p, k, gh,t, c, ph).

Vi du: roofs, saf§, tops, ropes, books, cakes, coughs, mates, clinics,photographg,

2. Ca~h doc fun lizJ voi cac danh nr $1cung bang: s, x, z, ch, sh, ss them esaso nhieu.

Vi du: a bus -7 bus§;. a glass -7 glasses; a watch -7 watches

N goai ra con ba duoi dn nho: @, ce, se them ~ a s5 nhieu.

Vi du: a house -7 houses; an. age -7 ages; a case -7 cases

M(jt s6 tu.ngoai I? vfuI thuoc fun lizJ, khi c6 s5 nhieu t~ cung bang ies,vi c6 fun lizJ trong phien fun. Vi du: studies l'stAdizJ, companies i'kAmPdniZ I

, Cach doc fun IzJ: $1 cung bfuIg ~ hay ~dQc la IzJ khi danh tU k€t thucbang m(>tnguyen fun hoac mQt phu fun trir nhiing phu fun da n6i a (1) va (2).

Vi du: toes, potatoes, tables, pens, boys.

19

~---------------------20,-------- ~~ ~u- _

BO SUNG THEM vE so NHIEU CVA DANH illMQt s6 danh ill $Icung hi Q, duoc xem cua mroc ngoai du nhap vao tieng

Anh, chi dn them ~ a s6 nhieu

Vi du : piano ~pianos; photo ~pfiotos; dynamo ~dynamos;radio ~ radios; bamboo ~ bamboos; studio ~ studios..kilo ~ kilos; solo ~ solos.

Them ~ hoac es tao hinh thirc s6 nhieu cho ill chinh trong mQt danh ill kep(dac biet a loai h6n hQ'P)

VD: father - in -law ~ fathers - in -law;passer - by ~ passers - by;maid - servant ~ maid - servants;man - servant ~ men - servants.

MQt s6 danh nr bit qui t~c a s6 nhieu: man ~ men; woman ~women;child ~ children; deer ~ deer (nai); foot ~ feet (ban chan); tooth ~ teeth(rang); goose ~ geese (ng6ng); sheep ~ sheep (ciru); mouse ~ mice (chuot);louse ~ lice (chi, r?fi); ox ~ oxen (bo dire); fish ~ fish (ca); salmon ~salmon (ca h6Q

• D~c biet hon nira: datum ~ data (dfr lieu, dfr kien); medium ~ media(Phuong tien truyen thong); axis ~ axes (true quay); basis ~ basis (can ban);phenomenon ~ phenomena (hien nrong); criterion ~ criteria (tieu chuan)3. each dQc~o cimg ed cua dQogtir quy tic

Co ba each doc $Icung ed cua dQng ill quy w.c a cac hinh thirc qua klnr,a. Am lid! khi $Icung t va g

Vi d1J:wanted, divided, provided.b. Am It! khi $Icung: f, ch, sh, c, gh, k, ph, p, x, ss.

Vi du: roofed, watched, washed, voiced, laughed, liked, worked,paragraphed, stopped, boxed, missed.

Meo: Cau tarn d€ nho: mai chang shill, £am ghet.

Kon man RMt ~a ssoi?c. Am Id! d6i voi nhirng ill khong co trong (a) va (b) \Vi du: opened, closed, climbed, banged, ploughed.

Chu y d~c bi~t: $Icung ed trong nhirng tinh illdoc lit lid!Vi du: naked /neikid/; crooked (quanh co), wiched Idoc ac), aged (co tu6i),

learned (hoc rong) .

Bai t~p(Exercise)A. run mQtfir ma ph§D gach duOl co each phat am khac vOl cac fir COD l~i:

11a. hear b. dear c. ~ar d. clear21 a. car b. far c. part d. war31 a. row b. cow c. show d. mow4/a. great b.cheat c.heat d.meat51 a. ~ea b. ~aw c. ~ure d. ~ort61 a. moon b. food c. flood d. pool71 a. off b. of c. cafe d. knife81 a. plgte b. cgke c. mgp d. @t~

91 a. get b. gentle c. give d. game101 a. both b. cQde c. lQt d. ngte

, Giii:

Cau 1 la c: :a dff biet thirong thi ea doc la Ii!, nhung co mot s6 ill docam lei, nhir tnrong hQ'Pngoai l~ va mot s6 nr doc am lei cuangir am. . .

Cau 2 ta biSt ~ tnroc ! lit am Ia! tuy nhien ding co mot s6 ngoai l~(nhir war, wash, warn, water, watch ... ) d€u doc am hi.Nhir V?y ta chon d.

Cau 3 tir Q tnroc w thu?'ng lit Iou! hay hu!, nhung co met s6 tirthong dung can nho (now, cow, how, crowd,brow ... thuoc am laul), vay ChQD b.

Cau 4 ChQD a: ea doc lit lei! dn nho mQt vai ill lit great, steak, break.

Cau 5 ChQD c: hai ill ~ doc am If I ,d~c biet lit: sure va sugar (ck nho)

Cau 6 ChQD c: 00 dQC lit F'/ chi co thong dung hai ill thirong g~p: blood,flood.

Cau 7 ChQD b: don gian vi of doc lit I';}v/, nhirng ill con lai cua f d€u doclit If! - .

Cau 8 ChQD c: vi ~ tnroc phu am lit lrel, con a + phu am + e lit am lei! (gateIgeit!, cake /keik/ ... )

Cau 9 ChQD b: vi g dung ~u ill d€u doc am Ig/, get la nsoo! I?, (g doc litId31voi dieu kien dimg tnroc ~ va eo vi the gent! l'd3entl/

Cau 10 chon c: vi Q tnroc mot phu am doc hi hay Ia! (bomb, not, cod ... )

B Tim m{}ttit ma ph in gach duoo co each phat am khac voo cac tit con lai:11a. should b. would c. mouth d. could21a. ngtion b. ngtive c. ngture d. ngtural31a. cQver b.young c. among d. byry41 a. awe b. fault c.dQzen d. our51a. rngjor b. wgstes c. stacks d. irragation

Giii:Cau 1 chon c: nhu ta dii bi~t ou doc Ii Iu/ chi co ba ill d~c biet (tnroc ld:

la should, could, would)Cau 2 chon d: thu<?ngtAng quat am £!. d~u cac ill diroc nhan Ia lae/, khong

nhan la la!, ~dQc la lei! khi truce ion, sian, sion, dian nhuIi nation /neijn/ ... ), nhfrng ill con lai gk nhu theo congthirc: a + phu am + e; a + t + nguyen am: native Ineitiv/.

Cau 3 chen d: don gian vi ill bury nen nho dQCla /beri/, nhfrng ill khaccon lai doc am/Al

Cau 4 chen c: ta bi~t aw, au doc la 1):1, ou tnroc r doc la lau I, dozen dirocchon dQCla ldAm/.

Cau 5 chen c: stacks doc am lrel

C B" t" A I. h·A a ed. ar \lP ve so n leu va e :11a. roofs b. hates c. bridges d. maps21a. receipts b. tickets c. campsites d. files31a. reservoirs b. canals c. wells d. locks41a. studies b. roles c. practices d. matches51a. asks b. buses c. finishes d. boxes61 a. worked b. stopped c. forced d. wanted71 a. learned b. studied c. followed d. lived81 a. looked b. used c. returned d. borrowe91 a. completed b. hated c. married d. watched101a. listened b. traveled c. cherished d. releasedGiii: Tnroc h~t v~ am s5 nhieu thi ta phai bo ~ hay es vi xet phu am dimg

tnroc no, vi du: cakes (phu am dirng tnroc la k thi thuoc am Is/) .

Cau 1 chen cCau2 chen d

22 23

Cau 3 chen dCau 4 chon b (rieng cau 4: ta ck nhc meo nho, h~ thay duoi ies,~, ces,

la thuoc am lizl; vi studies vfu1doc hai am la /stxdiz/), themthi du: companies /kxmpaniz/)

Cau 5 chon a: cfing lam giong vay nhu ill finishles (tach es ra, duoi phu amIi sh)

Cau 6 chon d: nhu each lam cua s5 nhieu, tach ed ra, xem phu am dungtnroc.

Cau 7 chon b: (giong each l~p lu~ cau 4: studied /stxdid/

Cau 8 chon a:Cau 9 chon d: (vi married giong studied /meerid/)

Cau 10 chon c:*,C§n nhrr la phii hoc thuoc cac am s5 nhiSu vi ed thi lam bill r§.tnhanh

¢C§n nheYam lizl them via: ies, ces, ges, ses.

¢ CAn nho am lid! them vao la ied ngoai duoi t, d. Tuy nhien coi chirngplayed Ipleid! vi ei doc i am, khong tach roi nen no vfu1thuoc am Id!.

o 0o