Nguon Nang Luong Sinh Hoc Va Co Hoi Phat Trien Nong Thon

8/6/2019 Nguon Nang Luong Sinh Hoc Va Co Hoi Phat Trien Nong Thon

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nc cong nghiep ln tuy thuoc hoan toan vao nguon dau nhap. Cho nen, khong ngacnhien lam khi nhng vung co nhieu dau hoa tren the gii thng khong co c tnh trangyen bnh lau dai. Ngoai ra, cac nhien lieu tram tch con thai ra cac chat kh nha knh, nhtla kh CO2 trong bau kh quyen, lam ham nong toan cau en mc o bao ong hien nay.

Do o, nhieu nc a va ang tm kiem, khai thac cac nguon nang lng thay the,nh nang lng nguyen t, ien nang, hi nc, thuy trieu, sc gio, nang lng mat tri,nang lng sinh hoc, vi quan tam ac biet en cac nguon nang lng co the tai taova than thien moi trng, trong khi tao ra c hoi mi lam tang li tc nong dan va caithien i song nong thon cac nc ang phat trien. Trong bai tham khao nay, nanglng sinh hoc anh hng trc tiep i song hang ngay c e cap en.

2. CAC LOAI NANG LNG SINH HOCNang lng sinh hoc la loai co the tai tao va c san xuat t nguon sinh hoc hay sinhkhoi (biomass) di dang nhien lieu long, kh va ran; nhiet lng; ien nang; chat hoa hocva nhng vat dung khac. Nhien lieu sinh hoc long a c dung en t thu ban s cuanen cong nghiep o to. Trong the ky 19, ong Nikolaus August Otto, ngi c, nha phatminh ong c (do sc ep ot chay ben trong) a biet dung chat ethanol e chay may. OngRudolf Diesel, nha sang che may Diesel c, a phat hoa may chay bang dau au phung.Ong Henry Ford My sang che xe FORD kieu T dung nhien lieu t cay gai (hemp) trongthi gian t 1903 en 1926. Nhng sau o dau hoa c kham pha, re tien nen c sdung rong rai hn. Tuy nhien, trong The Chien I, dau hoa thieu hut tram trong, nen co

nhieu phat minh dung nhien lieu sinh hoc e thay the phan nao xang dau. c, xangc tron vi ru lam t khoai tay, goi la Reichskraftsprit. Anh, dau c tron viru ngu coc, co tenDiscol (National Geographic Magazine, 10-2007).

Trong thi hau The chien, dau hoa la loai nhien lieu re tien, c tm thay Trungong va cac ni khac tren the gii c s dung ngay cang tang, lam giam tam mc quantrong kinh te cua cac nhien lieu sinh hoc. Sau o, nhieu cuoc khung hoang nang lngthnh thoang xay ra lam thieu hut xang dau, gia ca tang cao do tac ong ben ngoai (chientranh, hoi oai thay oi, chnh sach nang lng) va noi tai (anh hng tieu cc en moi

trng do thai ra nhieu chat kh CO2). T au the ky 21, nhieu nc a ho tr va tang mcau t e tai khai thac nguon nhien lieu sinh hoc, ac biet Brazil, My, Lien Au va chauA. Nhien lieu sinh hoc c bat au xem nhphng tien lam giam chat kh thoat nhaknh, an ninh nang lng va gop phan cai tien nong thonang phat trien manh nhieuquoc gia; nhng cung co nhieu tranh luan ve dien cung cap thc pham tren the gii vavan e moi trng.

Nguon nhien lieu sinh hoc c san xuat t khoi sinh hoc hay sinh khoi, o la cacloai thao moc, rong reu c cau tao va phat trien bang chat hu c, qua hien tng

quang hp gia nc va kh CO2 trong diep luc to di nang lng anh sang mat tri, vaco the tai tao.Do o, nang lng sinh hoc thng c san xuat t:- San pham nong nghiep: cu, hat, dau, m ong vat ;- Cac chat thai d tha cua nong nghiep (go, ra rm), va- Cac loai beo, rong reu.


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Ru ethanol (C2H6O) c dung lam nhien lieu o to se b ot chay vi hoa tronoxygen trong ong c e san xuat carbon dioxide, nc va nhiet lng:

C2H6O + 3O2

2CO2 + 3H2OTong hp hai cong thc tren nh sau:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + nhiet lng

Nhiet lng dung chay may, con carbon dioxide la loai kh thai lam ham nong baukhong kh.

Qua trnh san xuat ru ethanol lam nhien lieu sinh hoc sach gom co 3 giai oan:(i) Len men chat ng vi chat men (microbial yeast). Hieu nang san xuat

ethanol cua ma ng cao gap 6 lan so vi bap.(ii) Cat ru: Ru ethanol dung e lam nhien lieu cho xe o to phai cha rat t

nc bang phng phap cat ru, nhng ru thuan ch at en gii han 95-96%. Loai ru nay co the dung chay may, nhng khong the hoa tron vi dauxang.

(iii) Lam kho: ay la phng phap lam rong ru ethanol bang cach dung sangphan t ZEOCHEM Z3-03, hoac them chat hydrocarbon benzene hoac dung

chat calcium oxide nh la chat lam kho e kh nc trong ru.

Cac loai ru ethanol co the dung rieng re hoac hoa tron vi xang dau, va cac nhache tao xe o to hien nay san xuat nhieu loai xe co the chay bang chat hon hp mot cachan toan. Neu ch dung ethanol e chay xe th o thuan ru phai toi thieu 71% (Aakko andNylund, 2004). D nhien, cang t chat ethanol va nhieu nc cong suat cua may cang giam.Hn na, ru ethanol co nang lng kem hn xang dau. Mot cach tong quat, ru ethanolkho (khong cha nc) cung cap 1/3 nang lng thap hn cho moi n v the tch, so vi

xang; v the can co bnh cha to hn va can ru ethanol nhieu hn e xe chay cungkhoang cach so vi xang. Ru ethanol thng co ac tnh lam xoi mon cac vat chatrong he thong nhien lieu, t bnh cha en bo phan no cua au may. Do o, tuy theo moinc, nha san xuat thng hoa tron ru ethanol vi xang dau mc o nao o. Brazil,xang tron vi 23% ethanol ke t 2006, My 10%. Hien nay, co nhieu loai xe c che taoe s dung loai xang tron nay vi ong c co he thong vi tnh ieu khien pha tron hieuqua cao cho cac t le ethanol/xang khac nhau, t 0 en 100% ethanol.

2.1.2. Diesel sinh hocay la loai dau sinh hoc c dung nhieu nht Lien Au, c san xuat t cac loai dauhay m bang cach dung transesterification, co hp chat tng ng vi dau dieselkhoang chat. Cac chat dau (con goi la fatty acid methyl (hay ethyl) ester (FARME)) tronvi sodium hydroxide and methanol (hay ethanol) tao ra phan ng hoa hoc san xuat daudiesel sinh hoc hay glycerol. Mot phan glycerol c san xuat cho moi 10 phan dau dieselsinh hoc. Cac loai xe o to co the ch dung dau diesel sinh hoc hay tron vi xang ma khong


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co van e g. Mot so hang xe gii han mc hoa tron 15%, nhng 5% hon hp c dungnhieu nht cac nc Lien Au. My, hn 80% xe hang va cac xe bus thanh pho chaybang diesel; do o, s dung dau diesel sinh hoc tang rat nhanh, t 25 trieu gallon moi namcho en 2004 tang len 1 t trieu gallon vao cuoi nam 2006 (Thurmond, 2007).

2.2. Nhien lieu sinh hoc t chat thai d thaHien nay, cac nha lam chnh sach, quan ly moi trng khuyen khch s dung cac vat lieuphe thai hoac d tha trong nong nghiep e che tao ra cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc, va cothe thay the dau hoa va giam o nhiem moi trng. Nguyen lieu dung san xuat loai nhienlieu nay thng gom cac sinh khoi phe thai, rm ra cua lua gao, lua m, than bap, go, cacloai cay ac biet dung lam nhien lieu qua cong nghe hoa long, gom ca nhien lieu sinhhoc cellulose t cac mau khong co thc pham. Hien ang co nhieu cong nghe phat trienloai nhien lieu nay, nh hydrogen sinh hoc, methanol sinh hoc, diesel hydrogen sinh hoc,ru hon hp, diesel go

Ru Ethanol t chat moc hay cellulose c san xuat t cac hoa mau khong conthc pham (rm ra, go, than cay). o la nhng thanh phan chat thai sau khi thu hoachcac bo phan lam thc pham, cho nen s dung dau sinh hoc lam t cac nguyen lieu naykhong lam anh hng en van e san xuat thc an the gii. Trai lai, con giup giai quyetphan nao o nhiem moi trng. Tuy nhien, qua trnh san xuat ru ethanol sinh hoc khokhan va ton kem hn, v phai them cong oan dung cac gieu to e tieu hoa cac chat moccellulose thanh chat ng. Hien nay, cong nghe sinh hoc co the che tao cac loai gieu to

GM co kha nang phan hoa nhanh cac chat moc cellulose, nhng mot so chuyen gia lo ngaicac loai gieu to nay co the tr thanh mot loai pha hai moi trng khong lng trc ckhi chung lan truyen trong cac loai thao moc.

2.3. Nhien lieu sinh hoc t rong reu, beoNhien lieu rong reu c che tao t cac loai rong reu trong nc, tren at am. Rong reudung t nhap lng tr nong, nhng san xuat nhieu nang lng (30 lan) hn thc pham giasuc e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc. Ngoai ra, loai rong reu b thoai hoa sinh hoc khong

lam h hai moi trng xung quanh. Hien nay rat nhieu gii chu y en loai nhien lieu nayv gia dau hoa cao. Theo c tnh cua Bo Nang Lng My, nc nay can mot dien tchat ai ln o 38.849 km2 e trong loai rong thay the tat ca nhu cau dau hoa hien naytrong nc (Hartman, 2006).

2.4. Kh sinh hoc (biogas)Kh sinh hoc nhmethane c san xuat bang qui trnh tieu hoa cac chat hu c bang cacloai vi sinh vat yem kh. Loai kh nay co the san xuat t cac chat thai de b huy hoai

hoac dung nang lng cua cac mau nuoi cac vi sinh vat yem kh e san xuat ra chat kh.Chat thai ran b tieu hoa co the dung lam nhien lieu hoac lam phan muc compost.Kh tong hp (syngas) c che tao t cac nhien lieu sinh hoc bang cac qui trnh

hon hp nh phan giai (pyrolysis), ot chay (combustion) va hoa kh (gasification). Nhienlieu sinh hoc c bien oi thanh carbon monoxide va nang lng bang phan giai, sau oqua giai oan ot chay vi t oxy va tiep theo giai oan kh hoa di nhiet o toi thieu700o C e bien oi chat hu c thanh chat kh hydrogen va them phan t carbon. Chat kh


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tong hp nay la mot loai nhien lieu co nhieu hieu qua ot chay trc tiep trong may xe sovi cac nhien lieu sinh hoc nguyen thuy, va co nhieu nang lng cha trong nhien lieu.Chat kh tong hp co the dung e che tao ra chat methanol va kh hydrogen, hay cbien oi qua qui trnh Fisher-Tropsch e san xuat loai xang tong hp thay the (Wikipedia:

Biofuel).2.5. Nhien lieu sinh hoc ranChang han nh go, than va cac loai phan thu kho ma cac nc ang phat trien s dung

hang ngay trong cong viec nau nng hay si am.

3. CAC NC SAN XUAT NHIEN LIEU SINH HOCCac nhien lieu sinh hoc hien ang c nhieu quoc gia chu y en nh la mot giai phapkha thi e thay the xang dau, v khung hoang nang lng thng xay ra, gia ca leo thangkhong ngng va hien tng ham nong toan cau ang c khoa hoc xac nhan. T 1970,Bazil la nc co quyet tam nhieu hn het trong chnh sach san xuat ru ethanol e thaythe phan nao xang dau s dung trong nc. Sau o, cac nc tien bo va cac nc angphat trien tham gia tch cc hn. Trong nam 2006, 5 nc ng au san xuat ethanol trenthe gii la My (4,855 t gallons/year), Brazil (4,491 t gallons/year), Trung Quoc (1,017 tgallons/year), An o (0,502 t gallons/year) va Phap (0,251 t gallons/year). Moi gallonbang 3,785 lt. San xuat ethanol tai hai nc My va Brazil chiem hn 90% ethanol the gii(http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E).

3.1. BrazilBrazil san xuat ethanol t ma ng (Hnh 2) nen hieu nang nang lng cao hn so vibap gap 6 lan, v bap can them giai oan phan giai tinh bot thanh chat ng trc khibien che thanh ru ethanol. Chng trnh nay c anh gia thanh cong va ln nht thegii, nay a cung cap c 30% nhu cau nhien lieu van chuyen trong nc. Trc ay,Brazil la mot nc nhap khau dau rat ln, nhng nay a t tuc hoan toan ve nang lng,nh san xuat ethanol va so dau mo noi a (Washington Post, 2006). Trong nam 2004,

nc nay san xuat 16,4 t lt ethanol tren dien tch 2,7 trieu hecta at ai, hay o 4,5%dien tch canh tac cua nc nay. Trong so nay, o 12,4 t lt ethanol c dung lam nhienlieu cho xe o to. Hien nay, tat ca xe san xuat ban x la loai xe danh cho s dung xang phatron vi ethanol va thch ng vi loai ethanol co cha nc en 4,4% (ethanol 95,6%).Trong 2008, Chnh phu m rong chng trnh san xuat diesel sinh hoc phai cha 2% dieselsinh hoc, va tang len 5% trong 2013.

Tuy nhien, chng trnh san xuat va tieu thu ru ethanol c thc hien vi baocap ln cua nha nc di hnh thc (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy,1999):

- Lai suat thap cho xay cat cac nha may nau ru,- Bao am gia thu mua ethanol bi cac cac cong ty dau quoc doanh vi gia

hp ly,- Gia ethanol ngoai th trng co sc canh tranh cao, va- Giam thue trong thap nien 1980s e khuyen khch loai xe dung ethanol.


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Cac bien phap ho tr gia va bao am neu tren giam bt dan, en nay a cham dthoan toan va ket qua rat tch cc. tieu bang Sao Paulo a thiet lap thanh cong mottrung tam nghien cu va phat trien trong ma va san xuat ru ethanol hieu qua cao.

Hnh 2: Ma cay dung e san xuat ethanol(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane)

3.2. Hoa KyHang nam Hoa Ky tieu dung khoang 142 t gallon xang dau va gia ca tang gia t o 30-40cent trong au 1970s len 3,5 My kim/gallon trong thang 3-2008. Nc nay hien tieu thu o25% tong so dau the gii. Cho nen, ho co no lc ln nham thay the phan nao loai nhienlieu chat khoang nay. Hien nay, hau het cac loai xe nc My co the chay bang xangpha tron vi 10% ethanol c che tao t bap. Mot so hang xe nh Ford, Daimler-Chrysler va GM a ban loai xe co the dung xang tron vi ethanol t zero en 85%ethanol (E85). en gia 2006, co en 6 trieu chiec xe chay E85 (America energy, 2006).Trong 2007, thanh pho Portland, bang Oregon la thanh pho au tien bat buoc tat ca cacloai xe chay trong gii han thanh pho phai dung xang tron toi thieu 10% ethanol (Murphy,2007)) (Hnh 3). Ke t thang gieng 2008, cac bang Missouri, Minnesota va Hawaii oi hoixe o to chay xang tron vi ethanol.

Trong 2006, trc Quoc hoi lng vien, Tong Thong George W. Bush tuyen bo HoaKy a nghien dau hoa nen can phai thay the 75% dau nhap bang nhng nguon nanglng hu hieu khac vao 2025, gom ca nhien lieu sinh hoc. Ngay 19-12-2007, (EnergyIndependence and Security Act of 2007) oi hoi nhng nha san xuat xang dau phai dung t

nht 36 t gallons nhien lieu sinh hoc trong 2022, hay tang gap 5 lan mc dung hien nay.Chng trnh khuyen khch dung xang tron vi ethanol My ang b ch trch v

da vao ho tr cua nha nc, lam tieu thu nhieu nhien lieu hn bnh thng. S ho trnay a khuyen khch nong dan bien oi at ai trong bap e san xuat ethanol ang ke vas dung nhieu phan hoa hoc va thuoc sat trung hn nhng at ai dung san xuat cac maukhac. Chnh phu Lien bang a ho tr cho rieng chng trnh nay 7 t My kim moi nam(tng ng 1,90 My kim/gallon)! Trong 2007, o 90% dien tch mau di truyen bien oi


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GM danh cho nang lng sinh hoc c trong My: 7 trieu ha bap GM cho san xuat ruethanol va 3,4 trieu ha au nanh danh cho san xuat dau diesel sinh hoc (James, 2007).

Hnh 3: Cay sang vi E 10 (10% Ethanol) California(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel)

3.3. Lien AuNhng nc dung nhieu nhien lieu ethanol sinh hoc trong Lien Au la c, Thuy S, Phapva Tay Ban Nha. Trong 2006, luc a nay san xuat loai nhien lieu sinh hoc tng ngen 90% nhu cau. c quoc san xuat gan 70% nhu cau, Tay Ban Nha 60% va Thuy S50%. Tai c quoc co en 792 tram xang co E85, Phap 131 E85 va vi 550 tram khacang c xay cat (EUBIA, 2007). Lien Au a thong qua luat oi hoi cac nc hoi vienphai s dung nhien lieu khong co khoang chat toi thieu 5,75% tong so the tch nhien lieutieu thu trong nam 2010 va 10% trong 2020. Do o, ho co the thay the diesel hay xangbang bat c nguon nhien lieu sinh hoc nao. Hien nay, co t tram xang E85 nhieu ncLien Au. Nhien lieu sinh hoc b anh thue tng ng vi xang khoang chat.

3.4. A ChauTrung Quoc co chnh sach khuyen khch s dung nhien lieu sinh hoc tai cac vung sanxuat d tha ngu coc e giam bt dung xang dau. au tien, nc nay chon nam thanh photh iem cac vung trung bo va ong bac, gom co Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Nanyang tnh trung bo Henan va Harbin, Zhaodong tnh Heilongjiang mien ong bac. Trong

chng trnh nay, tnh Henan ang co ong san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc E10 khap nitrong tnh, vi muc ch lam on nh gia ngu coc, tang li tc nong dan va giam o nhiemmoi trng do xang dau gay ra. Nc nay cung d tnh dung E15 trong nam 2010.

An o phat ong chng trnh nhien lieu sinh hoc vi ma ng tren toan quoc cho E5,va at ch tieu tang len E10 va sau o E20. An o cung m rong cac on ien trong cayjatropha, mot loai cay san xuat dau e san xuat diesel sinh hoc.


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Thai Lan co mot chng trnh tham vong cao khuyen khch dung xang tron vi nhien lieusinh hoc 10% ethanol t 2007. Cung vay, ky nghe dau co co ke hoach san xuat diesel sinhhoc Malaysia va Indonesia.

Nht Bon ang nghien cu s dung rm ra e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc.

Viet Nam co vai no lc trongsan xuat cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc, nham thay the phannao dau mo va tang an ninh nang lng trong nc. Vai d an thanh lap nha may san xuatloai nhien lieu nay ang c xay cat tnh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai va ong Nai. TaiQuang Nam, chnh quyen tnh ang hp tac vi Nhat Ban d tru khai trien xay dng d annha may san xuat ru ethanol, vi tieu thu nguyen lieu o 1 trieu tan san/nam va cankhoang 300.000 ha at cac huyen pha tay cua tnh e trong san nguyen lieu phuc vucho nha may (Hai - Nguyen, 2008). Mot nha may san xuat bio-ethanol khac tai khu kinhte Dung Quat, Quang Ngai se c xay dng khai thac bi cong ty Dch vu Dau kh(Petrosetco) va cong ty Bronzeoak (Anh) vi tong so von au t 2.200 t ong. Nha mayco cong suat 150 trieu lt ethanol/nam, vi nguon nguyen lieu la san lat (A. Phng,2008).

ay la mot c hoi tot cho Viet Nam gop phan vao no lc cai thien i song nongthon, xoa oi giam ngheo va thu hep khoang cach i song gia nong thon va thanh th.Cho nen, can co mot chnh sach va quy hoach quoc gia nham va ho tr phat trien nganh

san xuat cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc, va tao them viec lam nong thon, tang gia litc nong dan va bao am an ninh nang lng trong nc. Tuy nhien, can phai nghiencu tng vung sinh thai ve at ai, kh hau va ieu kien kinh te-xa hoi e khoanh vungsan xuat nguyen lieu ay u cho cac nha may nhien lieu sinh hoc cung nh bao am giaca au ra. ong bang song Cu Long, can khuyen khch nhieu hn het ve au t sanxuat ethanol da vao ma ng, loai ru ethanol cellulose da vao rm ra, than luamien, bap, hoac cay ky nghe, cay an qua va cac loai m ong vat nh m ca changhan. Cac nha may ng hien hu can c them chc nang, bang cach trang b them cac

cong nghe va thiet b can thiet san xuat ethanol lam nhien lieu sinh hoc.

4. CAN BANG NANG LNG VA HIEU NANG SAN XUAT ETHANOLRu ethanol cha nang lng cho moi n v the tch t hn xang dau o 34%, cho nenco the dung e chay mot khoang ng ngan hn 34% cho cung so lng nhien lieu sdung (EERE, DOE). oi vi loai nhien lieu hoa tron E10 (10% ethanol va 90% sang), anhhng dung bioethanol rat t ch 3% hoac t hn. Nhng nhien lieu E85 (85% ethanol) coanh hng nhieu hn, ngha la phai dung so lng xang nhieu hn e chay cung mot

khoang ng va phai o xang nhieu lan hn. Trong thang 7/2007, tai mot tram xang My gia E85 la 2,63 My kim/gallon, hay ieu chnh cung nang lng vi xang la 3,71 Mykim/gallon, so sanh vi gia xang 3,03 My kim/gallon. Nhien lieu E85 la loai nhien lieuc xem la hao hang, tng ng vi xang premium My (Bourne and Clark, 2007). Brazil, ethanol (100%) co gia 3,88 oi vi 4,91 My kim cho loai E25. e cai tien s dungchat nhien lieu sinh hoc hieu qua hn, can phai nang cao mc can bang nang lng vahieu nang san xuat nhien lieu nay.


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Can bang nang lngHien nay, tuy theo ieu kien a phng, nguon nguyen lieu dung e san xuat nhien lieusinh hoc khac nhau: Brazil s dung ma ng, My dung bap, Lien Au dung cac cay co

dau, Nht ang chu y en rm ra Do o, s can bang nang lng gia au vao va aura cua san xuat ru ethanol khac nhau trong moi quoc gia. Tat ca nhng sinh khoi dungcho san xuat ethanol sinh hoc eu trai qua nhieu giai oan: canh tac, thu hoach, say vabien che. Nen can dung xang dau e cay ba, chuyen ch; phan hoa hoc; thuoc sat trung;thuoc diet co e san xuat nguyen lieu cho ru ethanol (au vao), c ot chay trongau may no, va tao ra nang lng chay may (au ra).

Nc My dung ethanol bap co nang lng can bang la 1,3, ngha la moi n vnang lng dau khoang san can thiet e tao ra 1,3 n v nang lng t ru ethanol .Brazil san xuat ethanol ma ng co can bang nang lng 8, c san xuat diesel sinhhoc 2,5. Con san xuat ethanol cellulose co nang lng can bang t 2 - 36 tuy theo congnghe ap dung (Bourne and Clark, 2007). Nh vay, dung nguyen lieu ma ng co hieusuat nang lng cao hn bap, v bap phai tieu huy bt mot so nang lng cho giai oanphan giai chat tinh bot thanh ng trc khi tao ra ru ethanol.

Hieu nang san xuat ethanol sinh hocHien nay, tat ca cac chng trnh san xuat ethanol sinh hoc the gii eu c cac chnhphu ho tr tch cc, v gia thanh san xuat rat cao, trong khi ho khong muon tuy thuoc

hoan toan vao loai xang dau khoang chat. V vay, cac nha san xuat co gang cai tien nangsuat ethanol cho moi n v bap hay mau khac, bang cac cong nghe hieu qua hn, ongthi lam tang trong lng sinh khoi moi n v dien tch, qua s dung cac cong nghesinh hoc, lai tao, va quan ly canh tac hu hieu. Neu c nh the, san xuat ru ethanolse co li tc kinh te cao hn. Ngoai ra, khi gia dau con tiep tuc tang, s dung cac chat dtha cellulose, nh rm ra, than cay sau khi thu hoach co the c dung e che bien ruethanol. Cac chuyen gia con e y en cac loai cay tang trng nhanh nh poplar, cays dung t au vao (low input) nh co switchgrass, sawgrass, miscanthus, lua mien ngot,

co ngot (Stevia sp.) e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc re tien.

5. CAC LI CH VA THACH THC CUA NHIEN LIEU SINH HOCPhat trien nhien lieu sinh hoc la mot trong cac bien phap tot khong nhng giup oi phovi cuoc khung hoang nang lng the gii ma con tao c hoi hiem co cho cai tien isong nong thon; nhng ong thi cung co mot so van e tiem an ve kha nang thieu hutthc pham cho nhng vung thieu at canh tac, cung nh gay anh hng moi trng khongkem g cac loai xang dau trong qua trnh san xuat. Tuy nhien, cac van e nay hien ang

con tranh cai tren dien an quoc te. Cac chuyen gia tin tng rang cong nghe, ky thuat vaquan ly san xuat se giup giai quyet cac kho khan neu tren neu xay ra.

5.1. Giam bt dau nhapMuc tieu au tien cua cac chng trnh san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc la nham giam bthoac khong le thuoc hoan toan vao dau nhap, va bao am an ninh nang lng quoc gia.Ngi ta c lng nguon dau hoa the gii ch con co the s dung trong the ky 21. Hn


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na, kinh nghiem the gii cho thay moi khi gia dau tang cao, vat gia cac khau lien hecung leo thang, ngoai tr nhng nc co chnh sach ho tr e on nh gia ca va th trng.Nguon nhien lieu sinh hoc con la nhu cau cap bach tai cac nc ang co nen kinh te phattrien manh nh Viet Nam. Tnh trang mat quan bnh cung-cau ve nang lng ang e doa

s banh trng cac nganh cong ky nghe va phat trien kinh te trong nc.5.2. Tao viec lam mi va nong san bien che mi nong thonNhieu nha nghien cu tin rang nhien lieu sinh hoc co the lam giam mc o ngheo kho nong thon neu co quy hoach va chng trnh thc hien hu hieu, v tao ra nhieu viec lamvi nong san bien che mi, m ra ky nguyen kinh te nong thon mi, song ong do anhhng cua gia nhien lieu nay. San pham mi o co gia tr kinh te cao hn cac nong santruyen thong. Nhng vien anh nay se gap tr ngai neu khong co cac chnh sach ho tr hply e vt qua cac kho khan nh a gap trong nen nong nghiep truyen thong mang laingheo kho cho nong thon. Hng phat trien nay co the a enthanh lap cac d an khucong nghiep hay o th nong thon khep kn, trong o cac chat thai t nong nghiep cdung e tao ra nang lng sinh hoc, va ong thi mang sinh hoat mi, nep song mi ennong thon.

5.3. e doa nguon thc pham the gii?Van e nay tuy thuoc vao tnh trang san xuat thc pham d tha hay thieu cua moi quocgia. Vi nen kinh te th trng, gia nang lng hap dan co the khuyen khch nong dan

dung at va nc e san xuat nguyen lieu cho nhien lieu sinh hoc thay v trong cay thcpham; do o, co the lam thieu nc canh tac va khan hiem thc pham tren th trng, keotheo gia ca tang vot qua kha nang thu mua cua gii ngheo. en nay, ch co nc My angchuyen ong manh c cau cay trong, thay the trong thc pham (bap va au nanh) bang sanxuat nguyen lieu cho ethanol v gia ca hap dan.Hy vong cac nc cong nghiep chu trongvao nong nghiep san xuat nang lng sinh hoc va danh cong viec san xuat thc pham chocac nc ang phat trien nham san bang cach biet xa hoi gia hai the gii nay trong thiai toan cau hoa hp ly. ac biet cac nc cong nghiep can giam bt bao cap nong nghiep

to ln cua ho va m ca nhap khau nong san t cac nc ang phat trien e nang cao isong nong thon tai cac nc nay.

Sau gan 40 nam, nc Brazil a at en t tuc nhien lieu trong nc ma khong hegap phai tnh trang oi kem, ch nh vao san xuat con ethanol sinh hoc. Nhng nc ongdan va at kha canh gii han nh Trung Quoc, An o, Indonesia (Java) co the quantam nhieu hn ve van e san xuat thc pham. Ngoai ra,phat trien loai ethanol celluloseva cac chat thai e san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc se giup giai quyet noi lo au thieulng thc va van e moi trng tren the gii.

Viet Nam cung nh Thai Lan, van e san xuat lng thc tng oi ay u, valai con d tha e xuat khau nh lua gao, thuy san, cay an qua, cay ky nghe; nhng nongdan van con ngheo kho so vi thanh th. Cho nen, ch can giam bt phan na ch tieu solng gao xuat khau hang nam (gan 5 trieu tan/nam), at nc co the e danh t nht natrieu hecta at cho cac nganh san xuat khac co li ch kinh te cao hn, nh Trung Quoc alam trong gan 4 thap nien qua (giam o 7 trieu hecta trong lua, t 36,5 trieu trong 1975xuong con 29,4 trieu ha trong 2006). Mot nc cang chu trong nhieu ve nong nghiep,


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thanh phan nong dan a so cang ngheo, ngoai tr cac nc cong nghiep co che o baocap ln!

cac vung on i, at canh tac b gii han v ch canh tac mot vu moi nam va muaong b lanh hoac tuyet phu; nhng khong co gii han nhieu mien nhiet i va can

nhiet i v nong dan co the trong trot quanh nam.5.4. Anh hng moi trngCac nghien cu au tien cho biet cac loai nhien lieu sinh hoc la loai nhien lieu than thienmoi trng. Xang san xuat 2,44 CO2 tng ng kg/l trong khi ethanol ch sinh ra 1,94,nen se lam giam rat nhieu kh thai CO2 trong bau kh quyen. Nam 2006, nghien cu cuatrng ai hoc California, Berkley c lng kh thai nha knh cua ethanol bap la 13%,sau giam xuong con 7,4% thap hn so vi xang dau (Bourne and Clark, 2008). Tap chNational Geographic ghi nhan 22% t kh thai CO2 hn cho ethanol bap va 56% choethanol ma. Hang che tao xe Ford bao cao a san xuat mot loai xe co the chay xanghoac ru ethanol hoac hoa tron co the giam bt 70% kh thai CO2 (EUBIA, 2007).

Nhng vai nghien cu gan ay cho ket qua trai ngc, ngha la nhien lieu sinh hoccung san xuat kh thai nha knh trong chu ky san xuat khep kn. San xuat nguyen lieu etao ra nhien lieu sinh hoc cung oi hoi mot so lng ln xang dau trong hoat ong vanchuyen ngoai ong va hau thu hoach. Thang 10-2007, nha Nobel hoa hoc Paul Crutzena bao cao kh thai nitrous oxide (N2O) t san xuat dau hot cai (rapeseed, ho Mu tat) vabap tao ra chat kh lam am trai at hn khai thac dau khoang, v qua trnh canh tac san

xuat hai mau nay cung dung nhieu phan hoa hoc va nhien lieu chuyen ch trong hoatong nong nghiep. Tuy nhien, neu trong cac loai cay va co oi hoi t phan se gay t anhhng en moi trng. Nhieu nha nghien cu cho biet s dung cac loai ethanolcellulose lam bang cac chat thai thao moc co li cho moi trng hn.

Malaysia va Indonesia, nong dan a khai pha hang ngan hecta rng nhiet i etrong dau co san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc va xuat khau qua chau Au, a lam xao tron moitrng thien nhien va lam o nhiem khong kh do te nan ot pha rng ba bai e khai thactrong trot.

6. KET LUANNhieu nc ang phat trien trong o co Viet Nam co li the ve nong nghiep, nhng chac phat huy toi a. Nong thon co mo dau nang lng sinh hoc t lau, nhng tiem nangcua ni nay cha biet en e khai thac. Ro rang nhien lieu sinh hoc rat can thiet chonhng nc thng chu anh hng trc tiep cua cac cuoc khung hoang nang lng thegii xay ra, gop phan am bao an toan nang lng trong nc va tao ra mot nganh bienche mi, loai san pham mi, va viec lam mi nong thon. ac biet nganh san xuat nhien

lieu sinh hoc con m rahng i mi co the nang cao i song thon xa, qua hnh thanhcac cum cong nghiep va o th sinh thai, neu co quy hoach va c chnh phu khuyenkhch va ho tr thch ang. Cac ky thuat tan tien, cong nghe sinh hoc va quan ly canh tacse giai quyet cac kho khan ve thc pham, moi trng, va hieu nang san xuat nhien lieusinh hoc cua tng quoc gia.


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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:1) A. Phng, 2008. Xay dng nha may san xuat nhien lieu sinh hoc tr gia 2.200 t

ong (http://www.sggp.org.vn/trithuccongnghe/3008/3/145447/)2) Aakko, P. and Nylund, N., 2004. Technical view on biofuels for transportation Focus on ethanol end-use aspects(http://www.virtual.vtt.fi/inf/julkaisut/muut/2004/Etoh_VTT51000_03.pdf)

3) American energy, 2006. The renewable path to energy security(http://www.images1.americanprogress.org/il80web20037/americanenergynow/AmericanEnergy.pdf)

4) American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 1999. Policies for a moresustainable energy future (http://www.aceee.org/store/proddetail.cfm?)5) Bourne, J.K and Clark, R., 2007. Green dreams.National Geographic Magazine,Oct. 2007, p. 41(http://www.magma.nationalgeographic.comngm/2007-10/biofuels/biofuels-interactive.html)

6) China promotes ethanol-based fuel in five cities(http://www.english.people.com.cn/200206/17/en020617_98009.shtml)

7) Crutzen, P., 2007. N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates globalwarming reduction by replacing fossils fuels(http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/7/11191/2007/acpd-711191-2007.html)

8) EERE, DOE (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, US Department ofEnergy). Ethanol Production Plant, Fuel Stock e85, Cellulosic Corn Ethanol, Prices(http://www. eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/ddown.cgi?afdc/FAQ/5/0/0/).

9) Etanol combustvel: Balanco E Perspectivas(http://www.nipeunicamp.org.br/proalcool/Palestras/16/Antonio%20de%20Padua%2020Rodrigues.ppt)

10)European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA), 2007. Bio-ethanol productionand use creating markets for renewable energy technologies(http://www.eubia.org/fileadmin/template/main/res/pics/projects/RESTMAC_-Gioethanol_Production___Use.pdf, EU, RES Technology Marketing Campaign)

11)freetheplant.net (http://freetheplant.net/)12)Hai-Nguyen, 2008. Quang Nam: 150 trieu USD au t nha may san xuat con

ethanol (http://www.sggp.org.vn/kinhte/3008/3/144991/)13)Hartman, A., 2006. A promising oil alternative: Algae energy. Washington Post

(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-

dyn/content/article/2008/01/03AR2008010303907.html)14)Introduction: The clean tech opportunity(http://www.cleanedge.com/book/Introduction_The_Clean_Tech_Revolution.pdfp.21 (in Wikipedia).

15)James, C. 2007. Global status of commercialized Biotech/GM crops: 2007. ISAAABriefs 37-2007: Excecutive Summary, ISAAA: Ithaca, N.Y.


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(http://www.isaaa.org/Resources/Publications/briefs/37/executivesummary/default.html

16)Murphy, T., 2007. In Biodiesel we trust(http://www.postcardboncities.net/node/192). Portland tribune.

17)National Geographic Magazine, 2007. Green Dreams, Oct 2007(http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-10/biofuelsbiofuels-p2.html)

18)Thurmond, W., 2007. In the July-August 2007 issue of The Futurist magazine(http://.www.wfs.org/futcontja07.htm)

19)Washington Post, 2006. New rig brings Brazil oil self-sufficiency(hppt://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/21/AR2006042100139.html)

20)Wikipedia, 2008. Biofuel (http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel).21)Wikipedia, 2008. Etahanol fuel (http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel).

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Nguon Nang Luong Sinh Hoc Va Co Hoi Phat Trien Nong Thon