Nguyen li he dieu hanh

8/14/2019 Nguyen li he dieu hanh

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Chuyn Nguyn l cc h iu hnh Mctiu

Cung cp kin thc nguyn l v cc h iu hnh(nguynlhotng: quntrfile & vo-ra, quntrbnh, quntrqutrnh, hthnga xl ...) gipsinhvinhiusuhnvhotngHH, khaithcttnnglchthng.

iukinvccmnhctrc

- Tonhcrirc, - Cutrcdliuvthutton,- ThchnhhiuhnhMS-DOS, Windows. iukingingdy

TrnhbytrnPowerPoint. Phnphichngtrnh 45 tit tn ch

- 33-36 tit: giovinlnlpvhiuhnh,- 9-12 tit: ccnhmsinhvintrinhbyxminar. Gingvinnmhc 2009-2010

53CA: PGS.TS. HQuangThy B mnCcHTTT


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Tiliuthamkho

1] H Quang Thy (2003).

Gio trnh Nguyn l cc hiu hnh,Nh XB Khoa hc-K thut, H Ni.

2]. Andrew S. Tanenbaum (1992). Modern OperatingSystems (Part 1. Traditional Operating Systems, pp. 1-

462),Prentice Hall 1992, Simon&Schuster (Asia) Pte Ltd1996(bn in 1999 ti Singapure)..

3]. Milan Milenkovic (1992). Operating System:Concepts and design (Part 1. Fundamental Conceps, pp 1-376). McGRAW, 1992.

4]. Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Galvin v Greg Gagne(2002). Operating System Concepts (6th Edition), John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.


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Chng 1. Tng quan v H iu hnh

1. Phn cng v nh gi2. Khi nim H iu hnh. Nhn h iu hnh

3. Phn loi h iu hnh tp trung4. Tin ha H iu hnh5. Giao tip bng li gi h thng6. Tnh m v tnh kh chuyn ca h iu hnh

Author: Ha Quang Thuy & Steve Armstrong


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1. Phn cng v nh gi

* Ti nguyn

- Phn cng: h thng thit b v lin kt trong h thng(mng),- Phn mm: phn mm h thng, phn mm ng dng. Gi tr

phn mm l rt ln,- Nhn lc: pht huy tnh nng ca h thng phn cng v

phn mm,* Chuyn Nguyn l cc h iu hnh (tp trung)- Khai thc ti nguyn phn cng (ch yu) v ti nguyn phn

mm.- Nhng nguyn l - gii php chung nht,- Minh ha: v d t h iu hnh c th.


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1. Phn cng v nh gi

Cu trc my tnh th h 3 (IBM, EC ...)


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1. Phn cng v nh gi

Thnh phn my tnh c nhn n gin


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USB: Universal Serial Bus, SCSI: Small Computer Systems InterfacePCI: Peripheral Component InterconnectISA: Industry Standard Architecture

Cu trc h thng Pentium ln


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CPU: - Tc x l: MHz hoc MIPS, MFLOPS (Million FloatingPoint Operations Per Second)- di t my: 8-16-32-64 bit ( mt vi kiu khng chia ht cho8).

* Nng lc: tc x l + di t my- H lnh (lnh thng, lnh c bit):khong 100-150 lnh (ch th: instruction)

- c trng kh nng x l thng tin

* Cn iu phi s dng tt (Bi ton cn u tin)

1.a. c trng CPU


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CPU: (a) n 3-giai on (tm,np-gii m-thc hin)(b) Kin trc CPU a lnh (superscalar CPU):nhm lnh ng thi-b m-nhiu ni thc hin

1.a. Hot ng CPU


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Cu trc cc loi b nh in hnh(Cc s liu tng i)

* B nh trong: ROM-PROM-EPROM, RAM

1.b. B nh trong


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Gi tr, cch c cc bi v c in hnh

n v o


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1.b. B nh trong

Cc c trng

+ a ch ha:- n v: ph bin byte (i khi l t my),- Bt u t 0,

+ Dung lng: kh nng lu tr,

+ Tc truy nhp ti mi nh (a ch): ng nhtThit k phn cp t chc vt l b nh trong (ccthanh nh ..).

nh gi

+ Thc hin: CT v d liu x l cn b nh trong.* Cn s dng b nh trong hiu qu.


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1.b. B nh trong

S dng cache

+Tng tc truy nhp b nhtrongb nh truy nhpnhanh: gi thnh ?

B nh truy nhp nhanh cc

b CPU (cache)+ n1, v1 tn sut, tc truynhp cache; n2, v2 tn sut,tc truy nhp b nh

trongtc truy nhp b nh

CPU = n1*v1 + n2* v2 > v2tng n1, (ch : n1+n2 =1)


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Ti (load) chng trnh vo b nh tronga) Mt cp gii hn c s ( file .COM);b) Hai cp gii hn c s( file .EXE)

1.b. B nh trong


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- (a) Kin trc tuyn n,

- (b) Kin trc b nh tuyn kp

1.b. B nh trong


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- Knh, thit b iu khin thit b vo-ra, thit b vo-ra;

- Knh (channel): B x l vo-ra, hot ng theo chng trnh, truy nhp

b nh song song- c lp vi CPU, nh DMA (Direct MemoryAccess)thc hin cng vic ng thi, tng thi gian tnh ton CPU,knh nhanh-chm.

- My tnh hin thi c cu (bridge) nh vai tr knh.

1.c. H thng ngoi vi


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Cu trc iu khin a. Cc khi nim tr, rnh (mt), sector

1.c. H thng ngoi vi


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V d v a t

Cc tham s a i vi mt a mm IBM PC chun v mt

a cng Western Digital WD 18300


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2.Khi nim H iu hnh. Nhn HH

* Tnh c n thi t h i u hnh:

- Ph n c ng, nhi u a d ng qu n l ho t ng t t, - Nhu c u t ng tr ng p ng y yu c u

ng i dng,

- Qu n l m t cch t ng

H i u hnh l b ch ng trnh c ci t s n d i d ng cc file , th c hi n hai ch c n ng c b n:

(1) my tnh m r ng ( o),

(2) qu n tr ti nguyn.


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Cu trc h thng

Nhn: m b o ch c n ng qu n tr ti nguyn (c ng), D ch v h th ng : m b o ch c n ng my tnh m r ng.


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NHN H IU HNH

Nhn:- qu n tr ti nguyn, - th ng tr c trong b nh trong (? m un t i - loader) - m un ch ng trnh no a vo nhn ?: c n

n th ng xuyn, s c p vi nhn: t pm un t i thi u nh t, bao g m c cc m un m my, giao di n ph n c ng (m c 6)

- t u trong b nh trong ?: ph bi n t t i m t mi n, vng a ch th p nng c p h

i u hnh, m r ng b nh ... khng thay i ho t ng c a h i u hnh,

- MS-DOS: h vo - ra c s (BIOS: IO.SYS), h i u hnh c s (BDOS: MSDOS.SYS) v ph n th ng tr c c a ch ng trnh gi i thch l nh

(CCP:COMMAND.COM).


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GIAO TiP H THNG

(1) G l nh, kch chu t vo icon ( h a), (2) Ngn ng giao ti p: v d JCL (Job Control Language) (3) L i g i h th ng t i trnh ng d ng (m c 5)


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KHI NG H iU HNH

- a h i u hnh vo lm vi c. X y ra khi b t my, kh i ng l i.

- Qu trnh:(1) Xung i n kh i ng IPL (Initial Program Loader: th ng EPROM) ch y, (2) IPL: + Ki m tra tr ng thi s n sng ho t ng (b nh ,

cc thi t b chu n ...). + Ki m tra tr ng thi cc thi t b km theo ( a cc phn vng, cc thi t b ngo i vi khc ...).

+ Thi t l p cc kh i i u khi n thi t b UCB (Unit Control Block)

+ a ch ng trnh kh i ng nhn NIP (Nucleus Initial Program/ boot trap) vo ho t ng,

+ NIP t i nhn v trao i u khi n cho qu trnh nguyn th y.


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3. PHN LOI H IU HNH

Cc thnh ph n c a h i u hnh (quan ni m m r ng): * Thnh ph n i u khi n:

- khng t o ra s n ph m, - i u khi n ho t ng h th ng, - Thnh ph n ho t ng nh t : i u khi n CPU,

i u khi n qu trnh, i u khi n b nh , i u khi n

d li u (file, vo - ra) ... (m un t i - loader) - quy nh tnh ch t c a h i u hnh, c bi t l i u khi n CPU, i u khi n b nh

- Ph bi n c coi l h i u hnh * Thnh ph n ng d ng:

- t o ra s n ph m k t qu , - cc b d ch, c s d li u, so n th o ...

* Thnh ph n ti n ch: - h tr thao tc ng i dng


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3. PHN LOI H IU HNH (2)

Phn lo i h i u hnh t p trung * D a theo tnh ch t ho t ng c a ch ng trnh

i u khi n (ch y u v i CPU, b nh trong) * n ch ng trnh:

- M t th i i m c m t ch ng trnh BNT, - Ti nguyn h th ng ph c v ch ng trnh

t khi b t u cho t i khi k t thc, - L n l t t ng ch ng trnh c a vo

b nh trong, th c hi n xong m i a ch ng trnh khc,

- Thch h p v i my b nh trong nh , t c CPU ch m

- nh PC-DOS (c th coi c MS-DOS)


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* a ch ng trnh: Ch m , ch phn chia th i gian

* Ch m (batch): - Dng x p hng cc ch ng trnh, - M c tiu: nhi u ch ng trnh hon thi n nh t trong th i kho ng (khng ch giao ti p ng i

dng)


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* Ch m : - Phn ph i b nh trong: (1) Nhi u ch ng trnh,

(2) Chia ch ng s n (MFT: Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks), n p khi c th (MVT: M- with a Variable number of T). Lin t c

- Phn ph i CPU: Ch ng trnh ang ch y g p

l nh yu c u ti nguyn, c ng ng ch y, a CPU cho ch ng trnh khc ch y, - DOS cho my IBM, OS cho h EC ...


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* Ch th i gian th c (RT: Real Time):

- Cho cc h th ng i u khi n: tn l a, my bay, s n xu t cng nghi p ...

- M i bi ton c gi i h n th i gian k t thc: c n phn ph i ti nguyn ch ng trnh k t thc khng mu n h n th i i m ,

- c coi l h i u hnh a ch ng trnh ch m v b sung tham s th i gian

THNH PHN IU KHIN C h


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THNH PHN IU KHIN: CcchcnngquntrHHquntrbnlptinguyn: Bxl/qutrnh, bnh, I/Ovdliu/file.

- Quntrthitbvo - ra: gimphctpkhithitkHHtheo

tnh ph thuc my kin trc h thng thng tch hon tonvichititthitbvo-ra.- B xlcung cp giaodinchung tithitb; cn cgiaodin

chung (SPI), nh ch to thit b vo-ra pht trin thit b iukhinthitbvo-ravtrnhiukhinphnmmtchhpvo

hthng.- Thitbvo-ralbghinh: loic/ghi (at...), loikhcchc (bnphm ...) vloikhcnachghi (myin...). Thchhpcoimithitbvo-ralfilelgic. Filelgicbiudinthitbvtlthitbo. QTchthaotctrnfile; HHdingiifile

nytithitbvtl.

THNH PHN IU KHIN C h t (2)


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- K thut tng tc vo-ra: spooling, buffering. Spooling thun tinchiaxthitbvo-ra. Bufferdnxptckhcnhaugiathitbvo-rachmvbxlnhanh, cthihnhnhiumcphnmm:

hthngfile, trnhiukhinthitb, vmtstrnghp: tithitbiukhinvo-ra.- avtrmcui: Thitbvo - raquantrngnht. atccao

vdunglngrng (vitrmgigabytes) thngdng, cvaitrngkthitkphnmmln.

- Linquan ti b tc (deadlock), xut hintpccQT: miQTgicctinguynliihitinguyntQTkhc, toraxuchutrnhkhngththog. "Tinguyn: thitbvtlv (tngquthn) lbufferv iu kin. Vic phng nga, thot, pht hin b tc cnghincurngri, vnlvnm...

THNH PHN IU KHIN: Ccchcnngquntr (2)

THNH PHN IU KHIN C h t (3)


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Quntrfile: File - thcthdliulgiccthihnhtrnthitbnh: a, bnh, thmchfile-thitbvo-ra. Trutng:

mitnhtoncxemnhQTthaotcvifile. File c cu trc v thi hnh thao tc: cn ti cc chcnng cs quntr file: truy nhp file (file acces) v chiaxfile. Thmmctiuhiuqu: truynhpfileihicchiu khin bo v (protection) v an ton, v chia x file ctnhngbhociukhinngthi.Quntrthitbvo - ravquntrfilecgiithiutrongchng 2. iukhindliu.

THNH PHN IU KHIN: Ccchcnngquntr (3)

THNH PHN IU KHIN: C h t


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- QuN TR B NH: phn phi/phn phi li b nh v nh xkhng gian chng trnh lgic b nh vt l.

Mc tiu: Tn dng tt b nh v cung cp b nharo h tr chngtrnh ln.

- Phn phi lin tc: cn c nh: chng/cn thay i: khngchng.

- K thut iu khin trang (paging)/segment (segmentation) thihnh b nh o: i hi phn cng b sung (thit b qun l bnh - memory managment unit).- Trang v segment: c ch phn phi b nh ri rc. HH kt hp

trang+segment.

- Mt t trang/segment b nh trong cn ch dn d liu v chth (lnh) mi. Nhiu thut ton thay trang: rt gn tn s litrang.

THNH PHN IU KHIN: Ccchcnngquntr

THNH PHN IU KHIN: C h t


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- QUN TR B X L/QU TRNH

Mc thp: nh x BXL ti QT/ ngc li. M rng a ngi dng/a bi ton.

Mc cao: thi hnh trong sut QT ng thi. Tng tc QT ng thi i hi

BQT v TTLQT.

Tip cn ph bin: chia x b nh dng li gi h thng thao tc bin kiu

semaphore.- Chc nng lp lch:

QT sn sng(ready)/ dng xp hng(waiting sequence) cn c lp lch thc

hin. Cc dng hm mc tiu: ti thiu thi gian chuyn lch, ti a thng lng h

thng - system throughput, ...

THNH PHN IU KHIN: Ccchcnngquntr


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4. Tin ha H diu hnh

KhngcHHc HH. n ginngycnghonthin.

Nhnmnhchcnngquntrtinguyn (vaitrnhn) Nhnmnhchcnngmytnho (vaitrdchvhthng). Tinhatheo 4 thh:

Hiuhnhtptrung (truynthng)

hiuhnhmnghiuhnhphntnhttrcngtc (hTTCTch trng thit k ng dng phntn cho mi trng h thng m).

Phn bit th h h iu hnh theo(1) kt dnh phn cng-phn mm v

(2) t hp mc tiu-c trng


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4. Tin ha H iu hnh

H i h h t t


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1) Giai on u: Khng c h iu hnh: Mi thao tc chncng vic, iu khin cng vic do thao tc vin (operater).

Minsk-22, -322) H iu hnh tp trung (truyn thng)

a) H n chng trnh: Mi thi im c mt chng trnhtrong b nh trong. H thng phc v chng trnh t khi

bt u cho ti khi kt thc (V d, h iu hnh PC-DOS)+ ! thi gian thao tc vo - ra khng ng k so vi thi giantnh ton.

+ Ch SPOOLING: khi chng trnh chy vo-ra thao tc

ln a. T a

thit b khc c c ch h tr.

H iu hnh tp trung

H i h h


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b) H thng a chng trnh (l, batch) a ba c l ti thit b vo ba 1401 (a) c ba ghi vo bng t (b)

a bng t vo my tnh 7094 ni thc hin vic tnh ton (c), (d) a bng t ti my 1401 in kt qu ra (e), (f)c) H thng a ngi dng, h thng thi gian thcd) H thng a b x l

cbng t In

ra

my in

H thngbngTB c

ba

cbngt

Ghibng t

H iu hnh tp trung

H IU HNH MNG


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HH mnglin kt nhiu my tnh lng:

(1) khng c iu khin phn cng/phn mm trc tip t mt trm

lm vic (workstation) ti cc trm lm vic khc,(2) tng ph truyn thng gia cc trm lm vic l ln.

Mc tiu cn bn: chia x ti nguyn.

Tng tc duy nht trong h thng: trao i thng tin gia cc trm

xuyn knh truyn thng ngoi. Lin thao tc (c trng duy nht):

(1) Tnh cht mong mun h thng my tnh mng, to linh hottrao i thng tin dc cc trm trong mng my tnh hn tp.

(2) Lin thao tc c biu th: cc giao thc truyn thng chunv giao din chung chia x CSDL v h thng File.

H IU HNH MNG

H IU HNH MNG


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H IU HNH MNG

H IU HNH PHN TN


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- HHPT: mt h thng thng nht v lgic song c phnbtrnnhiumytnhccvtrkhcnhau. Cungcpmtcinhnlgictrongsutivihthngmytnhhntp.Chia x ti nguyn v cng tc hot ng phn tn l cc mc

tiu chnh trong thit k HH phn tn.- Xc nh cc thnh phn no trong h thng l phn tn hay

khngtptrung.Tinguynvtllphntnvtnhinthktnilng.Nhu cu thng tin l phn tn do tnh t nhin ca n/do

nhucutchc, chnghnvtnhhiuquvtnhanton.Hnna, hiu nng hthng cnng cao nhtnh ton

phntn.

H IU HNH PHN TN


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SO SNH H PHN TN V H T TR CT


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SO SNH H PHN TN V H T TR CT

5 GIAO TIP BNG LI GI H THNG


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- Ch ng trnh ng i dng s d ng l i g i h th ng lmvi c v i h i u hnh,

- L i g i h th ng (thu c h i u hnh) chu n ha: giao di n ch ng trnh ng d ng (API: Application Programs Interface).

5. GIAO TIP BNG LI GI H THNG


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5 GIAO TIP BNG LI GI H THNG


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4811 b c thi hnh l i g i h th ng read (fd, nbytes, buffer)

5. GIAO TIP BNG LI GI H THNG

6 TNH M TNH KH CHUYN V VI NHN


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- T nh m : kh n ng lm vi c v i l p r ng l n cc ph n m m ng dung, k t n i cc h i u hnh khc,

- Tnh kh chuy n: kh n ng ch y trn l p r ng l n h t ng thi t b ph n c ng v i khng c (ho c r t t) thay i.

6. TNH M, TNH KH CHUYN V VI NHN



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- Vinhn:Nhntithiuvnnng, trnddchvHHchunthihnh=Nhntithiuphthucnncng + tpthihnhclpphncng (dchvhthng) trongBgiao din trnh ng dng (API: Application ProgramInterface). APIcungcptnhmchongdngmccao.- Cungcpmitrngchaiukincnvcu

trcHH/hthngconpngnhucubtk.-Nhn, tuyphthucphncng, songccutrcvitrutngphncngddngthaylimmykhimangchuyntinnkhc.-

Mctru

tng

phn

cng

(HAL

:Hardware

Abstraction Layer) hoc Giao din cung cp dch v(SPI: ServiceProviderInterface) cmunphnmmmctrngi. SPI (hocHAL): tnhkhchuynchonntngmcthp.




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