Nhng khe PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) l mt phn tch hp bn trong cu trc ca my vi tnh v hu ht c cng nhn nh vy . Nhiu nm tri qua , PCI cng c thay i , chc nng ca n kt ni vi Sound , Video v nhng Card mng trn Mainboard . Nhng PCI c mt vi hn ch . Nhng CPU , Card mn hnh , Card m thanh v nhng Card mng ngy cng nhanh hn v mnh hn trong khi PCI li dm chn ti ch . N c nh rng d liu 32-bit v ch c th iu khin 05 thit b trong cng mt lc . Mt giao thc mi gi l PCI Express (PCIe ) gii quyt c nhng hn ch trn , cung cp bng thng ln hn , tng thch vi nhng h iu hnh ang c . Trong phn ny chng ti i su tm hiu s khc nhau gia PCIe v PCI . Chng ta cng xem lm th no PCIe lm cho my tnh nhanh hn , c th c kh nng dng nhng Card mn hnh nhanh hn thay th khe AGP .

Kt ni ni tip tc cao Ngay t khi ra i ca my tnh , vic cn thit trao i d liu v cng ln . Trong kt ni ni tip my tnh tch d liu thnh nhng nhm v chuyn tng gi d liu i mt , ht gi ny ri n gi kia . Kt ni nh th trong thi im ban u ca k nguyn my tnh c tc chm , do nhiu nh sn xut bt u chuyn sang dng kt ni song song gi nhiu mu d liu i cng mt lc . Mt vn xy ra khi nhng kt ni song song t ti tc cao no th nhng dy dn cnh nhau gy nh hng qua li vi nhau , do dng in i qua dy dn to nn mi trng xung quanh n mt t trng . Vi cng t trng mt mc no s nh hng ln dy dn bn cnh lm sai lch tn hiu bn trong mt dy dn khc v ngc li . iu ny xy ra i vi Cable ATA 133. Do vi tn hiu truyn song song ch c th t c mt tc cao nht nh . truyn tn hiu song song vi tc cao khng nh hng ti tn hiu sang nhau i hi thit k li h thng Bus c mc lc nhiu cao lc li nh hng ti gi thnh ca thit b . PCIe l kt ni ni tip m hot ng nh l mng hn l Bus . Thay v mt Bus m iu khin d liu t nhiu ngun . PCIe c Switch iu khin vi kt ni Point-to-Point . Nhng kt ni ny do Switch mang n , hng d liu trc tip ti thit b cn n . Mi thit b c kt ni ring ca n , do nhng thit b khng mt thi gian chia x bng thng nh Bus bnh thng khc . Khi my tnh khi ng ln , PCIe xc nh nhng thit b no c cm bn trong Mainboard . Sau n nhn dng nhng lin kt gia cc thit b v to mt bn cho bit d liu chuyn ng u s i v phn chia rng ca mi lin kt . S nhn dng ca nhng thit b ny v nhng kt ni l dng cng mt giao thc PCI , do PCIe khng cn thay i phn mm hoc nhng h iu hnh .

Mi ng ( lane ) ca kt ni PCIe gm hai cp dy , mt truyn d liu v mt gi d liu . Nhng gi d liu di chuyn trong Lane vi tc 1bit/chu k . V kt ni x1 l kt ni nh nht trong kt ni PCIe , nh vy mt Lane c 04 dy dn , mang 1bit/chu k theo mi hng . Kt ni x2 gm 08 dy dn v truyn 2 bit mt lc , kt ni x4 truyn 4 bit v c nh th . Nhng cu hnh khc l x12 , x16 v x32 .

PCIe c dng trong cc my tnh xch tay v nhng my tnh bn . N c dng vi nhng Mainboard c gi thnh thp . N l tim nng h tr nhiu thit b nh : Card mn hnh , USB , Card mng ...Kt ni PCIe c t nhn cm hn PCI thng thng Nhng lm th no m kt ni ni tip li nhanh hn kt ni dy dn 32-bit v 64-bit trong chun PCIx ? Tc nhanh hn Bus PCI c rng 32-bit , tc xung nhp ng h cao nht l 33MHz , cho php d liu cao nht truyn 133MB/s . Bus PCI-X c rng 64-bit , rng gp i so vi Bus PCI . Nhng tnh nng khc nhau ca PCIX cho php tc truyn d liu ln ti t 512MB ti 1GB/s

Mt Lane trong kt ni PCIe c th truyn d liu ln ti 200MB/s cho mi hng . PCIe 16x c th gy kinh ngc khi ln ti 64.GB/s cho mi hng . Vi tc kt ni x1 c th d dng iu khin kt ni Gigabit Ethernet , m thanh v nhng ng dng lu tr . Kt ni x16 c th d dng iu khin sc mnh ca Card mn hnh . Lm th no c th thc hin c ? C nhiu iu kin thun li khi chuyn tc kt ni ni tip :

u tin d liu , iu ny cho php h thng di chuyn hu ht nhng d liu quan trng u tin v ngn chn hin tng kiu nghn mch c chai . D liu c truyn theo thi gian thc . S dng t chn cm hn do rng d liu nh hn Bus thng thng . D dng kt ni v d tm li . n gin hn ngt d liu thnh nhng gi nh v t nhng gi nh cng vi nhau . Mi mt thit b c nhng ng d liu ring do kt ni Point-to-Point t Switch , tn hiu t nhiu ngun khng mt thi gian lm vic trn cng mt Bus .

Card mn hnh PCIe Nh chng ta thy PCIe c th loi b kt ni AGP khi cn . Khe PCIe x16 c th nhiu d liu hn trong mt giy khi so vi kt ni AGP 8x . Thm na , khe PCIe x16 c th cung cp cng sut ti 75W cho Card mn hnh , trong khi ca AGP 8x l 25W/42W . Bn cnh PCIe c nhiu tim nng pht trin cho Card mn hnh trong tng lai . Mainboard c hai kt ni PCIe x16 c th h tr 02 Card mn hnh trong cng mt lc :

SLI ( Scalable Link Interface ) : kiu ny do hng nVidia pht hnh vi Mainboard h tr cu hnh SLI cho php ngi dng cm 02 Card mn hnh cho php dng SLI trn cng mt h thng . Vi cu hnh SLI th mn hnh c chia lm hai phn , mi Card mn hnh iu khin mt na mn hnh . Kt ni SLI ng b qu trnh iu khin tn hiu ra mn hnh .

CrossFire : kiu ny do hng ATI gii thiu . Hai Card mn hnh ATI Radeon , mt Card c Chip ring bit cm vo mt Mainboard tng thch vi CrossFire . Cng ngh ca ATI tp trung nng cao cht lng hnh nh m khng cn nhng Card mn hnh ging nhau , mc d nhng h

thng cao cp phi c nhng Card mn hnh ging nhau . CrossFire chia cng vic v ti to hnh nh theo mt trong ba cch : o Chia mn hnh thnh hai na v gn mi na cho mi Card , gi l scissoring . o Chia mn hnh thnh nhng phn nh ( nh bn c vua ) , mi mt Card ti to hnh nh theo kiu en v Card khc theo kiu trng . o Mi Card mn hnh ti to nhng khung hnh xen k .

Bai khcAGP (ting Anh: Accelerated Graphics Port)l mt bus truyn d liu v khe cm dnhring cho cc bo mch ho - Ngay nh tn gi ting Anh y ca n cho bit iu ny (Tm dch: Cng tng tc ho). Ngy nay (2007) giao tip AGP khng cn c s dng trong cc bo mch ho na, chng c thay th bng chun PCI Express X16.

Cc loi khe cm AGP

Mc lc[n]

1 Tng quan 2 Lch s 3 Cc loi AGP theo bng thng 4 Tng thch vi bo mch ch 5 Ti liu tham kho 6 Xem thm

[sa]Tng

quan

AGP c pht trin trn nn bus PCI vi s thay i v dng thc vt l, cu to v ti u hn dnh ring cho cc bo mch ho. Khng ging nh cc khe cm PCI c thit k vi s lng nhiu trn bo mch ch, AGP ch c thit k mt khe duy nht. Trong cu trc my tnh, bus AGP c kt ni thng vi chip cu bc (Ci tin so vi bus PCI kt ni vi chip cu nam).

Do cu trc ny, AGP cho php cc bo mch ho c th truy cp trc tip vo b nh ca h thng, iu ny gip tng ng k hiu nng trn cc bo mch ho so vi khi chng s dng bus PCI trc . Tuy nhin nhng bo mch ho nhng th h cui cng s dng giao tip AGP t khi s dng b nh h thng do chng thng c trang b sn cc b nh ho ring. Ngy nay bng thng ca bus PCI Express (X16) cao hn so vi AGP nn ngy nay cc bo mch ho chuyn sang s dng bus ny, cc bo mch ch ngy nay cng khng cn h tr bus AGP. Ngi s dng mun nng cp bo mch ho trn cc h thng c bo mch ch s dng cng giao tip AGP hin nay cn rt t la chn v a s cc bo mch ho ny s dng ccGPU c. [sa]Lch

s

Phin bn u tin ca AGP l AGP 1.0 xut hin vo nm 1996.

Nm 1998, phin bn AGP 2.0 ra i vi in p s dng 1,5 V. Bao gm cc loi AGP 4X. Phin bn AGP 3.0 h tr 8X tng gp i bng thng so vi AGP 4X. Phin bn AGP Pro 1.0 c ra i thng 8 nm 1998; Cho n thng 4 nm 1999 th chng pht trin thnh phin bn AGP Pro 1.1a. AGP Pro s dng cc rnh cm di hn v tng kh nng tiu th cng sut t 25W ln 110W. C tnh tng thch ngc: Cc bo mch s dng chun AGP thng thng c th cm vo cc rnh AGP Pro do nhiu hng sn xut bo mch ch s dng loi ny c th cho php s dng vi nhiu loi bo mch ho hn (tuy nhin cng cung cp cc phn ph kin lp vo phn cn li ca cc rnh AGP Pro khi dng bo mch ho AGP thng thng chng khng cm ht y vo rnh). AGP Pro ch xut hin trong cc my trm cao cp m khng c cc phin bn cho cc my tnh c nhn ph thng do chng t c bit n vi a s ngi s dng. [sa]Cc

loi AGP theo bng thng

Phn loi AGP theo bng thng bao gm: 1. AGP 1X rng bus: 32 bit; Tn s lm vic: 66 Mhz; S d liu chuyn mt xung nhp: 1; Bng thng: 266 MBps 2. AGP 2X rng bus: 32 bit; Tn s lm vic: 66 Mhz; S d liu chuyn mt xung nhp: 2; Bng thng: 533 MBps 3. AGP 4X rng bus: 32 bit; Tn s lm vic: 66 Mhz; S d liu chuyn mt xung nhp: 4; Bng thng: 1066 MBps 4. AGP 8X rng bus: 32 bit; Tn s lm vic: 66 Mhz; S d liu chuyn mt xung nhp: 8; Bng thng: 2133 MBps in p ca cc loi giao tip AGP phn bit tu thuc vo tng loi. Vi AGP 1X, 2X, s dng in p 3,3 V. Vi AGP 4X, 8X s dng in p 1,5 V hoc thp hn (0,8 V).

[sa]Tng

thch vi bo mch ch

Tu thuc vo s h tr cc khe cm AGP khc nhau m cc bo mch ho s dng giao tip AGP khc nhau. Hnh minh ho bn cho ta thy rng c nhiu loi khe cm v s ph hp i vi chng. Thit k cc rnh trn bo mch ho v trn bo mch ch s gip cho ngi s dng khng th c tnh cm ln gy nguy him n h thng chung. i vi mt s bo mch ho cho php s dng c i vi loi AGP 2X v AGP 4X/8X th ti phn kt ni chng c c hai rnh khuyt c th tng thch vi c hai loi. [sa]Ti

liu tham kho

Scott Mueller; Upgrading and Repairing Pcs, 17th Edition. [sa]Xem PCI PCI Express Bo mch ho Bo mch ch Bi ny cn s khai lin quan n my tnh.Chng ta ang c nhng n lc hon thin bi ny. Nu bn bit v

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Bai khacPCI c Intel pht trin thay th cc bus c in ISA v EISA vo nhng nm 1992.S pht trin ca bus PCI thay i qua nhiu phin bn, c th k n nh sau: PCI phin bn 1.0: ra i vo nm 1992 bao gm hai loi: loi chun (32 bit) v loi c bit (64 bit) PCI phin bn 2.0: ra i nm 1993 PCI phin bn 2.1: ra i nm 1995 PCI phin bn 2.2: ra i thng 1 nm 1999 PCI-X 1.0 ra i thng 9 nm 1999 mini-PCI ra i thng 11 nm 1999 PCI phin bn 2.3 ra i thng 3 nm 2002 PCI-X phin bn 2.0 ra i thng 7 nm 2002 PCI Express phin bn 1.0 ra i thng 7 nm 2002 v t lu sau l 1.1 PCI Express phin bn 2.0 ra i 15 thng 1 nm 2007 PCI Express phin bn 3.0 s ra mt khong nm 2010[1].

[sa]Cc

kiu bus PCI

Hnh minh ho v tr bus PCI trong bo mch ch

PCI vi bus 33,33 Mhz, rng 32 bit l bus PCI thng dng nht cho n thi im nm 2007 dng cho cc bo mch m rng (bo mch m thanh, bo mch mng, bo mch modem gn trong...Tuy nhin c mt s bus PCI khc nh sau: PCI 66 Mhz: rng bus: 32 bit; Tc bus: 66 Mhz; D liu chuyn trong mt xung nhp: 1; Bng thng: 266 Mbps PCI 64 bit: rng bus: 64 bit; Tc bus: 33 Mhz; D liu chuyn trong mt xung nhp: 1; Bng thng: 266 Mbps PCI 64 Mhz/66 bit: rng bus: 64 bit; Tc bus: 66 Mhz; D liu chuyn trong mt xung nhp: 1; Bng thng: 533 Mbps PCI-X 64: rng bus: 64 bit; Tc bus: 66 Mhz; D liu chuyn trong mt xung nhp: 1; Bng thng: 533 Mbps PCI-X 133: rng bus: 64 bit; Tc bus: 133 Mhz; D liu chuyn trong mt xung nhp: 1; Bng thng: 1066 Mbps PCI-X 266: rng bus: 64 bit; Tc bus: 133 Mhz; D liu chuyn trong mt xung nhp: 2; Bng thng: 2132 Mbps PCI-X 533: rng bus: 64 bit; Tc bus: 133 Mhz; D liu chuyn trong mt xung nhp: 4; Bng thng: 4266 Mbps Nhng bus PCI 66 Mhz hoc 64 bit theo lit k trn khng thng dng trong cc my tnh c nhn, chng thng ch xut hin trn cc my ch hoc my trm.

[sa]Tham

kho

PCI Express, vit tt l PCIe (i khi d nhm vi PCI Extended, vit tt l PCI-X), l mt dng giao din bus h thng/card m rng ca my tnh. N l mt giao din nhanh hn nhiu v c thit k thay th giao din PCI, PCI-X, v AGP cho cc card m rng v card ha. Khe cm PCI Express (PCIe) hon ton nh PCI hay PCI Extended (PCI-X). PCLe l mt k thut p ng s pht trin cho tng lai. Version chun hin ti ti lc vit ca PCIe l 1.1. Tuy nhin t chc PCI-SIG s thng bo nhng c im k thut c bn ca PCI expres 2.0 [vo ngy 15 thng 1 nm 2007]. PCIe tng gp i thng lng hay bng thng ca chun PCIe, t 2,5Gbps ln 5Gbps. PCIe 2.0 vn tng thch vi PCIe 1.1 c v giao khe cm phn cng v phn mm, v vy mt ci card c vn c th lm vic trn mt my mi vi PCIe 2.0. Cng nh vi cc chun tnh ton khc, PCIe l mt cng ngh m c pht trin v ci tin b sung. Phin bn chun hin ti c s dng rng ri ti thi im bi ny c vit l PCIe 1.1 tuy vy PCI-SIG cng b chi tit k thut PCI Express 2.0 vo ngy 15 thng 1 nm 2007. PCIe 2.0 nng gp i dung lng hay bng thng t 2.5Gbps ti 5Gbps. PCIe 2.0 vn tng thch ngc vi PCIe 1.1 s dng chung cng khe cm vt l v t trnh iu khin phn mm. V vy, cc cd c vn c th chy c cc my c bo mch ch s dng phin bn mi ny. Cc thng tin b sung v PCIe 2.0 c th nh sau: PCIe l mt nh dng kt hp gia truyn d liu tun t v song song. C th, PCIe s dng nhiu kt ni song song trong mi kt ni truyn mt lung d liu tun t v c lp vi cc ng khc. Loi giao din ny i khi c gi l Channel bonding. PCIe 1.1 chuyn d liu vi tc 250 MB/s mi hng trn mi lung. Vi ti a 32 lung , PCIe cho php truyn ti tng cng 8 GB/s mi chiu. so snh tng ng, mt lung c gn gp i bng thng so vi PCI thng thng, 4 lung tng ng vi phin bn nhanh nht ca PCI-X 1.0, v 8 lung c hiu sut tng ng vi chun nhanh nht ca AGP. Khc cc chun card giao din m rng PC khc, PCIe va l full duplex va l point to point. iu ny c ngha rng mc d chun PCI-X (133mhz 64 bit) v PCIe x4 cng c tc truyn d liu, PCIe x4 s c hiu sut tt hn nu nhiu cp thit b lin lc ng thi vi nhau hay nu lin lc trong mt cp thit b l hai chiu. Khi cn giai on pht trin , PCI Express (PCIe) c gi bng cc tn m nh Arapaho hay3GIO vit tt ca 3rd Generation I/O. [sa]Xem

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