Nota Atlas.ti Drot (1)

8/13/2019 Nota Atlas.ti Drot (1)

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1 | www.drotspss.blogspot.com

Bengkel Kajian Kualitatif & Pengenalan Atlas.ti

(Nota Ringkas)*

1.0 Contoh Kajian KualitatifA Time Between: The Full-Time Adult Undergraduate

(sumber: http://www-distance.syr.edu/qualproposal.html)

Background:

The number of adults beginning or returning to college will continue to increase (xxx, 2009; yyy, 2011).

For colleges seeking to meet the needs of a growing population of adults, there is much yet to be

learned!

Problems:

Reports in the literature suggested that universities still have not really come to terms with these older

learners. Although some institutions have added special counselling and orientation programs and have

offered varied course schedules and formats, other important areashave been largely ignored. Almost

noneof the support services and structural changes which have been added for adult learners affect

those adults who enter regular day" full-time undergraduate programs.

Objective:

The intent of the proposed study is to learn about adult full-time learners, to look beyond their

demographic characteristics, to see these individuals, their perceptions, social worlds, and experiences

from their own perspectives and the nature of their social world. The focus will be on selected adult

undergraduates who are enrolled full time at Central College.

Questions:

This study examines basic issues, such as:

the nature and purpose of higher education

the role of educational institutions within the community and society.

This study examines the differences between full-time and part-time adult learners.

1. Who are these adult students?2. Why are they in college?3. What has been the impact of being a full-time undergraduate upon their lives, and upon their

interactions on and off campus with friends and family and with the people they meet on campus?

4. How has their relationships with family and friends affected their decision to go to and stay incollege and their experiences as full-time students?

5. What support do they have from family and friends?6. What types of groups or social networks have they developed during their time as an adult

undergraduate?

* Sebahagian bahan dalam nota ini dipetik dari sumber Internet


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Research Design and Procedures:

A qualitative study of full-time adult undergraduates is conducted using semi-structured interviewsas

the primary research approach. They will begin with unstructured questions such as the following:

"What has it been like to be a full-time student at Central College?"

All interviews will be tape-recorded and, based on four pilot interviews already conducted, areexpected to vary in length from 45 minutes to one hour, carried out in a conversational style.

I will write field notes in conjunction with the interviews, follow-up interviews and observations. Memo

also will be written while listening to taped interviews, typing transcripts, and reflecting upon a

particular interview. In addition, I expect to obtain other data throughout the study, such as comments

from administrative and teaching colleagues.

I will use The ATLAS.TI, a software program that uses a coding system organized around different topics

and themes found in these files. Connections between categories and themes will be used to further my

understanding of the adult full-time students world and to shape the organizat ion of the data for

portrayal in my final document.

Data analysis:

The data consist of interview transcripts, field notes from observations, records and documents, and

memoranda, which are treated to rigorous ongoing analysis.

Network diagram is used to show the relationship between categories or how the categories can be

related to one another to find patterns and make sense of the data

2.0 Introduction to QR

QR - finding out subjective information such as thinking, feeling, opinion, perspective of people in their

natural settings and try to make sense of, or interpret and give meaning to the phenomena.

collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data what people do and say What, How and Why

data includes interviews, field notes, photographs, video, personal documents, memos etc

to understand human behavior which is little known

to identify critical variables and generate theory to the phenomenon under study

flexible & evolving design

researcher as instrumentdata are mediated through researcher

emphasis on VALIDITY rather than reliability

3.0 Approaches

i. Deductive Approach (General to specific)

TheoryDataConfirmation (TDC)

use theoretical framework to develop categories for coding (use theory to analyse data)

prior to data collection

predicting a pattern of outcomes based on theory to explain what you expect to find

build an explanation while collecting and analysing the data


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ii. Inductive Approach (Specific to general)

DatePatternTheory (DPT)

analyse data to build theory

design coding scheme from data collection through interview etc

find frequent of significant themes in raw data

establish links between objectives and findingsdevelop a model or theory about underlying evident in the raw data

4.0 Sampling

No rule for sample size, depends on what you want to know- informant

Non-random purposive, convenience or snowball selection

To understand phenomena (not to represent population) esp for sensitive issues like sex, drugs etc

Typically the samples are small, and not "random"

5.0 Data collection

i. Depth interview

Data derived from interviews are rich, in-depth descriptions that explain and give meaning to

peoples lives

on important issues.

Extensive probing and open-ended questions (unstructured @ semi-structured @ structured open-

ended)

List the important topics to be explored

Write a sub themes for each topics

Make a draft of possible questions based on conceptual framework

Interviewerknowledge about the topics, good listener

a. Conducting interview

Self introduction

Explain general purpose

Impress the respondent that his opinions are important

Seek privacy

Consent for the interview and recording

Natural and conversational style to obtain detailed insights and personal thoughts

Know the objective of each question (make sure the answers satisfy it)

Probe, follow-up questionstell me more about it ? Explain why you think that way?

Confused situationOK let me conclude thatFlexible and unstructured, relaxed, open environment but usually with an interview guide

Purpose: to probe informants motivations, feelings, beliefs

Interview transcripts are analyzed for themes and connections between themes


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b. Types of interview

Type Format Responses Data Use Question Example

Unstructured Checklist,

interview

guide

Less controlled;

exploratory

and flexible;

informants are

encouraged totell their stories

Can be tape

recorded

or recorded

in field notes

Quality of data

depends

interviewers

skill;

generates a largeamount of rich,

detailed data;

very effective for

uncovering new

information

Can you tell me

about your first

date in college?

Semi

structured

Written interview

script;

all questions

written down;

script includes

interviewer

instructions

Controlled; more

detailed;

comparable

responses;

little room for

exploration

beyond

interview script

Same as above,

though usually

produces

narrower

range and

quantity of data

With adequate

training and practice,

can be used

successfully with

less experienced

interviewers;

easier to compare

answers

Can you tell me

about the first time

you and your

partner talked about

condoms?

Who first suggested

condoms?

What did you/he say?

How did you/he

react?]

Structured Most common

format is open

ended

survey

questions;

short answers;

often include

interviewer

directions on

specific probes

Highly controlled

and specific;

limited

detail; most

easily

comparable

since each

person

interviewed

has been

exposed to exact

same group of

questions

Usually recorded

on survey

instrument;

can be

easily

transformed

into numerical

data

Can verify

information

from in-depth

interviews;

easily integrated

into surveys;

effective

with large

study populations;

generally easiest

type of interviewing

to train up

staff to conduct

Over the last

month, in what

locations did you

buy drugs?

(source: www.go2itech.org/resources/technical- implem entat ion)

c. Inventori Protokol Temubual:

1. Pada pendapat anda, apakah factor yang mendorong anda.

Senarai semak penyelidik:

Factor diri Factor keluarga Faktor rakan Lain-lain (minta penjelasan)

2. Bolehkan anda jelaskan bagaimana factor XX mempengaruhi anda dalam.

Peringkat awal Peringkat akhir Proses Lain-lain (minta penjelasan)


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ii. Focus group

A loosely structured interview conducted by a trained moderator among a small number of

informants simultaneously.

8 - 12 members (usually paid)

homogeneous in terms of demographics and socioeconomic factors but heterogeneous views

experience related to product or issue being discussed1 1/22 hour session

1-way mirror/client may sit behind

qualified moderator

conversation may be video and/or audiotaped OR notes may be taken

to find out the how and why

narrow topic of discussion

set the objective

conducting

analyse and interpret

o transcribeo mark transcripts using codeso sort codeso writing.The majority of the patients said that. Only a few of them realized that .

iii. Observation

Systematic view of a specific phenomenon for a specific purposes of gathering data for a particular

study

Direct observation of behaviour with the purpose to describe it

Include seeing, hearing and perceiving

To discover the relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice

Selective criteria to be observed

Sediakan helaian nota pemerhatian

Tarikh:

Tempat:

Hari dan waktu

Penyelidik sampai ke kelas dan mendapati guru belum memasuki kelas.. Pada pukul 8.00 am barulah

guru masuk dengan membawa beberapa peralatan ABM.

6.0 General steps in data analysis

Read and readto get the whole picture

Codingidentify emergent themesCode categorization

Develop themes

Get big picture and interpretation


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i. Pengesahan kod oleh pakar (validation)

Kod Tema Petikan Komen Pakar

Peribadi baik Keperibadian guru Saya suka sebab cikgu tu tak pernah

tengking2 tanpa sebab..

Best cikgu tu... pakaian sentiasa kemas

Peribadi

kurang baik

Tak sesuai pakai baju kurung nak ajar

sukan

Ada ke masa mengajar boleh hantar sms

lagi...

ii. Pengesahan temu bual

Saya dengan ini mengesahkan data teks perbualan seperti yang diserahkan kepada saya untuk disemak

adalah:

Sila TickBenar tanpa pembetulan

Benar dengan tambahan

Benar dengan pemadaman

Yang benar:

(Nama)

Tarikh

Example:


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7.0 ATLASTI: Langkah demi langkah

i. Buka dan masukkan document

ii. Import semua Prime Documents (P-Docs) ke dalam ATLAS.TI


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iii. Create Free Codes

iv. Auto Coding


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v. Coding File Photo

vi. Coding File Video dan File Audio


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vii. Semak ObjectsP-Docs, Quotes, Codes, Memo

P-Doc #1 ada 21 codes Quotes: P-Doc #1

viii. Bina Memo


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ix: Word Cruncher

x: Output - Family Network (Jenis Kenderaan) dan Theme Network (Carta Kenderaan)


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