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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION In format provided by A.D.(Bud) Craig.(JANUARY 2008)

NATURE REVIEWS |NEUROSCIENCE www.nature.com/reviews/neuro

Supplementary information S1 (table)

Section 1. Interoception

Berman, S.M.et al.Reduced brainstem inhibition during anticipated pelvic visceral pain correlateswith enhanced brain response to the visceral stimulus in women with irri table bowel syndrome.J.Neurosci.28 , 349-359 (2008).

Brooks, J.C., Nurmikko, T.J., Bimson, W.E., Singh, K.D. & Roberts, N. fMRI of Thermal Pain:Effects of Stimulus Laterality and Attention.Neuroimage.15 , 293-301 (2002).

Castriota-Scanderbeg, A.et al.The appreciation of wine by sommeliers: a functional magneticresonance study of sensory integration.Neuroimage 25 , 570-578 (2005).

Coen, S.J.et al.Reproducibility o f human brain activity evoked by esophageal stimulation usingfunctional magnetic resonance imaging.Am. J. Physiol Gastrointest. Liver Physiol 293, G188-G197 (2007).

Critchley, H.D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Ohman, A. & Dolan, R.J. Neural systems supportinginteroceptive awareness.Nat. Neurosci.7, 189-195 (2004).

Davis, K.D., Pope, G.E., Crawley, A.P. & Mikulis, D.J. Percep tual illusion of "paradoxical heat"engages the insular cortex.J. Neurophysiol.92 , 1248-1251 (2004).

Denton, D.et al.Neuroimaging of genesis and satiation of thirst and an interoceptor-driventheory of origins of primary consciousness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A96 , 5304-5309 (1999).

Evans, K.C.et al.BOLD fMRI identifies limbic, paralimbic, and cerebellar activation during airhunger.J. Neurophysiol.88 , 1500-1511 (2002).

Frank, G.K.et al.Sucrose activates human taste pathways differently from arti ficial sweetener.Neuroi mage 39 , 1559-1569 (2008).

Gray MA, Harrison NA, Wiens S, and Critchley HD. 2007. Modulation of emotional appraisal byfalse physiological feedback during fMRI. PLoS ONE 20;2:e546.

Henderson, L.A.et al.Neural responses during Valsalva maneuvers in obstructive sleep apneasyndrome.J. Appl. Physiol94 , 1063-1074 (2003).

Henderson, L.A., Gandevia, S.C. & Macefield, V.G. Somatotopic organization of the processingof muscle and cutaneous pain in the left and right insula cort ex: a single-trial fMRI study.Pain128, 20-30 (2007).

Herde, L., Forster, C., Strupf, M. & Handwerker, H.O. I tch induced by a novel method leads tolimbic deactivations a functional MRI study.J. Neurophysiol.98 , 2347-2356 (2007).

Kern, M.K. & Shaker, R. Cerebral cor tical registration o f subliminal visceral stimulation.Gastroenterology 122, 290-298 (2002).

Komisaruk, B.R.et al.Brain activation during vaginocervical self-stimulation and orgasm inwomen with complete spinal cord injury: fMRI evidence of mediation by the vagus nerves.Brain

Res.1024, 77-88 (2004).

Kong, J.et al.Using fMRI to dissociate sensory encoding from cognitive evaluation of heat pain

intensity.Hu m. Brain Mapp.27 , 715-721 (2006).

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Lazar, S.W.et al.Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness.NeuroReport16 , 1893-1897 (2005).

Mehnert, U.et al.Brain activation in response to bladder filling and simultaneous stimulation ofthe dorsal clitoral nerve--an fMRI study in healthy women.Neuroimage 41 , 682-689 (2008).

Moulier, V.et al.Neuroanatomical correlates of penile erection evoked by photographic stimuliin human males.Neuroimage33 , 689-699 (2006).

Olausson, H.et al.Unmyelinated tactile afferents signal touch and project to insular cortex. Nat.Neurosci.5, 900-904 (2002).

Olausson, H.et al.Feelings of warmth co rrelate with neural activity in right ant erior insularcortex.Neurosci. Lett .389, 1-5 (2005).

Ortigue, S., Grafton, S.T. & Bianchi-Demicheli, F. Correlation between insula activation and self-repor ted quality of orgasm in women.Neuroimage 37 , 551-560 (2007).

Phillips, M.L.et al.The effect of negative emotional contex t on neural and behaviouralresponses to oesophageal stimulation. Brain126, 669-684 (2003).

Pollatos, O., Gramann, K. & Schandry, R. Neural systems connecting interoceptive awarenessand feelings.Hum. Brain Mapp.28 , 9-18 (2007).

Rosenkranz, M.A.et al.Neural circuitry underlying the interaction between emotion and asthmasymptom exacerbation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A102, 13319-13324 (2005).

Singer, T.et al.Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain.Science303, 1157-1162 (2004).

Small, D.M., Zatorre, R.J., Dagher, A., Evans, A.C. & Jones-Gotman, M. Changes in brainactivity related to eating chocolate: from pleasure to aversion. Brain 124, 1720-1733 (2001).

Stephan, E.et al.Functional neuroimaging of gastric distention. J. Gastrointest. Surg.7, 740-749(2003).

Vandenbergh, J.et al.Regional brain activation during proximal stomach distention in humans: Apositron emission tomography study. Gastroenterology128, 564-573 (2005).

Veldhuizen, M.G., Bender, G., Constable, R.T. & Small, D.M. Trying to detect taste in a t astelesssolution: modulation o f early gustatory cortex by att ention to taste. Chem. Senses32 , 569-581(2007).

Von Leupoldt, A.et al.The unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea is processed in the an teriorinsula and amygdala.Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med.177, 1026-1032 (2008).

Wang, G.J.et al.Gastric distention activates satiety circuitry in the human brain.Neuroimage 39 , 1824-1831 (2008).

Wang, Z.et al.Neural substrates of abstinence-induced cigarette cravings in chronic smokers.J.Neurosci.27 , 14035-14040 (2007).

Williamson, J.W., McColl, R. & Mathews, D. Evidence for central command activation of thehuman insular cortex during exercise.J. Appl. Physiol94 , 1726-1734 (2003).

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Section 2. Awarene ss of body moveme nt

Corradi-Dell'acqua C, Ueno K, Ogawa A, Cheng K, Rumiati RI, and Iriki A. 2008. Effects ofshifting perspective of the self: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 40:1902-1911.

Farrer, C. & Frith, C.D. Experiencing oneself vs another person as being the cause of an action:

the neural correlates of the experience of agency.Neuroimage15 , 596-603 (2002).

Farrer, C.et al.Modulating the experience of agency: a positron emission tomography study.Neuroi mage 18 , 324-333 (2003).

Karnath , H.O., Baier, B. & Nagele, T . Awareness of the functioning of one's own limbs mediatedby the insular cortex?J. Neurosci.25 , 7134-7138 (2005).

Lowell, S.Y.et al.Sensory stimulation activates both motor and sensory components of theswallowing system. Neuroimage 42 , 285-295 (2008).

Mutschler, I.et al.A rapid sound-action association effect in human insular cortex .PLoS. ONE.

2, e259 (2007).

Ruby P and Decety J. 2001. Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: aPET investigation of agency. Nat Neurosci 4:546-550.

Tsakiris, M., Hesse, M.D., Boy, C., Haggard, P. & Fink, G.R. Neural signatures of bodyownership: a sensory network for bodily self-consciousness. Cereb. Cortex17 , 2235-2244(2007).

Williamson, J.W., McColl, R. & Mathews, D. Evidence for central command activation of thehuman insular cortex during exercise.J. Appl. Physiol94 , 1726-1734 (2003).

Section 3. Self-recognitio n

Devue, C.et al.Here I am: the cor tical correlates of visual self-recognition. Brain Res.1143,169-182 (2007).

Kircher, T.T.et al.Recognizing one's own face. Cognition78 , B1-B15 (2001).

Morita, T.et al.The role of the right prefron tal cortex in self-evaluation of the face: afunctional magnetic resonance imaging study.J. Cogn Neurosci.20 , 342-355 (2008).

Platek, S.M.et al.Neural substrates for functionally discriminating self-face from personallyfamiliar faces.Hum. Brain Mapp. 27 , 91-98 (2006).

Sugiura, M.et al.Multiple brain networks for visual self-recognition with different sensitivity formotion and body part.Neuroimage 32 , 1905-1917 (2006).

Uddin, L.Q., Kaplan, J.T., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Zaidel, E. & Iacoboni, M. Self-face recognitionactivates a frontoparietal "mirror" ne twork in the right hemisphere: an event-related fMRIstudy.Neuroimage 25 , 926-935 (2005).

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Section 4. Vocalization and music

Ackermann, H. & Riecker, A. The contribution of the insula to motor aspects of speechproduction: a review and a hypothesis.Brain Lang89 , 320-328 (2004).

Bamiou, D.E., Musiek, F.E. & Luxon, L.M. The insula (Island of Reil) and its role in auditory

processing. Literature review.Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 42 , 143-154 (2003).

Blank, S.C., Scott, S.K., Murphy, K., Warburton, E. & Wise, R.J. Speech p roduction: Wernicke,Broca and beyond. Brain 125, 1829-1838 (2002).

Bookheimer, S. Functional MRI of language: new approaches to understanding the corticalorganization of semantic processing.Annu. Rev. Neurosci.25 , 151-188 (2002).

Hillis, A.E.et al.Re-examining the brain regions crucial for orchestrating speech articulation.Brain 127, 1479-1487 (2004).

Hyde, K.L.et al.Cortical thickness in congenital amusia: when less is better than more. J.

Neurosci.27 , 13028-13032 (2007).

Kleber, B., Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Trevorrow, T. & Lotze, M. Over t and imagined singing of anItalian aria.Neuroimage 36 , 889-900 (2007).

Koelsch, S., Fritz, T., DY, V.C., Muller, K. & Friederici, A.D. Investigating emotion with music:an fMRI study.Hu m. Brain Mapp.27 , 239-250 (2006).

Platel, H.et al.The structural components of music perception. A functional anatomical study.Brain 120 ( Pt 2), 229-243 (1997).

Riecker, A.et al.fMRI reveals two distinct cerebral networks subserving speech motor control.Neurology64 , 700-706 (2005).

Section 5. Emotional awarenes s

Arnow, B.A.et al.Brain activation and sexual arousal in healthy, heterosexual males.Brain125,1014-1023 (2002).

Bartels, A. & Zeki, S. The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love.Neuroimage 21 ,1155-1166 (2004).

Beauregard, M. & Paquette, V. Neural correlates of a mystical experience in Carmelite nuns.Neurosci. Lett.405, 186-190 (2006).

Damasio, A.R.et al.Subcortical and cortical brain activi ty during the feeling of self-generatedemotions.Nat. Neurosci.3, 1049-1056 (2000).

Di Dio, C., Macaluso, E. & Rizzolatti, G. The golden beauty: brain response t o classical andrenaissance sculptures.PLoS. ONE.2, e1201 (2007).

Eisenberger, N.I., Lieberman, M.D. & Williams, K.D. Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study ofsocial exclusion. Science302, 290-292 (2003).

Harris, S., Sheth, S.A. & Cohen, M.S. Functional neuroimaging of belief, disbelief, anduncertainty.Ann. Neurol.63 , 141-147 (2008).

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Hennenlotter, A.et al.A common neural basis for receptive and expressive communication ofpleasant facial affect .Neuroimage26 , 581-591 (2005).

Hsu, M., Anen , C. & Quartz, S.R. The right and the good: distributive justice and neural encodingof equity and efficiency. Science320, 1092-1095 (2008).

Jabbi, M., Swart, M. & Keysers, C. Empathy for positive and negative emotions in t he gustatorycortex.Neuroimage 34 , 1744-1753 (2007).

Jabbi M, Bastiaansen J, and Keysers C. 2008. A common anterior insula representation of disgustobservation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways.PLoS ONE 3:e2939.

Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C.M., Oakes, T.R. & Davidson, R.J. The voice of emotion: an FMRIstudy of neural responses to angry and happy vocal expressions. Soc. Cogn Affect. Neurosci.1,242-249 (2006).

Koelsch, S., Fritz, T., DY, V.C., Muller, K. & Friederici, A.D. Investigating emotion with music:

an fMRI study.Hu m. Brain Mapp.27 , 239-250 (2006).

Leibenluft, E., Gobbini, M.I., Harrison, T. & Haxby, J.V. Mothers' neural activat ion in responseto pictures of their children and other children.Biol. Psychiatry56 , 225-232 (2004).

Ortigue, S., Grafton, S.T. & Bianchi-Demicheli, F. Correlation between insula activation and self-repor ted quality of orgasm in women.Neuroimage 37 , 551-560 (2007).

Phan, K.L.et al.Neural correlates of individual ratings of emotional salience: a trial-related fMRIstudy.Neuroimage 21 , 768-780 (2004).

Redoute, J.et al.Brain processing of visual sexual stimuli in human males.Hu m. Brain Mapp.11 ,162-177 (2000).

Riba, J.et al.Increased front al and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-Amazonian inebriant. Psychophar macology (Berl)186, 93-98 (2006).

Rilling, J.K.et al.The neural correlates of the affective response to unreciprocated cooperation.Neuropsychologia 46 , 1256-1266 (2008).

Seeley, W.W.et al.Dissociable intrinsic connectivit y ne tworks for salience processing andexecutive control.J. Neurosci.27 , 2349-2356 (2007).

Singer, T., Kiebel, S.J., Winston, J.S., Dolan, R.J. & Frith, C.D. Brain responses to the acquiredmoral sta tus of faces.Neuron 41 , 653-662 (2004).

Stark, R.et al.Hemodynamic brain correlates of disgust and fear ratings.Neuroimage 37 , 663-673 (2007).

Takahashi, H.et al.Brain activa tions during judgments of positive self-conscious emotion andpositive basic emotion: pride and joy. Cereb. Cortex18 , 898-903 (2008).

Wicker, B.et al.Both of us disgusted in My insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feelingdisgust.Neuron 40 , 655-664 (2003).

Winston, J.S., Strange, B.A., O'Doherty, J. & Dolan, R.J. Automatic and intentional brainresponses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces.Nat. Neurosci.5, 277-283 (2002).

Zahn, R.et al.The Neural Basis of Human Social Values: Evidence from Functional MRI. Cereb.Cortex(2008).

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Section 6. Risk, uncertainty, and anticipation

Clark, L.et al.Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on riskydecision-making. Brain 131, 1311-1322 (2008).

Grinband, J., Hirsch, J. & Ferrera, V.P. A neural representa tion of categorization uncertainty inthe human brain.Neuron49 , 757-763 (2006).

Herwig, U., Abler, B., Walter, H. & Erk, S. Expecting unpleasant stimuli--an fMRI study.Psychiatry Res.154, 1-12 (2007).

Herwig, U.et al.Modulation of anticipatory emotion and perception processing by cognitivecontrol.Neuroimage 37 , 652-662 (2007).

Hsu, M., Bhatt , M., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D. & Camerer, C.F. Neural systems responding todegrees of uncertainty in human decision-making. Science310, 1680-1683 (2005).

Knutson, B., Rick, S., Wimmer, G.E., Prelec, D. & Loewenstein, G. Neural predictors ofpurchases.Neuron53 , 147-156 (2007).

Knutson, B.et al.Neural antecedents of the endowment effect. Neuron58 , 814-822 (2008).

Paulus, M.P., Rogalsky, C., Simmons, A., Feinstein, J.S. & Stein, M.B. Increased activation in theright insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism.

Neuroi mage 19 , 1439-1448 (2003).

Paulus, M.P. & Stein, M.B. An insular view of anxiety. Biol. Psychiatry60 , 383-387 (2006).

Preuschoff, K., Quartz, S.R. & Bossaerts, P. Human insula activation reflects risk predictionerrors as well as risk.J. Neurosci.28 , 2745-2752 (2008).

Salomons, T.V., Johnstone, T., Backonja, M.M. & Davidson, R.J. Perceived cont rollabilitymodulates the neural response to pain.J. Neurosci.24 , 7199-7203 (2004).

Samanez-Larkin, G.R., Hollon, N.G., Carstensen, L.L. & Knutson, B. Individual differences ininsular sensitivity during loss anticipation predict avoidance learning.Psychol. Sci.19 , 320-323(2008).

Seymour, B.et al.Temporal difference models describe higher-order learning in humans.Nature

429, 664-667 (2004).

Section 7. Visual and auditory awareness of the moment

Bushara, K.O., Grafman, J. & Hallett , M. Neural correlates of auditory-visual stimulus onsetasynchrony detection.J. Neurosci.21 , 300-304 (2001).

Deary, I.J.et al.The functional anatomy of inspection time: an event- related fMRI study.

Neuroi mage 22 , 1466-1479 (2004).

Kondo, H.M. & Kashino, M. Neural mechanisms of auditory awareness underlying verbal

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transformations.Neuroi mage 36 , 123-130 (2007).

Kranczioch, C., Debener, S., Schwarzbach, J., Goebel, R. & Engel, A.K. Neural correlates ofconscious perception in the atten tional blink.Neuroimage 24 , 704-714 (2005).

Pressnitzer, D. & Hupe, J.M. Temporal dynamics of auditory and visual bistability reveal

common principles of perceptual organization. Curr. Biol.16 , 1351-1357 (2006).

Sterzer, P. & Kleinschmidt, A. A neural basis for inference in perceptual ambiguity. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U. S. A104, 323-328 (2007).

Section 8. Perception of time

Coull, J.T. , Vidal, F., Nazarian, B. & Macar, F. Functional anatomy of the at ten tional modulation

of time estimation. Science303, 1506-1508 (2004).

Coull, J.T. fMRI studies of temporal attention: allocating attention within, or towards, time.Brain Res. Cogn Brain Res.21 , 216-226 (2004).

Lewis, P.A. & Miall, R.C. A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive timemeasurement.Behav. Processes71 , 226-234 (2006).

Livesey, A.C., Wall, M.B. & Smith, A. T. Time perception: manipulation of task difficultydissociates clock functions from other cognitive demands.Neuropsychologia 45 , 321-331(2007).

Stevens, M.C., Kiehl, K.A., Pearlson, G. & Calhoun, V.D. Functional neural circuits for mentaltimekeeping.Hum. Brain Mapp. 28 , 394-408 (2007).

van Wassenhove, V., Buonomano, D.V., Shimojo, S. & Shams, L. Distort ions of subjective timepercep tion within and across senses. PLoS. ONE.3, e1437 (2008).

Section 9. Attention

Fan, J.et al.The relation of brain oscillations to attentional networks. J. Neurosci.27 , 6197-

6206 (2007).

Mason, M.F.et al.Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought.Science315, 393-395 (2007).

Mayer, J.S.et al.Common neural substrates for visual working memory and attention.Neuroi mage 36 , 441-453 (2007).

Muller, T.J.et al.The neurophysiological time pat tern of illusionary visual perceptualtransitions: a simultaneous EEG and fMRI study.Int. J. Psychophysiol.55 , 299-312 (2005).

Soros, P.et al.Functional MRI of working memory and selective attention in vibrotactile

frequency discrimination. BMC. Neurosci.8, 48 (2007).

Weissman, D.H., Roberts, K.C., Visscher, K.M. & Woldorff, M.G. The neural bases of

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momentary lapses in atten tion.Nat. Neurosci.9, 971-978 (2006).

Wu, C.T., Weissman, D.H., Roberts, K.C. & Woldorff, M.G. The neural circuitry underlying theexecutive control of auditory spatial atten tion. Brain Res.1134, 187-198 (2007).

Section 10. Perceptual decision-maki ng

Aziz-Zadeh, L., Kaplan, J.T. & Iacoboni, M. "Aha!": The neural correlates of verbal insightsolutions.Hu m. Brain Mapp.(2008).

De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B. & Dolan, R.J. Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science313, 684-687 (2006). * Note that the MOFC blob spreadsinto t he AIC.

Fleck, M.S., Daselaar, S.M., Dobbins, I.G. & Cabeza, R. Role of prefrontal and anterior cingulateregions in decision-making processes shared by memory and nonmemory tasks. Cereb. Cortex16 ,1623-1630 (2006).

Heekeren, H.R., Marret t, S. & Ungerleider, L.G. The neural systems that mediate humanpercep tual decision making.Nat. Rev. Neurosci.9, 467-479 (2008).

Jung-Beeman, M.et al.Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLoS.Biol. 2, E97 (2004).

Kikyo, H., Ohki, K. & Miyashita, Y. Neural correlates for feeling-of-knowing: an fMRIparametric analysis.Neuron36 , 177-186 (2002).

Paulus, M.P., Feinstein, J.S., Leland, D. & Simmons, A.N. Superior temporal gyrus and insulaprovide response and outcome-dependent information during assessmen t and action selection in adecision-making situation.Neuroimage 25 , 607-615 (2005).

Philiastides, M.G. & Sajda, P. EEG-informed fMRI reveals spatiotemporal characteristics ofpercep tual decision making.J. Neurosci.27 , 13082-13091 (2007).

Pleger, B.et al.Neural coding of tactile decisions in the human prefrontal cortex.J. Neurosci.26 , 12596-12601 (2006).

Ploran, E.J.et al.Evidence accumulation and the mo ment of recognition: dissociating perceptualrecognition processes using fMRI.J. Neurosci.27 , 11912-11924 (2007).

Thielscher, A. & Pessoa, L. Neural correlates of perceptual choice and decision making duringfear-disgust discrimination.J. Neurosci.27 , 2908-2917 (2007).

Section 11. Cogni tive control

Brass, M. & Haggard, P. To do or not to do: the neural signature of self-control.J. Neurosci.27 ,9141-9145 (2007).

Bunge, S.A., Ochsner, K.N., Desmond, J.E., Glover, G.H. & Gabrieli, J.D. Prefrontal regionsinvolved in keeping information in and out of mind. Brain 124, 2074-2086 (2001).

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Chikazoe, J., Konishi, S., Asari, T., Jimura, K. & Miyashita, Y. Activation of right inferiorfron tal gyrus during response inhibition across response modalities.J. Cogn Neurosci.19 , 69-80(2007).

Cole, M.W. & Schneider, W. The cognitive control network: In tegrated cortical regions withdissociable functions.Neuroimage 37 , 343-360 (2007).

Dosenbach, N.U.et al.Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 104, 11073-11078 (2007).

Eichele, T.et al.Prediction of human errors by maladaptive changes in event -related brainnetworks.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A105, 6173-6178 (2008).

Herwig, U.et al.Modulation of anticipatory emotion and perception processing by cognitivecontrol.Neuroimage 37 , 652-662 (2007).

Klein, T.A.et al.Neural correlates of error awareness.Neuroi mage 34 , 1774-1781 (2007).

Nee, D.E., Wager, T.D. & Jonides, J. Interference resolution: insights from a meta-analysis ofneuroimaging tasks. Cogn Affect. Behav. Neurosci.7, 1-17 (2007).

Ramautar, J.R., Slagter, H.A., Kok, A. & Ridderinkhof, K.R. Probability effects in the s top-signalparadigm: the insula and the significance of failed inhibition.Brain Res.1105, 143-154 (2006).

Sridharan D, Levitin DJ, and Menon V. 2008. A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex inswitching between cen tral-executive and default-mode networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A105:12569-12574.

Section 12. Clin ical

Abboud, H., Berroir, S., Labreuche, J., Orjuela, K. & Amarenco, P. Insular involvemen t in braininfarction increases risk for cardiac arrhy thmia and death. Ann. Neurol.59 , 691-699 (2006).

Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Koenigs, M. & Damasio, A.R. Preferring one taste over another withoutrecognizing eithe r.Nat. Neurosci.8, 860-861 (2005).

Boddaert, N.et al.Anatomical and functional brain imaging evidence of lenticulo-insularanomalies in Smith Magenis syndrome.Neuroimage21 , 1021-1025 (2004).

Boly M, Faymonville ME, Schnakers C, Peigneux P, Lambermon t B, Phillips C, Lancellot ti P,Luxen A, Lamy M, Moonen G, Maquet P, and Laureys S. 2008. Perception of pain in theminimally conscious state with PET act ivation: an observational study. Lancet Neurol. (in press)

Bonson KR, Grant SJ, Contoreggi CS, Links JM, Metcalfe J, Weyl HL, Kurian V, Ernst M, andLondon ED. 2002. Neural systems and cue-induced cocaine craving. Neuropsychopharmacology26:376-386.

Cereda, C., Ghika, J., Maeder, P. & Bogousslavsky, J. Strokes restricted to the insular cortex.Neurology59 , 1950-1955 (2002).

Cheshire, W.P., Jr. & Saper, C.B. The insular cortex and cardiac response to s troke.Neurology

66 , 1296-1297 (2006).

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Davis, K. D.et al.2008 Cortical thinning in IBS: implications for homeostatic, attention, and

pain processing.Neurology.70, 153-154.

Dronkers, N. F. 1996 A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation. Nature.384, 159-161.

Etkin, A. & Wager, T.D. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotionalprocessing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia.Am. J. Psychiatry164, 1476-1488 (2007).

Foucher, J.R., Lacambre, M., Pham, B.T., Giersch, A. & Elliot t, M.A. Low time resolution inschizophrenia Lengthened windows of simultaneity for visual, auditory and bimodal stimuli.Schizophr. Res.97 , 118-127 (2007). * Compare these behavioral results with Bushara et al2001.

Frewen, P.A.et al.Clinical and neural correlates of alexithymia in post traumatic st ress disorder.J. Abnorm. Psychol.117, 171-181 (2008).

Giesecke, T.et al.The relationship between depression, clinical pain, and experimental pain in achronic pain cohor t. Arthritis Rheum. 52 , 1577-1584 (2005).

Griffiths TD, Warren JD, Dean JL, and Howard D. 2004. "When the feeling's gone": a selectiveloss of musical emotion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:344-345.

Iaria, G.et al.Neural activity of the anterior insula in emotional processing depends on theindividuals' emotional susceptibility.Hu m. Brain Mapp.29 , 363-373 (2008).

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