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P15M 277-M
51 - - -
Proyek Penelitian -aa1~ o~e a t~~ Daya Laut dlP-r Por~ceara Laut
xj Pi2ZITT7A LZ7Gj -TI
Talepon 22416 diam 21038
Pertemua I SnKPCSijL-i PLMTL L3CIS 2J1rr i-~L~~ prSISIa fleartemen 3iolCe 1 1tte-nzoi3~~
3andung 26 - 27 Januari 1976
2VECOLOGICAL 3-3IS FOR CCASZ CUZONE IXL-IT
INTTROPICZI ARZEAS
by
ixthux J Far=o
Proyek Pc-ndijkan dcm Pcneliplusmnian Lingp-anua IMr
on specli-ic ~ ~~n~rrt
zn~ vvvzec r-er~t iiAontriesTrate~les --
j o-n O tanpo to =ri1 =raz- an -en luz- - nce - -3 anr~thei utlzntc dfr 7-- cultural
crco1c~y of ruzal coaotal izahabit rZ is fet n~t- irnt o-- diflerence
Ferrnaps zh most Izroadly aloabgfnt-pent v
strateiea ae the -rund r-ues wrich Eshould -vern dceveiopmert of
cosa ranchror an 1=4-zria-I or larce-s~mle infrashy
sTuoature -le-ei-oomnt3s 2ut no otanaard a rr apliedamp~~1
Withocut cd Tc1r---at2on of natlral and tzar f actorz ostm~
ix~ortawt factors axe =rsid-red tn ancr
~c1o -~ d ~~iyi - L-ien~t reshycplusmn u aa are
quired t z Crzure -Tiai ciereli nitt f n c ~eaA3 we ll as
sectoraj ncea I x --ni -- ~ch as
~ snc~r r 7i and
id watier uz- i L str for - withj-ared
and ear~~~~~a~~~i sr 1ct4~-1 in
ztaizo I~e cornsli-ed tz2 i SirXe tiie co-tta zn receives
Project secialist in Resources rplusmnditn
rz-3yak Penididikan don PcnlitianLnkuaf Inztituit Pertanian 3oer
2 r
~ ~ LZ -
_cachics r IZ -nr-ral c-
_edimral rd rLc n -ci s2zalysis into --- n y
-eazurcf t-c
he -oastal -- lo _an t-in-r ac Cc
2 vironenTal c Cosn-al Ie
Coshy
3eque-tly may ~iLrenzcec Cia 11 a
mall area This can Jlexty crevtes ~1tiz i since
x_ e-lii r- i t0to 22~l - cacaciTy
f=r ifferent -arl
2rom apiys--al vaaani ciwi ucua2ly
satcntn airwac vpound~c~
n~-rplusmnscruvser te w stx--e
i u- r - ct -xltr Ys~caL
Corzcua-ly the~ phyL2cal basis Of a z ctcl
l y by di0trutction n-e oi ~s
actiVtis ha n a- i L- 1 ma -be subiect
tcpricdi c suracc - i- and canOr ntwt ls~ izr4na
be iit knd flood rzast 3ZLUC-- ~ ~ ivz hampVe
very diaparc-te svsoall ilow paserns t- vcater roam Lrc- increased
zz xwsp aa~imilative ca -c4itY fr ac3-L1~~~b~
1aI3ie lorcihore poliut-oplusmn posjibib-ie hvamp-o~ a - Jmc fampctor
strer~es
in creut i
If O
rc wA increzi in 2
zone ar c~ m~a tplusmni1 ZEc-rrL T-die iarzrant x - Z
t
Lnu ii energy
an7 th t e
~dal pe- 4 -4Erplusmnit L-
oxa2ps of jrocses W1-1i S--
1-4 -shytic
uCric uy
ro1r
ire f ^ur
a eorergy
4)rity
0 -
The czzaa - x zona f~r
tplusmnrnjto fromn zL n tzn~niczrd~d is I ely to e h4z in he ioWn-a zj cr oother
nzD tats3 ~ti hszonp rtzweir -Jr 1 -1-tF cLts divershyzz lplusmn~ely tc De io-r Z 27rz3C ~ ecoiuze of
unusual stress conditioru Lx~o~ w t peat forest l~l 1-3 ~~1- T th gtrest than tne tropical rainfor-zst in te t2aJ r ~~Or ncanagenert sucr a sitialior = i wIcL
The presU2e Of CC L_al dwinrc~ r~oibility
of utiquc Land or wnter rcscuz-cE -sc- a 2Llt~raI - i in rerposeto spcialized-I cond2tio ITh- rn n the caise of 4sland rulltres Lvx6L- nwi rc f shy t1mg shy d 4n 2rzisanal
boaz conztin-ctio fcrn- th cai s fu4c coa t r lany
areasth etccasc1pi is ourr p1irt 1y Lic it4
andO ir iutuCil a r- c ~~j
i s is mudrt tij co-C iron
eLa oicdl za
B 7- - shya a c c
w~0 12 e c- z r urce
diificult by tnc rtiat dcivc=o-ty
)rly one sr a f cw oayamp~~
s
n i-
f shy
-
-a- t
c
Z0
za
cn
all~~~ - bra-sai f=- u r L r -
~plusmn r t 0Jtd t~s
plusmn~U 0 a22n azt ~27 ~ t r ~
r - m2
7~
)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~
datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~
3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an
r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase
~~ n
e1c
u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj
Rio f o t lodz
I ldcnco tl r -re -
IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd
1Zeis g l o l-c-r
r
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
on specli-ic ~ ~~n~rrt
zn~ vvvzec r-er~t iiAontriesTrate~les --
j o-n O tanpo to =ri1 =raz- an -en luz- - nce - -3 anr~thei utlzntc dfr 7-- cultural
crco1c~y of ruzal coaotal izahabit rZ is fet n~t- irnt o-- diflerence
Ferrnaps zh most Izroadly aloabgfnt-pent v
strateiea ae the -rund r-ues wrich Eshould -vern dceveiopmert of
cosa ranchror an 1=4-zria-I or larce-s~mle infrashy
sTuoature -le-ei-oomnt3s 2ut no otanaard a rr apliedamp~~1
Withocut cd Tc1r---at2on of natlral and tzar f actorz ostm~
ix~ortawt factors axe =rsid-red tn ancr
~c1o -~ d ~~iyi - L-ien~t reshycplusmn u aa are
quired t z Crzure -Tiai ciereli nitt f n c ~eaA3 we ll as
sectoraj ncea I x --ni -- ~ch as
~ snc~r r 7i and
id watier uz- i L str for - withj-ared
and ear~~~~~a~~~i sr 1ct4~-1 in
ztaizo I~e cornsli-ed tz2 i SirXe tiie co-tta zn receives
Project secialist in Resources rplusmnditn
rz-3yak Penididikan don PcnlitianLnkuaf Inztituit Pertanian 3oer
2 r
~ ~ LZ -
_cachics r IZ -nr-ral c-
_edimral rd rLc n -ci s2zalysis into --- n y
-eazurcf t-c
he -oastal -- lo _an t-in-r ac Cc
2 vironenTal c Cosn-al Ie
Coshy
3eque-tly may ~iLrenzcec Cia 11 a
mall area This can Jlexty crevtes ~1tiz i since
x_ e-lii r- i t0to 22~l - cacaciTy
f=r ifferent -arl
2rom apiys--al vaaani ciwi ucua2ly
satcntn airwac vpound~c~
n~-rplusmnscruvser te w stx--e
i u- r - ct -xltr Ys~caL
Corzcua-ly the~ phyL2cal basis Of a z ctcl
l y by di0trutction n-e oi ~s
actiVtis ha n a- i L- 1 ma -be subiect
tcpricdi c suracc - i- and canOr ntwt ls~ izr4na
be iit knd flood rzast 3ZLUC-- ~ ~ ivz hampVe
very diaparc-te svsoall ilow paserns t- vcater roam Lrc- increased
zz xwsp aa~imilative ca -c4itY fr ac3-L1~~~b~
1aI3ie lorcihore poliut-oplusmn posjibib-ie hvamp-o~ a - Jmc fampctor
strer~es
in creut i
If O
rc wA increzi in 2
zone ar c~ m~a tplusmni1 ZEc-rrL T-die iarzrant x - Z
t
Lnu ii energy
an7 th t e
~dal pe- 4 -4Erplusmnit L-
oxa2ps of jrocses W1-1i S--
1-4 -shytic
uCric uy
ro1r
ire f ^ur
a eorergy
4)rity
0 -
The czzaa - x zona f~r
tplusmnrnjto fromn zL n tzn~niczrd~d is I ely to e h4z in he ioWn-a zj cr oother
nzD tats3 ~ti hszonp rtzweir -Jr 1 -1-tF cLts divershyzz lplusmn~ely tc De io-r Z 27rz3C ~ ecoiuze of
unusual stress conditioru Lx~o~ w t peat forest l~l 1-3 ~~1- T th gtrest than tne tropical rainfor-zst in te t2aJ r ~~Or ncanagenert sucr a sitialior = i wIcL
The presU2e Of CC L_al dwinrc~ r~oibility
of utiquc Land or wnter rcscuz-cE -sc- a 2Llt~raI - i in rerposeto spcialized-I cond2tio ITh- rn n the caise of 4sland rulltres Lvx6L- nwi rc f shy t1mg shy d 4n 2rzisanal
boaz conztin-ctio fcrn- th cai s fu4c coa t r lany
areasth etccasc1pi is ourr p1irt 1y Lic it4
andO ir iutuCil a r- c ~~j
i s is mudrt tij co-C iron
eLa oicdl za
B 7- - shya a c c
w~0 12 e c- z r urce
diificult by tnc rtiat dcivc=o-ty
)rly one sr a f cw oayamp~~
s
n i-
f shy
-
-a- t
c
Z0
za
cn
all~~~ - bra-sai f=- u r L r -
~plusmn r t 0Jtd t~s
plusmn~U 0 a22n azt ~27 ~ t r ~
r - m2
7~
)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~
datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~
3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an
r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase
~~ n
e1c
u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj
Rio f o t lodz
I ldcnco tl r -re -
IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd
1Zeis g l o l-c-r
r
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
2 r
~ ~ LZ -
_cachics r IZ -nr-ral c-
_edimral rd rLc n -ci s2zalysis into --- n y
-eazurcf t-c
he -oastal -- lo _an t-in-r ac Cc
2 vironenTal c Cosn-al Ie
Coshy
3eque-tly may ~iLrenzcec Cia 11 a
mall area This can Jlexty crevtes ~1tiz i since
x_ e-lii r- i t0to 22~l - cacaciTy
f=r ifferent -arl
2rom apiys--al vaaani ciwi ucua2ly
satcntn airwac vpound~c~
n~-rplusmnscruvser te w stx--e
i u- r - ct -xltr Ys~caL
Corzcua-ly the~ phyL2cal basis Of a z ctcl
l y by di0trutction n-e oi ~s
actiVtis ha n a- i L- 1 ma -be subiect
tcpricdi c suracc - i- and canOr ntwt ls~ izr4na
be iit knd flood rzast 3ZLUC-- ~ ~ ivz hampVe
very diaparc-te svsoall ilow paserns t- vcater roam Lrc- increased
zz xwsp aa~imilative ca -c4itY fr ac3-L1~~~b~
1aI3ie lorcihore poliut-oplusmn posjibib-ie hvamp-o~ a - Jmc fampctor
strer~es
in creut i
If O
rc wA increzi in 2
zone ar c~ m~a tplusmni1 ZEc-rrL T-die iarzrant x - Z
t
Lnu ii energy
an7 th t e
~dal pe- 4 -4Erplusmnit L-
oxa2ps of jrocses W1-1i S--
1-4 -shytic
uCric uy
ro1r
ire f ^ur
a eorergy
4)rity
0 -
The czzaa - x zona f~r
tplusmnrnjto fromn zL n tzn~niczrd~d is I ely to e h4z in he ioWn-a zj cr oother
nzD tats3 ~ti hszonp rtzweir -Jr 1 -1-tF cLts divershyzz lplusmn~ely tc De io-r Z 27rz3C ~ ecoiuze of
unusual stress conditioru Lx~o~ w t peat forest l~l 1-3 ~~1- T th gtrest than tne tropical rainfor-zst in te t2aJ r ~~Or ncanagenert sucr a sitialior = i wIcL
The presU2e Of CC L_al dwinrc~ r~oibility
of utiquc Land or wnter rcscuz-cE -sc- a 2Llt~raI - i in rerposeto spcialized-I cond2tio ITh- rn n the caise of 4sland rulltres Lvx6L- nwi rc f shy t1mg shy d 4n 2rzisanal
boaz conztin-ctio fcrn- th cai s fu4c coa t r lany
areasth etccasc1pi is ourr p1irt 1y Lic it4
andO ir iutuCil a r- c ~~j
i s is mudrt tij co-C iron
eLa oicdl za
B 7- - shya a c c
w~0 12 e c- z r urce
diificult by tnc rtiat dcivc=o-ty
)rly one sr a f cw oayamp~~
s
n i-
f shy
-
-a- t
c
Z0
za
cn
all~~~ - bra-sai f=- u r L r -
~plusmn r t 0Jtd t~s
plusmn~U 0 a22n azt ~27 ~ t r ~
r - m2
7~
)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~
datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~
3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an
r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase
~~ n
e1c
u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj
Rio f o t lodz
I ldcnco tl r -re -
IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd
1Zeis g l o l-c-r
r
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
strer~es
in creut i
If O
rc wA increzi in 2
zone ar c~ m~a tplusmni1 ZEc-rrL T-die iarzrant x - Z
t
Lnu ii energy
an7 th t e
~dal pe- 4 -4Erplusmnit L-
oxa2ps of jrocses W1-1i S--
1-4 -shytic
uCric uy
ro1r
ire f ^ur
a eorergy
4)rity
0 -
The czzaa - x zona f~r
tplusmnrnjto fromn zL n tzn~niczrd~d is I ely to e h4z in he ioWn-a zj cr oother
nzD tats3 ~ti hszonp rtzweir -Jr 1 -1-tF cLts divershyzz lplusmn~ely tc De io-r Z 27rz3C ~ ecoiuze of
unusual stress conditioru Lx~o~ w t peat forest l~l 1-3 ~~1- T th gtrest than tne tropical rainfor-zst in te t2aJ r ~~Or ncanagenert sucr a sitialior = i wIcL
The presU2e Of CC L_al dwinrc~ r~oibility
of utiquc Land or wnter rcscuz-cE -sc- a 2Llt~raI - i in rerposeto spcialized-I cond2tio ITh- rn n the caise of 4sland rulltres Lvx6L- nwi rc f shy t1mg shy d 4n 2rzisanal
boaz conztin-ctio fcrn- th cai s fu4c coa t r lany
areasth etccasc1pi is ourr p1irt 1y Lic it4
andO ir iutuCil a r- c ~~j
i s is mudrt tij co-C iron
eLa oicdl za
B 7- - shya a c c
w~0 12 e c- z r urce
diificult by tnc rtiat dcivc=o-ty
)rly one sr a f cw oayamp~~
s
n i-
f shy
-
-a- t
c
Z0
za
cn
all~~~ - bra-sai f=- u r L r -
~plusmn r t 0Jtd t~s
plusmn~U 0 a22n azt ~27 ~ t r ~
r - m2
7~
)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~
datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~
3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an
r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase
~~ n
e1c
u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj
Rio f o t lodz
I ldcnco tl r -re -
IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd
1Zeis g l o l-c-r
r
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
B 7- - shya a c c
w~0 12 e c- z r urce
diificult by tnc rtiat dcivc=o-ty
)rly one sr a f cw oayamp~~
s
n i-
f shy
-
-a- t
c
Z0
za
cn
all~~~ - bra-sai f=- u r L r -
~plusmn r t 0Jtd t~s
plusmn~U 0 a22n azt ~27 ~ t r ~
r - m2
7~
)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~
datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~
3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an
r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase
~~ n
e1c
u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj
Rio f o t lodz
I ldcnco tl r -re -
IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd
1Zeis g l o l-c-r
r
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
7~
)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~
datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~
3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an
r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase
~~ n
e1c
u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj
Rio f o t lodz
I ldcnco tl r -re -
IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd
1Zeis g l o l-c-r
r
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
~~ n
e1c
u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj
Rio f o t lodz
I ldcnco tl r -re -
IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd
1Zeis g l o l-c-r
r
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
I ldcnco tl r -re -
IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd
1Zeis g l o l-c-r
r
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t
21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t
3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs
~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to
~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov
rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
2 7 2
s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -
7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~
1 y 1 4 cn (g
72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy
74Bcrrl 4 c r 7
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
c ~Lpc a c - shy
202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc
rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1
1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~
11 Pitrz
poundzt~t 0 ~ - -
ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az
1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
A
ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ
c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd
ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr
their Cxtesion to rt gt
ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r
veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr
-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to
trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c
CCU -e
recenU foeven
pcczible ec--
basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
A
2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow
The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy
ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost
productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv
fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy
action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior
in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus
derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=
phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment
of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients
More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a
in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich
est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the
stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie
dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy
shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of
detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established
and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove
or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges
likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration
of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy
sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci
swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar
soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy
trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent
dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy
logical management perspective several factors must corsidered
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
l Nk r s - Ir
G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~
4cN st f
cla GIit
K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______
+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy
I - -K ~~ =C -il
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
-
a3 r L Z
q uc- z-
Z S es
I On
r
3u Olerv1 -c c~ S
aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~
pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e
an
nLJ~
2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc
i~nne
s andz~wt
or sri~in~~~
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --
c 1 Zc C Cshy
anpr too-
Izsuch
ii ~ be ze = -n shy
hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch
Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~
- in -- -614shy
int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e
inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -
use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t
coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n
expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
-----
- -
d C vA- -- th
rouc - ---
___________-- ___ -- -___ i -
Z C
C o -c u ea
c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -
cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -
V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i
h r c -nii L _ _
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
117
- --
2- - v - -v- 4 - -
4 [ - -L - l-- -_
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
on axnew 1rz
Ff1astflacturJin
populazirn ircm-LL
I -z 2L
or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4
I~ AVC t
Domand for =ncflstion
(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t
drsL-mgj cryWOs
dom~nds
evclctnctn
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
=E Ix
- 2
U
Distance
S
5
from coast kmn
II-n e
nn ioer0Pd
I V jr b n
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn
potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-
which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia
pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt
fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds
form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant
TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to
view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3
or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet
Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun
to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and
sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications
Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi
fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori
of~ exploitGr -- shy -
rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i
dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c
opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy
reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C
arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za
crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~
otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd
incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7
22
an v r C c lsin
c~~t~rc zt
t
c V
as for
zrzzn i B-~j p Ct
lnczr
yv ft
inrt~C
cc cryc
_
c ~i
c -
n
0
plusmn i h
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
a )Z3 - L-- n13
Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
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24
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zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
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zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
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te+e L
22
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24
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zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
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zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
--
t~ zu3-- ~ 0S
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Hi carit71 z Ti
nU~Co4b-n iacj
---I-7- - shy- I--
omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7
iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu
ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn
wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s
C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr
rite- -Z
-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i
I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -
X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV
i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
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race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
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I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
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zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
24
studn Tzcir a r -ic z na
Ln r two
Zct-Z
of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1
race - y
I I
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
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I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
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zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
I -rg
ICS- C i i tJ rdegct
pac
I- -__________________
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
A3plusmnc
zcr-plusmnz r co
3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49
14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn
orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f
zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L
17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o
F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~
15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93
upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L
21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra
hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar
o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt
Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl
of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl
tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z
22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H
r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7
236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~
24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts
Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-
25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn
fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc
26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton
7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp
27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press
ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos
for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington
uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199
(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt
4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-
te+e L