NTPC , Pudimadaka,Vizag

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Draft Environmental Impact Assessment

Report for

Pudimadaka Super Thermal Power Project(4 X1000 MW)

Doc No. 9590/999/GEG/S/001

Rev No. 0

Issue Date: 25.06.2015

Page 1 of 11

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

NTPC Limited, the largest power generating company in the country contributes

about 25% of total India’s power generation with less than 20% of installed

capacity. The company is committed to generate and provide reliable power at

competitive prices in sustainable manner by optimising the use of multiple energy

resources with innovative eco-friendly technologies thereby contributing to the

economic development of the nation, social upliftment of the society and

promoting a healthy environment.

In view of the frequent power shortages and the goal to provide 24X7 power to

industry in the state, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh invited NTPC to consider setting up

a large capacity thermal power plant in the state. In pursuance for identificationof new green field site for setting up of large capacity thermal power plants, a site

contiguous to Special Economic Zone (SEZ) area near Pudimadaka village in

Atchutapuram & Rambilli Mandalas in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh

(AP) developed by Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Limited

(APIIC) was shortlisted.

Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has issued Government Order (GO) MS No: 96 dated04.09.2014 for allotment of land to an extent of 1200 acre acquired by APIIC inAtchutapuram & Rambilli Mandals of Visakhapatnam District to NTPC on longlease basis of 33 years. Further to the above G.O, APIIC vide letter dated

07.10.2014 informed regarding provisional allotment of land measuring to anextent of 1200 acre to M/s NTPC for establishment of 4000 MW Super ThermalPower Plant.

1.2 Purpose of the Report

As per Environmental Impact Assessment Notification dated 14th

September,2006 and 01.12.2009 commissioning or operation of thermal power plants (≥500MW) falls under category ‘A’ under project type 1(D) and requires EnvironmentalClearance (EC) to be obtained from Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate

Change (MoEF&CC) before the commencement of ground activity.

Vimta Labs Limited Hyderabad has been assigned to undertake an


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provided by NTPC. A copy of the TOR letter and its compliance with cross

referencing of the relevant section is enclosed as Annexure-IA and Annexure-

IB respectively.

This EIA report has been prepared for assessing the environmental impacts due

to the proposed project and to obtain EC from MoEF&CC after public consultation.

This report will be made available to public for comments and concerns. Publichearing will be conducted through APPCB and the EIA report will be further

upgraded on the basis of public consultation.

1.3 Identification of Project and Project Proponent

NTPC Limited, the largest power generating major in the country presently hastotal installed capacity of 45,048 MW (including JVs) with NTPC owned 18 coal-

based, 7 gas-based and 8 Renewable energy located across the country. Inaddition under JVs (joint ventures), six stations are coal-based, and one stationuses naphtha/LNG as fuel. NTPC has also adopted a multi-pronged growthstrategy which includes capacity addition through green field projects, expansion

of existing stations, joint ventures, subsidiaries and takeover of stations.

The company has been rechristened as NTPC Limited on October 28, 2005.Further, on 21st May 2010, NTPC was conferred Maharatna status by the UnionGovernment of India.

The present proposal is for implementation of 4000 MW imported coal based

thermal power plant comprising of 4 (four) nos. super critical units nearPudimadaka village, Atchutapuram & Rambilli Mandals, in VisakhapatnamDistrict.

1.4 Brief Description of Project

1.4.1 Environmental Setting of the Site

The proposed site is located near Pudimadaka village, Atchutapuram & Rambilli

Mandals and is approximately 40 km from district headquarters Visakhapatnam.

The site is well connected through Pudimadaka road to NH-16 at a distance of

12.2 km and by SH-97 at a distance of 3.5 km. Gangavaram port is about 35 km

NE of the site and Vizag port is at a distance of 47 km from the site.


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TABLE-1.1ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF PROPOSED PLANT SITE

Sr. No. Particulars Details

1 Plant location Pudimadaka Village, Atchutapuram & RambilliMandals, Vizag District.

2

Topo sheet No. 65 K/14, K/15

3 Site Coordinates Proposed Project Site Coordinates

Corner Longitude Latitude

A 82°58'12" E 17°30'36" N

B 82°58'00" E 17°30'00" N

C 83°00'00" E 17°29'24" N

D 83°00'00" E 17°30'36" N

4 Climatic conditions (IMD, Visakhapatnam)

Maximum temperature 37.70C

Minimum temperature 15.80C

Annual rainfall (total) 1296.4 MM

Relative humidity 81 %

Predominant wind directions(Annual)

SW, SSW

5 Plant site elevation above MSL 10 to 20 m

6 Nearest highway NH-16 (12.2 km, WNW) & SH-97 (3.5 km,WNW)

7 Nearest railway station Elamanchili (12.9 km, WNW)

8

Nearest Airport Visakhapatnam (40 km, NE)

9 Nearest major water bodies Krishnampalem lake (0.6 km, WNW)Sharada River (6.3 km, W)Bay of Bengal (1.0 km, ESE)

10 Nearest village Lalam Koduru (0.3 km ,WSW)Pudimadaka (0.6 km ,ESE)

11 Nearest town/City Visakhapatnam (40.0 km, NE)

12 Archaeologically important places Nil

13 Protected areas as per Wildlife

Protection Act, 1972 (Tigerreserve, Elephant reserve,Biospheres, National parks,Wildlife sanctuaries, communityreserves and conservationreserves)

Nil

14 Reserved / Protected Forests Pudimadaka RF (1.47 km)


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1.5 Need for the Project

Pudimadaka STPP is a base load coal based Thermal Power Plant inVishakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. It is proposed that 85% power will beallocated to Andhra Pradesh State subject to approval of Ministry of Power. Theproject is expected to start yielding benefits during early 13th Plan Period.

Demand-Supply Scenario (During 2017-18 to 2021-22)

The anticipated power supply position excluding Pudimadaka STPP is summarizedbelow in Table-1.2, Table-1.3 and Table-1.4.

TABLE-1.2

ALL INDIA DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)

Description Unit 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22Peak

Availability MW 229287 241043.5 250229.3 270667.4 282206

Peak Load MW 214093 229465 246068 264041 283470

Surplus/Deficit MW 15194 11578.5 4161.3 6626.4 -1264

Surplus/Deficit % 7.10 5.00 1.70 2.50 -0.40

EnergyAvailability MKWH 1615547 1721979.4 1796555.3 1879070 2001933.3

EnergyRequirement MKWH 1450982 1552008 1660783 1778109 1904861

Surplus/Deficit MKWH 164565 169971.4 135772.3 100961 97072.3

Surplus/Deficit % 11.30 11.00 8.20 5.70 5.10

(Source: CEA)

TABLE-1.3

SOUTHERN REGION DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)

Description Unit 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

Peak Availability MW 45824 47224.1 49890.1 55227.3 57282.2

Peak Load MW 61525 66111 71063 76413 82199Surplus/Deficit MW -15701 -18886.9 -21172.9 -21185.7 -24916.8

Surplus/Deficit % -25.50 -28.60 -29.80 -27.70 -30.30

EnergyAvailability MKWH 329479.8 336762.2 356540.8 387792.5 419507.9



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TABLE-1.4ANDHRA PRADESH DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)

DESCRIPTION UNITS 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

Peak Availability MW 9495.1 9540.2 9888.5 10809.2 11148.4

Peak Load MW 12154 13148 14224 15389 16651

Surplus/Deficit MW -2658.9 -3607.8 -4335.5 --4579.8 -5502.6Surplus/Deficit % -21.9 -27.4 -30.5 -29.8 -33

Energy Availability MKWH 66207.4 67444.4 68955.9 73873.4 79086.7

Energy Requirement MKWH 70268 76018 82239 88975 96267

Surplus/Deficit MKWH -4060.6 -8573.6 -13283.1 -15101.6 -17180.3

Surplus/Deficit % -5.8 -11.3 -16.2 -17 -17.8

(Source: CEA)

The anticipated power supply position including Pudimadaka STPP is summarizedbelow Table-1.5, Table-1.6 and Table-1.7.

TABLE-1.5

ALL INDIA DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (DURING 2017-18 TO 2021-22)

Description Units 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

PeakAvailability MW 229288.8 241045.3 251533.6 272948.5 283463.8

Peak Load MW 214093 229165 246068 264041 283470Surplus/Deficit MW 15195.8 11580.3 5465.6 8907.5 1993.8

Surplus/Deficit % 7.10 5.00 2.20 3.40 0.70Energy

Availability MKWH 1615562.1 1721994.4 1802199.8 1896454.7 2027519Energy

Requirement MKWH 1450982 1552008 1660783 1778109 1904861

Surplus/Deficit MKWH 164580 169986.4 141416.8 118345.7 122658

Surplus/Deficit % 11.30 11.00 8.50 6.70 6.40

(Source: CEA)TABLE-1.6

SOUTHERN REGION DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)

Description Unit 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

PeakAvailability MW 45824 47224 1 50411 1 56399 5 58584 6


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TABLE-1.7

ANDHRA PRADESH DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO (2017-18 TO 2021-22)

DESCRIPTION UNIT 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

Peak Availability MW 9495.1 9540.2 10241.8 11427.4 12031.6

Peak Load MW 12154 13148 14224 15389 16651

Surplus/Deficit MW -2658.9 -3607.8 3982.2 -3961.6 -4619.4

Surplus/Deficit % -21.9 -27.40 -28.00 -25.7 -27.7

Energy Availability MKWH 66207.4 67444.4 70482.8 78584.7 86022.4


Surplus/Deficit MKWH -4060.6 -8573.6 -11756.2 -10390.3 -10244.6

Surplus/Deficit % -5.8 -11.30 -14.30 -11.70 -10.6

(Source: CEA)

1.5.1 Conclusion

From the above demand supply scenario it is observed that both Andhra Pradeshand southern region are projected to experience peak and energy shortage byend 13th plan without addition of the proposed project.

Considering the above, Pudimadaka (4 x 1000 MW), planned to be commissioned

during 13th Plan period, is justified from demand supply consideration.

1.6 Scope & Methodology of the Study

The EIA report is prepared based on baseline environmental quality data as perthe guidelines and requirements of MoEF&CC, Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB) and Andhra Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (APSPCB).

Environmental baseline monitoring has been carried out during study period andused to identify potential significant impacts. Modelling exercises have beencarried out to predict and evaluate impacts due to proposed power plant. AnEnvironment Management Plan is included in this report.

The scope of the study is based on the TOR prescribed by MoEF&CC and broadly

includes:


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• Prepare an Environment Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate the predictedimpacts; and

• Identify critical environmental attributes required to be monitored during theproject execution and to suggest post project monitoring.

The baseline status of the environment in the study area will be determined by

monitoring/ sampling of selected environmental attributes during the studyperiod. The details of the attributes to be monitored are given in Table-1.8.

TABLE-1.8

DETAILS OF MONITORING

Sr. No. Attribute Parameters Frequency of Monitoring

1 Ambient air quality PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx,

O3 & Hg

The monitoring was carried out

at 4 locations and 24 hourly

samples collected at a frequencyof twice a week.

Once in a month on 8 hourly

basis

2 Meteorology Wind Speed, Direction,

Temperature, Relative

Humidity, Rainfall, solar

radiation

a] Continuous hourly recording

through setting up of site

meteorological station;

b] Data collected from

secondary sources like IMD

station, Visakhapatnam.

3 Water quality Physical, Chemical andBacteriological Parameters

Grab Samples are collectedmonthly during the study from

3 surface, 3 ground

4 Ecology Existing terrestrial and

aquatic flora and fauna

Twice during the study period

also based on secondary data

5 Noise levels Noise levels in dB(A) Twice during the study period at

10 locations

6 Soil characteristics Soil profile, characteristics,

soil type and texture,

heavy metal, NKP valueetc

Twice during the study period at

10 locations.

7 Land use Land use for different

categories

Based on data published in

latest district census handbooks

and Satellite imagery

8 Socio-economic aspects Socio-economic

characteristics, labour

Based on data published in

latest district census handbooks


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1.7 Contents of the Report

The report has been divided into eleven chapters and presented as follows:

Chapter-1: Introduction

The chapter provides the purpose of the report, background information of the

power project, brief description of nature, size and location of project,environmental setting of the project and scope of the study.

Chapter-2: Project Description

The chapter deals with the need of the project, location, details of power project,

other technical and design details and sources of pollution from the proposed

project and measures proposed to control pollution.

Chapter-3: Baseline Environmental Status

The chapter presents the methodology and findings of field studies undertaken to

establish the environmental baseline conditions, which is also supplemented by

secondary published literature.

Chapter-4: Anticipated Environmental Impacts

The chapter details the inferences drawn from the environmental impact

assessment of the proposed power project during, construction and regularoperation stages. It also describes the overall impacts of the proposed project

activities and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures.

The chapter also provides recommendations/ Environment Management Plan (EMP)

including mitigation measures for minimizing the negative environmental impacts of

the project.

Chapter-5: Analysis of Alternatives for Technology and Project Site

The chapter provides the details of alternative sites considered for setting up the

project and technology alternatives were also discussed.

Chapter-6: Environmental Monitoring Program

Environmental monitoring requirements for effective implementation of mitigatory


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Chapter-9: Environmental Management Plan

This chapter described the various environmental protection measures and

institutional setup for achieving it. Green belt development plan also provided.

Also describes the institutional arrangements for environment protection and

conservation during the operational stage of the Project.

Chapter-10: Summary and Conclusions

The chapter describes the summary and conclusions of the environment impact

over the study area.

Chapter-11: Disclosure of Consultants

The list of various experts involved in preparation of the present EIA/EMP report

is given along with brief introduction of the consultancy organisation involved inEIA report.


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2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This chapter addresses the details of the proposed 4000 MW power project in

context with the basic raw material requirement, processes & capacities, utilities

& services, infra-structural facilities, sources of pollution and proposed mitigation

measures.

2.1 Type of the Project

NTPC, is proposing to implement a coal based thermal power plant of 4000 MW

capacity consisting of four units of 1000 MW super critical boilers.

Primary fuel for the project would be 100% Imported coal. About 85% of the

power generated from the project is envisaged to be allocated to home State

(Andhra Pradesh).

The proposed Pudimadaka STPP will be a pulverized coal fired thermal power

project based on super critical boiler parameters. The main components of the

proposed plant include:

Steam Generator, Turbine Generator and Auxiliary Units;

Coal Handling System including Dust Extraction and Suppression System;

Once through open Cycle CW System; Desalination Plant (SWRO Plant) & Effluent Treatment System;

Fire Protection System; Air Conditioning & Ventilation System;

Electrostatic Precipitators;

Chimney;

Ash Handling System with Dry Ash Extraction, Storage and Wet Slurry

Disposal Facilities; and Electrical Systems: Generator Bus Duct, Transformers, Switchgears, Switch

Yard etc.

2.2 Size or Magnitude of Operation including Resources

The capacity of total power plant will be 4000 MW, four (4) super critical

technology based boilers will be installed for power generation. The salient

features of proposed power plant are presented in Table-2.1.


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Sr. No. Features Description

9 Ash generation 1.68 MTPA

Bottom ash 0.33 MTPA

Fly Ash 1.35 MTPA

10 ESP efficiency 99.99%

11 Stack Two twin flue stack of 275 m height

12 Source of water Sea water is from Bay of Bengal13 Water Requirement 6,69,675 m3 /hr (Once through system)

2.2.1 Land Requirement

The total land required for the proposed Pudimadaka project would beapproximately 1500 acres out of which 1200 acres comes under Special Economic

Zone (SEZ) area of APIIC and is already under possession of NTPC, the remaining300 acres is to be acquired for MUW corridor.

Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has issued Government Order (GO) MS No: 96 dated

04.09.2014 for allotment of land to an extent of 1200 acre acquired by APIIC inAtchutapuram & Rambilli Mandals of Visakhapatnam District to NTPC on longlease basis of 33 years. Further to the above G.O, APIIC vide letter dated07.10.2014 informed regarding provisional allotment of land measuring to anextent of 1200 acre to M/s NTPC for establishment of 4000 MW Super Thermal

Power Plant. The copy of the letter is enclosed as Annexure-II.

The area wise breakup of land required for project is given in Table-2.2.

TABLE-2.2

AREA WISE BREAKUP OF LAND REQUIRED FOR PROJECT

Sr. No. Description Area in Acres

1 Main Plant and associated facilities 800

2 Ash dyke 200

3 Township 20

4 Green Belt and Afforestation 180

5 Make-up water (MUW) corridor 300

Total 1500


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2.2.2 Water Requirement

Water requirement for the project is to be met from sea by constructing suitableintake well in the sea, which is about 2-3 km from the project. The total seawater drawl for the project is estimated to be of the order of 6,69,675 m3 /hr.Desalination plant will be provided for meeting sweet water requirement.

Water required for construction purposes shall be drawn from APIIC facilityexisting near to the project site.

2.2.3 Fuel Requirement and its Quality

2.2.3.1 Coal Requirement

Coal requirement for the project is estimated as 13.7 MTPA corresponding to 90%

PLF considering station heat rate of 2172.19 kcal/kWh taking in to considerationimported coal of GCV ranges from 4600 - 5800 Kcal/Kg with sulphur content ofabout 0.6 %.

2.2.3.2 Coal Transportation

The envisaged mode of coal transportation from the sea is through the existingGangavaram or Vizag port.

2.2.3.3 Coal Quality

Coal quality parameters considered for the proposed project based on proximateanalysis (as received basis) is given in Table-2.3.

TABLE-2.3COAL CHARACTERISTICS

Total moisture (%) 30

Ash (%) 12

GCV (kcal/kg) 4600 - 5800

Sulphur (%) 0.6


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2.2.3.5 Power Requirement

AP Transco has constructed a 220/132/33 kV substation for Brandex Apparelapprox 2.5 km from the proposed site and the same substation was charged inNov’2007. The substation has incoming 220 kV feeder from AP Transco KalpakaS/S and two 132 kV feeders from Gajuwaka and Peddapuram as tie lines. One no.

220/132 kV 100 MVA transformer is commissioned. The construction powerrequirement for the said project can be availed from the above substation.

2.2.3.6 Permanent Township

805 dwelling units including 5 nos of Bungalows for HOP & GMs, besides 112dwelling units for support staff are envisaged for NTPC employees. Also envisagedin the township are 96 nos. B type dwelling units for CISF along with Barracks for

90 accommodations.

Non-Residential Buildings

Non-residential facilities comprising of Training Centre, Trainees Hostel, GeneralHospital with support facilities, Estate Office, Union/Association offices, GuestHouse, Field Hostel, Auditorium, Parks, Space for religious Places and CISFArmoury etc. shall be constructed at the project.

2.3 Proposed Commissioning Schedule

The Commercial Operation Date (COD) of First Unit will be achieved in 52 monthsfrom the zero date indicated in the Investment Approval for commencement ofimplementation of the project. The COD of the subsequent unit shall be at

interval of 6 months thereafter.

2.4 General Layout Plan

General Layout Plan for the project is developed and enclosed as Figure-2.1. GLPfor the project has been developed taking into consideration various aspects likeavailable land & shape, ground features & terrain, corridor for outgoing

transmission lines, road/rail approaches, prevailing wind direction, the waterdrawl and the associated pipe corridor.

The main plant building arrangement for the proposed stage of the plant


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provision for FGD has been kept in the direction of east of main plant beyond

chimney.

Open cycle CW system has been shown with intake and discharge corridor from

sea. The water treatment plant and the DM water facilities are located close to

main plant. The coal handling plant and the coal stockyard are located in the

direction of west of the main plant considering the conveyor connectivity fromSea port.

Service building for all four units is envisaged at the beginning of the unit # 1.An

interconnection walkway is also provided between Service Building and TG

building at operating floor level in AB bay for movement of personnel. Adequate

space provision has been kept in the layout for lay-down and pre-assembly

activities, open stores, contractor’s offices and stores etc. Construction offices

and storage sheds are located close to the main approach road to the plant.

Administration building is proposed to be located near the main approach road.

Thick green belt has been provided all along the periphery of the plant boundary.


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2.5 Process Description and Technology

2.5.1 Process Description

In a thermal power plant, the chemical energy of the fuel (coal) is first converted

into thermal energy (during combustion), which is then converted into mechanicalenergy (through a turbine) and finally into electrical energy (through a

generator). It has the following steps:(1) The coal is transferred from the coal handling plant by conveyor belt to the

coal bunkers, from where it is fed to the pulverizing mills, which grind it tofine powder. The finely powdered coal, mixed with air is then blown into theboiler by a fan where it burns like a gas.

(2) The process of combustion releases thermal energy from coal. The boiler wallsare lined with boiler tubes containing high quality demineralized water (knownas boiler feed water). The combustion heat is absorbed by the boiler tubes

and the heat converts the boiler feed water into steam at high pressure andtemperature. The steam, discharged through nozzles on the turbine blades,makes the turbine to rotate, which in turn rotates the generator coupled tothe end of the turbine. Rotation of generator produces electricity, which ispassed to the step-up transformer to increase its voltage so that it can be

transmitted efficiently. The power is evacuated via switchyard through aTransmission System.

(3) During combustion, the non-combustible part of coal is converted into ash. A

small part of ash (about 20%) binds together to form lumps, which fall intothe ash pits at the bottom of the furnace. This part of ash, known as bottomash is water quenched ground and then conveyed to pits for subsequentdisposal to ash disposal area or sale.

(4) Major part of the ash (about 80%) is in fine powder form, known as Fly Ash,and is carried out of the boiler along with the flue gas. The flue gas, after heatrecovery, is passed through the electrostatic precipitators, where the ash is

trapped by electrodes charged with high voltage electricity.

(5)The flue gases exiting from the Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) aredischarged through a tall chimney for wider dispersal of remaining ashparticles and gases. The ash collected in the ESP hoppers is extracted in dry

form and conveyed to dry ash storage silos from where it is supplied to userindustries. Unused part of fly ash shall be taken to ash ponds for disposal.

(6) Th d t i t b th h hi h ld t i t tl d


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2.5.2 Details of Technology

2.5.2.1 General

Steam generators shall be once through, water tube, direct pulverized coal fired,

top supported, balanced draft furnace, single reheat, radiant, dry bottom type,suitable for outdoor installation. The gas path arrangement shall be single pass(Tower type) or two pass type. The steam Generator and its auxiliaries shall bedesigned for firing imported coal identified for this project. Steam Generator

design shall be suitable for variable pressure operation from 30% to 100% BoilerMaximum Continuous Rating (BMCR).

The main parameters at 100% BMCR is given in Table-2.4.

TABLE-2.4

MAIN STEAM PARAMETERS

Sr. No. Parameters Values

1 Main steam flow at super heater outlet 3100 T/Hr

2 Pressure at super heater outlet 256 to 279 kg/cm2 (a)

3 Temperature at SH outlet 5680 C to 6030 C

4 Steam temperature at reheater outlet 5960 C to 6030 C

2.5.2.2 Furnace

The furnace will be radiant, dry bottom type with tangential or opposed wall firingand enclosed by water cooled and all welded membrane walls. The furnace

bottom shall be suitable both for installation of water impounded bottom ashsystem and submerged scrapper chain conveying system. Spray typeattemperator is envisaged to control the superheater outlet temperature forvarying loads. The superheater and reheater tubes will be a combination ofradiation and convection type. Economizer will be non-steaming type and shall

be of modular construction.

2.5.2.3 Steam Generator Circulation System

The steam generator start up system envisages boiler start up with SG start updrain recirculation pump. Provision shall also be made in the startup system in


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turbine design shall cover adequate provision for quick start-up and loading of theunits to full load at a fast rate. The turbine shall be capable of operating onvariable pressure mode as well as modified sliding pressure mode. The turbineshall be provided with suitable margins for VWO flow.

2.5.2.5 Condenser

Sea water cooled single pass or double pass condenser of tubes of Titanium B-

338 Gr-II shall be adopted. The condenser shall be with divided water box

construction. It shall be horizontal, surface type with integral air cooling section.

Condenser hot-well shall be sized for three (3) minutes storage capacity (between

normal and low-low level) of total design flow with the turbine operating at VWO

condition, 3% make-up, and design back pressure. The condenser shall be

adequately sized to cater to all the conditions of turbine operation including the

abnormal operating conditions such that condenser would not be a bottle neck atany stage of operation. The exact condenser parameters shall be optimized on

the basis of site data and most economical combination of cooling surface and

circulating water quantity. The condenser shall be designed, manufactured and

tested in accordance with the latest applicable requirements of the Heat Exchange

Institute (HEI), USA. Provision of separate sponge rubber ball type condenser

on-load tube cleaning system for each CW Inlet pipe to the condenser shell

including ball circulation pumps, strainer, ball monitoring system etc. shall be

made.

2.5.2.6 Air Extraction System

Each unit shall comprise of (2x100%) vacuum pumps per condenser shell along

with all accessories and instrumentation for condenser air evacuation. The

vacuum pumps and accessories shall be used to create vacuum by removing air

and non-condensable gases from steam condenser during plant operation.

Vacuum pumps shall be of single/two stage liquid ring type with both stages (iftwo-stage pump is selected) mounted on a common shaft. Vacuum pumps shall

be sized as per latest HEI requirements

2.5.2.7 Power Evacuation System


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2.5.2.8 Emergency Power Supply System

For the safe shutdown of the plant under emergency condition and in case of total

power failure, diesel generating sets shall be installed for feeding certain essential

application like battery charges emergency lighting, essential air conditioning

/ventilation and all auxiliaries necessary for barring operation of main and BFP

turbine etc. The unit emergency switchgear section shall be fed by one dieselgenerator of adequate capacity.

2.6 Water System and Plant Utilities

Sea water is proposed to be used for meeting complete water requirement of the

project. Present environmental regulation permit installation of once through

circulating water system for coastal Thermal Power Stations with a stipulation

that the temperature of receiving water does not exceed 70C over and above theambient temperature of the receiving water bodies. Various options regarding

location of drawl of sea water and type of Circulating Water (CW) System i.e.

once through system and open re-circulating type CW system had been studied

for this project. Based on the study, once through cooling water system is found

to be an optimum choice. CW system and coal & ash handling plant will be met

directly from sea. Sweet water required for meeting the potable water, plant

service water, cycle makeup (DM water) etc. shall be produced through

Desalination Process from sea water.

2.6.1 Water Requirement

The total sea water drawl for the project is estimated to be of the order of

6,69,675 Cu.m/hr. About 6,65,200 cu.m/hr sea water will be used for condenser

cooling, auxiliary cooling water system, coal & ash handling plant. Sea water of

4475 cu.m/hr will be desalinated and used for DM plant make up and other soft

water requirements such as service, potable water, fire water, greenbelt etc.

The plant usage wise details for total water requirement for Pudimadaka STPP

(4x1000 MW) is given in Table-2.5. The water balance diagram presented in

Figure-2.2 also shows various plant water usages.


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TABLE-2.5WATER REQUIREMENT (ONCE THROUGH SYSTEM)

Plant Water Usages Water Requirement (m3/hr)

Makeup for CW System 6,64,000

Makeup for HVAC System 250

Potable Water 250CHP & Dust Suppression System 385

Ash Handling Plant 1000

Plant Service Water 400

Make up to Boiler 250

AHP Miscellaneous & Vaccum Pump 170

* Rejects from DM Plant + RO +Desalination Plant

2970

* Industrial wastewater discharge

2.6.2 Circulating Water System

Once through open recirculating type (CW) cooling water system has been

envisaged for the project. Cold water shall be drawn from the proposed break

water in the sea (Bay of Bengal). One number CWPH for housing 9 nos. of CW

Pumps (8W+1S) for entire 4000 MW including forebay shall be constructed inside

plant area. The sea water upto CWPH forebay shall be drawn through open

concrete lined earthen channel outside plant boundary and through RCC channel

inside plant boundary. The CW pumps shall pump cold water to condensers and

hot water from the condensers to discharge pit/seal pit through steel lined

concrete encased CW ducts. 2 nos. of inlet duct & 2 nos. outlet duct of 4.25 m

internal diameter has been considered for each unit from CWPH upto discharge

pit/seal pit. The hot water from discharge pit/seal pit shall flow by gravity for

discharge into sea through RCC channel inside plant and open concrete lined

earthen channel outside plant boundary. A break water shall be constructed at

channel outlet into sea to avoid silt deposition at discharge point and to avoid

back flow during high tides / cyclones. CWPH, Forebay & Discharge pit shall be of

RCC grade M-30.

2.6.5 Water Treatment Systems


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electrostatic precipitator hoppers. This dry ash is taken to buffer hoppers for itsonward transportation in dry form to storage silos near plant boundary forutilization. In case of non-utilization, fly ash shall be taken to HCSD system,where in it shall be mixed in agitator tanks for its ultimate disposal in highconcentration slurry form to ash disposal area.

2.7.2

Bottom Ash Handling System

Bottom ash is extracted by using a continuously operating dry bottom ashevacuation system.

The bottom ash extracted in dry form from each unit shall be crushed in primaryand secondary crusher to granular size of less than 6 mm and shall be collectedin an Intermediate Silos (IM silos). BA can be unloaded and transported through

trucks from this IM silo. In case of non-utilization of BA ash or disposal though

trucks, BA from IM silos shall be transported to a BA silos near HighConcentration Slurry Disposal (HCSD) pump house. This shall be further mixedwith fly ash and disposed off in form of HCSD slurry.

Economizer ash shall be handled in dry form through vacuum system. Two nos.common buffer hopper and 4 nos. (2W+2S) vacuum pumps are envisaged for4x1000MW units for eco ash conveying.

The BA extraction air compressor for conveying BA shall be used for conveyingEco ash also to BA silo near HCSD pump house. This shall be further disposed off

in form of HCSD slurry.

2.7.3 Fly Ash Handling System

Pneumatic conveying system (either vacuum system or pressure system) shall beemployed for conveying of fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator hoppers andAPH hoppers in dry form. This dry ash shall be taken to buffer hoppers of each

unit. The dry ash buffer hoppers shall be located adjacent to the ESP. Dry ashfrom buffer hoppers shall be transported either to HCSD silos to be located nearthe chimney or to storage silos near the plant boundary. The transportationsystem shall be provided for each unit for transportation from buffer hoppers to

the silos. The user industries shall take the dry fly ash from these storage siloseither in closed tankers or in open tankers.


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working streams (one for each unit) and two (2) standby streams of HCSDpumps. All the pumping streams shall be provided with its individual disposalpipes. No crossover is being envisaged in the disposal piping.

2.7.4.2 Ash Water System

There shall be no recirculation from dyke as the disposal of BA and FA systemshall be only by HCSD .Thus the plant make up shall be used for water

requirement of ash handling system throughout the life of the plant.

Sea water shall be used for ash sluicing and ash slurry applications. Accordingly it

is proposed that the MOC of the equipment, vessels, pumps, pipes & accessories

handling sea water & ash slurry shall be suitable for sea water application.

However for sealing purpose & cooling of auxiliaries sweet water shall be used. To

meet the requirement of the water for ash handling required number of ash waterpumps shall be provided which shall take suction from the ash water sump.

2.7.4.3 Ash Water Recirculation System

HCSD systems is supposed to have no excess water. However a recirculationsystem is envisaged for pumping any excess decanted water from Dyke.

Decanted water from ash pond of HCSD pond shall be led to the plant area by

using 2x100% (30 cum/hr) capacity pumps and the same shall be conveyedthrough one number steel pipe (suitable for sea water use) from ash dyke toplant area. This water will be used further in the ash handling system.

2.8 Fuel Oil Handling Systems

Fuel Oil unloading and storage system shall be designed to handle both heavy oil(HFO/LHS/HPS) and light oil (LDO). Light oil (LDO) shall be used for cold startup

and low part load (up to 7.5%) operation of the steam generator while firing coal.

The heavy oil (HFO/LHS/HPS) shall be used for start-up, warm-up and low load(up to 30%) operation of the steam generator while firing coal.

Since there is no provision of railway siding within the plant premises. It isproposed to transport both light oil (LDO) and heavy oil (HFO/LHS/HPS) to thepower plant by road tankers. The oil will be unloaded from road tankers bygravity into the dedicated unloading header From there it will be transferred to


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A set of pressurizing pumps shall draw the oil from the storage tanks for pumpingthe oil to the steam generator units. The auxiliary boiler shall be designed forfiring light oil (LDO). A separate day oil tank of 100 kl capacity for auxiliary boilershall be provided. Oil shall be drawn from the main LDO storage tanks for feedingto day oil tank.

The auxiliary boiler shall use either or both heavy oil (HFO/LHS/HPS) and light oil

(LDO) and the oil shall be drawn from the main storage tanks.

2.9

Pollution Control Measures

The various environmental measures, pollution control systems and mitigative

measures proposed to be adopted for the STPP are as follows:

2.9.1

Air Pollution Control System

o

High efficiency electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) of 99.9% will be installed tolimit control the Particulate. The precipitators will be designed to limit theparticulate emission to 50 mg/Nm3 under all design conditions;

o To facilitate wider dispersion of pollutants and gaseous Pollutions after ESPtwo twin flue reinforced concrete chimney of height 275 m above plant gradelevel is envisaged for this project. The chimney shall be provided withpersonal access doors and sampling ports for continuous online monitoring;

o Space provision has been kept in the layout for retrofitting Flue Gas De-

sulphurisation (FGD) system, if required in future;

o The appropriate low NOx burners shall be adopted during the boiler design forcontrolled NOx emission;

o For control of fugitive dust emissions within and around the coal handlingplant, dust extraction / suppression systems would be provided. Dust

suppression system shall also be provided in the coal stockyard; and

o Greenbelt will be developed in and around the project area.

2.9.2 Water Pollution Control System


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The liquid effluents shall be collected and treated/ recycled as per the following

design philosophy:

• The waste effluents from neutralization pits of DM Plant and CondensatePolishing Plant shall be collected in the respective neutralization pits andneutralized before pumping to the Central Effluent Monitoring Basin (CEMB)

before final disposal;

• A coal particle settling pond shall be provided to remove coal particles fromcoal handling plant waste. Decanted water shall be pumped to CEMB;

• The plant shall have two different systems for ash disposal – conventional wetslurry disposal for bottom ash and High Concentration Slurry Disposal (HCSD)for fly ash. HCSD system will require less quantity of water and the excessdecanted water from ash dyke shall be recirculated through ash handling

plant. Hence, there will be no effluent discharge from the fly ash disposal site;

• All the plant liquid effluents shall be mixed in CEMB and disposed off to thefinal disposal point;

• The sewage from plant and township shall be treated in a common sewagetreatment plant. The treated sewage conforming to prescribed standards shallbe utilized for plantation/horticulture to the extent possible. The balance

effluent shall be discharged; and

• An independent plant effluent drainage system would be constructed toensure that plant effluents do not mix with storm water drainage. Efficientoperation of various treatment schemes shall be ensured so that the quality of

treated effluent from CEMB conforms to relevant standards, prescribed byregulatory agencies.

2.9.3 Noise Pollution Control Systems

The major noise generating sources in a thermal power plant are the turbines,turbo-generators, compressors, pumps, fans, coal handling plant etc. from wherenoise is continuously generated. Acoustic enclosures shall be provided wherever

required to control the noise level below 90 dB (A).

Wherever it is not possible technically to meet the required noise levels, the


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water re-circulation for bottom ash and High Concentration Slurry Disposal(HCSD) for fly ash. HCSD system will require less quantity of water.

2.9.5 Afforestation and Greenbelt Development

An action plan will be prepared for undertaking extensive afforestation andplantation activities for various select species based on recreational and socio-

economic importance, nativity, capability for controlling pollution etc. in allavailable spaces in the main plant and township area and raising shelterbeltplantations along the vicinity of ash storage/ disposal sites and along boundary

walls.

2.10 Ash Utilization

The Ministry of Environment and Forests has issued a Gazette Notification dated

03-11-2009 which is an amendment to its earlier notifications dated 14-09-1999and amendment dated 27-08-2003. The new notification stipulates that all coalbased power stations/ units commissioned after the date of issue of notification

have to utilize at least 50% of ash generated within 1 year, 70% within 2 years,90% within 3 years and 100% within 4 years respectively from thecommissioning of the units.

The unutilized fly ash with respect to the target during a year, if any, shall beutilized within next two years in addition to the targets stipulated for those years

and the balance unutilized ash accumulated during the first 4 years shall have tobe utilized progressively over next 5 years in addition to 100% utilization ofcurrent generation of ash.

NTPC - a socially conscious utility considers utilization of ash produced at its coalbased power station as a thrust area of its activities. Pudimadaka Super ThermalPower Project, (4x1000 MW) planned to be set up in Dist Visakhapatnam, AndhraPradesh. As per plan, imported coal having ash content of about 12% shall be

used at Pudimadaka STPP. It is estimated that about 1.68 MTPA of ash would beproduced in the power generation process. In order to have maximum ashutilization in various areas and also to comply with the requirements of MOEF’sGazette Notification on fly ash dated 03-11-2009, following actions are proposed

to be taken up by NTPC:

C h ll d f 00% f d fl h l h


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o All government/ private agencies responsible for construction/ design ofbuildings, road embankment, flyover bridges and reclamation within 100 kmof the plant areas shall be persuaded to use ash and ash based products incompliance of MOEF’s Gazette Notification on fly ash dated 03-11-2009.

With all the efforts mentioned above, it is expected that fly ash generated atproposed thermal power station shall be utilized in the areas of cement, concrete

& building products manufacturing, road embankment construction etc. Howeverin order to prepare realistic road map for 100% ash utilization, a detailed marketstudy shall be carried out. Based on recommendations of the study, detailed Road

Map for achieving 100% Ash Utilization in the line with MOEF’s GazetteNotification on fly ash dated 03-11-2009 shall be prepared.

2.11 Clean Development Mechanism

Sustainable power generation has been one of the prime objectives of NTPC

Limited since inception. Towards achieving this objective, various measures have

been introduced to ensure minimum degradation of the environment due to the

operation of the power stations. As a part of agreement under Kyoto Protocol the

CDM has been introduced to enable trading of Certified Emission Reductions

(CERs) between the developed countries and the developing countries.

It is envisaged to take up NTPC’s proposed 4X1000 MW, coal based Pudimadaka

project, with higher steam cycle parameters with super critical technology as a

CDM project. Adoption of higher cycle parameters will improve power plantefficiency and thereby reduce coal consumption per unit of electricity generation

with consequent reduction in CO2 emissions. The unit of this size will be first of

its kind in India.

CDM revenue is one of the prime considerations for the project. It is likely to

ameliorate the Internal Rate of Return & will help overcoming the various barriers

related to the project.

The project is an ideal case for CDM benefits, being environmentally benign with

less emission of greenhouse gases (GHG).


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3.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

3.1 Introduction

This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of thestudy area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The studyarea covers 10 km radius from project boundary.

EIA notification requires that 10 km radius area surrounding the project site shallbe covered under the study to adjudge the existing baseline environmentalconditionand the same is denoted as study area. As part of the study, descriptionof biological environment and human environment such as environmentalsettings, demography & socio-economics, land-use/land cover, ecology &biodiversity have been carried out for entire 10 km radius. However, as auniversally accepted methodology of EIA studies, physical environmentalattributes such as meteorology, ambient air quality, water quality, soil &

sediment quality, noise levels, physiography, geology and hydrogeology, ecology(terrestrial, aquatic and marine) have been studied at selective locationsrepresenting rural/residential land sensitive locations including the denselypopulated areas, agricultural lands, forest lands and other ecologically sensitiveareas, if any falling within 10 km radius study area.

This report incorporates the baseline primary data monitored on severalenvironment and ecological attributes for the period of three months (March 2015– May 2015) representing pre-monsoon season and secondary data collected

from various government and semi-government organizations.

3.2 Geology, Hydrogeology & Drainage

3.2.1 Geomorphology

Geomorphologically, the district can be divided into three regions, viz., northernhilly terrain with valleys, middle pediplains and alluvial coastal plains. Thenorthern half of the district is mainly occupied by the structural hills and valleys,which is part of the Eastern Ghats. The hill range trends parallel to coast. Theaverage altitude of hills is over 900 m amsl. The hills are densely forested. Byvirtue of their topography, these hilly terrains largely form run off areas and arenot suitable for ground water development. The valley fill areas underlain byweathered formations in the Araku and Paderu areas possess high infiltration andhigh permeability These areas form good to moderate aquifers depending on


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number of bold headlands, which protect the land against constant erosion by thesea.

3.2.2 Rainfall & Climate

Climatologically the district experiences tropical sub-humid type of climate withmoderate summer and good seasonal rainfall. The southwest monsoon sets in the

second week of June and lasts till September end. October and November receiverainfall from northeast monsoon. Winter season with cool and fine weatherprevails from December to February followed by summer season upto early June.

The average annual rainfall of the district is 1116 mm. and monthly rainfallranges from nil rainfall in January to 207.5 mm in October. October is the wettestmonth of the year. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 673.5 mm. insouthwest monsoon (June September), 271.8 mm. in northeast monsoon

(October-December), 10.9 mm. rainfall in winter (Jan-Feb) and 159.6 mm insummer (March–May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is60.36% in southwest monsoon, 24.36 % in northeast monsoon, 0.97 percentagein winter and 14.3 % in summer.

The annual rainfall ranges from 708 mm in 2002 to 1703 mm in 2010. The annualrainfall departure ranges from-37% in 2002 to 53% in 2010. The southwestmonsoon rainfall contributes about 60 % of annual rainfall. It ranges from 459mm in 2002 to 864 mm in 2006. The year 2002 and 2009 experienced drought

conditions in the district as the annual rainfall recorded in these two years is 37%and 34% less than the long period average (LPA) respectively. The cumulativedeparture of annual rainfall from LPA indicates that the rainfall departure as on2011 is negative i.e. 40%, showing deficit rainfall. The annual rainfall during 2012is 1218 mm.

3.2.3 Soils

The different soils in the district are red loams, sandy loams, sandy soils andblack cotton soils. Red loamy soils are predominate and occupy about 70% in thedistrict. Sandy loamy soils are largely confined to the coastal areas and to certainstretches in the interior mandals of Chodavaram, Narsipatnam, K.Kotapadu andMadugula. Black cotton soils occur in parts of K.Kotapadu, Devarapalli,Chedikada, Paderu and Hukumpeta mandals.


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streams in and along the hill slopes is contributing to the ground water, which isagain discharged through the silty soils at lower elevations.

3.2.5 Geology

The district forms a part of Easter Ghat Mobile Belt exposing all the characteristiclithounits of the Eastern Ghat Supergroup such as the Khondalite, Charnockite

and migmatite. The Khondalite group is represented by Khondalite (Quartz- Feldspar-garnet sillimanite-graphite gneiss), calc granulite and quartzite which

occur as impersistent bands within the khondalite. The Charnockite groupconsists of acid, intermediate, and basic varieties. The migmatite group consistsvarious rock types including leptynite. Porphyroblastic gneiss, quartzo felspathicmobilesates and other associated hybrid rocks. Bauxite laterite occupies severalflat topped and gently sloping hills at elevation of 1000 m and above. Laterite aremostly developed on khondalites and rarely on charnockites. Tirupathi, sandstone

of Gonwana Supergroup occurs unconformably over the Archaean Crystallines.This is represented by coarse sandstone and clays exposed close to the coast.Quaternary sediments in the district are of both fluvial and marine regimes. Thefluvial sediments are restricted to inland valleys of Sarada, Tandava and Gosthanirivers, in the form of flood plains mostly comprising brown silty clay. Channelbars and active channels contain brown silts and coarse sand. The marinesediments of active beach and tidal flat are seen in the narrow coastal plain. Thecoastal plain south of Elamanchili is rocky, scarp faced and believed to be faultcontrolled. The rocks along the coast bear the impressions of sea level

fluctuations up to an elevation of 130 m. above m.s.l. The structural grain of thelithounits is defined by foliation which is considered to have developed because offirst phase of folding and uniformly shows parallelism with the primary layeringwherever preserved. The strike of the foliation varies form NE-SW to NW-SE withmoderate to steep dips. The rocks have been subjected to tight isoclinals foldinghaving a regional trend of NE-SW. As a result of cross folding on NW-SE axisstructural domes and basins have been formed in the area. These are welldeveloped in the proximity of the ridges around Visakhapatnam. Faults andlineaments trending mostly NE-SW and NW-SE are seen in the area.

3.2.6 Hydrogeology

The hydrogeological studies to understand the local geology, geomorphicfeatures, drainage network, aquifer characteristics and yield of water.Accordingly various components controlling the hydrogeological regime The


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wells in these formations range between 5 to 25 m3 /hr. Sand stones are exposedin the small isolated places around Nakkavanipalem and Elamanchili. In theseformations, ground water occurs under both unconfined and confined conditions.The depth of dug wells in alluvium formations ranges from 2 to 10 m bgl and theyields generally ranges from 40 to 250 m3 /day. The depth of filterpoints/tubewells varies from 9 to 35 m with discharges ranging from 15 to 30m3 /hour.

The transmissivity values of the aquifers in the consolidated formations generallyvary from 1 to 772 m2 /day, whereas specific capacity ranges from 1 to 290lpm/mdd.

Depth to Water Levels

As per the CGWB report, September-2013. The Pre-monsoon (May, 2012) depth

to water levels, in general, the water levels are deep particularly in the hilly areaof the district. Depth to water levels varies from 5 to 10 m bgl, except atChintapalli, where water level recorded 15.78 m bgl. In the southern part of thedistrict i.e., near to the coast, the water levels are comparatively shallow (


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3.2.7 Ground water resources

Ground Water Recharge

The main source of ground water recharge is by the rainfall by direct percolationto the zone of saturation. A significant part of the rainfall is lost as runoff fromarea while a limited percentage of rainfall therefore reaches zone of saturation

and becomes the part of ground water storage after meeting the evaporation andevapo-transpiration losses. There is also ground water recharge from the returnflow of irrigation water from dug wells and tube wells operated by the cultivatorsand from canals.

The dynamic groundwater resources of Visakhapatnam District has beenestimated jointly by CGWB and SWID. Govt of Andhra Pradesh, following thenorms laid down by GEC-1997 methodology and projected as on 31.03.2009.

As per the present ground water resource estimation (2008-2009) the totalannual ground water recharge in the district is estimated to be 78,383 ham.(Command area = 11,794 ham and Non Command area = 66,689 ham) and thenet annual ground water availability in the district after allowing the unavoidablenatural discharges is 71689 ham (command area 10683 ham. and in Non-

command area 61,006 ham). The gross ground water draft for all purposes isestimated as 23,100 ham out of which 6300 ham is in command area and 16,800ham is in Non-Command area. Thus the ground water available for future

irrigation needs after allocating the ground water for future domestic andindustrial needs is 38,264 ham in the entire district, which is 3,282 ham incommand area and 34,982 ham in Non-command areas of the district.

The project site is located in Atchutapuram and Rambilli mandals ofVisakhapatnam District. As per the present ground water resource estimation(2008-2009) the net annual ground water availability in the Rambilli mandal afterallowing the unavoidable natural discharges is 1243 ham (command area 142ham and in Non-command area 1101 ham). The gross ground water draft for all

purposes is estimated as 554 ham out of which 83 ham is in command area and471 ham is in Non-Command area. Thus the ground water available for futureirrigation needs after allocating the ground water for future domestic andindustrial needs is 689 ham in the entire Rambilli mandal, which is 59 ham incommand area and 630 ham in Non-command areas of the Rambilli mandal andthe stage of ground water development is 45% Safe category


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Project Site


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3.3 Land Use Studies

Studies on land use aspects of eco-system play important roles for identifyingsensitive issues, if any, and taking appropriate actions for maintaining theecological balance in the development of the region.

3.3.1 Objectives

The objectives of land use studies are:

To determine the present land use pattern;

To analyze the impacts on land use due to plant activities in the study area;

and

To give recommendations for optimizing the future land use pattern vis-a-vis

growth of plant activities in the study area and its associated impacts.3.3.2 Methodology

For the study of land use, literature review of various secondary sources such asDistrict Census Handbooks, regional maps regarding topography, zoningsettlement, industry, forest etc., were taken. The data was collected from varioussources like District Census Handbook, Revenue records, state and centralgovernment offices and Survey of India (SOI) Topo sheets and also throughprimary field surveys. Classification of landuse is done based on latest satellite

imagery (13th March 2015) for the study area.

3.3.3 Land Use Based on Satellite Imagery

The methodology adopted for preparation of land use/ land cover thematic map ismonoscopic visual interpretation of geocoded scenes of IRS-P6 satellite LISS-IIIand field observations taken. The various steps involved in the study arepreparatory field work, field survey and post field work.

Also, literature review of various secondary sources such as District CensusHandbooks, regional maps regarding topography, zoning settlement, industry,forest etc were taken.

3.3.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover Classification System


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Sr. No. Level-1 Level-2

Plotted Area/Layout 2 Agriculture Land Crop Land

Plantations Fallow

3 Forest Evergreen/Semi evergreen Deciduous

Forest Plantation

4 Wastelands Rocky/Stony Waste Land with /without scrubs

Saline/sandy & Marshy/swampy 5 Water Bodies River/Stream

Lake/Reservoir/Tanks

6 Others Orchard/Other Plantation Shifting cultivation Salt Pans, Snow covered/Glacial Barren/Vacant Land

3.3.3.2 Pre-field Interpretation of Satellite Data

The False Color Composite (FCC) of IRS-P6 satellite data at 1:1,55,000 scaleprocured on 13th March 2015 is used for pre-field interpretation work. Taking thehelp of topo-sheets, geology, geomorphology and by using the image elements thefeatures are identified and delineated the boundaries roughly. Each feature isidentified on image by their image elements like tone, texture, colour, shape, size,

pattern and association. A tentative legend in terms of land cover and land use,physiography and erosion was formulated. The sample areas for field check areselected covering all the physiographic, land use/land cover feature cum imagecharacteristics.

• Ground Truth Collection

Both topo-sheets and imagery were taken for field verification and a transverseplan using existing road network was made to cover as many representativesample areas as possible to observe the broad land use features and to adjust thesample areas according to field conditions. Detailed field observations andinvestigations were carried out and noted the land use features on the imagery.

• Post Field Work


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Final Output

The final output would be the land use/land cover map on 1:1,55,000 scale,numerals were given different colour code for each category as shown in map.Area estimation of all features of Land use/Land cover categories was noted.

Observations

The following are the main interpreted land use/land cover classes of the studyarea and their respective areas are given in hectares in Table-3.3.2 for the year2015. The thematic map and land use pattern within 10 km radius based on IRS-P6for 13th March 2015 are shown in Figure-3.3.1 and Figure-3.3.2 respectively.

TABLE-3.3.2LAND USE BASED ON SATELLITE IMAGERY

Sr.No.

Land Use Area(Hectares)

Area(%) Level-I Level-II

1

Built-up Land Settlements 892 2.13

Industry/Institutional Land 617 1.47

New Development/Layout 690 1.65

2

Forest Dense/Open Forest 1655 3.95

Degraded Scrub 243 0.58

Forest Blank 5 0.01

3

Agriculturalland

Plantation 1692 4.04

Irrigated/Double Crop 3089 7.38

Other Agriculture Land/Single Crop 6301 15.05

Fallow Land 3282 7.84

4

Waste Land Land with/without Scrub 6300 15.05

Rocky/Stony/Barren Land 16 0.04

Quarry/Mining Land 72 0.17

5

Water Body Stream/River/Canal 191 0.46

Reservoir/Tank/Pond 824 1.97

Water Logged 17 0.04

Bay of Bengal 15196 36.31

Wetlands Mudflats/Marshy Land 20 0.05


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3.4 Soil Characteristics

It is essential to determine the potentiality of soil in the area and to identify theimpacts of urbanization on soil quality. Accordingly, the soil quality assessmenthas been carried out.

3.4.1 Data Generation

For studying soil quality in the region, sampling locations were selected to assessthe existing soil conditions in and around the plant area representing various landuse conditions. The physical, chemical and heavy metal concentrations weredetermined. The samples were collected by ramming a core-cutter into the soil upto 90 cm depth.

Ten locations were identified within the study area for soil sampling. At eachlocation, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30 cm, 60

cm and 90 cm below the surface and homogenized. The homogenized sampleswere analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. Samples were takenonce during the study period.

The details of the sampling locations are given in Table-3.4.1 and are shown inFigure-3.4.1. The soil quality for all the locations during the study period istabulated in Table-3.4.2(A) and (B). The results are compared with standardclassification as given in Table-3.4.3.

TABLE-3.4.1DETAILS OF SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS

CodeNo

Location Distancefrom Plant Boundary

(km)

Direction w.r.tProposed Plant

Boundary

S1 Project Site - -

S2 Vesilipalem - - S3 Pallwanpuram 0.2 W

S4 Lalamkoduru 0.3 WSW

S5 Narasapuam 3.4 WNW S6 Near Gokivada 7.0 NW S7 Chinnapudi 1.3 ENE S8 Pudimadaka 0.7 ESE S9 Rambilli 4.9 SW


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TABLE-3.4.2 (A)

SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS

Sr. No Parameters UOM S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 pH -- 7.1 7.6 6.8 7.0 7.4

2 Conductivity µs/cm 78.7 2770 50.1 160.7 385.0 3 Texture -- Sandy

claySiltyclay

Sandyclay

Sandyclay

Sandyclay

4 Sand % 45 32 47 43 30

5 Silt % 21 48 21 26 45

6 Clay % 34 20 32 31 25 7 Bulk Density g/cc 1.13 1.21 1.17 1.09 1.25 8 Exchangeable Calcium as Ca mg/kg 400 3196 300 3601.5 799.6 9 Exchangeable Magnesium as Mg mg/kg 121.4 1212.1 121.3 364.2 242.6 10 Exchangeable Sodium as Na mg/kg 22.5 1530 14.6 300.6 477.0

11 Available Potassium as K Kg/ha 126.7 677.7 112.0 564.6 102.9 12 Available Phosphorous as P Kg/ha 40.6 73.7 78.2 215.2 86.8 13 Available Nitrogen as N Kg/ha 24.9 20.2 21.3 100.8 29.3

14 Organic Matter % 0.39 0.3 0.32 1.65 0.42

15 Organic Carbon mg/kg 0.23 0.17 0.19 0.95 0.24

16 Water soluble Chloride as Cl mg/kg 70.8 5316.3 70.8 102.1 424.0 17 Water soluble Sulphate as SO4 % 87.8 1929.5 133.1 212.2 117.9 18 Sodium Absorption Ratio -- 0.25 5.84 0.18 1.28 3.79 19 Aluminium % 0.35 1.03 0.10 1.95 0.90 20 Total Iron % 0.46 1.05 0.23 1.78 1.31 21 Manganese mg/kg 105.4 105.1 26.2 245.3 125.0

22 Boron mg/kg


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3.4.2 Baseline Soil Status

Based on the results obtained from the different soil samples, it is evident thatthe soil samples are predominantly sandy clay type. The pH of the soil samplesranged from 6.5 to 7.6 indicating the neutral. The electrical conductivity of thesoil samples varied from 50 µS/cm to 2770 µS/cm. Based on the conductivityresults it can be concluded that the ionic content of the soil samples are within

the limits that does not harm the crops. Bulk densities of the soil samples variedfrom 1.03 to 1.25 g/cc.

Available nitrogen in the soil samples varied from 20.2 kg/ha to 100.8 kg/ha andindicating less category in the soil samples. Available phosphorus in the regionvaried from 40.6 kg/ha to 418.6 kg/ha revealing the distribution from medium tomore than sufficient quantities.

Available potassium levels in the samples ranged from 102.9 kg/ha to 1693.2kg/ha, which indicates less category to more than sufficient quantity in the soilsamples.

Soluble chlorides in the region varied from 70.6 mg/kg to 5316.3 mg/kg. Organicmatter concentrations ranged from 0.3% to 1.65%. Organic carbonconcentrations ranged from 0.17% to 0.95%.

Based on the above, the soil in the region has been found to have sufficient

quantities of nutrients for crop growth.

TABLE-3.4.3STANDARD SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Sr. No. Soil Test Classification

1 pH


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Sr. No. Soil Test Classification

>300 sufficient 5 Phosphorus (kg/ha) Upto 15 very less

16-30 less31-50 medium,51-65 on an average sufficient66-80 sufficient>80 more than sufficient

6 Potash (kg/ha) 0 -120 very less120-180 less181-240 medium241-300 average301-360 better>360 more than sufficient

Source: Handbook of Agriculture, ICAR, New Delhi

3.4.3 Soil Infiltration Test

Water entering the soil at the surface is called infiltration. It replenishes the soil

moisture deficiency and the excess moves downward by the force of gravity

called deep seepage or percolation and builds up the groundwater table. The

maximum rate at which the soil in any given condition is capable of absorbing

water is called its infiltration capacity. Infiltration often begins at a high rate and

decreases to a fairly steady rate as the input continues. Infiltration rate at a site

can be measured using double ring infiltrometer.

A double ring infiltrometer with a diameter of 0.5 m for the outer ring and 0.28 mfor the inner ring placed one inside the other was pressed into the soil up to adepth of 10 cm. The rings were driven without tilt or undue disturbance of the soilsurface and with constant annular space between the rings in all directions.

Study carried out at Experimental Locations

Long duration infiltration rate measurements were carried out at 10 locations at

ash pond area and selected villages in the NTPC Pudimadaka area. Each test wascarried out till stabilized infiltration rate is reached at the site. The water columnheight in inner and outer rings is maintained at the same level (10 cm)throughout the experiment at all the sites. The infiltration curves for 10 sites areshown in Figure-3.4.2 and summary of the tests are given in Table-3.4.4.Infiltration tests at individual sites is enclosed as Annexure-IV.


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SiteNo.

Name of the Village Duration(minutes)

InitialInfiltration

Rate(mm/h)

FinalInfiltration

Rate(mm/h)

AverageInfiltration

Rate(mm/h)

S6 Near Gurujapalem Village 140 712 8 107 S7 Near Krishnampalem Village 180 653 23 108 S8 Near Appanapalem Village 160 156 60 108

S9 Near Goropudi Village 130 712 692 587

S10 Near Lalamkoduru Village 180 282 51 94

Conclusions

The infiltration rate curves indicate that at all the sites except at site no 9, stabilizedinfiltration rate is reached.

In the ash pond area, the infiltration rate varies from 66 mm/h to 248 mm/h

In the villages around NTPC, the infiltration rate varies from 71 mm/h to 587 mm/h


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3.5 Meteorology

The meteorological data recorded during the study period is very useful for properinterpretation of the baseline information regarding project site area andsurrounding area for air quality dispersion. Historical data on meteorologicalparameters will also play an important role in identifying the generalmeteorological regime of the region.

The year may broadly be divided into four seasons:

Winter season : December to February Pre-monsoon season : March to May Monsoon season : June to September Post-monsoon season : October to November

3.5.1 Methodology

The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per thestandard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS : 8829) and IndiaMeteorological Department (IMD). On-site monitoring was undertaken for variousmeteorological variables in order to generate the site-specific data. Data wascollected every hour continuously from 1st March’ 2015 to 31st May’ 2015.

3.5.1.1 Methodology of Data Generation

The Central Monitoring Station (CMS) equipped with continuous weathermonitoring equipment was installed on top of a building near to the project siteat a height of 10 m above ground level to record wind speed, direction, relativehumidity and temperature. The meteorological monitoring station was located insuch a way that it is free from any obstructions and cloud cover was recorded byvisual observation. Rainfall was monitored by rain gauge.

3.5.1.2 Sources of Information

Secondary information on meteorological conditions has been collected from thenearest IMD station at Visakhapatnam. The available meteorological data of IMD,Visakhapatnam station has been collected for the period of 10 years (1991-2000)and analyzed.


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TABLE-3.5.1

CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA-STATION: IMD, VISAKHAPATNAM (1991-2000)

Month Temperature (0c) Relative Humidity (%) Rainfall

Min Max 08.30 17.30

January 15.8 30.3 80 66 11.9 February 18.1 33.7 77 65 13.2 March 22.3 35.4 72 65 5.0

April 24.2 36.2 68 68 20.0 May 26.6 37.7 68 70 69.9

June 26.7 35.5 72 70 132.8 July 25.3 35.1 78 74 116.8

August 25.4 34.1 79 74 233.4 September 24.5 33.5 81 79 201.5 October 24.1 33.6 77 77 337.2

November 19.9 32.3 72 70 147.4 December 15.9 30.3 71 63 7.3

Range

Annual 15.8-37.7 63-81 1296.4

Pre monsoon 22.3-37.7 65-72 94.9

Wind Speed/Direction -

IMD - Visakhapatnam

Generally, light to moderate winds prevail throughout the year. Winds were lightand moderate particularly during the morning hours. While during the afternoonhours the winds were stronger. The wind roses for the study period representingpre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons along with annual wind

roses are shown in Figure-3.5.1 to Figure-3.5.3 and presented in Table-3.5.2.


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C-10.7%

2 0. 0 %

W S W

4 2 . 5 %

S W

1 1 . 3

% S S W

3.0%

S

S E 0 . 5 %

E 0.5% E N

E 0 % N E

0 . 7 %

N N E

0 %

N0%

0 % N N W

2 . 6 % N W

2 .0 % W N W

5.7% W C-1.0%

S S E 0 %

E S E 0 .5 %

1 8 . 6 %

S W

0 . 7 % N W

0 % N N W N

N E

0 . 3

%

3 5 . 8

% S

S W

0 % W S

W

26.2%

S

1 .0 % W N W 1.0% W

E S E 4 .7 % S E 2 . 7 %

S S E 3 . 7 %

E N E 1

. 0 %

E 3.0%

N0.3%

N E 0 %

Pre Monsoon

8-30hrs Pre Monsoon

17-30hrs

C-13.3%

2 1. 8 %

W S W

4 1 . 0 %

S W

5 . 1 %

S S W

0.7%

S

S E 0 %

E 0.3% E N

E 0 % N E

2 . 3 %

N

N E

0 %

N0.5%

0 % N N

W

2 . 9 % N W

2 .9 % W N W

9.2% W

C-4.8%S S E 0 %

E S E 0 %

3 2 . 3 %

S W

2 . 0 % N W

0 . 9 % N N W

N N E

0 . 4

%

18 . 2

% S

S W

1 0. 2 %

W S W

9.5%

S

5 .8 % W N W

7.4% W

E S E 3 .2 % S E 0 . 8 %

S S E 0 . 9 %

E N E 0

%

E 3.3%

N0%

N E 0 . 3 %

Monsoon

8-30hrs

Monsoon

17-30hrs

8/17/2019 NTPC , Pudimadaka,

Documents

NTPC , Pudimadaka,Vizag