n”%u7dltibosinmu (Intransitive Verbs) Lba:

n%n&%sn~~n%so (Transitive Verbs)

LI 398 85

8 6 LI 398

LI 398 a7

shall stay (shall %?% I bbRE we 6Yhab)

ctTm.i1s I will spend 2 weeks in Phuket.

He will come back next month.

Tense &%Jn~~ Future Simple Tense

Pronain$n%en~au will 09% shall akh&i%n 3 “a% &I

j. bk be going to G%%ii&sb~~O9a&r9 bbwUni-s& ( p l a n s ) I4%laxJ&I53

(intentions) &&ilIersPb7nn b&4

I will talk to you = I am going to talk to do.

She will buy me a rose = She is going to buy me a rose.

2. &I be about to H&n%Jlb%.I bSj~

Jane :

Mother :

Jane :

(Shouting) Who is, it, Mom?

It’s your bsst friend, Mary.

(Still shouting) Oh! I’m going downstairs in a minute.

illTl&iaofhS BEb~a4b?ii Jane fkxm$iuul~~~~~~l~ Miol~kMWJl

dil61ld 2 n”sU&%Jn% Future Continuous bbRZ Future Perfect %%&I~~?

LI 398

a~~nulmbol~ssaa~l~~~rb~DlBlW9a~1~ a&A at 10.30 tomorrow M50 at

this time tomorrow ~u~na&dpr&~J%l~~%$ tense $JWalXJW7U~l %usam~a~7~~s

I.&J amo:Rl~~$10':aT0g bSi¶.A

At 1030 tomorrow, I will be driving my car.

At this time tomorrow, she will be working, at the library.

What will you be doing when I arrive?

~119~ Future Continuous ~~~a~gm%~~~~~~~~~ss~~0~ss~a hi:

ai=ln~ulu0ul~~ ah4

I will be teaching fewer classes next year.

We will be workino very hard when the school starts.

LI 398

By the time I have retired, I will have saved much money.

8 9

have J

We have lived in this house Sjnce

December 1976

we were young

90 LI 398

I haven’t answer his letter yet.

2. a l r e a d y %&4d~hJFl¶J0nlbsj7 V1”a0FhKll8J (ens~~~iib~0~a~snllull~walpl~~~~~

eh~~a~) L&A We have already done it.

I have come back already.

Has Jane come back already?

Have you finished the whole chapter alreadv?(I.jXM070~jlo)

3 . E %aud~bfJ~~lolaJ

Have you w been to Hong Kong?

LI 398 9 1

4 . m %fluJxlund~bsTa

I have never plays cards..-

I have never been to Egypt.

Wx&j Adverbs of time &II& %$‘iiEl Present Perfect Tense

since never

for ever

just so far

Yet up to the present time

recently many times

lately several times

at last over and over

At a clinic

Doctor : How long have you had this pain?

Patient : Since yesterday morning.

Doctor : Try this medicine

AtIer you have taken 10 tablets, you will feel better.

&lWWJ~ 4 Present Perfect a&Giu Continuous b&&i961~ Fdiinl&~%&~er

Present Perfect os”%oIni?

9 2 LI 398

2. I&+tu present perfect %rm~aii~~~~~LP9?n7~~~~iinRbl~~ej7U~~~~Lb~~ (InjXp,I

6111) as~~~ws~~~QssQQ~~6~~~~~~~~~~~

What m you been eating? Your lips and cheeks are sloppy.

The workers have been digging up the road, and the traffic is still in

trouble.

LI 398 9 3

T e n s e

1. Past Simple

2. Present Perfect

3.Past Continuous

4. Past Perfect

dn%J1dog,i 2

has

have I

+ v. 3

Was

1

+ V. ing

were -

had + V. 3

ie read that book last week. (~~~aai~~a0whnl~~l~0~~~~~~~~)

He has read that book. (d1w4Pr’9~o0m~1 wil.plzydasraaitidiu)

We bouaht a new carpet 3 monfhs ago.(~~~aai~&wsa.J)

We have bounht a new carpet. (&a~16& bky~aif%.4i)

94 . LI 398

- I entered the museum. They leff.

I entered the museum affer they had left.

Before I entered the museum, they had left.

- The alarm - ‘clock rang. I got up.

By the time the alarm - clock rang, I had gotten up.

I had gotten up before the alarm - clock rang.

After I had gotten up, the arm - clock rang.

LI 398 95

Past Simple Past Continuous

- yesterday

- last (week, month, year, etc.)

- at that time

- formerly

- in the past

- ago

- just now

- once

- in the old days, in those days

- the day before yesterday

- the other day (= a few days ago)

- a few minutes ago

- in 1974

- at eleven o’clock yesterday

- this time yesterday

- at 3 o’clock last neght

9 6 LI 398

I was teaching English

At this time yesterday

%&I

When I arrived home I

While I was driving home

dxlUnbbm w o I”aorrllRsaounl~l~~snq~~~

at 10.30 this morning

t&l

when you called me

w he was playing football

she was wzitching T.V.

LI 398 97

Main Clause

Joe was enioyinp the movie

I~~l~~~nn'ElnlWUprnQ

Susan was typing her report

Sub - ordinate Clause i

when the light went out.

910uh4diE (swp*L?mmn&4u~)

when she e the bad news.

v10u6~%udia%~ (s~qmaLi%~mn&u7)

Q%WI~ (Past Time) dsb!h

I, Past Simple

2. Past Continuous

3. past Perfect

4. Past Perfect Continuous

9 8 LI 398

&mX.wn~ (Present Time] uI.isdU

1. Present Simple

2. Present Continuous

3. Present Perfect

4. Present Perfect Continuous

D!.wwn7R (Future Time) blfi9dU

1. Future Simple

2. Future Continuous

3. Future Perfect

4. Future Perfect Continuous

LI 398 99

Tenses

Present simple tense I present continuous tense

Exercise 1 Change the infinitives in brackets to either the Present Simple or the

Present Continuous Tense.

1. The term always (end) on a Friday.

2 . The ice - cream we are eating (taste) very good.

3. He (love) his children and (prefer) to spend money on their school

fees rather than on himself.

4. you (wash) your hands before every meal?

5. The train still (stand) in the station. you (think) we can just catch

it?

6. you (remember) the name of that girl who (walk) on the other side

of the street?

7 . J o a n s t i l l ( d o ) her homework. Her sister, who always (work)

quicker, (play) in the garden.

8 . ‘you (see) the house on the corner? That is where I was born.

9 . H e n o w ( f e e l ) that there is little hope of success.

IO. They (work) hard when they (have) to.

1 1 . I r a r e l y ( c a r r y ) an umbrella, but I (carry) one now because it is

raining.

12. He (speak) five languages quite fluently.

13. The moon (go) round the earth.

14. She always (complain) about his health.

15. The bicycle which he (use) today (belong) to me.

16. Jim and John (not agree) about how they should share the reward.

17. George (seem) rather tired today.

18. John (pass) the post - office on his way to work every day.

19. He now (realize) he has made a mistake and (think) of resigning.

20. We nearly always (spend) our holidays at the seaside but this year we

(go) to France.

100 LI 398

Past simple tense

Exercise 2 Use the correct form of the Past Simple Tense

I. Columbus (discover) America more than 400 years ago.

2. Catherine and I (go) skiing every weekend last month.

3. My foreign friend (pay) a visit to Thailand five years ago.

4. When I was young, I used to (be) afraid of ghosts.

5 . M y f r i e n d ( b u y ) a new car the other day.

6 . He a l w a y s ( w e a r ) _ a hat when it snowed.

7. How long ago (you arrive) h e r e ?

8. The tourists (leave) the hotel this morning.

9. He (be) in the army from 1950 - 1955.

10. She used to (work) in a bank years ago.

Past simple tense I Past continuous tense

Exercise 3 Suppy the correct Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense form of the

Verbs iin Parentheses.

I. W h e r e ( y o u g o ) when I (see) you last night?

2 . T o m ( r u n ) fast when he (fall) down.

3. Ah (w) - attention while I (speak)

4. At six o’clock yesterday, when you (telephone) , I (have) my supper.

5 . A s w e ( d r i v e ) t o B a t h , I ( g e t ) sick.

6. Your letter (come) just as I (leave) my home.

7. I (study) my English lesson last night while my parents (watch)

television.

8. As Caroline (get) off the bus, she (slip) and (break) her

arm.

9 . S h e ( w r i t e ) a letter when you (come) in.

1 0 . W e ( p r a c t i c e ) every morning last month.

LI 398 1 0 1

Since I For

Exercise 4 Complete the following sentences with “since’ or “for”

I. We haven’t met John

a. last week.

b . more than two years,

2. Mary hasn’t eaten any meat

a. over a year.

b . she was a little girl.

3. You’ve asked me the same question every day

a. the last two months.

b . the beginning of the year.

4. I havn’t had time to do it

a . last Sunday.

b . I w a s i l l .

5. They have lived in this district

a. a long time.

b . 1960.

6. You haven’t sent me any money

a . ages.

b . then.

C. my birthday,

7. I haven’t ridden a bicycle

a . longer than I can remember.

b . my childhood.

8. Dorothy has worn the same old dress

a . at least a month.

b. 1975.

102 LI 398

9. It hasn’t rained here

a . March .

b . Rfteen days.

IO. Billy hasn’t written to me

a. Christmas.

b . three days.

c. many weeks.

Present Simple Tense I Present Perfect Tense I Past Simple Tense

Exercise 5 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. Since I (learn) to drive a car, I (visit) many interesting places.

2. it (be) over two years since we last (meet) each other.

3. Ever since he (have) that accident he (walk) with a limp.

4 . S i n c e I ( g i v e ) up smoking, I (feel) very much better.

5 . H o w l o n g ( i t b e ) since you (have) ’ a rise in salary?

6. She (have) three jobs since she (start) working five years ago.

7. It (seem) quite a long time since we last (see) you.

8. It (be) almost ten years since my brother (leave) for America.

9. I (make) cakes. That’s why my hands are all covered with flour.

10. He (speak) I e x p e c t h e ’ l l s o o n b e f i n i s h e d .for an hour now.

11. Our teacher (talk) about tenses for over an hour and we wish he would

stop.

12. I (wait) for him since half past eight and I shall wait only another five

minutes.

13. He (already write) a letter to his father,

14. They (live) here since January.

1 5 . H e ( n o t s t o p ) eating since he arrived.

LI 398 103

Past Simple Tense I Past Perfect Tense

Exercise 6 Put the verbs in the b rackets in the correct tense, past simple or past

perfect.

1. T h e y ( h u r r y ) to see me after they (hear) the news.

2 . B e f o r e w e ( g o ) very far, we found that we (lose) t h e w a y .

3. He told me that he (never meet) y o u .

4 . T h e p a t i e n t ( d i e ) by the time the doctor (arrive)

5. She said that she (be) there before.

6. The students (not understand) until the teacher (explain)A

7. My friend (not see) me for many years when I (meet) her last

month.

8 . I ( s c a r c e l y l e a v e ) the room when the telephone (ring)and I (have

to) go back.

9. She (just finish) watering the garden when it (begin) to rain,

IO. By the time the film (begin)- w (get) _ _ _ into the seats.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Exercise 7 Put the verbs in brackets into the Past perfect Continuous Tense

1. The children (shout) for help for two hours when the helicopter saw them.

2 . H e ( o n l y l i v e ) h e r e f o r a y e a r , he?

3. She (work) there for several years the last time I saw her.

4. We (correspond) regularly for many years before his death.

5. She (wait) for you for one hour when you arrived.

6. He (live) in London before he moved to Scotland.

7 . M r . H i l l ( t e a c h ) in Indonesia before he came to Thailand.

8. When I got to the meeting, the lecturer (speak) f o r t w e n t y m i n u t e s .

9. At four o’clock, they (work) six hours without a break.

1 0 . H e ( p l a y ) football for two hours before it started raining.

104 Ll 398

Present Perfect Tense f Present Perfect Continuous Tense I Past Perfect tense

Exercise 8 Put the correct verbs in the brackets into, present perfect, present perfect

continuous, or past perfect.

1. We’ (see) Iher a few times recently.

2. Mr. Hart (try) to call you several times today.

3. We (wait) for you for twa hours.

4 . T h e a u t h o r ( w r i t e ) novels for years before he wrote a book of poetry.

5 . W e ( h e a r ) many good programs on the radio this week.

6. M r . P e r k i n s ( b e ) in the laundry business since he got out of the army.

7. She (just recover) from the measles when she came down with a bad cold.

8. You (just leave) , home when he telephoned last night.

9 . W e ( n e v e r m e e t ) them before the reception yesterday.

IO. Dr. Baer (practice) medicine here since 1948.

11. I (hear) a l,ot about him before I finally met him.

12. George (just arrive) when I got there.

13. Miss Welsh (already write) her report.

14. By the time we got there, they (go)

1 5 . M r . T a y l o r ( m a k e ) several trips to Japan in the last ten years

Future Simple Tense I Present Simple Tense I Present Perfect Tense

Exercise 9 Write the correct form (of the verbs in parentheses by using future simple

tense, present simple, or present perfect tense.

1. He (help) you to carry this heavy box.

2. How (fashions look) in ten years’ time?

They (probably be) -------- similar to the styles we wear nowadays.

3. I wonder how many of us (survive) the next war.

4. They (Pay) you later on.

5. There (be) another bus in ten munutes._

6. A : When (your brother be) back?

B : Oh, he (not be) back for some time yours?

LI 398 105

7. As soon as you (pay)

delivered.

the first instalment, the television set (be)

8. The postman cannot reach the houses until the snow (melt) .

9 . John and Susan are going to the cinema when the children (go) to bed.

10. She (get) a higher salary when she (work) for three months.

11, A f t e r t h e y ( w r i t e ) their compositions they are going to go for a walk.

12. Now that you (leave) school, you must learn to be more grown - up.

13. It (be) difficult to live a pleasant life in the future unless pollution and noise

(be controlled)

1 4 . A : “ ( y o u l e t ) me know if you (not feel) like coming?

15. If she comes before I (leave) I (explain) everything to her.

Future Continuous Tense

Exercise 10 Put the verbs in brackets into “The future Continuous Tense’

I, We can’t meet before Sunday as I (work) overtime until then.

2. Please don’t telephone between two and four o’clock. I (teach) then.

3. Father is late tonight! He (travel) by a later train, probably.

4. Come at one o’clock. I (wait) for you in my office.

5. At three o’clock tomorrow I (read) the newspaper on the plane.

6. Please don’t disturb me. I (write) in the study till bedtime.

7. I envy Jack! This time next week he (sunbathe) at Pattaya.

8. We (play) football at half past three tomorrow.

9. If you need help, please call me; I (watch) T.V. in the living room.

10. When I get home, my dog (sit) at the door waiting for me.

11, In fifty years’s time we (live) entirely on pills.

1 2 . M y s i s t e r ( s t u d y ) at the university next year.

106 LI 398

Future Perfect Tense

Exercise 11 Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect Tense

1. In a fortnights time we (take) our examination.

2. On the third of next month he (be) in prison for six years.

3 . T h e p o l i c e ( h e a r ) of the theft by this time.

4 . By the end of my university course I (attend) 1,000 lectures.

5. By the time that he leaves school, his parents (spend) 200,000 baht on

his education.

6 . Y o u ( d o ) it by six p.m., you ?

7 . W e ( b e ) here for a long time by then.

8. We (paint) the house by the time she (return), we?

9. If we don’t hurry, the sun (set) before we. reach the top.

10. On 24 April, they (,be) married for ten years.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Exercise 12 Use the correct form of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

1. I (wait) for her for an hour in five minutes’ time.

2. That old building (stand) there for two hundred years by the end of this

year.

3. She (practice) for three hours by 5 o’clock in the afternoon.

4. She (travel) for a week by the time we reach New Zealand.

5. She (sleep) a long time before you come back.

6. By next Christmas, i (collect) stamps for five years.

7. If she doesn’t buy a new one soon, she (wear) the same dress for two

years.

8. By the fourth of next month, we (live) here for two years.

9. He (enjoy) himself if he isn’t feeling well.

10. By December, she (have) piano lessons every day for three years.

LI 398 107

Review.

Exercise 13 Choose the verb form in the following sentences.

I, They (a) m (b) are listening to the radio now.

2. George (a) e(b) has gone to the library last night.

3 . Miss Lang (a) makes (b) is making some coffee, isn’t she?

4 . It (a) rained (b) has rained every day so far this week.

5. We (a) m (b) were driving downtown when we saw a terrible accident.

6 . I (a) have thought (b) am thinking about our last discussion many times.

1 7. World War I (a) ened (b) had ended in 1918.

8. The Johnsons (a) are livinq (b) have lived in that house for twenty years.

9 . We (a) traveled (b) were traveling all over the country during the summer.

10. I (a) am (b) have been here only two months.

11. My cousin (a) yis& (b) is visiting us every summer,

12. Robert (a) is going to wait (b) has been waiting for you since noon.

13. I’ll continue practicing until I (a) know (b) have known the lesson.

14. I (a) slept (b) was sleeping soundly when I was suddenly awakened by a loud

noise.

15. Tropical plants (a) do not grow (b) are not growing well in cold climates.

Exercise 14 Answer the followinq questions by using the correct verbs.

1.

2 .

3.

4.

5 .

What are you reading?

Have you ever read anything by Mark Twain?

Did you read it in English or in your own Languags?

Have many of Mark Twain’s books been translated into your language?

How is John feeling today?

108 LI 398

6. When did he get out of the hospital?

7. Is he going to be able to return to classes next week?

8. Did many of his friends visit him in the hospital?

9. Has anyone been to see him today?

10. Have the smiths ever been to Rome?

11, When did they go there?

12. Are they planning to go to Europe again this summer?

13. What are you watching on television?

14. Is the program interesting?

15. Do you see this program often?

16. Have you seen any of the programs on the new station?

17. Does you friend write to you every week?

18. Are you good about answering his letters?

-

19. You used to write to him more often, didn’t you?

20. Have you been writing to each1 other very long?

LI 398 109

Exercise 15 Use the correct forms of the Present Simple, Present Continuous

Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Simple, or past

Continuous to complete this passage.

As we (walk)-----l----- to the office one morning, we suddenly (think) -----2-----

that we (can) -----3----- smell something burning.

“Something (burn) -----4----- ! ” said Susan,

We looked up and (see) -----5----- smoke rising above some trees in front of

the theatre.

“Quick !” shouted Rose. “It (just start) -----6----- I (be) -----7---- sure we

(can) -----8----- still help.”

We (run) -----9----- as fast as we (can) -----IO----- and when we (arrive) -----I l-

---- , the fire (still burn) -----12----- but not too fierce.

“How long (it burn) -----13----- ?’ We asked as we (pass) -----14----- buckets of

water along to help put out the fire.

“It (not go) ----15---- for very long. It (begin) -----16----- about ten minutes

ago, but it (burn) -----17----- more strongly at the moment than it (be) -----18----- just

now.”

“(somebody already call) -----I 9----- the fire brigade?” John asked.

“of course we -----2O----- The fire engines (not usually take) -----21----- long

to get to a fire, -----22----- they? Look, they (come) -----23----- now.’

As she (speak) -----24----- , the fire engines (roar) -----25----- in.

110 LI 398

i’ Voices(mm)

LI 398

$9109 Active Voice Go Subject + Verb + Object

(&bm~Tense)

112 LI 398

Participle

V. to be

Present Simple is, am, are

Thai is spoken in Thailand.

Present Continuous is, am, are + being

He is being punished now.

Present Perfect has, have + been

The new building has been planned.

*Present Perfect Continuous had, have + been + Ving

The game has been being played for 2 hours.

was, were

Our house was painted last year.

was, were + being

When I arrived, the last guest speaker was being introduced.

Past Participle

spoken

punished

p lanned

played

painted

introduced

LI 398 1 1 3

v. to be

Past Perfect had been

The work had been done before we got up.

*Past Perfect Continuous had been + being

When I knew him, he had been beina trained for 2 years.

Future Simple will + be

He will be caught by the police some day.

is, am, are + going to + be

The news is qoinq to be published soon.

*Future Continuous will be + being

At IO o’clock tomorrow, he will be beina questioned.

Future Perfect will have + been

By next June, the tests will have been completed.

* Future Perfect Continuous will have + been + being

By tomorrow, the experiment will have been being

conducted for 5 hours.

Past Participle

done

trained

caught

published

questioned

completed

conducted

bbst Past Participle Ul~lk&~~l"7u &¶&.l

may, might

can, could

must, have to

ought to

used to

etc.

+ be + Past Participle

1 1 4 LI 398

The office ought to be opened.

English can be spoken by any Singaporean.

The rules have to be observed.

.

What will I betaxtht by you? main What will you teach me?

Where was the kittenw ? 9Jl8ln Where did (someone) see the

kitten?

By whom can it be done? amln Who can do it?

Let + object + be + Past Participle

!-eJ the bell be rung ui-ain Ring the bell.,

!.@ the boy not be blamed u-rain Don’t blame the boy.

3.4 &$&l~%& Active Voice &IG%U 2 di$ (double objects) ~al~l%l~%b8Or~

Passive Voice 16 2 UiU asiu

bb¶JlJi 1 !-& was given some salt by the cook. (%~nl’ssU~8-X%&znU)

bb’U¶Ji 2 (%&XJol%¶~fh&XI~)Some salt was given to him by the cook.

Active Voice (9189 2 d~b.khis~~) &I The cook gave hits some salt

n9¶%30J nmfw

bb¶J¶J~ 1 !&were shown the museum. (by someone) ’

bHJ¶JiY 2 The museum was shown to us. (by someone)

Active Voice (9109 2 'd~h~?hs&) 60 Someone showed US the museum

nrrusm nmm

LI 398 115

think

=Y

claim

hope

consider

report

believe

feel

acknowledge

understand

fear

find

know

People think

know

etc.

that be are flexible.

he is impulsive

~~Iunb9SP1&n.J7~I#I*~.&+~ Passive M 2 bttiEl Zin

bud 1 13 i t aCM%hlpr

b4u It is thought that we are flexible

known he is impulsive

~Q1~Q~~1OJ~19H~~j91~100J1~179'19~1 MWll8JihJ to be + adjective

We are thought to be flexible

He is known to be imp&rive

3.6 t'hh Active Voice i Infinitive without “to’

CiElU&JU&hb infinitive (ii “to”) 1U Passive Voice b%iidi “ler

rlh4 Active Voice Passive Voice

I watched him leave. He was watched to leave.

They made us a hard We were made to work hard.

ui

He let me gg I was let gg

116 LI 398

b=liU

TlfJ919(

I was bitten by his dog. t%sldni%bi by his dog ri~oi$il~n?‘%l’old~oora%)

The report was written by Tom. &~aik by Tom i%.!fhb~sa%~~

people)

English is spoken all over the world. (aoj~168nriosti~~10~~~~:le1~i1 by

My ring has been stolen. (b&6h~~s6~u by someone ~?~~Is~Io

The laws must be obeyed. (!%.%&%%.J by everyone ?h?'h)

Dinner is cooked. ($;i~f~~~lb~%~l~~l~ b”dpI by her / him) ?~!a.!

tM%&l.¶%d6h~U

QI~J% at, in, of, with 5% ~~~~*~~~*‘nusw=~j~pluuosn~u7~“pr

a?hh He gas asked of a lot of questions by the police.

I am pleased at (with) your progress.

The workers were killed in the fire.

The hill is covered with snow.

LI 398 117

She has breakfast- h4

LTIV@I Breakfast is had (by her).* a& .

He jx&i a book. (G)

b’TlV@l A book was had (by him).’ m

3. n%J-$!ojaaJ¶$& (Verbs of Incomplete) b&J become

alit4 She became a singer.

L!X~U& A s i n g e r !a%i+%I bBerarPis~ussiaP~~~~~~~~~~~

(Complement) SYiil& c&UxGlu a singer idh.4nJ~:a7U?l

A singer was become (by her).* l&i

4. nhl happen, occur, take place, cost ~a%%buoa Passive Voice ?

118 LI 398

Exercise 1 Put the following sentences into passive form.

1. A naughty boy killed a snake.

2. She is wearing a new hat.

3. Someone has broken a kitchen window.

4. Women like men to flatter them.

I 5. That boy will do something remarkably.

6. He polishes his car once a month.

7. The servant will clean the window tomorrow

8. They close the library at eight o’clock every night.

9. They must shake the bottle of medicine.

IO. They haven’t invited Fred to the party yet.

11. People will not hold the meeting tonight.

12. Nobody asked Nancy to sing.

13. We are expecting good news.

14. People can’t hear our radio outside the room.

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15. Somebody has taken my note - book.

Exercise 2 Chanae the following sentences to passive forms

1. Will man conquer space?

2. Do you know what he is doing?

3. Must I eat these biscuits?

4 . Does your teacher always correct your work?

5. Has anyone told you my story’?

6. Who can help me?

7. Why are you not doing your exercise?

8. What book do you want to buy?

9. How did you do it?

10. Which car will you take?

11. Where did you buy it?

12. Whose house will they tear down?

13. What are you doing?

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14. Which building are you going to rent?

15. Which one do you like?

16. Do your work at once.

17. Shut the window now.

18. Don’t taste that wine.

19. Wash up the tea - things.

20. Don’t waste your time.

Exercise 3 Write te following verbs in the passive or active form as needed.

1. The nuclear test - ban treaty (initial) on July 25, 1963 by Lord Hailsham,

Averell Harriman and Andrei A Gromyko.

2. Stephen Ward remained confident when he (arrest) last June and

(charge) with living on prostitutes’ earnings,

3. There may be many reasons why he (abandon) in his extremity.

4. He (find) purple - faced and unconscious in the Chelsea apartment.

5. On the table beside him (scatter) a dozen letters to friends and

acquaintances.

6. This medicine should (take) three times a day after meals.

7 . W h a t ( s e r v e ) during the discussion?

8. I don’t know who he is, but he (see) coming here every night.

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9. This book (use) s i n c e I ( s t u d y ) English here.

10. Among the great teachers of ancient Athens was one (name) Protagoras,

who (bear) more than twenty - four centuries ago. He (write) ----------

books and (teach) many subjects, including the laws of argument and the

right use of language. It (say) that he (be) the first teacher to

accept money for his services, and that he (once, pay) about four hundred

pounds for teaching one student. He (be) a man of great ability; and at

one time, when some new laws (need) . P r o t a g o r a s ( b e ) the man

(choose) to make them.

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mood* /mud/ n (gram) one of the groups of formsthat a verb may take to show .whether things areregarded as certain, possible, doubtf$ etc: dreirdicative/imperative/subjunctive *.

Mn The New Webster’s Grammar Guide

2 Xrl?l Oxford Advanced Learners’s Dictionary of Current English

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Present Subjunctive 9109 verb to be 40@1% be

Present Subjunctive 9109 verb to have ~0+h7dl have

Present Subjunctive 9109 verb to do tiOt+il% do

2. Past Subium ~an%nhr$hh¶~ 2 (Past form) %UOy~~br.iF~ (Subordinate

Clause) ~bb~~9~a1~~~b~eb~~%d~~l~~Bal~~~~

‘Past Subjunctive 9109 verb to be to6161 were

Past Subjunctive 910.1 verb to have &h% had

Past Subjunctive 20.7 verb to do ~0~1% did

UN+& may I?~-~wuI~.I?M ~~.lrosbdYd~rasl~pi7~~~~~~~~~ (passible result)

If you & now, you may catch the express train.

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If you * class, you pass the test easily.

will be able to

.

If the weather js cold, you keep yourself warm.

Whenever water k heated, it boils.

Whenever you make a mistake, your teacher finds it.

nJs~Iu~~7&%a~I-iK~ if clause ~~na7PJHu7o~bOeran~~~

b&i If he calls, tell him to come home early.

Don’t tell him if he doesn’t ask you.

t%oxm.rhrwpi~du i f clause 7&&pwoeilsuriuaubitiu0u rinwhwp7-du

main clause otx%&&bb0ul~n %a% Present Perfect Tense ihh%tl%pr if clause

If you have finished your job, you can leave.

I will not help him if I haven’t finished mine.

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aad 2

If I WA up late, I would not go with you.

./ t&l If I were to wake up late, I would not go with you.

(gylhlil @KrXlaiiprKlnu)

BEinKnwmzPs~s i+i~~:wu~&tiou 7 &I

If it weren’t for VI% But for Gkkl~laJ~UlUil t%ailj%siLwm~ fiii

Gmxm~l~n~i~~u hwiii

%4& If it wx3renY for ih9dUdil~l.3J b*‘Pb

If it rained- - l would not go out.

If it weren’t for the rain,

m the rain

V&I if it weren’t for the fact that + ‘&-z~un

If it weren’t for the fact that-

a¶h it rained heavily. I would leave now.

hPs%i5uiIPr main clause G4 oioezl%n?ensiaer$or 7 %hJud~al~Mu~d

Rosfm

rliu

would, should a~~~~wde-a~ol~~~~~~~~~~~ (certain result)

might %~~UnlT~l~~~~U (possibility)

could %~~~ni~Q~~i~ps”Ha~alolsnPJi961 (permission or ability)

If she knew me, she should say “Hi !” to me.

If I had time, I might write him a letter.

If you worked hard, you could pass the test.

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IANKII~& %u~~1~o~1umsn1~ (letters of an official kind) &Y%u~~H~JI~~~

(business letters) iio70~~16~~s~s’~~~~~~~~~~~~ &;Sd

1 -would

We I I

be very grateful

should appreciate it I

if you e pan your bill now.

come to my office.

m in this form.

m by check.

LLd 3 (Type Ill) $hm1ma~a.$u0%l uR%¶&.4~bflPr~L&~&GJ ua:fls~~laJ

n'El~alu0%1¶+0G~ (Past Unreal)

a3h.b If you had told me the truth, I would have talked to him.

$1Sllgnb¶J0nmalaJ0-%3n~u (lUQ&l) er” Priifw0t%%pn'El~¶ll~¶J~~~ wimal0%¶&,

I:os07nqauaoil~~ansaiuil”ssiiEl~~ br” eb~s~oi~6~~6ub~i

If I had arrived earlier, we would have gone there together.w

%PrilU0G%~iiPri if clause bbIlL& 2 b~~S.Jl~sl%%+lIAX4

If it hadn’t been for %&I But for up?pl?&& if clause 16

LTier If it hadn’t rained heavily, I would have met you.

If it hadn’t been for the heavy rain,

But for the heavy rain,

M50 Had it not been for the heavy rain,Y

I. If clause Us: main clause 8l%JlXlGJ;ElciiltLP~~~~~~

b-&i4 $1 won’t tell him if you tell me.

If he went home late, he would tell me first.

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2, I$ unless bb’YIPI if %U~0WJld6bJfj6iVS

ah jj it &xin’t rain,

I

I will join you.

Unless it rains,

!f you didn’t want the money, I we could understand.

Unless you wanted the money,

If I @n’t stopped the fight there would have been more trouble.

Unless I had stopped the fight,

3. 1% will IU if clause 16 ~l6bOPbnlBbbP1~~lP9ds0910i090ejl9~~l'W

a&6 If you’ll take a seat,I- o n e f o r y o u .

If you’J excuse me, please s&r~ your name here.

4. ~llOPr6~0saolyC~tR~~~0~~ 66dCwas¶.lad0sul~ai~~~u 66aA%ebm&J0n

aaei%u~og~~~~~~~~w~~9ln41%Pr main clause &u bslo:%G if clause (bbEI¶Jti 3)

66mso~fl b6a: main clause (WEI6 2) a~aaas1~9~e~~~~~~~~l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a~

691x4 If I &I not paid the bills, I would have trouble now.

If I had bought enough fertilizer,I w o u l d d o t h e g a r d e n i n g t o m o r r o w .

fl@ Verb Forms jpb Conditional Sentences

Main Clause

will + infinitive

I will not go out.

would + infinitive

Past Perfect Tense

I would tell the police.

would + have + Past Participle

Type Ill If I had had some money. I would have bought the bicycle.

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a$ n-l%%; Conditional Sentences

Tim’s examination is coming

near.

Type l We don’t know what kind of If he studies hard, he will-

student he is. He may study pass the examination.

or he may not.

Tony’s examination is coming

near.

Type II He is a lazy student. He does If he studied hard, he ~&NJ

not study. It is doubtful that he pass the examination.

will study hard.-Tom had an examination last week.

Type Ill He did not study at all. He, If he had studied hard, he

therefore, failed the examination, would have passed the examination.

2. f%lfi&~s%%~U Present Subjunctive

uonsln~~=bo~bdsow~~66~~ subjunctive i?snil6iiWiJ~66¶JdU 7 %in 14% 41

fl%Jlf~@JM&l %&%&UEl subjunctive Ao=~os~~E]sa~JElaerw~~~~~nl~~~

tl”sU%%C~~~%r%r present subjunctive %&

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OnI advisable i m p e r a t i v e

appropriate important

compulsory (un) necessary

cruc ia l preferable

desirable proper

essent ia l expedient

I (Present Subjunctive)

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It is advisable that you prepare your lessons.

It is necessary that he stay up late.

131

It’s time

It’s about time

It’s high time

It’s high noon

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unw&c~$Ih Why can’t Tom look after his own kitten?

~~o~&ei%‘yIa.i-?~ ‘It’s time + Tom looked after his own kitten.

unu&mpi~ Why don’t you come in?

nlo~+lla&lM% It’s time + you came in.

It is time + for someone + infinitive

(to do something)

adu

The children shoulU go to bed.

It’s time the children e to bed. (Subjunctive)- -

It’s time for the children Q to bed.

Why don’t we take a trip to Phuket?

( S u b j u n c t i v e )it’s time we t@oJ a trip to Phuket.

It’s time for us to take a trip to Phuket.

6959) I have three wishes in my life.

With best wishes.

134

I wish

If only

+ (that) Subject + Verb

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