1

nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;% .fõIK jd¾;dj

2014

2

ia;+;sh

nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h .fõIKh i`oyd wm fj; wjia:dj ,nd ÿka fmardfoKsh

úYajúoHd,fha mqrdúoHd wOHkh wxYfha wxYdêm;s wdpd¾h ã' fla' chr;ak uy;dg wmf.a

lD;{;djh ysñ fõ' tfukau fË;%fhaoS wm fj; oekqu ,ndoSug wjia:d lsysmhloS tys

meñKsu w.h fldg ie<elsh hq;=hs' fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha mqrdúoHd wOHkh wxYfha

wdpd¾h msh;siai fiakdkdhl uy;d" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h wreK rdcmlaI uy;d" iyh

lÓldpd¾h wreK Ydka; uy;d" iyh lÓldpd¾h ckkS .=Kr;ak uy;añh" wm fj; iyh

,nd oSu iïnkaOj ia;+;sh m< lsÍug leue;af;uq'

;jo fuu wOHkh ld¾h i`oyd uQ,H fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a iemhQ uOHu

ixialD;sl wruqof,a wOHËl ckrd,a mqrdúoHd{h" uydpd¾h .dñKS wêldÍ uy;dg;a"

uykqjr jHdmD;sfha l<uKdldre .dñKS f,fkdard uy;añhg;a" leKSï wxYfha m%Odk

leKSï mßËl ohdj;S uy;añhg;a" ´,Q l=udÍ uy;añhg;a" iqo¾ud l=udÍ uy;añhg;a"

wfkdaud moaókS ueKsfla uy;añhg;a" leKSï wxYfha fiiq ks<OdÍka yd ks<OdÍKSkag;a"

ish,Qu lïlre uy;ajrekag;a wmf.a yo msß ia;+;sh msßkefï' tfiau fuu .fõIK jd¾;dj

ilialr .ekSu i`oyd iyfhda.h oelajQ iyh lÓldpd¾h wreK Ydka; uy;d" iyh

lÓldpd¾h ckkS .=Kfialr fukúh hk fofokdg ia;+;sh msß kukafkuq'

3

mgqk

1' m<uq mßÉfþoh

· ye`Èkaùu

· msysàu yd .uka ud¾.h

· ft;sydisl miqìu

· j¾;udk ;…h

2' fojk mßÉfþoh

· mq¾j m¾fhaIK

· m¾fhaIKfha wruqK

· m¾fhaIK .eg,qj

· m¾fhaIKfha jeo.;alu

3' f;jk mßÉfþoh

· mÍËK l%ufõoh

4' y;rjk mßÉfþoh

· jd¾;d.; lsÍu

· f.da,Sh ia:dk.; moaO;sh Ndú;hg .ekSu

5' miajk mßÉfþoh

· o;a; úYaf,aIKh

· .fõIK wdY%s; m%;sM,

weuqKqu

4

m<uq mßÉfþoh

1'1 ye`Èkaùu

mqrdúoHd úIh Odrdj wOHkh lrkq ,nk úoHd¾:hka jYfhka mqrdúoHd fË;% wdY%s;

jQ .fõIK ls%hdj,sh b;d jeo.;a fõ' fË;% ms<sn`o wOHkh lr tu`.ska fË;%fha oekqu

j¾Okh lr .ekSug uQ,sl jYfhka mqrdúoHd .fõIK" leKSï wdoSh b;d jeo.;ah'

fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha mqrdúoHd fomd¾;=fïka;=j yd uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo, úiska wm

ish,q foakd .fõIK ls%hdj,sh i`oyd nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h i`oyd fhduq lsÍug lghq;=

fhdok ,oS' fuu fhoùu;a iu`. mqrdúoHd fË;%hl ls%hdj,sh wOHkh lsÍug yels úh'

fuu wOHkh ls%hdj,SfhaoS läkï uyje,s jHdmdrhg hgjQ merKs f;,afoKsh k.rh wdY%s;

.fõIKhla isÿ lf<ah' fï wkqj .fõIK ls%hdj,sh yd nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%%fha isÿjQ

mqrdúoHd;aul .fõIK lghq;= o< jd¾;djlska bÈßm;a l< yelsh'

1'2 msysàu yd .uka ud¾.h

Y%S ,xldfõ uOH Ys,d hq.h (Mesolithic Age)" ft;sydisl hq.h (Historic Age) wdÈh

ms<sn|j f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lrkq ,nk nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%%h jeo.;a m%d.a ft;sydisl

mqrdúoHd ia:dkhls' uOHu m<df;a uykqjr Èia;%slfha ueoÿïnr m%dfoaYSh f,alï

fldÜGdYfha jefõ.u .%du ks,Odß jifï fuu mqrdúoHd fË;%h msysgd we;' uOHu

l`ÿlrfha Wiaìï ixlS¾Khg wh;a jk fuu l,dmh uqyqÿ uÜgfuka óg¾ 800-1200 w;r

l,dmfha msysgd we;' uOHu l`ÿlrfha wdßh c, jyk rgdjlska hq;a; jqjo fuu wdxY=l

l,dmfha c,dldr c,jyk rgdjlska hq;a;fõ' kqjr-uyshx.k ud¾.fha È.k k.rh fj;

.uka fldg È.k uxikaêfhka ol=Kq foig Èfjk fikr;afj, ud¾.fha ls'ó 6 la muK

.uka fldg fuu wdxY=l l,dmh fj; ,.d úh yelsh'

1'3 ft;sydisl miqìu

nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%fha ft;sydisl miqìu m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h olajd .uka

lrkq ,efí' fË;%fha fN!;sl msysàu" ft;sydisl úldYkh yd b;sydi.; f;dr;=re fukau

mj;sk mqrdúoHd;aul idOl o ta nj ;yjqre lrhs' m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhd uq,ald,Skj

fuu f,ka wdY%s;j Ôj;a jkakg we;snj Wml,amkh lsÍug yelsh' .fõIK yd leKSï

u`.ska uOH Ys,d hq.hg wh;a Ëqø Ys,d fuj,ï nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%fhka yuq ù we;'

yuqù we;s Ys,d fuj,ï ;srejdkd(Quartz) iy ly`o(Chert) mdIdKh Ndú; lr ks¾udKh lr

we;s w;r m%d.a udkjhd úiska i;aj ovhu" uia brd .ekSu" uia lmd .ekSu jeks lghq;=

i`oyd Ys,d fuj,ï Ndú;hg .;a nj Wml,amkh l< yelsh' yuqù we;s Ys,d fuj,ïys

;%sfldaKdldr iy pkaøldr wdldrfha yevfhka hq;a cHdñ;sl CIqø Ys,d fuj,ï wka;¾.;

5

fõ' miqld,Skj NslaIQka jykafia,df.a Ndú;h i`oyd fuu wdxY=l l,dmfha msysgd we;s

f,ka Ndú;hg .ekqKq nj Ys,d ,sms u`.ska ;yjqre fõ' nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%fha wdxY=l

msysàu j¾. ls'ó 15 muK N+óhl jHdma;j we;' w;S; NslaIQkaf.a jdiia:dk jQ m%d.a

ft;sydisl f,ka uQ,sl fldg f.k nUr., rcuy úydrh j¾;udkfha ks¾udKh ù we;'

w;S;fhaoS NslaIQka jykafia,d i`oyd lgdrï flgQ f,ka úYd, ixLHdjla ks¾udKh lr we;'

fuu ks¾udKhka NslaIQka i`oyd mqcd lsÍula nj fmfkkafka .=yd lsysmhl fldgd we;s Ys,d

f,aLk u`.sks' is;=jï f,k hkqfjka y`ÿkajk f,fkys oyhshd ñY% ueá noduhlska hq;a;j

is;=jï lrKhla f,ka mshiafiao oelsh yelsh' ls¾;S Y%s rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,jljdkqfjys

úydr f.h"l=vd ia;=mhla yd úydrfhys is;=jï ks¾udKhla o isÿ lr we;' Wla; lreKq

wkqj uOH Ys,d hq.fha isg ft;sydisl hq.h olajd úldYkh jQ ft;sydisl miqìula nUr.,

mqrdúoHd fË;%fha oel .; yelsh'

1'4 j¾;udk ;;ajh

jefõ.u .%dufiajd jiug wh;a nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h hkqfjka y`ÿkajk

m%foaYhg wh;a jkqfha nUr., rcuyúydrh yd wjg mßirh" läkï uyje,s jHdmdrh

fya;=fjka hgjQ merKs f;,afoKsh k.rh we;=,q m%foaYhhs' úlafgdßhd c,dYhg hgjQ

m%foaYfha j¾;udkfhys ;srejdkd yd ly`o mdIdK m;=re úisÍ we;' j¾;udkh jk úg

nUr., rcuyd úydrhg fuu mqrdúoHd fË;%fha hï fldgila we;=<;aj ;sfí' úydr

ks¾udKh" wdjdi ks¾udKh wdoS jQ f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKh isÿ fldg we;af;a mqrdúoHd

fË;%fhysh' j¾;udkfha nUr., rcuyd úydrfha ieleiSu fuu fË;%fha úisÍ we;s w;r

fndfyda mqrdjia;= yd mqrdúoHd;aul iaudrlhka úydrfhau fldgilaj we;'

6

fojk mßÉfþoh

2'1 mq¾j m¾fhaIK

nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h wdY%s;j lrkq ,enQ mqrdúoHd m¾fhaIKhka yd wOHhkhka

mj;skafka b;d iq,q m%udKhls' tu m¾fhaIKhka o mokï ù we;af;a .fõIK yd leKSï

u`.sk ,eî we;s mqrdúoHd;aul idOl iïnkaOfhka lrk,o meyeÈ,s lsÍï u;h' nUr.,

mqrdúoHd ia:dkh ms<sn`oj mq¾j .fõIK yd leKSï lsysmhla isÿ fldg we;'

· 2013 jif¾ uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo, úiska wdrïN l< jHdmD;sh woH;kh olajdul%shd;aul ;;ajfha mj;S'

2'2 m¾fhaIKfha wruqK

u,h foaYh ,xld b;sydih iu`. ne`oS mj;sk m%foaYhls' tneúka ft;sydisl isÿùï

rdYshla u,h rg yd ne`oS mj;S' tu lreKq tljr we;s jQjd fkdj ft;sydisl úldYkfha

m%;sM,hla jYfhka isÿjQjls' tu ft;sydisl úldYkh ,sÅ; uQ,dY%fhys wvx.= jkafka iq¿

jYfhks' kuq;a fuu m%foaYfha ft;sydisl…h m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.h f;la úysoS hk nj

mj;sk ft;sydisl jd¾;d" mqrdúoHd;aul idOl yd udkj jxY o;a;hkaf.ka .uH fõ' N+

f.da,Sh msysàuo ta yd jeo.;a fõ' läkï uyje,s jHdmD;sh u; bÈ l< úlafgdaßhd c,dY%h

fya;=fjka úkdYhg m;ajQ merKs f;,afoKsh k.rh ft;sydisl fË;%hla muKla fkdj uq¿

Y%S ,dxlSh b;sydifha kj msgqjla fmr,Sug yels ft;sydisl jákdlï j,ska hqla; jQ

mqrdúoHd;aul flaI;%hls' Ldokh jQ fË;% N+ñh yd wjg mßirfha me;sÍ .sh mqrdúoHd;aul

idOl wvx.= nj ;yjqre ù we;' udkj jxY o;a;hkaf.kao tu ft;sydisl…h lshdmdkq

we;' ta wkqj m¾fhaIKfha uQ,sl wruqK jkqfha fuf;la wjOdkhg ,la fkdjQ Èfkka Èk

hám;a ù hk ft;sydisl flaI;%fha wvx.= jkq ,nk udkj idOlhka ms<sn`o fidhd n,d

ksYaÑ; wkkH;djhla yd ikao¾N.; lsÍula ,ndÈh hq;= njhs'

2'3 m¾fhaIK .eg,qj

nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h iïnkaO fldg f.k isÿlrkq ,enQ .fõIKfha oS m%d.a

ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a uOH Ys,d hq.fha idOlhka yd ft;sydisl hq.hg wh;a idOlhka

wOHhkhg ,la lsÍug lghq;= isÿ úh' fuu wOHhkfha § ,efnk o;a;hkag úoHd;aul

ld,ks¾Khka wdÈh ,nd §ug wjYH myiqlï wm i;=j fkdue;s w;r ta i`oyd uOHu

ixialD;sl wruqo, úiska .fõIK leKSï u`.ska fidhd .kakd ,o mqrdúoHd;aul

wjfYaIhkag ,nd § we;s ksrfmaCI ld,ks¾Khkag wkqj ld,ks¾Khka ,ndfokq we;'

7

2'4 m¾fhaIKfha jeo.;alu

nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h 2013 jif¾oS mqrdúoHd fË;%hla jYfhka y`ÿkdf.k we;'

1982 oS läkï uyje,s jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍu;a iu`. merKs f;,afoKsh k.rh c,fhka hg

úh' ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh wdrïN lsÍug fmr rch u`.ska hgjk m%foaYhg wod< jQ

mqrdúoHd we.hSï ;lafiarejla ( Archaeological Impact Assessment ) isÿ l< hq;=hs' kuq;a

1977 rch úiska ksis mqrdúoHd we.hSï ;lafiarejla isÿ fldg fkdue;' fuu lreK

fya;=fjka merKs f;,afoKsh k.rh msysá m%foaYh wdY%s; jQ mqrdúoHd fË;%h hám;aj f.dia

we;' kej; 2013 jif¾oS uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo, ( Central Cultural Fund ) wdrïN l<

nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;% .fõIK ls%hdj,sfhka yuq jQ idOl u`.ska fuu fË;%h w;S; udkj

ls%hdldrlï yd Ys,d fuj,ï ksIamdokh l< ia:dkhla nj ;yjqre úh' fuu m¾fhaIK

;jÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hEfï wruqKska isÿ l< .fõIK ls%hdj,sh u`.ska m%d.a Ys,d fuj,ï

hehs Wml,amkh l< yels fuj,ï rdYshla yuq fõ' Èfkka Èk c, uÜgu by< hEu;a iu`.

mqrdúoHd fË;%h c,hg hg fjñka mj;S' fï wkqj yels blaukska tu m%foaYfha

mqrdúoHd;aul idOlhka ms<sn`o fidhd ne,sh hq;= jkafkah' tf,iska ksis ls%hd ud¾.hla

fkd.ekSu fya;=fjka wkd.;hg b;sß úh yels w;S; wjfYaIhka o úkdY lrd .uka lsÍug

yels nj Wml,amk l< yelsh'

8

f;jk mßÉfþoh

3'1 mßlaIK l%ufõoh

nUr., mqrdúoHd;aul fË;%fha uyje,s .x.dfõ WmYdLdjla jQ yq¿Th wdY%s;

l,dmfha msysá mdIdK Woa.;j, j¾Id c,fhka yd läkï uyje,s jHdmD;sfha úlafgdarshd

c,dYfha mQrKhg m;aùfuka fiaoS f.dia fYaI jQ mdxY= ia:rhka ys m%d.a ft;sydisl Ys,d

fuj,ï hehs Wml,amkh lrk fN!;sl idOl lsysmhla yuqúh' tfia fyhska tu idOl

jHdma; ù ;sfnk mrsY%h ms<sn| Wml,amk h:d¾:hla lrd f.k hdug mqrdúoHd;aul

mßfhaIKhl wjYH;djh we;s úh' tys uQ,sl j o;a; y÷kd .ekSug .fõIKhla isÿ lsÍug

;SrKh úh'

N+ñ l,dmfha úisÍ .sh Ys,d fuj,ï hehs Wml,amkh lrk mdIdK yd tu fuj,ï

ks¾udKfhka bj;a jQ wjfYaI mdIdK øjH hehs wkqudk lrk idOl j, jHdma;sh f;areï

.ekSu m%uqL ld¾h úh' ta i|yd .fõIK tu l,dmhu wdjrKh jk fia fhoùug wjYH jQ

w;r Bg WÑ; .fõIK l%ufõohka N+ñh ksÍlaIKfhka fhdackd lr.kakd ,oS'

j¾;udkfha fuu fË;%h uyje,s läkï jHdmD;sfhka fhdað; úlafgdarshd c,dYhg

hgúh' fuu .fõIKh wdrïN lrk wjêfha tu wdxY=l yd úia;D; l,dmj,g Bidk È.

fudaiï j¾Idm;kh wdrïN ù ;snqKs' tu ksid fuu uQ,sl .eg¨ iy.; iajdNdúl wdmodjka

fya;=fjka .fõIKh läkï lsÍug fË;%hg iïm%dma; .fõIK lKavdhug f;areï .shy'

tfy;a fuu N+ñfhka w;S; udkj ixialD;shla f.dvkeÕSug leKSï jeks o;a; /ialsÍfï

úoHd;aul l%ufõo j,g fhduq ùug mQ¾K .fõIK jd¾;djla ilia l< hq;= úh'

.fõIK N+ñfha iajdNdjh m%:ufhka u wjOdkhg ,la flßKs' tys we;s N+ úIu;d"

foaY.=Ksl ;;a…h" j¾Idm;kfha o< mrsudj weiqfrka j¾ê; mdIdK Woa.;" o< nEjqï" lgq

jkdka;r ,laIK m%uqLj m%:ufhka f;areï .;ay' tu mdrsirsl ;;a…hka fya;=fjka

ksYaÑ;j N+ñh wdjrKh jk whqrska .fõIKhg ndOd f.dv ke.=Ks' N+ úIu;dj fya;=fjka

ksYaÑ; ñkqï ,nd l%ñl j fldgqoe,a fhdod .fõIKhg wmyiq úh' N+ñfha úYd,…hg

wjYH msßia m%udKj;a j fkdisàu;a wjYH WmlrK wju ùu;a thg fya;= úh' tu ksid

úêu;a j fË;%fha Tnfudn weúosñka .fõIKh isÿlr jvd;a mq¿,a j idOl me;sreKq

l,dmfha fldgqoe,a ilia lr jd¾;lrKhg myiq .fõIK l%ufõohla fhdackd úh'

l%ñl .fõIKh yd wyUq ksh`È lrKhg uq,ska u N+ñfha fkdfjkia jk ksYaÑ;

,laIHla y÷kd .kay' tu ,laIh mokï ,laIh f,i ;nd .ksñka j¾. óg¾ 400l N+ñ

l,dmhla wdjrKhg fhduq úh' m%:u j mokï ,laIfha isg óg¾ 100 l l,ams; ÿrla isõ

osidjg ;SrKh lrk ,os' wk;=re j .fõIKh i|yd iyNd.s jk .fõIlhska mokï

,laIfha isg fomig mshjr uÜgfuka ;SrKh lr.;a óg¾ 10l mr;rhlska ia:dk .; úh'

ta wkqj tla mqoa.,fhl=g fomig ixprKh ùug óg¾ 10l l,dmhla ;sfí' tu mqoa.,hd

;udg wh;a óg¾ 10l fomig we;s wjldYfhka bosrshg óg¾ 5la mshjrska ,nd.;a l,ams;

9

ÿrla .fõIKh l< hq;= úh' m<uq l,ams; óg¾ 10 × óg¾ 5 fldgqfõ olakg ,efnk ixisoaê

,l=Kq lr .ekSu;a jvd l=;=y,hg Ndckh jk .fõIKfha id¾:l…hg wjYH wkqudk

idOl f.da,Sh ia:dk .; lsÍfï WmlrKfhka ia:dkSh w.h ,nd.;ay'

.fõIKhg ,lajQ l,dmfha o< nEjqï yd lgq jkdka;r mej;s ia:dkfha tu N+

úIu;dj f;areï f.k thg WÑ; j Wml,ams; fldgq l%uh blaujd Tnfudn weúosñka o;a;

y÷kd .ekSug fhduq úh' l%ñl .fõIKh yd wyUq kshe`È lrKh isÿl< uq,a oskhkays

kef.kysrg yd ngysrg úysoS ol=Kq osidjg o B<Õ oskfha W;=re osidjg o Tnfudn weúosñka

.fõIKh fhosKs' fuf,i j¾.óg¾ 400l N+ñ l,dmhl idOl jHdma;sl wjldYh f;areï

.;ay' tfia f;areï .eksfuka miq jvd;a mq¿,a j idOl me;=reKq l,dmh y÷kd .;ay' uq,ska

u Ndú;hg fhdod.;a .fõIK l%ufõoh mQ¾K jd¾;dlrKhg ndOd meñKSu fya;=fjka

fldgqoe,a Ndú;fhka .fõIKh fojkqj fhdod .;ay' th úêu;a j ilia lsÍug wkql%ñl

,laIHkaf.a mdGdxl .ksñka m%foaYfha ifudaÉP f¾Ld Ñ;% we|Sug Ndú; f,j,h o" fÜma má"

fm< .ekakqï fmd,q Ndú; lrk ,os'

f.da,Sh ia:dk .; lsÍfï WmlrKh Ndú;d lrñka m%:ufhka mokï ,laIhla ilia

lr.;ay' tys isg jeäu idOl jHdma; jQ l,dmh wdjrKh jk ia:dkfha ksYaÑ; uOH

,laIHla ;SrKh lr t;eka isg isõ osidjg óg¾ 10 × óg¾ 10 p;=ri%dldr fldgq ,l=Kq lr

.kakd ,oS' ,l=Kq lr.;a ia:dkhka ,Kq Ndú;fhka fldgq ilia lsÍug lghq;= flßKs'

ilia lr.;a úêu;a p;=ri%dldr fldgqfõ ms<sfj,ska weúosñka ie,eiafï we;s N+ñ l,dmfha

ie,eiqï ks¾udKh lrhs' ta i|yd f.da,Sh ia:dk .; lsÍfï WmlrKh" PdhdrEm" rEm

igyka we|Su wdoS l%u Ys,am Ndú;h'

fuu .fõIKfhaoS m%d.a ft;sydisl hehs Wml,ams; N+ñ l,dmfha fldgqoe,a Ndú; j

N1 W1,N2 W1, N2 W2, wdos j¾. óg¾ 30l mßudKhl wjldYhla .fõIKhg n÷ka flßKs'

.fõIK N+ñfha N+ úIu;d fya;=fjka ks¾foaYs; úêu;a óg¾ 30 × óg¾ 30 l%ufõo Ndú;h

.eg,q iy.; úh' ta wkqj N+ñh ksÍlaIKfhka yd m%dfhda.sl w;aoelsï Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka

óg¾ 10 × óg¾ 10 jmißhl fldgqfjka fldgqj .fõIKh lsÍug lghq;= flßKs'

10

y;rjk mßÉfþoh

4'1 jd¾;d.; lsÍu'

nUr., mqrd úoHd fË;%fha .fõIKh lsÍug iu.dñj jd¾;dlrKho isÿúh'

nTr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h kq;kfha w¾nqohg ,laù ;sfnkakdjq fË;%hls' tys tla fldgila

c,fhka hgù we;s w;r we;eï wjia:dj, iïmq¾Kfhka c,fhka hgfjhs' fï ksid osk

.Kkdjla mqrd .fõIKh lsÍug wjia:dj wysñ úh' ,efnk wjia:dfjka .fõIKh lsÍug

isÿúh' fndfyda úg c,fhka hg jq miq mqrdúoHd;aul o;a; y`ÿkd.ekSug fkdyelsjk ksid

o;a; jd¾;d.; ;eîu fuys,d jeo.;a h'

o;a; jd¾;d.; lsrsu ioyd l%ufõo rdYshla Ndú;d l<y' o< ie<iqï we`oSu"

PdhdrEm.; lsÍu" is;shï we`oSu" ia:dkSh msysàu ,l=Kq lsÍu wdoS l%u /ila Ndú;d lrkq

,eîh' fË;%fhys m%:ufhka uOH ,laIhla f;drdf.k t;eka isg óg¾ 5 ka 5 yg j¾. óg¾

400 m%foaYhla .fõIKh lrkq ,eîh' N+ñfha wl%uj;a msysàu l%uj;a jd¾;d.; lsÍug

ndOdjla úh' mqrdidOl úYd, m%udKhla jHdma;s m%foaYhl úêu;a .fõIKfhka wk;=rej

f.da,Sh ia:dk.; lsÍfï moaO;sh (GPS) " PdhdrEm.; lsÍu " rEm igyka we`oSu wdoS l%uj;a

jd¾;d.; lsÍula isÿ úh' .fõIs; m%foaYh .;a úg ^10«10& fldgqjla fï i`oyd fhdod .;ay'

úfYaIfhkau ie<lsh hq;af;a fuysoS wyUq ksh`ÈlrKhla isÿlsÍuh. óg wu;rj úfYaIs; mqrd

idOl yuqjQ ia:dkhlA G .P. S' ;dËKh u.ska j¾;d.; lsÍu isÿúh'

11

4'2 f.da,Sh ia:dk.; moaO;sh Ndú;hg .ekSu

4'2'1 ;srejdkd fuj,ï

(A) CCF 79 (B) CCF 80

PRE 000199038E 000199043E

000232487N 0002324485N

SEC. 7017'40.5N SEC. 7017'40.5N

80045'54.1E 80045'54.2E

(C) CCF 81 (D) CCF 82

PRE 000199037E 000199035E

000232481N 000232481N

SEC. 7017'40.4N SEC. 7017'40.4N

80045'54.0E 80045'53.9E

4'2'2 fmdaisf,aka" hlv" ;srejdkd" j<x" ly`o yd .fvd,a

(A) CCF 84 (B) CCF 87

000199025E PRE 000199027E

000232486N 000232485N

SEC 7017'40.5N SEC 7017'40.5N

80045'53.6E 80045'53.7E

(C) CCF 86 (D) CCF 87

000199028E 000199028E

000232484N 000232484N

SEC 7017'40.5N SEC7017'40.5N

80045'53.7E 80045'53.7E

12

4'2'3 úksúo fmfkk ;srejdkd

(A) CCF 92

PRE 000198876E

000232471N

SEC 7017'40.0N

80045'48.8E

4'2'4 ly`o

(A) CCF 93

PRC 000198870E

000232462N

SEC 7017'39.7N

80045'48.5E

4'2'5 ;,d;= ñksrka

(A) CCF94 (B) CCF (C) CCF96

PRE000198866E PRE000198867E PRE000198867E

000232462N 000232462N 000232462N

SEC7017'39.7N SEC7017'39.7N SEC7017'39.7N

80045'48.4E 80045'48.5E 80043'48.5E

(D) CCF97

PRE00198867E

000232462N

SC7017'39.7N

80045'48.4N

13

4'2'6 ly`o

(A) CCF98

PRE000198856E

000232483N

7017'40.4N

80045'48.1E

(B) CCF99

000198864E

000232481N

SEC7017'40.4N

80045'48.3E

(C) CCF100

PRE000198863E

000232481N

7017'40.3N

80045'47.3E

(D) CCF101

PRE000198862E

000232480N

7017'40.3N

80045'48.3E4'2'7 ueá mn¿j

CCF154

PRE000198875E

000232518N

7017'415N

80045'48.7E

14

4'2'8 hfndr lene,a,

CCF146

PRE000198831E

000232511N

7017'413N

80045'47.3E

tfukau jvd;a iúia;r jd¾;d.; lsÍfï l%uhla f,i ie,iqï rduqjla fhdokq ,eîh'

fï i`oyd p;=ri%dldr rduqjla fhdod.;a w;r ie,iqï rduqfõ tla tla fldgqfõ we;s

f;dr;re m%ia;dr fld, fhdod.ksñka weoSu isÿúh'

nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h wdYs%; jd¾;d.; lsÍu .;a úg tys N+ñ ks¾udKfha mj;sk

wiu;sl iajdNdjh jd¾;d.; lsÍfïoS uy;a .eg,qjla úh' fndfyda ia:dkhkays mj;sk

mdIdK Woa.; wl%uj;a whqßka mj;sk w;r c,fhka hgjQ m%foaYh fË;%h .fõIKfhaoS

ndOd we;s lrkakg iu;a úh' tfukau lgq m`ÿre" fhdaO ksosl=ïnd Ydl iys; N+ñ m%foaYhka

fukau uv j.=re iys; m%foaY .fõIKfhaoS ÿIalr;djhkag uqyqK oSug isÿjQ w;r ta

fya;=fjka l%ñl jd¾;d.; lsrSfïoS .eg,q u;= úh' fuysoS wyUq ksh`È lrKhla fhdod.ekSug

isÿúh' tfukau m%Odk .eg,qjla f,i WmlKhkaf.a ys̀.;djh u;= úh' fuysoS ;dlaIKsl

WmlrKhka .;aúg tys oshqKq ;dlaIKsl l%ufõohka fkdue;s fyhska úêu;aj jd¾;d.;

lsÍug fkdyels úh' ,eî ;snQ osk 10la jeks iSñ; ld,h mjd Wmßu m%;sM, ,`.dlr .ekSug

fkdyels ùfï fya;=jla f,i fuu WmlrKhkaf.a ys̀.;djh yd ld¾hËu neúka wvq ùu

fya;= úh' mqrdidOl úisÍ mej;s m%foaYfha N+ñ m%udKh úYd, jk w;r ld,h yd

WmlrKhkaf.a iSud iys; nj ksid .fõIKh yd jd¾;d.; lsÍu tljr uq¿ N+ñhlg

fhoùug fkdyels úh' fndfyda úg .fõIKfhka wk;=rej jd¾;d.; lsÍug yels jQfha iq¿

N+ñ m%udKhla muKs' ld<.=Ksl idOl jd¾;d.; lsÍfï ld¾hhg úáka úg ndOd meñK jQ

w;r j¾Idj fya;=fjka .fõIK ld¾hh mjd w;ru`. keje;aùug isÿúh' fldgq oe,a ilia

lsÍfïoS N+ñfha msysàu ndOd we;s l< w;r 10m × 10m fldgq .fõIKfha fhfoñka

jd¾;d.; lsÍu isÿúh'

15

miajk m¾Éfþoh

5'1 o;a; úYaf,aIKh

hf:dala; .fõIKh flá ld,hlg isud jQ neúka mq¿,a úYaf,aIKhla i`oyd

m%udKj;a mqrdjia;= y`ÿkd.ekSug fkdyels úh' kuq;a Y%S ,xldfõ fuf;la isÿ lr we;s

mdIdK fuj,ï j¾.SlrKhg wkqj N2W1 ia:dkfha ia:dk.;j ;snQ Ys,d fuj,u Ëqø Ys,d

fuj,ï l=,hg wh;a w¾O pkaøldr Ys,d fuj,ula f,i y`ÿkd.; yelsh' tfukau N1W2

ia:dkfha yuq jQ Ys,d fuj,ï ;s%fldaKdldr Ëqø Ys,d fuj,ï .Khg we;=<;a l< yelsh'

yuqjQ ly`o mdIdK fuj,u fndfyda úg W,afuj,ula úh yelsh' fË;%fhka yuq jQ fiiq

;srejdk" ly`o lene,s" fuj,ï ksIamdokhg f.kd wuqøjH fldgia yd fuj,ï ksIamdokfha

oS bj;aj .sh m;re f,i mq¾K ks.ukhlg t<öu ÿIalrh' fË;%fha yuq jQ ueá n`ÿka .eá;s

wm úiska úYaf,aIKh fkdl< kuqÿ th úêu;a f,i jd¾;d .; fldg úYaf,aIKh lsÍu

m%;sM, iy.; úh yelsh' ueá mn¿ tlla muKla yuq jQ fyhska tys ikao¾Nuh jeo.;a lu

wjfndaO lr .ekSu ÿIalrh' .fõIKfhaoS .fvd,ao yuq jQ w;r tjd ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a

jd¾;dlrKhg ,la fldg úYaf,aIKh lsÍug wjYH nj fmfka' fË;%fha hfndr yuq jQjo

m%foaYSh ck;dj iu`. l< iïuqL idlÉPdj,ska fmkS .sfha m%foaYh c,fhka hg jkúg

fuu ia:dkfha lïu,la meje;s njhs' hfndrj, ft;sydisl;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu i`oyd úêu;a

úoHd;aul úYaf,aIKhla wjYH fõ' Ys,d fuj,ï yuqjk m%Odk f.dve,a, ia;+mhla ùug bv

;sfí' ;jo ;odkqnoaO ks¾ñ; mßirh wuqøjH ksIamdokh i`oyd fyda T!IO ksIamdokh i`oyd

Ndú;d lsÍug bÈl< weUereï .,a yuq úh' fuu ia:dkfha lKqj,j,aj, idOl yuq ùu;a

hg;a msßfika hï ft;sydisl wjêhl tys jdiia:dk ;kd ;snQ njg meyeÈ,sh' fuu

jd¾;dfõ bÈßm;a lrk .fõIK m%;sM, ;jÿrg;a ksrjoH yd mq¿,aj ú.%y lsÍu i`oyd ;;a

úYaf,aIK ls%hdj,sh úêu;a l< hq;= nj m%ldY l< hq;=h'

5'2 .fõIK wdY%s; m%;sM,

hf:dala; mqrdúoHd .fõIKhg wod<j nUr., mqrdfË;%h wdY%s;j l< N+f.da,Sh"

mdßißl wOHkhkaf.ka fmkS hk lreKla kï ;;a wdxY=l l,dmh m%d.a ft;sydisl

udkjhdf.a uQ,sl mQ¾K wjYH;d imqrd .; yels m%foaYhla njhs' m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhdf.a

uQ,sl wjYH;d f,i c,h"wdydr"jdiia:dk yd wdrlaIdj m%Odk fldg ie,lsh yelsh'

foaYShj Ôj;a jQ m%d.audkjhkag wjYH c,h ,nd .ekSu ioyd uyje,s .f`.a wm YdLdjla jk

yq¿Th m%fhdackhg .kakg we;' wdydr ,nd .ekSug m%foaYslj jHdma;j isá i;=kao"

wdydrhg .; yels Ydl fldgiao m%fhdackhg f.k we;' ;jo wdrlaIdj ioyd wdikakj

we;s lÿ o" jdiia:dk ioyd iajdNdúl .,a f,ka o" Wia l`ÿ fm<ska jg jQ ksïkhl msysá

fuu N+ñh ;=< we;s Wmfhda.S;dj m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhdf.a meje;au ;yjqre lrkakg

we;'

16

fuu mqrdúoHd .fõIKfha m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhd i;=ka ovhï lsÍug;a wdydr

ksis mßÈ ilia lr .ekSug;a Ndú; lr we;ehs ie<flk uOH Ys,d hq.hg wh;a Ëqø Ys,d

fuj,ï yd tajd ksIamdokh lsÍfï § úisreKq Ys,d fldgiao yÿkd .; yelsh' tjd ilia lr

.ekSu ioyd ly`o";srejdkd jeks mdIdK úfYaI oaú…h Ndú;d lr we;' ly`o mdIdKhg

wh;a r;= yd ly mdIdKhkaf.ka hq;a mdIdK fldgia o" ;sßjdkd mdIdKhg wh;a frdai"lsß

meye;s" ÿï meye;s yd úksúo fmfkk ;srejdkd iys; Ëqø Ys,d fuj,ï fYaIhka o yuq úh'

thg wu;rj fuj,ï ilia lsÍug wuqøjH f,i f.kd ;rula úYd, mdIdK l=Üáo yuq ùu

úfYaI…hla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fuu fË;%h wdY%s;j fuj,ï yd mdIdK fldgia úisÍ

we;s wdldrhg nUr., mqrdúoHd fË;%h Ys,d fuj,ï ksIamdokh lsÍfï m%Odk

uOHia:dkhla f,i mj;skakg we;ehs Wml,amkh l< yelsh' ;jo we;eï fuj,ï

ksIamdokh lsÍug fhdod .;a LKsc øjH ksê jYfhka fuu m%foaYfhka yuq fú' fuj,ï

ksIamdokh ioyd wjYH úsksúo fmfkk ;srejdkd yd ly`o úia;D; l,dmhkaf.aka ,nd

.kakg we;s nj Wml,amkh l< yelsh' by< >K;ajfhka hq;a úksúo fmfkk ;sßjdkd

ksêhla .,yd m%foaYfhka y`ÿkd f.k we;' ta wkQj fuu fË;%h iu. wka;¾

iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd .kakg we;ehs Wml,amkh l< yelsh' fuj,ï ksIAmdokfha§

;sßjdkd mdIdKfha ;sjqKq nj yd l,ameje;au u;o" ly`o mdIdKfha we;s oDV nj ksido

fuj,ï ksIamdokhg nyq,j fhdod .kakg we;ehs Wml,amkh l< yelsh' nUr., mqrdúoHd

flaI;%fha iajdNdúl msysàu foi n,k úg;a flaI;%fha lrk ,o .fúIKfha iuia;

øjHd;aul o;a; wdY%fhka wjidk jYfha Wml,amkh l< yelafla uOH Ys,d hq.hg wh;a

udkjhd fuu fË;%fha ckdjdi msysgqjd f.k we;s njhs'

uOH Ys,d hq.h yereKq úg uq,a ft;sydisl hq.fhao ft;sydisl hq.fhao nUr.,

ckdjdi mj;skakg we;ehs úYajdi l< yels idOl .fõIKh l< yelsh' tajd kï .fvd,a"

mn¿ yd hfndrh' ueá Ndck len,s o fuu m%foaYfha úisÍ we;s w;r tajd ft;sydisl hq.hg

wh;ao hkak y`ÿkd .ekSu ioyd ;jÿrg;a wOHkhka isÿ l< hq;=j we;' nUr., l`ÿ wdY%s;j

iajdNdúlj ks¾udKh ù we;s .,af,ka Ndú;d lrkakg we;ehs idOl ,eî we;' wNsf,aLk

fukau Ôj;a ùug WÑ; mßÈ ilik ,o ks¾ñ; mßirhkaf.ka fï nj ;yjqre fú'

fuu mqrdúoHd fË;%fhka mq¿,a f,i hlv Ndú;d l< njg yd ksIamdokh l< njg

o idOl yuq fõ' tys§ tla ia:dkhl úYd, f,i hfndr ;Ügqjla olakg ,efí' ta yreKq úg

fË;%h hfndr len,so yuq ù ;sfnk ksid ;odY%s; m%foaYfha hlv ksiaidrKh lsÍfï

l%shdj,sh isÿ jkakg we;ehs Wml,amkh lrhs' kuq;a m%dfoaYsh ck;dj mjik mߧ c,fhkaa

hg lsÍug fmr fuu iaa:dkfha lïu,la mj;skakg we;' tfyhska tu hlv ft;sydisl

hq.hg wh;ao hkak mÍËKh l< hq;=h'

17

PdhdrEm kdudj,sh

1'2 is;shï

1'3 PdhdrEm

(A) úydr f.h" is;=jï" Ys,d ,sms

18

(B) is;=jï f,k

3'1 PdhdrEm

19

4'1 PdhdrEm

20

.fõIK fldgq ^o< is;shï&

4'2'1 PdhdrEm yd o< rEm

21

4'2'2 PdhdrEm yd o< rEm

4'2'6 PdhdrEm yd o< rEm

4'2'7 PdhdrEm yd o< rEm

22

23