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21세기 과학혁명: 생로병사의 분자적 비밀 생로병사의 분자적 비밀 서울대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학부 서울대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학부 이현숙 1: 노벨상과 현대 생물학 노벨상과 현대 생물학

제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

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Page 1: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

21세기 과학혁명: 생로병사의 분자적 비밀생로병사의 분자적 비밀

서울대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학부서울대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학부

이현숙

제 부제1부:노벨상과 현대 생물학노벨상과 현대 생물학

Page 2: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

1901 Wilhelm Conrad 1901 Wilhelm Conrad RöntgenRöntgen : discovery of the X: discovery of the X--rays (Physics)rays (Physics)

1907 Albert Abraham Michelson : spectroscopic and metrological investigations (Physics)1907 Albert Abraham Michelson : spectroscopic and metrological investigations (Physics)

1908 Ernest Rutherford : investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of 1908 Ernest Rutherford : investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances (Chemistry)radioactive substances (Chemistry)

1914 Max von Laue : discovery of the diffraction of X1914 Max von Laue : discovery of the diffraction of X--rays by crystals (Physics)rays by crystals (Physics)

1915 William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg : analysis of crystal structure by means of X1915 William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg : analysis of crystal structure by means of X--raysrays1915 William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg : analysis of crystal structure by means of X1915 William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg : analysis of crystal structure by means of X rays rays (Physics)(Physics)

1924 Karl1924 Karl ManneManne Georg Siegbahn : discoveries and research in the field of XGeorg Siegbahn : discoveries and research in the field of X ray spectroscopyray spectroscopy1924 Karl 1924 Karl ManneManne Georg Siegbahn : discoveries and research in the field of XGeorg Siegbahn : discoveries and research in the field of X--ray spectroscopy ray spectroscopy (Physics)(Physics)

1935 1935 FrédéricFrédéric Joliot, Joliot, IrèneIrène JoliotJoliot--Curie : synthesis of new radioactive elements (Chemistry)Curie : synthesis of new radioactive elements (Chemistry)

1938 1938 EnricoEnrico Fermi : demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by Fermi : demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by p yp yneutron irradiation and discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons (Physics)neutron irradiation and discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons (Physics)

1943 George de Hevesy : use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes (Chemistry)1943 George de Hevesy : use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes (Chemistry)

Page 3: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

The Nobel prize ceremonies, 10 December 1962

Horace Freeland Judson “THE EIGHTH DAY OF CREATION” 1996Horace Freeland Judson, THE EIGHTH DAY OF CREATION , 1996

Women Nobel LaureatesWomen Nobel Laureates

“그토록 적은 인원이 견딜 수 없는 상황 속에서이와 같이 엄청나게 기여한 적은 없었다”

– 우젠슝(핵 물리학자)

Page 4: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

마리 스클로도프스카 퀴리Marie Curie, née Sklodowska(1867.11.7-1934.7.3)The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery

f th l t di d l i bof the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable elementelement

이렌느 졸리오-퀴리Irène Joliot-Curie(1897.9.12-1956.3.17)Th N b l P i i Ch i t 1935The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements

Page 5: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

게르티 래드니츠 코리Gerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz(1896.8.15-1957.10.26)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947for their discovery of the course of the catalyticfor their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

마리아 괴페르트 마이어Maria Goeppert-MayerMaria Goeppert-Mayer(1906.6.28-1972.2.20)The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963for their discoveries concerning nuclear shellfor their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure

도로시 크로푸트 호지킨Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin(1910.5.12-1994.7.29)The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances

로잘린 수스먼 얠로Rosalyn Yalow(1921 7 19 )(1921.7.19-)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977

for the de elopment of radioimm noassa s offor the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones

Page 6: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

바바라 맥클린턱바바라 맥클린턱Barbara McClintock(1902.6.16-1992.9.2)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983for her discovery of mobile genetic elements

리타 레비-몬탈치니Rita Levi-Montalcini(1909.4.22-)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986f f ffor their discoveries of growth factors

Page 7: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

거트루드 B 엘리온거트루드 B. 엘리온Gertrude B. Elion(1918.1.23-1919.2.21)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment

크리스티안네 뉘슬라인-폴하르트Christiane Nüsslein-VolhardChristiane Nüsslein Volhard(1942.10.20-)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic developmenty p

린다 B. 벅Li d B B kLinda B. Buck(1947.1.29-)The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 20042004for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

Page 8: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

2009년 세명의 여성 과학자가 노벨상 수상2009년, 세명의 여성 과학자가 노벨상 수상

화학: Ada Yonah생리 의학: Elizabeth

Blackburn, Carol Greider

11명의 수상자와 12개의 노벨상

4

제 1차여성운동

3

4횟수

2

1

01901-1920

1921-1940

1941-1960

1961-1980

1981-2000

2000년이후

연도

Page 9: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

노벨 과학상의 수여 동향노벨 과학상의 수여 동향103회 102회 101회 306회

143회80%

90%

100%

95회

58회

143회

50%

60%

70%

101회

163회30%

40%

50% 101회

0%

10%

20%

8회

44회

노벨물리학상

노벨화학상

노벨생리.의학상

합계

노벨 물리학상 노벨 화학상 노벨 생리.의학상 노벨 과학상

생물학적 업적관련 수상

Wilhelm Conrad RontgenE il B h i

과학의 발전

physics

gDiscovery of the X-ray (1901)Emil von BehringWork on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria (1901)Francis Harry Compton Crick

James Dewey Watson

Interpretation of the genetic code andits function in protein synthesis (1968)

Frederick Grant BantingDiscovery of insulin (1923)

physicsMax von LaueDiscovery of the diffraction of X-raysby crystals (1914)

yRosalind Franklin-Discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids (1962)

p y ( )

Discovery of restriction enzymes (1978)

Molecular biologybiology Biomedical

development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix (1984)

Molecular biologybiology science

World WarⅡ

chemistryJames Batcheller Sumner et al.

Development of the theory and methodologyof organic synthesis (1990)

Mathematics

Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff

Discovery that enzymes can be crystallized (1946)Discoveries of split genes (1993)

Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff Discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions (1901)

Elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of ATP (1997)

Page 10: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

생명의과학(Biomedical Science)

生 老i l b

生 老www.noinclub.com

??

死病 死病Prison Break <조지 버나드 쇼의 묘비>

mymary.egloos.com

제 부제2부:분자생물학과 맞춤 의학분자생물학과 맞춤 의학

Page 11: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

DNA 생명현상을지배DNA, 생명현상을지배

A Race between a (clever) grasshopper and an ant

James Watson, with BBC

Page 12: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

Watson and Crick

Franklin and Gosling

Page 13: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

Maurice Wilkins

Rosalind Franklin의 재발견Rosalind Franklin의 재발견

Page 14: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

We discovered the secret of life!

A structure for deoxyribode nucleic acid. 1953. Watson, J.D. and Crick F. H. D. Nature 171, 737-738

General implication for deoxyribose nucleic acid. 1953. Watson, J. D. and Crick, F. H. D. Nature 171, 964-967H. D. Nature 171, 964 967

Cracking the genetic code:Codon by Francis Crick &Sydney Brenner and soCodon, by Francis Crick &Sydney Brenner and so

on…

Page 15: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

유전자의발현유전자의발현

더복잡한단백질신호전달체계더복잡한단백질신호전달체계

Page 16: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

맞춤의학 (personalized medicine)맞춤의학 (personalized medicine)

• 환자들마다 다른 유전자들의 특성과 발현양상을 근거로 환자에 맞는 처방을 목표로양상을 근거로 환자에 맞는 처방을 목표로하는 21세기 생명의과학

적치 에서 더 진화• 표적치료 (targeted therapy)에서 더 진화한개념

• To what extent are genetic variation and personal health linked? (Science지가뽑은personal health linked? (Science지가뽑은125가지미래질문중하나)

• 1958년마취제반응에서처음보고됨• 1958년마취제반응에서처음보고됨

분자생물학의 발달- 혁신적인 신약들의 등장

Page 17: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

영리한 항암제 글리벡 (Gleevec)영리한 항암제, 글리벡 (Gleevec)

염색체 전좌 (Chromosome translocation) 비정상적인 효소 생성

만성 골수성 백혈병

Gleevec

신호전달체계를이용한표적치료신호전달체계를이용한표적치료

Page 18: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

또다른 분자적 기전 기반의 약제: 이레사(IRESSA)

EGF

암세포의 세포막EGFR

T

성장인자

Tyro

sin

e kin

ase

IRESSA

신생혈관형성세포 유착

세포증식 세포사멸

이레사 (Iressa)

비소세포성폐암 환자 중비소세포성폐암 환자 중성장인자 수용체(EGFR)의특정 부위에 돌연변이가 있는동양계 비흡연자 여성 환자에게동양계 비흡연자 여성 환자에게특히 효과적임

Pao et al., 2004

Page 19: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

왜 다른 사람에게는 잘 듣는 약이 나에게듣지 않는 것일까?듣지 않는 것일까?

이러한 차이는 어디에서 오는 것일까?이러한 차이는 어디에서 는 것일까?

다양한 유전적인 차이다양한 유전적인 차이- 유전적 다형성(polymorphism) 혹은 돌연변이

FDA 못받은 Gefitinib 다시 재기FDA 못받은 Gefitinib, 다시 재기

• 임상 시험 결과 FDA 허가를 받지 못함임상 시험 결과 허가를 받지 못함• EGFR mutation이있는 환자에게 잘 들음

동양여자 비흡연자에게잘듣는것으로조사• 동양여자, 비흡연자에게잘듣는것으로조사됨

• 우리나라에 동정적 임상 시험환자 맞춤형 의학의 한 예• 환자 맞춤형 의학의 한 예

Page 20: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

The Human GenomeThe Human Genome

유전자의 다양성유전자의 다양성

• 똑같은 유전자를 가진 사람은 없다유전자의 변이성 ( l hi )• 유전자의 변이성 (polymorphism)

• 유전자의 돌연변이 (mutation)유전자의 돌연변이 ( )• 사람마다 약에 대해 반응 하는 정도가 다

르다르다

Page 21: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

환자 맞춤형 줄기 세포?환자 맞춤형 줄기 세포?

현재 줄기 세포 연구는 “성체줄기 세포”에 4현재 줄기 세 연구는 성체줄기 세 에가지 유전자 (Kif1, Myc, Sox-2, Oct-4)를주입 후 “배아 줄기 세포”로 바꾸는 방법을주입 후 배아 줄기 세 바꾸는 방법을이용해 발전해 나가고 있다 (Yanagida 방법)법)

전제 조건전제 건

과학적 측면 사회적 측면

질병이 일어나는메커니즘에 대한

제약 업계 및민간보험회사의적극적인 동참

적은 비용으로유전자 검사가

정확한 이해필요

적극적인 동참가능해야 함

Page 22: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

시민운동이 Gleevec 가격을 낮추다시민운동이 Gleevec 가격을 낮추다

맞춤 치료를 위한 길맞춤 치 를 위한 길

질병의발병기작을잘규명하는것• 질병의발병기작을잘규명하는것• 가장응용성이높은것은가장기초적인데서나온다

질병의진단 예후• 질병의진단, 예후• Appropriate drug, appropriate dose, appropriate time,

appropriate patientappropriate patient• 누가수혜자인가?• 비용의지불문제비용의지불문제• 제약업계의이득은?• 적은비용으로유전자검사• 다국적제약업계, 보험회사들의정치적로비, 연구비수혜현

황, 공공정책

Page 23: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

특권층과 다국적 제약회사를 위한약 개발신약 개발?

• 제약업계의문제• Dying for Drugs

-Gleevec 한알에 18불, 1년 5천5백만원필요-Iressa 경우한달에 600만원지불WTO가 20년동안신약의특허를인정 제약업계는따라서비싸게약을-WTO가 20년동안신약의특허를인정, 제약업계는따라서비싸게약을

판매-새로운연구에재투자-평생먹는약 (life-time drug)을선호함

• 건강보험의문제• 국민의료보험 vs 민간의료보험• 과학계와제약업계

미래의 신약 그 발전 가능성미래의 신약, 그 발전 가능성

Page 24: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

2008년 노벨 화학상2008년 노벨 화학상Green Fluorescent Protein

생체 고분자를 직접 관찰생체 고분자를 직접 관찰

Antibody- 형광 immunostaining의 원리Confocal Microscopy

488 568

Page 25: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

세포내 단백질 간의 상호 작용세포내 단백질 간의 상호 작용

FRET FRAP BiFCFRET FRAP BiFC

세포내 단백질 이동 속도 측정

형광을 띤 생체 분자의 위치 추적, 기능 규명,

Page 26: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

암(cancer) – 유전체 불안정성의 질병암(cancer) 유전체 불안정성의 질병

Genomic StabilityC ll l h k i tCell cycle checkpoint

Chromosome segregation

Normal Cell

DNA repair

DNA replication

Apoptosis

N l C ll

Cancer

Normal Cell

Time Lapse Video MicroscopyTime-Lapse Video Microscopy GFP H2B

RFP Protein

Page 27: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

세포주기조절인자를표적하는약세포주기조절인자를표적하는약

Millenium 8054:첨단항암제Millenium 8054:첨단항암제

Page 28: 제1부: 노벨상과현대생물학 - ksmcb.or.krGerty Theresa Cori née RadnitzGerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (1896.8.15-1957.10.26) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947

What Is the Universe Made Of?What Genetic Changes Made Us Uniquely Human?

- Your Place -

What Is the Universe Made Of?

What is the Biological Basis of Consciousness?How Are Memories Stored and Retrieved?What is the Biological Basis of Consciousness?

Why Do Humans Have So Few Genes?How Did Cooperative Behavior Evolve? Why Do Humans Have So Few Genes?

To What Extent Are Genetic Variation and Personal Health Linked?How Will Big Pictures Emerge from a Sea of Biological Data?

Can the Laws of Physics Be Unified?How Far Can We Push Chemical Self-Assembly?

How Much Can Human Life Span Be Extended?What Are the Limits of Conventional Computing?

What Controls Organ Regeneration? Can We Selectively Shut Off Immune Responses?

How Can a Skin Cell Become a Nerve Cell?Science (2005)Do Deeper Principles Underlie Quantum Uncertainty and Nonlocality?