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有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry1 生体分子の化学進化 (Chemical Evolution of Biomolecules) 2 生体分子の続成変化 (Diagenesis of Biomolecules) 野本信也(Shinya Nomoto) Lab: A102 Tel: 029-853-4954 E-mail: [email protected] 地球上で起こってきた化学現象の解明 (Researches on the chemical phenomena that have taken place on the Earth.) 有機地球化学のトピックス Topics of organic geochemistry

有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

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Page 1: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

有機地球化学 (Organic Geochemistry)

1 生体分子の化学進化 (Chemical Evolution of Biomolecules) 2 生体分子の続成変化 (Diagenesis of Biomolecules)

野本信也(Shinya Nomoto) Lab: A102 Tel: 029-853-4954 E-mail: [email protected]

地球上で起こってきた化学現象の解明 (Researches on the chemical phenomena that have taken place on the Earth.)

有機地球化学のトピックス Topics of organic geochemistry

Page 2: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

生体分子の化学進化 (Chemical Evolution of Biomolecules)

leading to origin of life

Page 3: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

生命の自然発生説

生物は親からも,親なしでも生まれるとする考え方

4th century B.C. アリステトレス(Aristotle):ウナギは泥から生まれる。

17th century ヘルモント(Helmont)の観察:壺に入れておいた

小麦の粒と古着が反応してハツカネズミが生まれた。

Helmont supported this theory on the basis of

his finding that mouse was produced by the reaction

of wheat grain and old clothes, in the 17th century.

Theory of autogenesis of life: the living thing is born without parents, and also from parents.

Aristotle proposed the theory of autogenesis of life for the first time, and said that eel is born from mud , in the 4th century B.C.

Jan Baptista van Helmont: a chemist, a physician, and an alchemist

Origin of life

Page 4: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

自然発生説の否定 (Observation gainsaying the theory of autogenesis of life)

1665年 フランチェスコ・レディの実験 ・2つのビンの中に魚の死体を入れる。 ・一方のビンはふたをせず、もう一方のビンは布(目の細かいガーゼ) で覆ってふたをする。 ・数日間放置すると,ふたをしなかったビンにはウジがわくが、ふたを したビンにはウジはわかなかった。

1665: Francesco Redi’s experiments - Dead fishes were put into 2 jars.

- One jar was left open, and the other was covered with fine gauze.

- The 2 jars were left unattended for several days.

While maggots appeared in the open jar, they did not appear in the gauze-

covered jar.

Origin of life

A fly might entered the open bottle and might have laid the egg. This observation showed that the living thing is born only from parents.

Page 5: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

1860年代 パスツールの白鳥の首フラスコを用いた実験

• スープを加熱沸騰させて冷却しても、スープは変化しない。

• 沸騰、冷却したフラスコの首を切ると、スープの中でバクテリアが増殖する。

自然発生説の否定 (Observation gainsaying the theory of autogenesis of life)

1860s: Pasteur's experiment using a swan-neck flask - Broth in a swan-neck flask was boiled and then cooled. The broth

showed no change.

- Bacteria grew in the broth after the neck of the flask was broken. After the neck was broken,

the bacteria might have entered into the container, and they bred.

This fact precluded the theory of autogenesis of life.

Origin of life

Page 6: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

化学進化説 1922年 オパーリン(Oparin)

Theory of chemical evolution by Oparin (1922) A new theory of origin of life

オパーリン [英 Oparin, Aleksandr Ivanovich] 1894.3.2 ― 1980.4.21. ソ連の生化学者。1929年モスクワ大学教授、1935年ソ連科学アカデミーのバーク(Bakh)記念生化学研究所の創立に参加、1946年同研究所所長、1939年からソ連科学アカデミー正会員。酸化酵素系(特にポリフェノールオキシダーゼ系)およびアミラーゼの作用を細胞の機能および構造と密に関連させて研究した。 地球上における無機物質からの有機物、さらに生命の発生を論じた業績はきわめて独得のものであり、また進化の生化学(比較生化学)的研究への途を開いた。世界平和擁護委員会委員、世界科学連盟副会長などとして社会的活動もひろく行なった。

Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1929 and was involved in the foundation of A.N. Bakh Institute of Biochemistry, USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1935. He became the director of the Institute in 1946 and became a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He studied the action of oxidases (polyphenol oxidases, in particular) and amylases and paid close attention to the relationship between their action and the function and structure of cells. His achievement in discussing the origin of life from organic and inorganic matter on the Earth was extremely unique, and he pioneered the field of biochemical analysis of evolution (comparative biochemistry). He was also involved in a wide range of social activities. He represented the Soviet Union at the World Peace Council and served as a vice president of the World Federation of Scientific Workers.

Origin of life

Page 7: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

50 40 30 20 10 x 108 Age(year)

始生代 原生代 古生代

中生代

新生代 Formation of the Earth

Evolution of molecules

Evolution of life

1 2 3 4 物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Inorganic Material

Organic Material

Bioorganic Molecules

Bioorganic Polymers

Primitive Cells

生命発生のための物質進化の4段階

化学進化説 Theory of chemical evolution

Cenozoic Mesozoic

Paleozoic

Proterozoic

Archeozoic

Coacervate

History of the Earth

Origin of life

There had to have been biomolecular evolution, before the birth of the living thing.

Birth of the living thing

Page 8: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

(1) 1% アラビアゴム水溶液 (5ml) 1% gum arabic aqueous solution (5ml)

(2) 1%ゼラチン (3ml) 1% gelatin aqueous solution (3ml)

(3) 塩酸(少量ずつ) hydrochloric acid (dropwise addition)

(4) 溶液は白濁する(コアセルベートの生成) The solution becomes cloudy, due to the formation of coaservates.

Formation of coaservates

gum arabic: mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins. gelatin: protein.

Coaservate: a model of a primitive cell

多糖類 糖蛋白質

Page 9: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

手塚治虫著、「火の鳥」より

コアセルベーション [coacervation] ソ連の生化学者オパーリンは、原生動物などの細胞内の原形質がコアセルベートと多くの類似性をもつことから、地球上における生命発生の一段階として有機物質のコアセルベートの生成を想定した(1936)。

Coacervation The Soviet biochemist Oparin considered the formation of coacervates of organic materials as a step in the origin of life on Earth because of the similarities between the protoplasm of protozoan cells and coacervates (1936).

From “Hi no tori (Phoenix)” by Osamu Tezuka

Osamu Tezuka, a comic artist, introduced the theory of chemical evolution in his “Hi no tori (Phoenix)” .

Origin of life

Page 10: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

Millerの装置

沸騰水

タングステン電極

CH4

NH3

H2

H2O

冷却水

排気

Miller’s Experiments (1953)

Tungsten electrodes

Spark discharge is caused in this space.

火花放電

Boiling water

Biomolecules proved to be generated from (inorganic) material. It is known as the first experiment proving a part of the chemical evolution hypothesis.

スタンリー・ロイド・ミラー (Stanley Lloyd Miller、1930 - 2007)

Stanley Miller performed the first experimental verifications of the evolution of organic compounds.

Origin of life

Exhaust pipe

Cooling water

After this device was operated for seven days, products in the water phase were analyzed.

1 2 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

Page 11: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

Miller’s Experiments

CH4

NH3

H2

H2O

エネルギー: 火花放電

グリシン(Glycine)

H2NO

OH

O

OH

OH

乳酸(Lactic acid)

H2N NH2

O

尿素(Urea)

and other biomolecules

H2NO

OH

O

OH

H2NO

OH

HO O

アスパラギン酸 (Aspartic acid)

グルタミン酸 (Glutamic acid)

Origin of life

Without the spark discharge, these biomolecules were not formed. Why, by what kind of mechanism, were these molecules produced?

酢酸(Acetic acid) CH3COOH

ギ酸(Formic acid) HCOOH

グリコール酸(Glycolic acid) HO-CH2COOH

コハク酸(Succinic acid) HOOCCH2CH2COOH

AMINO ACIDS HYDROXY ACIDS

Energy: Spark discharge

Page 12: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

- CH2 - - CH -

X

( X = NH2, OH, CN )

- CH2 - CH2 - - CH = CH -

Radical ractions leading to formation of biomolecules

H2O ・OH + ・H Eergies

CH4 ・CH3 + ・H

2 x ・CH3 CH3-CH3

- CH - ・ ・X

-CN -CONH2 -COOH H2O

Origin of life

Highly reactive species

Radical formation: homolytical bond cleavage

C-C bond formation

Functionalization of hydrocarbons

Hydrolysis of a nitrile caused by boiling water, not by discharge.

Radical reactions should have taken place by the action of spark discharge. The discharge energy can cleave C-H, N-H, and O-H bonds to produce various radicals.

H:O:H

不対電子 (Unpaired Electron)

- CH2 - NH2 - CH = NH -CN

H2O

NH3 ・NH2 + ・H

Radical coupling

Formation of a nitrile

Formation of carboxylic acids.

Page 13: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

原始地球(An image of the primitive Earth) Origin of life

Energies available on the Earth

Sunlight(total)

紫外線(UV)

<300 nm

<250 nm

<200 nm

<150 nm

放電(Discharge)

宇宙線(Cosmic ray)

放射能(Radioactive ray)

火山(Volcanic act.)

衝撃波(Shock wave)

1,090,000 J/cm2 year

14,000

2,360

170

7

17

0.006

3.0

0.5

4.6

Radical reactions were able to take place on the primitive Earth.

Sunlight Lightning discharge

Heat by volcanic activity

Shockwave by asteroid impact

Page 14: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

1 2 3 4

N‐カルバモイルアミノ酸 α‐ケト酸 尿素

物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (1) (by S. Nomoto)

Material Organic material

Bioorganic molecules

Bioorganic polymers

Primitive cells

α -Keto acids Urea N-Carbamoyl amino acids

These molecules are considered to be present on the primitive Earth.

Formic acid

C OH

O

C

O

R H2N NH2

O

CR

NH

H

C

O

OH10% HCOOH

+

C

NH2

O

Page 15: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

R= H

CH3

CH2COOH

N-カルバモイルグリシン Glycine

N-カルバモイルアラニン Alanine

N-カルバモイルアスパラギン酸 Aspartic acid

COOH

N

R

NH2

O

COOH

HN

R

NH2

O

HCOOH

-H2O

ケト酸からアミノ酸の生成 (Formation of amino acids from ketoacids.) N-カルバモイルアミノ酸は,熱重合することが期待できる (N-Carbamoyl amino acids are expected to have the polymerizing abilitiy by the action of heat.)

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (1)

80℃

1 2 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

These experiments demonstrated the formation of biomolecules (derivatives) from simple organic material.

COOH

O

R H2N NH2

O

Dehydration condensation

Hydrogenation by formic acid

Page 16: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

COOH

HN

R

NH2

O

N-Carbamoyl amino acid in a degassed sealed glass tube.

N-Carbamoyl amino acid is heated in an electric oven.

Heating products are analyzed with LC-MS, ESI-MS, and NMR.

Heat

>180℃

2h 4h 8h (200℃) 16h 32h

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (1)

1 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

We then attempted thermal polymerization of N-carbamoyl amino acids.

Page 17: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

180 237

465

351

408

294

2-mer 3-mer

4-mer

5-mer

6-mer

7-mer

100 500 400 300 200 [m/z]

n

HN N

NH

NH2

O

O

O

O

ヒダントイン環

n=0 n=1

n=2

n=3

n=4

n=5

ESI-MS H2N N

H

O

O

OH

Heat

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (1)

1 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

The molecular weights of the products are obtained by this analysis.

The product contasins 7 glycine units.

Page 18: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

Heating time(h)

16

8

4

2

1

0.5

0 4.25 4.00 3.75

δ (ppm)

NMR spectra of heating products of N-carbamoyl glycine

2-mer

内部標準:DSS (10.0mg/ml-D2O)

3-mer

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (1)

1 2 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

This analysis was performed to know the polymerization yields of a dimer and a trimer.

HN N

NH

NH2

O

O

O

On

Page 19: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 5 10 15 20

加熱時間(h)

収率

(%)

2-mer

3-mer

Yield of heating products of N-carbamoyl glycine

Heating time(h)

Yield(%)

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (1)

1 2 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

These experiments showed abiotic formation of biopolymer from bioorganic monomer.

Page 20: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (1)

1 2 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

COOH

HN

R

NH2

O

COOH

N

R

NH2

OH

COOH

N

R

CO

COOH

HN

R

NH2

O

COOH

N

R

CO

COOH

N

R

O

R NH

H2N O

H

Dimer

COOH

N

R

O

O

R NH

H2N O

O

H

COOH

N

R

NH

OO

R

Why did N-carbamoyl amino acids undergo thermal polymerization?

-NH3 Tautomerization

Elimination of ammonia

Isocyanate group; very reactive

Addition of carboxylic acid to isocyanate

Rearrangement -CO2

Hydantoin formation

Rather unstable

Peptide bond

Elongation of peptide

Page 21: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

アラニンのギ酸アンモニウム中での熱重合

アラニンとギ酸アンモニウム(mp 120 oC)

Alanine and HCOO-・NH4+ were heated at 130 ℃ for 24 h in a degassed sealed tube

N H O

OH H アラニン

Alanine

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (2) (in progress)

1 2 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

When alanine alone is heated, it decomposes at about 250℃.

Abiotic formation of primitive proteins was attempted.

We expected that alanine would undergo polymerization, when it is dissolved in polar medium (solvent) and heated..

We chose ammonium formate as a polar medium, which could be present in the primitive Earth.

Experiment

Page 22: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (2) (in progress)

1 2 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

10 15 20

Retention time / min

TIC

m/z 116

Inte

nsity o

f [M

– 1

]- p

ea

k

187

258

329

m/z 115

186

257

328

(n=1)

(n=2)

(n=3)

(n=4)

(n=1)

(n=2)

(n=3)

(n=4)

LC-MS

MW: 46+71n MW: 45+71n

NH O

OHHCO

n

NH O

OHHCO

n

NH O

OHHCO

n

NH O

OHHCO

n

NH O

OHHCO

n n

NH O

NH2HCO

n

NH O

NH2HCO

n

NH O

NH2HCO

n

NH O

NH2HCO

n

NH O

NH2HCO

nn

NH O

NH2HCO

NH O

NH2HCO

Alanine polymerized in ammonium formate by the action of heat!

N H O

OH H

Further investigation is in progress for larger polymers.

Page 23: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

R NH

O

R

遷移状態)

出発物質

生成物

E 高極性媒体中

低極性

媒体中

R OH

O

RH2N

-

+

活性化エネルギー

R OH

O

RH2N

Transition state (at the highest energy level)

Activation energy

Starting material: Amino acid

Product: peptide

in less polar medium

in more polar medium, such as molten ammonium formate

Polar transition state

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (2)

Why did alanine undergo polymerization in molten ammonium formate?

Polar compounds are stable in polar media, and unstable in less polar media. Then, polar ammonium formate lowered the activation energy of the polymerization.

Page 24: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

熱重合に利用可能な高極性媒体

•ギ酸アンモニウム HCOO・NH4 (mp 120 oC) •酢酸アンモニウム CH3COO・NH4 (mp 114 oC) •ギ酸アミド HCO-NH2 (mp 2.6 oC、bp 210 oC ) •酢酸アミド CH3CO-NH2 (mp 82 oC、bp 221 oC )

Polar media

Simulation experiments of biopolymer formation on the primitive Earth (2) (in progress)

1 2 3 4物質 有機物質 生体低分子 生体高分子 原始細胞

Material Organic material

Bioorganicmolecules

Bioorganicpolymers

Primitivecells

These experiments showed abiotic formation of biopolymers from bioorganic monomers under rather mild conditions.

潮だまり(Tide pool)

Page 25: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

生体分子の続成変化(地層中での化学変化) (Diagenesis of Biomolecules)

Page 26: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

有機地球化学(Organic Geochemistry)

○地層中に残された過去の記録の分析-化石分子

Analyses of bioorganic molecules in sediments (Chemical fossils)

○石油の起源

The origin of petroleum

Page 27: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

Fossils

環境

地質年代

生物

化石

示準化石(Index fossils )

示相化石(Facies fossils )

特定の地質時代に限り生息していた特定の種の化石

Fossils of species that lived only in specific geological times

地層の年代の決定

Used to define geological ages

特定の環境(気候、水深、水温など)に限り生息していた特定の種の化石

Fossils of species that lived only in specific environments (e.g., in specific climates, water depth, water temperature)

地層が堆積した環境の特定

Used to identify the environment in which the stratum accumulated

保存・化石化

地層中に残された過去の記録

The records of the past Earth have been left as fossils in sediments.

Geological age

Organisms

Environment

Conservation and fossilization

Page 28: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

カンブリア爆発 Cambrian explosion

バージェス動物群 Burgess fauna

ストロマトライト

Stromatolites

生物界大量絶滅 Mass extinction of life

生命の誕生 Birth of life

無脊椎動物の時代 Age of the invertebrates

三葉虫 Trilobites

魚類 Fish

両棲類 Amphibians

恐竜の全盛期 Heyday of the dinosaurs

三葉虫・フズリナの絶滅

Extinction of the

trilobites and fusulinids

アンモナイトの全盛期 Heyday of the ammonites

アンモナイト・恐竜の絶滅

Extinction of the ammonites

and dinosaurs

地球の歴史(History of the Earth)

生物界大量絶滅 Mass extinction of life

Jurassic

Triassic

Permian

Carboniferous

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Precambrian

Cretaceous

Tertiary

Page 29: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

化石ストロマトライト Fossil stromatolites

フランス,漸新世後期~中新世前期

カナダ,19億年前

ストロマトライトStromatolites ・シアノバクテリアのコロニーの生痕化石

Trace fossils of colonies of cyanobacteria

・28億年前ごろから現われ始め、

Emerged around 2.8 billion years ago

・20億年前から急激に増加、

Increased drastically 2 billion years ago

・10億年前には絶頂期

Reached the peak 1 billion years ago

シアノバクテリアCyanobacteria ・光合成生物 Photoautotrophs

・その増加により、地球上の酸素濃度は上昇

Oxygen concentration on the Earth increased due

to the increase of cyanobacteria

・一般の生物にとっては悪い栄養環境が

好都合な棲息場所になる

They live in a nutritional environment unfavorable

for ordinary organisms.

Page 30: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

エディアカラ丘陵Ediacara Hills

エディアカラ動物群・・・先カンブリア時代 Precambrian fossils

ディッキンソニア(Dickinsonia)

オーストラリア、アデレード北方エディアカラの丘陵で1946年に大量に発見された

硬い骨格をもたない生物は、化石として保存されることが稀であるが、

これは泥流などによって、海底の生物が一瞬にして土砂中に封じ込められたためと考えられる

Ediacaran fauna

Many fossils were found in the Ediacara Hills in the

north of Adelaide, Australia, in 1946.

Although organisms with no skeletons are rarely

preserved, these organisms were preserved

because of the rapid covering by mudflows, which

trapped the organisms living in the sea-bed in sand.

Page 31: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

アノマロカリス(Anomalocaris)

バージェス頁岩 Burgess shale

バージェス動物群Burgess fauna ・・・カンブリア時代 Cambrian fossils

カナダのブリティッシュコロンビア州にあるバージェス頁岩の中から化石として発見された動物群 嫌気性の高い粘土状態で急速に化石となったらしく、軟体部がよく保存され、体の組織が観察される

Burgess fauna are represented by fossils discovered in Burgess shale in British

Columbia, Canada.

The fossils are considered to have undergone rapid fossilization in highly anaerobic,

argillaceous conditions; therefore, the soft parts are well preserved and the body

tissues can be observed. (fauna: 動物誌)

Page 32: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

地層有機物

環境

地質年代

保存・化学変化

生物を構成する

有機分子

生物

地層中に残された過去の記録

起源生物指標分子

環境指標分子

地質年代指標分子

Biomolecules

Geomolecules (molecular fossils, chemical fossils)

Index geomolecules

Facies geomolecules

Geological age

Organisms

Environment

Conservation

Chemical transformation

Records of the past Earth have been left as fossils of biomolecules in sediments.

The biomolecules also fossilize to give geomolecules, molecular fossils.

Page 33: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

堆積岩

堆積物

現生の生物: 1* (*: 相対炭素量) 大気

CO2: 1.2

海洋 溶存有機物: 2 無機炭素: 60

無機炭素: 90,000 有機炭素: 20,000

土壌有機物: 5

地層有機物の形成と続成変化

陸域起源有機物 海域起源有機物

(プランクトン,藻類など)

生物分解酸化分解

<1%

堆積盆地

ケロジェン・モデル

ケロジェン (不定形・不溶性

高分子)

(ヤングケロジェン, 腐植物質)

生体有機物

(炭水化物,蛋白質,脂質など)

50-60℃以下(ケロジェン生成)

100-150℃ (熱分解で可溶性成分の生成,

原油など)

150℃以上 (熱分解でガス生成)

炭素残渣

熟成 過去の地球環境の履歴

古環境 堆積環境

続成変化

地質学的年代

ケロジェン:地層中の不定形、不溶性高分子物質

ケロジェンに取り込まれた生体分子のみが地層中で地質学的年代に渡って保存される

Page 34: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

クロロフィルの続成変化と地層中で保存される形

第1次生産者: 光合成生物

(植物プランクトン,藻類など)

堆積物・堆積岩

大気環境

従属栄養生物 水環境

光環境

湧昇流

栄養塩類

栄養塩類

中生代

古生代

新生代 先カンブリア代

結合態ポルフィリン

結合態マレイミド類

ポルフィリン

マレイミド類

有光層

光合成 細菌

バクテリオ クロロフィル

酸化還元境界

NH

O O

R1 R2

NH

O O

RnN

N

NH

HN

NH

O O

R1 R2

結合態マレイミド類

結合態ポルフィリン

N

N

NH

HN

ケロジェン

マレイミド類 ポルフィリン

クロロフィル

代謝(生体内)、酸化

NH

O O

N

N N

N

O

Mg

HCOOMe

HH

COO-phytyl

A

CD

E

B

N

N N

N

HO

R8

R12

O

Mg

R7

HH

COO-farnesyl

R20

光合成細菌の持つ

バクテリオクロロフィル

酸素発生型光合成生物の主要なクロロフィル

Page 35: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

ペルム紀末の地層試料の分析に基づく生物界大量絶滅の原因の解明 Elucidation of the causes of massive extinction on the basis of analyses of stratum

samples from the end of the Permian

ペルム紀末,つまりP/T境界の生物大量絶滅事件は,地球の歴史の中で最大である。この絶滅事件で,海棲生物種の95%が絶滅した。絶滅した生物種は,フズリナ,腕足動物,軟体動物,環形動物,節足動物 など多岐にわたる。 その原因として,天体衝突説、大規模火山活動説、海洋酸素欠乏説などが提唱された。

ペルム紀について:2億9000万年前から2億5000万年前までの約4000万年間 The Permian: from 290 to 250 million years ago

The massive extinction of organisms at the Permian-Triassic (P/T) boundary is the

largest extinction event in the history of the Earth. This event resulted in the extinction of

95% of marine species. The extinct biological species included fusulinids, brachiopods,

molluscs, annelids, and arthropods.

The proposed causes of the extinction include asteroid impacts, extensive volcanic

activity, and anoxic events in the oceans.

フズリナ 腕足類 軟体動物,環形動物,節足動物

Analysis of geomolecules

Page 36: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

マレイミドの分析 Analysis of maleimides in the Permian sedimentary rocks

Powdered sedimentary rocks (30 - 250 g)

Extracted by sonication with CH2Cl2 / CH3OH Fractionated by chromatography

GC-MS analysis

Maleimides

Derivatised with MTBSTFA F3C

O

N

Si

R2R1

NH

O O

R2R1

NO O

Si

メチルイソブチルマレイミド (Methylisobutylmaleimide)

試料: オーストラリアのパース海盆と中国南部のP/T境界層泥岩

Page 37: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

光合成細菌起源の分子の発見 Discovery of a molecule derived from photosynthetic bacteria

N

N

N

N

Mg

CO2FarnesylO

R2

R1

R3

OH

R4 R1 R2 R3 R4

Bacteriochlorophyll c Me Et, n-Pr, i-Bu Me, Et Me d Me Et, n-Pr, i-Bu, neo-Pen Me, Et H e CHO Et, n-Pr, i-Bu Me Me

Metabolism Photooxidation

代謝 光酸化

NH

O O

メチルイソブチルマレイミド (Methylisobutylmaleimide)

クロロビウム科の緑色光合成細菌の持つクロロロフィル Chlorophylls in green photosynthetic bacteria belonging to the Chlorobiaceae family

Why did the massive extinction of organisms take place?

Bacteriochlorophylls have specific molecular structures, and can be specified by this partial structure.

酸素のない環境で太陽光と硫化水素を使って光合成を行う微生物

海洋表層の有光層まで酸素が乏しい状態になったことが示された (大気・海洋に大量の硫化水素が供給され、その結果として海洋が酸素欠乏状態になり、ひいては生物大量絶滅を招いた)

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ペルム紀末の超低酸素現象時の海洋有光層における還元的環境の化学的証拠

Molecular Evidence of Photic Zone Euxinia During the Permian-Triassic Superanoxic

Event

ペルム紀の海洋 The Permian ocean

太陽光Sunlight

有光層が無酸素 Photic zone lacked oxygen

Methylisobutylmaleimide

緑色光合成細菌

Green photosynthetic

bacteria

硫化水素

Hydrogen sulfide

(H2S) :有害

無酸素環境で繁殖 バクテリオクロロフィルで光合成

NH

O O

Euxinia : a seawater containing free H2S

生物の大量絶滅を招いた

Massive extinction of organisms

Page 39: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

ペルム紀末の海洋生物大量絶滅 と海洋環境

約2億5000万年前のペルム紀末の地球の様子

パンゲア大陸を囲む黄色の線に三角の記号は海溝を示す (PALEOMAP Project, http://www.scotese.com/Default.htmより)

世界規模で海洋底の無酸素化

古テチス海 (内海)

・海洋表層まで無酸素還元的

無酸素環境下で硫化水素を用いて 光合成を行う緑色硫黄細菌の証拠

パンサラッサ海 (外洋)

・海洋表層環境は明らかでない

パンサラッサ海

古テチス海

Page 40: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

ペルム紀末のパンサラッサ海遠洋で堆積した地層に残る

光合成生物の痕跡を探し、当時の海洋表層環境を明らかにする

約2億5000万年前のペルム紀末の地球の様子

パンゲア大陸を囲む黄色の線に三角の記号は海溝を示す (PALEOMAP Project, http://www.scotese.com/Default.htmより)

ペルム紀/三畳紀境界層

(岩手県)

ペルム紀末~前期三畳紀の遠洋性堆積物

(Takahashi et al., 2009)

還元的環境であったのか?

それとも違ったのか?

ペルム紀末の海洋生物大量絶滅 と海洋環境

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上部

ペル

ム系

部三

畳系

Ch

an

g-

sh

ing

ian

Ind

ua

n

Grie

sb

achia

n

Die

ne

ria

n

Ole

ne

kia

n

Sm

ith

ian

252Ma

●: 試料 (計37個)

岩層柱状図

Takahashi et al. (2009)に基づく

層状チャート

珪質泥岩

黒色泥岩

F 小断層

-2

層準

29 - 3

F

F 32

34

18 (m)

15

10

5

1

0

F

F

33

30

32

29

30

31

23

20

27 25

21

層準 (cm) 150

100

50

0

-50

上部

ペル

ム系

部三

畳系

C

ha

ng

sh

ing

ian

G

rie

sb

achia

n

3

19

16

9 8

6

4

17

12

10

5

14

11

ペルム紀末の海洋生物大量絶滅 と海洋環境

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保持時間 (分) 24 25 26 27 28 29

NH

O O

A)

B)

NH

O O

C)

NH

O O

F)

NH

O O

m/z

111

125

139

167

A: モノメチルマレイミド

B: ジメチルマレイミド

C: メチルエチルマレイミド

F: メチル-i-ブチルマレイミド

C

C

F

ペルム紀末の海洋生物大量絶滅 と海洋環境

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ペル

ム系

下部

三畳

Ch

an

g-

sh

ing

ian

Ind

ua

n

Grie

sb

achia

n

Die

ne

ria

n

Ole

ne

kia

n

Sm

ith

ian

252Ma

-2

層準

29 - 3

F

F 32

34

18 (m)

15

10

5

1

0

F

F

33

30

緑色硫黄細菌由来マレイミド類の深度分布

NH

O O

NH

O O

ppt

Am-2セクションにおけるペルム紀末の複数の層準から、緑色硫黄細菌に由来するマレイミド類を初めて検出した。

→パンサラッサ海遠洋で

還元的表層環境が発達

Page 44: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

This homepage is recommended to be inspected.

独立行政法人 石油天然ガス・金属鉱物資源機構 Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation

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Origin of petroleum

Page 46: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

石油の生成

Origin of petroleum

In the ancient age, dead bodies of plankton, algae, and terrestrial plant sank at the bottom of the sea with mud, and have piled up. And the stratum is formed. The biomolecules contained in the stratum will change into kerogen. Kerogen is decomposed by heat and pressure to release petroleum.

Page 47: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

哺乳動物・裸子植物の繁栄

Proliferation of mammals and gymnosperms

三葉虫など無脊椎動物の繁栄

Proliferation of invertebrates such as trilobites

石油を生成した地層の地質時代

中生代:恐竜などのは虫類やアンモナイトが栄えた時代

Mesozoic: Ammonites and reptiles such as dinosaurs thrived

魚類の登場,オゾン層の形成

Appearance of fish, formation of the ozone layer

植物の陸上進出Appearance of land plants

脊椎動物,オウムガイ,アンモナイト,両生類

Vertebrates, nautili, ammonites, amphibians

シダ植物,両生類の上陸,爬虫類,巨大昆虫 Pteridophytes, amphibians moved onto land; reptiles, giant insects

温暖で湿度の高い気候

Warm and very humid period

Geological age of oil fields

The Cretaceous

主要な石油生成層は白亜紀の地層

Major oil-generating strata are derived from the Cretaceous period.

(Millio

n ye

ars)

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石油は何から生成したか?

生物群Organism 全個体数Population

1個体の乾燥重量Individual dry weight (g)

総乾燥重量

Total dry weight (g)

植物プランクトンPhytoplankton

4.6 x 1024 5.2 x 10-10 2.4 x 1015

大型藻類

Large algae

6.2 x 1014 10 6.2 x 1015

被子植物Angiosperms

1.2 x 1014 10000 1.2 x 1018

魚類 Fish 6.5 x 1014 1 6.5 x 1014

鳥類 Birds 2.4 x 109 100 2.4 x 1011

哺乳類 Mammals 2.3 x 1011 1000 2.3 x 1014

人間 Human beings 3.0 x 109 10000 3 x 1013

現在の地球に存在する各種生物の総重量

Total weight of various organisms presently living on the Earth

The origin of petroleum

What is the origin of petroleum?: Phytoplankton, marine algae, land plants, etc.

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生体有機物の内,何が石油になったのか?

炭水化物

タンパク質

脂質

0 20 40 60 80 100

全有機物に対する割合(Content ratio)(%)

ケイ藻

炭水化物 タンパク質 脂質

Carbohydrate

Protein

Lipid

Carbohydrate Protein Lipid

Diatom

Biomolecules

From which biomolecules does petroleum originate ?

Page 50: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

O

HO

OH

OH

OH

H,OH

炭水化物 Carbohydrates

O

HO

OH OH

H,OH

炭水化物は植物の光合成反応における主要な生産物の一つ Carbohydrates are the major products of photosynthesis in plants.

貯蔵性物質Storage molecules

自然界に産出する有機物中もっとも多量に存在する The highest amounts of these molecules are

observed in natural organic compounds. 構造性物質Structural molecules

でんぷん

Cell membrane

Pectin

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

植物の

細胞壁 Plant

cell wall

単糖類Monosaccharides

Starch

Cellulose

D-glucose D-ribose

Constituents of higher plants: cellulose (50%), hemicellulose (25%), lignin (25%)

Carbohydrates do not have carbon chains necessary for petroleum generation.

Page 51: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

H2N COOHH2N COOH

COOH

H2N COOH

OH

アミノ酸・タンパク質 Amino acids and proteins

Amino acids do not have carbon chains necessary for petroleum generation.

Page 52: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

H2C

HC

H2C

OOC

OOC

OOC

R

R'

R"

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

CH3(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH : オレイン酸Oleic acid

CH3(CH2)4-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH : リノール酸Linoleic acid

CH3CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH : リノレン酸Linolenic acid

中性脂質Neutral lipids リン脂質Phospholipids

H2C

HC

H2C

OPO3

OOC

OOC

(CH2)14CH3

(CH2)7CH=CH(CH 2)7CH3

CH2CH2 N(CH3)3

レシチンLecithin

タンパク質

Protein

脂質 Lipids 貯蔵性物質Storage molecules 構造性物質Structural molecules

n = 10: Lauric acid

n = 12: Myristic acid

n = 14: Palmitic acid

n = 16: Stearic acid

The major neutral lipids in plants contain high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids and are liquids at normal temperatures. The major neutral lipids in animals contain high proportions of saturated fatty acids and are usually solids at normal temperatures. Lipids are effective energy-storage molecules. In plants, lipids are often contained in seeds.

It widely exists in organisms and is

involved in the constitution of cell

membranes and mitochondria. It

forms a lipid bilayer.

Petroleum may have been formed mainly from lipids of the past organism.

Page 53: 有機地球化学 Organic Geochemistry E-mail: …Oparin [Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin] 1894.3.2–1980.4.21 Oparin was a Soviet biochemist who became a professor at M. V. Lomonosov

This homepage is also recommended to be inspected.

独立行政法人 海洋研究開発機構 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology