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^cnqk`bq|j` Peqosak7j` L`jednm7!*.

Anqm7! 7 Cepvecnbhm` r` Qepa7! 7 Wnpmncnp7!

r`jnf qond7b`~r|q! oph;dm`rhq! dn opncp`lh

“O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps” r` P`dh

;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn o`prmepqrb`. M@RN o7drphls;

?um7 op`cmemm!, `ke bhgm`whk` p!d menau7dmhu

bhlnc. Qeped mhu qo7bop`v! g L7fm`pndmhl

rphasm`knl b C``g7, gnjpel`, g`rphl`mm!

P`dnb`m` J`p`dfhw` r` P`rjn Lk`dhw`,m`ib7dnl7xhu o7dngp~b`mhu b7iq|jnbhu

gknwhmv7b. Rhl w`qnl M@RN bfe m`d`; dnonlncs

Anqm7? 7 Cepvecnbhm7 s gd7iqmemm7 b7iq|jnbn?

petnplh. G Qepa7;~ 7 Wnpmncnp7;~ r`jnf

pngbhb`;r|q! nalefem` b7iq|jnb` qo7bop`v!,m`ophjk`d, b7iq|jnb7 7 vhb7k|m7 opedqr`bmhjh v7;?

jp`?mh m`bw`~r|q! m` np7;mr`v7imhu jspq`u

M@RN, yn d`; ?l lnfkhb7qr| ngm`inlhrhq| g

@k|!mqnl, ohr`mm!lh bpecsk~b`mm! jphg,lhpnrbnpwhlh noep`v7!lh 7 ophmvho`lh

b7iq|jnbn-vhb7k|mn? qo7bop`v7.

7

Nqmnbm7 leu`m7glh

M@RN opnbndhr| pecsk!pm7 jnmqsk|r`v7? g

jp`?m`lh-o`prmep`lh b P`d7 ;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn

o`prmepqrb` (P4@O), !j` g`aegoews; g`c`k|mhi

onk7rhwmhi tnpl`r dk! b7dmnqhm g o`prmep`lh.Jnfm` jp`?m`-o`prmep r`jnf l`; lnfkhb7qr|

pngbhb`rh 7mdhb7ds`k|m7 b7dmnqhmh g @k|!mqnl s

lef`u opncp`lh “O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps”(OGL), yn ; opncp`ln~ op`jrhwmn? qo7bop`v7 7

g`und7b, g !jhu o`prmeph lnfsr| q`l7 nahp`rh r7

m`op!ljh, !j7 b7donb7d`~r| ?um7l op7nphrer`l. V7

db` nqmnbmhu leu`m7glh o`prmepqrb` qr`kh

meb7d’;lmhlh qjk`dnbhlh ;bpn`rk`mrhwmn?

`pu7rejrsph aegoejh.

M` q`l7r`u b L`dphd7 (1997), B`xhmcrnm7 (1999),Op`g7 (2002) 7 Qr`lask7 (2004) askh gpnakem7

jpnjh m` xk!us onckhakemm! qo7bop`v7 l7f M@RN

7 jp`?m`lh-o`prmep`lh. 6m7v7`rhbh, g`opnonmnb`m7

m` q`l7r`u, a`gs~r|q! m` qo7k|mhu v7mmnqr!u 7

ophmvho`u qo7bop`v7 7 qb7dw`r| opn b7dd`m7qr|

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onxhpemm~ lhps 7 qr`a7k|mnqr7 b ;bpn`rk`mrhwm7i

gnm7 r` ong` ?? lef`lh.

NQMNBM6 ER@OH PNGBHRJS O@PRMEPQRB@

1991 Oepxe g`q7d`mm! P`dh

o7bm7wmn`rk`mrhwmncn qo7bpna7rmhvrb`

1994 G`onw`rjsb`mm! opncp`lh

“O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps” (OGL)Onw`rnj pnanrh l7q7i jp`?m-o`prmep7b s

M@RN

G`qmnb`mn Vemrp jnnpdhm`v7?

o`prmepqrb` b Xr`a7 NGQ M@RN b

4bpno7 (SHAPE)1995 L7fm`pndmhi jnnpdhm`v7imhi vemrp

onwhm`; op`v~b`rh b SHAPE1996 O`prmeph aepsr| sw`qr| s d7!k|mnqr7

qhk M@RN, qtnplnb`mhu dk!

bopnb`dfemm! Anqm7iq|jn? lhpmn? scndh

1997 Oepxe g`q7d`mm! P`dh

;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn o`prmepqrb` (P4@O)b Q7mrp7, Onprsc`k7!

M` m`qrsomhu q`l7r`u M@RN 7 P4@O b

L`dphd7, 6qo`m7!, ophim!rn p7xemm!

opn bdnqjnm`kemm! noep`rhbmn?

qjk`dnbn? OGL

1998 Qrbnpemm! 4bpn`rk`mrhwmncn vemrps

jnnpdhm`v7? pe`csb`mm! m` j`r`qrpnth 7

B7dd7ks pe`csb`mm! m` j`r`qrpnth

1999 Rph jp`?mh -- o`prmep` – Weq|j`

Peqosak7j`, Scnpyhm` r` Onk|y` –bqrso`~r| dn M@RN

D7`knc 7 qo7bop`v~ bjk~wemn b

Qrp`rec7wms jnmveov7~ M@RN !j

qjk`dnb7 tsmd`lemr`k|mhu g`bd`m| s

c`ksg7 aegoejh

M` B`xhmcrnmq|jnls q`l7r7 ophim!rn

p7xemm! yndn ond`k|xncn

bdnqjnm`kemm! OGL r` onqhkemm! ??

noep`rhbmn? pnk7

Jp`?mh-o`prmeph aepsr| sw`qr| s

pngcnpr`mm7 Qhk Jnqnb` o7d

jep7bmhvrbnl M@RN

2001 12 bepeqm! b7dasb`;r|q! g`q7d`mm!

P4@O, m` !jnls g`qsdfemn

repnphqrhwm7 m`o`dh m` Qonkswem7

Xr`rh 7 ophim!rn p7xemm! opn

anpnr|as g repnphglnl

2002 O7qk! opnbedemm! jnlokejqmncn

oepeck!ds m` Op`g|jnls q`l7r7

ophim!rn p7xemm! opn onqhkemm! pnk7

P4@O 7 OGL

G`onw`rjnb`mn Ok`m d7i O`prmepqrb`

opnrh repnphgls

2003 Jp`?mh-o`prmeph m`d`~r| qbn? qhkh dk!

tnplsb`mm! L7fm`pndmhu qhk

qoph!mm! aegoev7 b @tc`m7qr`m7,jepnb`mhu M@RN

2004 Q7l jp`?m -- o`prmep7b – Ankc`p7!,Eqrnm7!, K`rb7!, Khrb`, Pslsm7!,Qknb`wwhm` r` Qknbem7! –oph;dms~r|q! dn M@RN

M` Qr`lask|q|jnls q`l7r7 sub`k~~r|q!

p7xemm! yndn ond`k|xncn gl7vmemm!

o`prmepqrb`

G`onw`rjnb`mn Ok`m d7i o`prmepqrb`

yndn pngasdnbh nanpnmmhu 7mqrhrsv7i

8

P`d` ;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn

o`prmepqrb`

P`d` ;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn o`prmepqrb` na’;dms;

wkem7b M@RN 7 o`prmep7b (g`c`knl 46 jp`?m) s

tnpl`r7 a`c`rnqrnpnmm|ncn tnpsls dk!

opnbedemm! d7`kncs 7 jnmqsk|r`v7i g ohr`m|

onk7rhjh 7 aegoejh. Bnm` r`jnf g`aegoews;

onk7rhwme o7d8psmr! dk! pngbhrjs dbnqrnpnmm7u

bg`;lhm l7f M@RN r` njpelhlh jp`?m`lh, !j7

aepsr| sw`qr| s OGL.

Ophim!re b 1997 pnv7 p7xemm! yndn qrbnpemm!

P4@O b7ddgepj`k~b`kn menau7dm7qr| bhirh g`

lef7 dnq!cmem| P`dh o7bm7wmn`rk`mrhwmncn

qo7bpna7rmhvrb` 7 qrbnphrh tnpsl dk!

nacnbnpemm! ohr`m| aegoejh, !jhi d`b ah

lnfkhb7qr| pngbhrjs bdnqjnm`kemn? 7 a7k|x

noep`rhbmn? qhqrelh o`prmepqrb`, yn

b7donb7d`k` a ded`k7 qjk`dm7x7i qhqrel7

b7dmnqhm, !j7 pngbhb`khq! l7f o`prmep`lh

b lef`u OGL r` b jnmrejqr7 lhpnrbnpwhu

noep`v7i b Anqm7? 7 Cepvecnbhm7, de b 1996 pnv7

14 jp`?m-o`prmep7b pngcnpmskh qbn? jnmrhmcemrh

p`gnl g jp`?m`lh @k|!mqs. Bndmnw`q ophil`khq!

7mx7 p7xemm!, r`jnf qop!lnb`m7 m`

bdnqjnm`kemm! OGL wepeg `jrhbm7xe g`d7!mm!

jp`?m-o`prmep7b s opnveq7 ok`msb`mm! 7 ophim!rr!

p7xem| g sq|ncn qoejrp` g`und7b qo7bpna7rmhvrb`.G`qmsb`mm! P4@O r`jnf b7djphkn opncp`ls

o`prmepqrb`, g`onw`rjnb`ms dk! qo7bop`v7 g

jp`?m`lh jnkhxm|ncn B`px`bq|jncn o`jrs, 7 dk!

7mxhu meirp`k|mhu jp`?m G`u7dmn? 4bpnoh.

Njp7l jnpnrjnqrpnjnbhu jnmqsk|r`v7i b P4@O g

onrnwmhu ohr`m| onk7rhjh 7 aegoejh, b7dasb`;r|q!

7 opnveq dnbcnqrpnjnbhu jnmqsk|r`v7i r`

pngbhrjs qo7bpna7rmhvrb` b a`c`r|nu c`ksg!u. Ve

qrnqs;r|q!, gnjpel`, bpecsk~b`mm! jphgnbhu

qhrs`v7i r` lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7i, pec7nm`k|mhu

ohr`m|, jnmrpnk~ m`d ngapn;mm!lh r` ohr`m|,onb’!g`mhu g pngonbq~dfemm!l gapn? l`qnbncn

gmhyemm!, l7fm`pndmncn repnphgls r` nanpnmmhu

ohr`m|, r`jhu !j ok`msb`mm!, sjk`d`mm!

a~dfer7b, onk7rhj` 7 qrp`rec7! b c`ksg7 nanpnmh, `

r`jnf ok`msb`mm! m` bho`dnj m`dgbhw`imhu

qhrs`v7i r` cnrnbmnqr7 dn j`r`qrpnt, qo7bop`v7 b

c`ksg7 ngapn;m|, !depmn? aegoejh, vhb7k|mn-b7iq|jnbn? jnnpdhm`v7? sop`bk7mm! onb7rp!mhl

psunl r` m`sjnbn? qo7bop`v7.

G`kefmn b7d relh nacnbnpemm! P4@O lnfe

opnbndhrh g`q7d`mm! b p7gmhu tnpl`r`u, yn d`;

lnfkhb7qr| gsqrp7w`rhq! bq7l wkem`l M@RN 7

o`prmep`l, `an opnbndhrh nacnbnpemm! b lemxhu

pnanwhu cpso`u, b7djphrhu dk! sw`qr7

g`7mrepeqnb`mhu jp`?m. R`j` cmswj7qr| 7 ;

g`onpsjn~ sqo7xmn? pnanrh P4@O.

A7k|x7qr| jp`?m-o`prmep7b l`~r| qbn?

dhoknl`rhwm7 l7q7? b xr`a-jb`prhp7 M@RN b

Ap~qqek7, yn onkecxs; pecsk!pme qo7kjsb`mm! 7

d`; lnfkhb7qr| opnbndhrh jnmqsk|r`v7? ynp`gs,jnkh b v|nls bhmhj`; onrpea`. G`q7d`mm! P4@O

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m` p7bm7 l7m7qrp7b nanpnmh 7 g`jnpdnmmhu qop`b

r` m`w`k|mhj7b xr`a7b, ` r`jnf w`q b7d w`qs -- m`

m`ibhynls p7bm7. G 2005 pnjs opnbndhrhlsr|q!

ynp7wm7 g`q7d`mm! mnbncn Tnpsls g ohr`m|

aegoejh s p`lj`u P4@O g lern~ nacnbnpemm!

b`fkhbhu ohr`m| aegoejh 7 pngpnajh m`ia7k|x

etejrhbmhu xk!u7b ?u pngb’!g`mm!

qo7k|mhlh gsqhkk!lh.

9

> G`q7d`mm! P`dh ;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn o`prmepqrb` opnund!r|

o7d cnknbsb`mm!l Cemep`k|mncn qejper`p! M@RN.

O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps

B nqmnb7 opncp`lh “O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps”kefhr| op`jrhwm` qo7bop`v! r` b7dd`m7qr|

delnjp`rhwmhl ophmvho`l, !j7 ; m`p7fmhl

j`lemel @k|!mqs. Lern~ OGL ; onqhkemm!

qr`a7k|mnqr7, glemxemm! g`cpng aegoev7 r`

pngbhrnj `jrhbmn? qo7bop`v7 b c`ksg7 aegoejh l7f

jp`?m`lh-o`prmep`lh, ` r`jnf l7f njpelhlh

o`prmep`lh 7 depf`b`lh M@RN.

Cnknbm` qjk`dnb` OGL -- ve 7mdhb7ds`k|m7

opncp`lh o`prmepqrb` l7f jp`?m`lh-sw`qmhv!lh

OGL 7 M@RN, !j7 pngpnak!~r|q! b7donb7dmn dn

m`v7nm`k|mhu onrpea o`prmep7b 7 bhjnms~r|q! b

rnls naq!g7 7 g` r`jhi oep7nd, !j7 bb`f`;

dnv7k|mhlh sp!d jnfmn? b7donb7dmn? jp`?mh. S

lef`u OGL askh qrbnpem7 leu`m7glh dk!

dnq!cmemm! v7kei OGL, ` r`jnf dk! op`jrhwmncn

br7kemm! g`opnonmnb`mhu 7dei s fhrr!.Pngpnakem7 b opnveq7 pngbhrjs opncp`lh

7mqrpslemrh r` 7m7v7`rhbh, opn !j7 pngonb7d`;r|q!

d`k7, g`aegoews~r| dbnqrnpnmm7 r`

a`c`rnqrnpnmm7 g`undh, yn d`; o`prmep`l

lnfkhb7qr| tnplsb`rh opngnp7 r` etejrhbm7

opncp`lh bg`;lnd7? g M@RN.

Nqmnbnonknfmhl dnjslemrnl opncp`lh ;

p`ljnbhi dnjslemr “O`prmepqrb` g`p`dh lhps”,!jhi l7qrhr| nohq jnmjpermhu g`und7b dk! jnfmn?

jp`?mh-o`prmep`. Jnfm` jp`?m`-o`prmep aepe m`

qeae b`cnl7 onk7rhwm7 gnanb’!g`mm! yndn

gaepefemm! delnjp`rhwmncn qsqo7k|qrb`,dnrphl`mm! mnpl l7fm`pndmncn op`b`,bhjnm`mm! Qr`rsrs NNM, G`c`k|mn? dejk`p`v7?

op`b k~dhmh, Cek|q7mq|jncn g`jk~wmncn `jr` 7

l7fm`pndmhu scnd 7g pnggapn;mm! r`

g`aegoewemm! jnmrpnk~ m`d ngapn;mm!lh,srphl`mm! b7d g`cpng `an g`qrnqsb`mm! qhkh

opnrh 7mxhu depf`b, bhgm`mm! 7qms~whu jnpdnm7b,lhpmncn pngb’!g`mm! qsoepewnj. Njpel7

gnanb’!g`mm! qrnqs~r|q! g`aegoewemm!

opngnpnqr7 m`v7nm`k|mncn nanpnmmncn ok`msb`mm!

7 tnplsb`mm! a~dfers g lern~ bqr`mnbkemm!

delnjp`rhwmncn jnmrpnk~ m`d gapnimhlh

qhk`lh, ` r`jnf pngbhrjs qopnlnfmnqr7 ap`rh

sw`qr| s lhpnrbnpwhu 7 csl`m7r`pmhu noep`v7!u

o7d jep7bmhvrbnl M@RN. P`ljnbhi dnjslemr

r`jnf oepeda`w`; gnanb’!g`mm! depf`b @k|!mqs

opnbndhrh jnmqsk|r`v7? g asd|-!jn~

jp`?mn~-o`prmepnl, yn ba`w`; op!ls g`cpngs

qbn?i rephrnp7`k|m7i v7k7qmnqr7, onk7rhwm7i

meg`kefmnqr7 `an aegoev7 -- leu`m7gl, !jhl,m`ophjk`d, qjnphqr`khq! @ka`m7! r` jnkhxm!

^cnqk`bq|j` Peqosak7j` L`jednm7!* o7d w`q

jphgh b Jnqnb7.

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opncp`lh b7donb7dmn dn bk`qmhu v7kei 7

lnfkhbnqrei 7 opedqr`bk!~r| depf`b`l @k|!mqs

b7donb7dmhi Opegemr`v7imhi dnjslemr. B7dr`j

qo7k|mn g @k|!mqnl pngpnak!;r|q! 7 sub`k~;r|q!

dbnp7wm` 6mdhb7ds`k|m` opncp`l` o`prmepqrb`

dk! jnfmn? jp`?mh, !j` l7qrhr| g`undh, nap`m7 7g

g`opnonmnb`mncn oepek7js, !j7 b7donb7d`~r|

jnmjpermhl 7mrepeq`l 7 onrpea`l jp`?mh. Sb`c`

m`q`loeped ophd7k!;r|q! qo7bop`v7 s c`ksg!u,onb’!g`mhu g nanpnmn~, nanpnmmn~ petnpln~ r`

sop`bk7mm!l ?? m`qk7dj`lh, `ke qo7bpna7rmhvrbn

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M@RN, gnjpel`, nanpnmme ok`msb`mm! 7 onk7rhjs,vhb7k|mn-b7iq|jnb7 b7dmnqhmh, nqb7rs 7 b7iq|jnbs

o7dcnrnbjs, opnrhonb7rp!ms nanpnms, qhqrelh

gb’!gjs r` 7mtnpl`v7?, bpecsk~b`mm! jphgnbhu

qhrs`v7i r` ok`msb`mm! m` bho`dnj

m`dgbhw`imhu qhrs`v7i.

10

> Unpb`r7! o7dohqs; p`ljnbhi dnjslemr

O`prmepqrb` g`p`dh lhps, rp`bem| 2000 pnjs.

M` B`xhmcrnmq|jnls q`l7r7 s jb7rm7 1999 pnjs

askh g`opnonmnb`m7 mnb7 7m7v7`rhbh g lern~

onqhkemm! noep`rhbmn? qjk`dnbn? OGL 7

`jrhbmncn g`d7!mm! o`prmep7b s opnveq ophim!rr!

p7xem| 7 ok`msb`mm! OGL. Qeped mhu -- Jnmveov7!

noep`rhbmn? qopnlnfmnqr7 r` Onk7rhwmn-b7iq|jnb` p`ljnb` 7m7v7`rhb`. R`jnf askn

g`opnonmnb`mn Opncp`ls bdnqjnm`kemm!

o7dcnrnbjh 7 m`bw`mm!, qop!lnb`ms m`

o7dbhyemm! an;cnrnbmnqr7 gapnimhu qhk jp`?m --o`prmep7b xk!unl npc`m7g`v7? ?u m`bw`mm! r`

opnteq7imn? o7dcnrnbjh.

Jnmveov7! noep`rhbmn? qopnlnfmnqr7 l`; m` ler7

bdnqjnm`kemm! qopnlnfmnqr7 gapnimhu qhk jp`?m

@k|!mqs 7 o`prmep7b etejrhbmn bg`;lnd7!rh o7d

w`q opnbedemm! noep`v7i OGL o7d opnbndnl

M@RN, rnarn, g`aegoewhrh a7k|xs cmswj7qr| s

tnplsb`mm7 qo7k|mhu jnmrhmcemr7b r` peqspq7b,menau7dmhu dk! bhjnm`mm! r` g`aegoewemm! r`jhu

noep`v7i. S p`lj`u leu`m7gls m`q`loeped

bp`unbs~r|q! qhkh r` peqspqh, !j7 renperhwmn

lnfsr| asrh bhd7kem7 dk! opnbedemm! r`jhu

noep`v7i. Bdnqjnm`kemm! pnanwhu b7dmnqhm, !j7

pngbhb`~r|q! b lhpmhi w`q l7f xr`a`lh 7

b7iq|jnbhlh tnplsb`mm!lh wkem7b @k|!mqs 7

jp`?m-o`prmep7b, qoph!~r| 7mrecp`v7? o7dpngd7k7b

jp`?m-o`prmep7b dn qjk`ds qhk M@RN. M`

Qr`lask|q|jnls q`l7r7 askn bhgm`wemn, yn

bopnb`dfemm! Jnmveov7? noep`rhbmn?

qopnlnfmnqr7, gnjpel`, oepeda`w`;

c`plnm7g`v7~ qr`md`pr7b noep`rhbmn? qsl7qmnqr7 7

onb’!g`mhu g mhlh qhqrel nv7mjh g b7donb7dmhlh

leu`m7gl`lh M@RN.

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ok`msb`mm7 r` leu`m7gl`u jnl`mdsb`mm!. M`

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b`fkhb7qr| g`kswemm! o`prmep7b dn opnveqs

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@k|!mqs, m`ophjk`d, b7iq|jnbhu m`bw`mm!u `an

V7k|nbhu tnmd`u M@RN.

Dk! g`aegoewemm! `jrhbmn? sw`qr7 o`prmep7b s

yndemm7i pnanr7 @k|!mqs b dej7k|jnu xr`a`u

M@RN askh qrbnpem7 Xr`am7 ekelemrh OGL --

pnanw7 cpsoh nt7vep7b gapnimhu qhk

jp`?m-o`prmep7b. Vemrp jnnpdhm`v7? o`prmepqrb`,pngr`xnb`mhi b xr`a7 Noep`rhbmncn

jnl`mdsb`mm! M@RN b Lnmq7, Aek|c7!, g`aegoews;

jnnpdhm`v7~ b7iq|jnbn? o7dcnrnbjh 7 m`bw`m|

OGL. Njp7l v|ncn, L7fm`pndmhi jnnpdhm`v7imhi

vemrp g`aegoews; opnbedemm! apht7mc7b 7

ok`msb`mm! dk! bq7u depf`b - me wkem7b M@RN,yn m`d`~r| qbn? jnmrhmcemrh dk! opnbedemm!

lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7i o7d jep7bmhvrbnl M@RN

(dhb. qrnp. 23).

Dk! g`aegoewemm! etejrhbmnqr7 qo7bop`v7

depf`b-o`prmep7b g M@RN b lef`u lhpnrbnpwhu

noep`v7i bhjnphqrnbs;r|q! Opnveq ok`msb`mm!

r` nv7mjh qhk (OONQ), b lef`u !jncn

bhgm`w`~r|q! bhlnch yndn noep`rhbmn?

qsl7qmnqr7 7 menau7dmhu peqspq7b. Vei leu`m7gl

bh!bhbq! dsfe etejrhbmhl o7d w`q opnbedemm!

noep`v7i M@RN g o7drphl`mm! lhps m` A`kj`m`u 7

b @tc`m7qr`m7. OONQ b7ddgepj`k~; opnveq

ok`msb`mm! qhk M@RN, 7 jp`?mh-o`prmeph aepsr| b

m|nls sw`qr| g` bk`qmhl a`f`mm!l. V7k7

ok`msb`mm!, `an V7k7 o`prmepqrb`,nacnbnp~~r|q! g jnfmn~ jp`?mn~, ` dk! nv7mjh

dnq!cmsrncn opncpeqs opnbndhr|q! der`k|mhi

`m`k7g. G pnj`lh bhlnch OONQ sqjk`dm~~r|q!,yn b7donb7d`; bdnqjnm`kemm!l, !j7 wkemh

@k|!mqs bhgm`w`~r| dk! bk`qmhu gapnimhu qhk.OONQ r`jnf bhjnphqrnbs;r|q! jp`?m`lh-o`prmep`lh dk! pngbhrjs etejrhbmhu,ejnmnl7wmn dnv7k|mhu gapnimhu qhk 7 dk!

pngbhrjs nanpnmmn? petnplh. Vei leu`m7gl,gnjpel`, b7d7cp`; jk~wnbs pnk| s bopnb`dfemm7

jnlokejqmn? nanpnmmn? petnplh b Sjp`?m7

(dhb. qrnp. 25).

Oebm7 7m7v7`rhbh askh dsfe jnphqmhlh dk!

jp`?m-o`prmep7b s bhp7xemm7 opnakel b c`ksg7

sop`bk7mm! m`qk7dj`lh nanpnmmn? petnplh,m`q`loeped V7k|nb7 tnmdh OGL (dhb. bp7g m`

qrnp. 28), !j7 g`qrnqnbs~r|q! dk! aegoewmn?

srhk7g`v7? opnrho7unrmhu l7m 7 m`dkhxjnbhu

ngapn;m|, ` r`jnf dk! opncp`l oepeo7dcnrnbjh

b7iq|jnbhu 7 jnmbepq7? b7iq|jnbhu a`g.

11

Onckhakemm! qo7bop`v7

Ond`k|x7 jpnjh dk! onckhakemm! qo7bop`v7 l7f

M@RN 7 jp`?m`lh-o`prmep`lh askh gpnakem7 m`

Op`g|jnls q`l7r7 2002 pnjs. O7qk! opnbedemm!

jnlokejqmncn `m`k7gs pnanrh P4@O 7 opncp`lh

“O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps” askh bhpnakem7

pejnlemd`v7? yndn pngbhrjs onk7rhwmncn d7`kncs

g o`prmep`lh r` ?u `jrhbm7xncn g`kswemm! s

opnveq7 ok`msb`mm!, pe`k7g`v7? r` jnmrpnk~ rhu

g`und7b, b !jhu bnmh aepsr| sw`qr|.

S Op`g7 asb g`opnonmnb`mhi mnbhi leu`m7gl

qo7bop`v7 -- Ok`m d7i o`prmepqrb`. Oepxhl asb

Ok`m d7i O`prmepqrb` opnrh repnphgls (dhb.qrnp. 15). Ye ndm` 7m7v7`rhb` -- 6mdhb7ds`k|mhi

ok`m d7i o`prmepqrb` (6ODO), !jhi, g`l7qr|

cnrnbncn qohqjs g`und7b m` bha7p, d`; @k|!mqs

lnfkhb7qr| m`d`b`rh jnmjperms dnonlncs

g`7mrepeqnb`mhl o`prmep`l, !j7 onrpeas~r|

qrpsjrspmn? o7drphljh bmsrp7xm7u petnpl,gnjpel`, b c`ksg7 aegoejh 7 nanpnmh, b7donb7dmn

dn onrpea 7 naqr`bhm (dhb. bp7g).

Opncpeq, dnq!cmsrhi s Op`g7, asb dnonbmemhi

p7xemm!lh Qr`lask|q|jncn q`l7rs (wepbem| 2004),qop!lnb`mhlh m` gl7vmemm! ;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn

o`prmepqrb` 7 ond`k|xs jnmjperhg`v7~ jk~wnbhu

g`bd`m|, !j7 l`~r| b7donb7d`rh onrpea`l 7

lnfkhbnqr!l jp`?m-o`prmep7b. Ok`m d7i

o`prmepqrb` yndn pngasdnbh nanpnmmhu

7mqrhrsv7i asb pngpnakemhi dk! o7drphljh gsqhk|

o`prmep7b s pngbhrjs etejrhbmhu 7 delnjp`rhwmn

o7dgb7rmhu nanpnmmhu 7mqrhrsv7i (dhb. qrnp. 24).

Pngxhpemm! lnfkhbnqrei pnahrh etejrhbmhi

bmeqnj b noep`v7? o7d opnbndnl M@RN l`; asrh

g`aegoewemn xk!unl g`kswemm! jp`?m-sw`qmhv|

s opnveq7 ophim!rr! p7xem| m` p`mm7u er`o`u 7

onckhakemm! opnveqs onk7rhwmhu jnmqsk|r`v7i.Dn rncn f asde bdnqjnm`kemn Jnmveov7~

noep`rhbmn? qopnlnfmnqr7, 7 jp`?mh-o`prmeph

nrphl`~r| lnfkhb7qr| l`rh qbn? opedqr`bmhvrb`

b Jnl`mdsb`mm7 g ohr`m| rp`mqtnpl`v7?, !je

b7donb7d`; g` opnveq onrnwmn? rp`mqtnpl`v7?

gapnimhu qhk 7 peqspq7b jp`?m @k|!mqs. Ve

g`aegoewhr| bdnqjnm`kemm! noep`rhbmn?

qsl7qmnqr7 l7f M@RN 7 qhk`lh jp`?m-o`prmep7b,` r`jnf tnplsb`mm! qhqrel nanpnmh

b7donb7dmn dn ebnk~v7? noep`rhbmn? pnk7 7

nanpnmnqopnlnfmnqr7 M@RN.

12

> Xbeiv`pq|jhi cek7jnorep g7

qjk`ds qhk JTNP opnk7r`; m`d

Op7xrhmn~: qoph!mm!

pngbhrjnb7 qo7bop`v7 s p`lj`u

lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7i M@RN ;

ndmhl 7g oepxnp!dmhu g`bd`m|

o`prmepqrb`.

Askn ophim!rn p7xemm! yndn nqnakhbn? sb`ch,!js menau7dmn ophd7khrh qo7bop`v7 g o`prmep`lh g

dbnu qrp`rec7wmn b`fkhbhu pec7nm7b, ` q`le: m`

J`bj`g7 (B7plem7!, @gepa`idf`m 7 Cpsg7!) r` s

Vemrp`k|m7i @g7? (J`g`uqr`m, Jhpchg|j`

Peqosak7j`, R`dfhjhqr`m, Rspjlem7qr`m r`

Sgaejhqr`m). M@RN ophgm`whk` dk! vhu pec7nm7b

Qoev7`k|mncn opedqr`bmhj` 7 dbnu nt7vep7b

gb’!gjs dk! g`aegoewemm! jnmr`jr7b 7 m`d`mm!, g`

menau7dmnqr7, dnp`dwn? dnonlnch s bopnb`dfemm7

b7donb7dmhu `qoejr7b 6mdhb7ds`k|mhu ok`m7b d7i

o`prmepqrb`, Ok`m7b d7i o`prmepqrb` yndn

pngasdnbh nanpnmmhu 7mqrhrsv7i r` anpnr|ah g

repnphglnl, ` r`jnf s qo7bop`v7 7g g`qrnqsb`mm!

Opnveqs ok`msb`mm! 7 nv7mjh qhk.

Dnjk`dm7xe:www.nato.int/issues/eapc/index.htmlwww.nato.int/issues/pfp/index.html

6MDHB6DS@K\M6 OK@MH D6I O@PRMEPQRB@

Sub`kem7 m` Op`g|jnls q`l7r7 b khqrno`d7

2002 pnjs 6mdhb7ds`k|m7 ok`mh d7i o`prmepqrb`

(6ODO) ophgm`wem7 dk! jp`?m, yn l`~r|

onk7rhwms bnk~ 7 lnfkhbnqr7 onckhakemm!

b7dmnqhm g M@RN. V7 ok`mh pngp`unb`m7 m`

db` pnjh 7 qop!lnb`m7 m` na’;dm`mm! p7gmhu

leu`m7gl7b qo7bop`v7 g @k|!mqnl, g nqnakhbhl

m`cnknqnl m` o7drphlv7 pngbhrjs

m`v7nm`k|mhu petnpl.

6ODO w7rjn bhgm`w`; v7k7 7 op7nphrerh

qo7bop`v7 dk! njpeln? jp`?mh-o`prmep` 7

g`aegoews; b7donb7dm7qr| pnanwhu leu`m7gl7b

vhl op7nphrer`l. M@RN m`d`b`rhle jnmjperms

dnp`dws dnonlncs yndn v7kei petnpl s jnfm7i

jp`?m7. @jrhb7g`v7! onk7rhwmncn d7`kncs g

b7donb7dmhu ohr`m| lnfe asrh qjk`dnbn~

6ODO. 6ODO r`jnf onkecxs; jnnpdhm`v7~

dbnqrnpnmm|n? dnonlnch, yn m`d`;r|q!

njpelhlh wkem`lh @k|!mqs `an o`prmep`lh, `

r`jnf jnnpdhm`v7~ g`und7b g 7mxhlh

b7donb7dmhlh l7fm`pndmhlh 7mqrhrsv7!lh.

Bhgm`wem7 v7k7 b7donb7d`~r| g`c`k|mhl

j`recnp7!l: ohr`mm! onk7rhjh 7 aegoejh,ohr`mm! nanpnmh, aegoejh 7 b7iq|jnbhu qop`b,7mtnplsb`mm! cpnl`dq|jnqr7, m`sj` r`

ejnknc7!, ok`msb`mm! m` bho`dnj

m`dgbhw`imhu qhrs`v7i, ohr`mm! sop`bk7mm!,g`uhqrs r` peqspq7b.

S khqrno`d7 2004 pnjs Cpsg7! qr`k` oepxn~

jp`?mn~, yn o7dohq`k` 6ODO g M@RN. G`p`g

pngpnak!~r|q! 6ODO dk! @gepa`idf`ms r`

Sgaejhqr`ms. B7plem7! r`jnf bhqknbhk`

g`7mrepeqnb`m7qr| s pngpnav7 r`jncn ok`ms.

13

> Ond`k|xncn pngbhrjs

;bpn`rk`mrhwme

o`prmepqrbn m`askn o7d

w`q Qr`lask|q|jncn

q`l7rs s wepbm7 2004 pnjs.

4bpn`rk`mrhwme o`prmepqrbn pngbhb`;r|q!

b7donb7dmn dn g`c`k|mhu gl7m b qepednbhy7

aegoejh 7 gc7dmn g onrpean~ etejrhbmncn

bhp7xemm! rhu ohr`m| aegoejh, !j7 qr`mnbk!r|

qsrr;bhi qo7k|mhi 7mrepeq dk! wkem7b @k|!mqs 7

jp`?m-o`prmep7b. B7dasb`;r|q! opnveq onqr7imncn

nal7ms dslj`lh g ophbnds pngbhrjs qhrs`v7? m`

A`kj`m`u 7 b @tc`m7qr`m7, de lhpnrbnpv7 M@RN 7

jp`?m-o`prmep7b meqsr| qksfas ok7w-n-ok7w.Bopnb`dfs~r|q! qo7k|m7 7m7v7`rhbh, qop!lnb`m7 m`

pngbhrnj 7 jnnpdhm`v7~ op`jrhwmn? qo7bop`v7 r`

nal7m dnqb7dnl b r`jhu jk~wnbhu c`ksg!u, !j

anpnr|a` g repnphglnl r` pngonbq~dfemm!l

gapn? l`qnbncn gmhyemm!, ` r`jnf kecjn? 7

qrp7kev|jn? gapn?.

Bhp7xemm! a`c`r|nu ohr`m| aegoejh bhl`c`;

r7qmn? qo7bop`v7 l7f qsq7dm7lh jp`?m`lh. P4@O 7

OGL d`~r| lnfkhbnqr7 pngbhrjs qo7bop`v7 b

jk~wnbhu c`ksg!u l7f jp`?m`lh-o`prmep`lh m`

pec7nm`k|mnls r` qsapec7nm`k|mnls p7bm!u,gnjpel`, b O7bdemmn-Qu7dm7i 4bpno7, m` J`bj`g7 7

b Vemrp`k|m7i @g7?.

Anpnr|a` g repnphglnl

Anpnr|a` g repnphglnl g`p`g ; ndmhl 7g

op7nphrer7b d7!k|mnqr7 M@RN. M`o`dh m`

Qonkswem7 Xr`rh 11 bepeqm! 2001 pnjs ophgbekh

dn oepxncn b 7qrnp7? M@RN g`d7!mm! qr`rr7 5(qr`rr! yndn jnkejrhbmn? nanpnmh

nqmnbnonknfmncn dncnbnps @k|!mqs). Onqkh

M@RN 7 jp`?m-o`prmep7b g7ap`khq! m` g`q7d`mm!

m`qrsomncn dm! 7 aegg`qrepefmn g`qsdhkh

repnphqrhwm7 m`o`dh, ` r`jnf gnanb’!g`khq!

dnjk`qrh bq7u lnfkhbhu gsqhk| dk! anpnr|ah g7

gknl repnphgls.

“Lh ophcnknlxem7 vhlh b`pb`pq|jhlh

`jr`lh 7 aegg`qrepefmn g`qsdfs;ln ?u. Ve

asb m`o`d m` m`x7 qo7k|m7 v7mmnqr7. Lh me

dngbnkhln rhl, urn nap`b xk!u

m`qhk|qrb`, onqr`bhrh v7 v7mmnqr7 o7d

g`cpngs. Lh gnanb’!gs;lnq| dnjk`qrh bq7u

lnfkhbhu gsqhk| dk! anpnr|ah g7 gknl

repnphgls. M`q na’;dms; oepejnm`mm!, yn

7de`kh o`prmepqrb` 7 qo7bop`v7

oepelnfsr|”.

(G`!b` P4@O 12 bepeqm! 2001 pnjs).

14

D7`knc r` qo7bop`v!

s c`ksg7 aegoejh

Qnk7d`pm7qr|, !js rncn dm! opndelnmqrpsb`kh

wkemh P4@O -- b7d O7bm7wmn? @lephjh 7 4bpnoh

dn Vemrp`k|mn? @g7? -- 7 qo7bop`v! b lef`u

j`lo`m7? anpnr|ah g repnphglnl ye p`g

opndelnmqrpsb`kh, !j7 pegsk|r`rh b qrbnpemm7

;bpn`rk`mrhwmn? jsk|rsph aegoejh d`kh

7m7v7`rhbh pngbhrjs o`prmepqrb`,g`opnonmnb`m7 M@RN.

Qo7k|m` cnrnbm7qr| na’;dm`rh qhkh b anpnr|a7 7g

g`cpngn~ repnphgls ask` o7drbepdfem` Ok`mnl

d7i O`prmepqrb` opnrh repnphgls, sub`kemhl m`

Op`g|jnls q`l7r7. Vei Ok`m d7i l7qrhr| g`q`dh

qo7bop`v7 7 nal7ms 7mtnpl`v7;~ r` t`unbhlh

gm`mm!lh b v7i c`ksg7 xk!unl opnbedemm!

onk7rhwmhu jnmqsk|r`v7i r` op`jrhwmhu g`und7b

qo7bpna7rmhvrb`. B7m oepeda`w`; bdnqjnm`kemm!

nal7ms pngb7dsb`k|mn~ 7mtnpl`v7;~ r` qo7bop`v7

b r`jhu c`ksg!u, !j nunpnm` jnpdnm7b,`mrhrepnphqrhwm` o7dcnrnbj` 7 m`bw`mm!,pngbhrnj qopnlnfmnqr7 opnrhqrn!rh

repnphqrhwmhl m`o`d`l `an dnk`rh m`qk7djh

r`jhu m`o`d7b (dhb. qrnp. 32). B7m r`jnf

oepeda`w`; onqhkemm! g`qna7b t7ghwmn? aegoejh

r` aegoewmn? srhk7g`v7? m`dkhxjnbhu ngapn;m|,kecjn? r` qrp7kev|jn? gapn?, r`jn? !j oepemnqm7

gem7rmn-p`jerm7 jnlokejqh r` cp`m`rnlerh.

Bhp7xemm! opnakel

pngonbq~dfemm! gapn?

Gapn! l`qnbncn gmhyemm!

Opnrhd7! pngonbq~dfemm~ gapn? l`qnbncn

gmhyemm! (GLG) ; ndmhl 7g jk~wnbhu g`bd`m|

aegoejh XXI qrnp7ww!. D7`knc M@RN g jp`?m`lh-o`prmep`lh b7d7cp`; m`dgbhw`imn b`fkhbs pnk|

s dnq!cmemm7 v7kei @k|!mqs b v7i c`ksg7.Bg`;lm` dnb7p` 7 boebmem7qr| ; menau7dmhlh

oepedslnb`lh sqo7xmn? opnrhd7?

pngonbq~dfemm~ GLG 7 lnfsr| asrh g`aegoewem7

r7k|jh wepeg b7djphr7qr| 7 opngnp7qr|.

@k|!mq op`cme onckhahrh bg`;lnpngsl7mm! 7

pngxhphrh nal7m 7mtnpl`v7;~ g ohr`m|

pngonbq~dfemm! GLG wepeg jnmqsk|r`v7? g

o`prmep`lh. R`j7 jnmqsk|r`v7?, m` !jhu

nacnbnp~~r|q! ohr`mm! onk7rhjh 7 nanpnmh 7

!j7 opnbnd!r|q! g` sw`qr~ l7m7qrp7b g`jnpdnmmhu

qop`b 7 nanpnmh, dnonl`c`~r| gl7vmhrh bg`;lms

dnb7ps. Dn rncn f de!j7 jp`?mh-o`prmeph l`~r|

b`fkhbhi dnqb7d bhp7xemm! ohr`m| GLG 7

lnfsr| gpnahrh b`cnlhi bmeqnj s qo7k|m7 g`undh b

v7i c`ksg7.

Askn opnbedemn dej7k|j` qel7m`p7b 7

jnmtepemv7i, ophqb!wemhu jnmjpermhl ohr`mm!l.M`ophjk`d, njpel` gsqrp7w ask` ophqb!wem` rel7

“Qha7pq|j` bhp`gj` -- dnqb7d 7 bhqmnbjh”, m` !j7i

nacnbnp~b`khq| b`fkhb7 `qoejrh ok`msb`mm! m`

bho`dnj m`dgbhw`imn? qhrs`v7? m` nqmnb7

nrphl`mncn bnqemh 2001 pnjs dnqb7ds

Qonkswemhu Xr`r7b r` 7mxhu jp`?m. 6mxs gsqrp7w

askn ophqb!wemn nacnbnpemm~ ejnknc7wmhu

opnakel, !j7 lnfsr| asrh qophwhmem7

opnlhqknbn~ d7!k|m7qr~, r` bhjnm`mm!

ledhwmn-noep`rhbmhu g`bd`m|.

15

> Pngonbq~dfemm! gapn? l`qnbncn gmhyemm!

qr`mnbhr| qepingmhi bhjkhj aegoev7 UU6 qrnp7ww!.

Qel7m`ph P4@O g ohr`m| onremv7imhu phghj7b,onb’!g`mhu g a7nknc7wmn~ 7 u7l7wmn~ gapn;~, d`kh

jp`?m`l-o`prmep`l lnfkhb7qr| nal7m!rhq!

b7donb7dmn~ 7mtnpl`v7;~ 7 op`jrhwmhl dnqb7dnl.Nacnbnp~~r|q! m`sjnbn-dnqk7dmhv|j7 dnq!cmemm!

b c`ksg7 pngpnanj mnbhu g`qna7b 7 nak`dm`mm!

g`uhqrs b7d d7~whu pewnbhm GLG, yn d`;

lnfkhb7qr| pngpnahrh m`ijp`y7 xk!uh

g`aegoewemm! cnrnbmnqr7 dn nanpnmh s p`g7

g`qrnqsb`mm! GLG.

T`u7bv7 g ohr`m| pnggapn;mm! g jp`?m-o`prmep7b 7

@k|!mqs l`kh lnfkhb7qr| nacnbnphrh onk7rhwm7

`qoejrh 7 lnfkhbnqr7 nal7ms b7donb7dmn~

7mtnpl`v7;~ g ohr`m| pngonbq~dfemm! GLG.Opnbndhkhq| jnmqsk|r`v7? yndn cnknbmhu

remdemv7i pngonbq~dfemm! GLG 7 bjk~w`kh

opegemr`v7? t`u7bv7b g jp`?m, yn me bund!r| dn

qjk`ds P4@O (r`jhu !j Jhr`i, _onm7!, 6gp`?k|,O7bdemm` Jnpe!), !j7 opedqr`bhkh onghv7? qbn?u

jp`?m. O`prmeph nal7m~b`khq| 7mtnpl`v7;~ yndn

g`und7b ejqonprmncn jnmrpnk~ r` mnbhu 7m7v7`rhb

opnrhd7? pngonbq~dfemm~ GLG, r`jhu !j

Pegnk~v7! 1540 P`dh Aegoejh NNM.

Wkemh @k|!mqs r`jnf opnbndhkh apht7mch dk!

o`prmep7b, o7d w`q !jhu m`d`b`kh 7mtnpl`v7~ opn

jnmjperm7 `qoejrh nanpnmh b7d !depmn?,a7nknc7wmn?, u7l7wmn? r` p`d7nknc7wmn? gapn? (_AUP),m`ophjk`d, yndn qrbnpemm! 7 tsmjv7nmsb`mm!

m`rnbq|jncn A`r`k|inms g`uhqrs b7d _AUP gapn?.

L7mh r` qrp7kev|j` gapn!

L7fm`pndme qo7brnb`phqrbn b7dwsb`; ded`k7

a7k|xe g`meonjn;mm! qrnqnbmn pngonbq~dfemm!

dexebn? gapn? mebha7pjnbn? d7?. Qrp7kev|j` gapn!

; kecjndnqrsomn~ r` opnqrn~ s bhjnphqr`mm7. Ve

qoph!; pngo`k~b`mm~ r` g`r!csb`mm~ gapnimhu

jnmtk7jr7b. W`qrn feprb`lh qo`k`us m`qhk|qrb`

qr`~r| vhb7k|m7 cpnl`d!mh. Gc7dmn g d`mhlh NNM

r` 7mxhu dfepek, qeped 4 l7k|inm7b g`chakhu b

pegsk|r`r7 b7iq|jnbhu jnmtk7jr7b 1990-u pnj7b

90 b7dqnrj7b askh vhb7k|m7 cpnl`d!mh, g !jhu

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t`u7bv7b, q|ncndm7 b qb7r7 ; onm`d o7bl7k|!pd`

ndhmhv| kecjn? r` qrp7kev|jn? gapn? -- dnqr`rm|n

dk! jnfmn? 12-? k~dhmh. B7d v7;? gapn? chme onm`d

1000 nq7a yndm!. Askn o7dp`unb`mn, yn b sq|nls

qb7r7 bqr`mnbkemn g`c`knl 100 l7k|inm7b l7m. S

qepedm|nls, jnfm7 22 ubhkhmh bhasu`; ndm`

opnrho7unrm` l7m`, bm`qk7dnj wncn ynp7wmn chmsr|

`an g`khx`~r|q! qj`k7wemhlh 26 000 k~dei.

Askh qrbnpem7 whqkemm7 7m7v7`rhbh m` ckna`k|mnls,pec7nm`k|mnls r` l7qvebnls p7bm!u g lern~

anpnr|ah g pngonbq~dfemm!l kecjn? gapn? 7

opnrhd7? g`qrnqsb`mm~ opnrho7unrmhu l7m. Wkemh

M@RN 7 jp`?mh-o`prmeph op`cmsr| onqhkhrh

etejrhbm7qr| vhu g`und7b wepeg g`qrnqsb`mm!

onk7rhwmn-b7iq|jnbhu g`qna7b dk! bhp7xemm! vhu

opnakel b ;bpn`rk`mrhwm7i gnm7.

16

> Pngonbq~dfemm!

qrp7kev|jn? gapn? r`

kecjncn ngapn;mm!

bhjkhj`; ded`k7

a7k|xs qrspanb`m7qr|

l7fm`pndmn?

qo7k|mnrh.

P4@O qrbnphk` Qoev7`k|ms pnanws cpsos g ohr`m|

kecjn? r` qrp7kev|jn? gapn? 7 opnrhd7?

g`qrnqsb`mm~ opnrho7unrmhu l7m, !j` ; tnpslnl

dk! nal7ms 7mtnpl`v7;~ yndn etejrhbmncn

jnmrpnk~ m`d pngonbq~dfemm!l r`jn? gapn?,m`ophjk`d, wepeg m`v7nm`k|m7 leu`m7glh

ejqonprmncn jnmrpnk~ 7 bopnb`dfemm!

b7donb7dmhu g`und7b. Opncp`l` OGL r`jnf

oepeda`w`; bdnqjnm`kemm! o7dcnrnbjh b c`ksg7

aegoewmncn gaep7c`mm! 7 nunpnmh gapn?, srhk7g`v7?

7 gmhyemm! m`dkhxjnbhu ngapn;m|, ` r`jnf

bhkswemm! r` srhk7g`v7? gapn? o7d w`q

opnbedemm! lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7i. Njp7l v|ncn,m` g`ohr njpelhu jp`?m m`d`;r|q! jnmjperm`

v7k|nb` dnonlnc`.

Ohr`mm! opnrho7unrmhu l7m bhp7xs;r|q! !j b

lef`u v7;? f pnanwn? cpsoh, r`j 7 b lef`u g`und7b

OGL. Opnbnd!r|q! jnmtepemv7? 7 qel7m`ph,ophqb!wem7 jnmjpermhl `qoejr`l v7;? opnakelh.Qksfa` anpnr|ah 7g g`qrnqsb`mm!l opnrho7unrmhu

l7m NNM meqe cnknbms b7donb7d`k|m7qr| g`

op`jrhwms pnanrs b v7i c`ksg7, `ke b7iq|j` M@RN 7

jp`?m-o`prmep7b, yn d7~r| m` A`kj`m`u 7 b

@tc`m7qr`m7, pecsk!pmn dnonl`c`~r| vhb7k|mhl

qksfa`l opnbndhrh pngl7msb`mm!. M` A`kj`m`u

askn pngl7mnb`mn 26 l7k|inm7b jb`dp`rmhu

lerp7b, ` b @tc`m7qr`m7 LQQA m`d`~r| dnonlncs

s pngl7msb`mm7 L7fm`pndmncn `epnonprs J`ask`

r` b 7mxhu l7qv!u gnmh ?u d7!k|mnqr7.

S 2000 pnv7 askn qrbnpemn V7k|nbhi tnmd OGL

(dhb. qrnp. 28) dk! qop!lsb`mm! t7m`mqnbn?

dnonlnch jp`?m-dnmnp7b m` o7drphljs opncp`l

gmhyemm! opnrho7unrmhu l7m. Dn cpsdm! 2004 pnjs

askn gmhyemn onm`d 2 l7k|inmh opnrho7unrmhu

l7m, 7 pngpnak!~r|q! mnb7 opnejrh ond`k|xn?

pnanrh b v7i c`ksg7. Qteps g`qrnqsb`mm!

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m`dkhxjnbhu an;opho`q7b, qrp7kev|jn? gapn? r`

kecjncn ngapn;mm!.

17

> Lhpnrbnpv7 M@RN r` jp`?m – o`prmep7b

w`qrn aepsr| sw`qr| b noep`v7!u g

csl`m7r`pmncn pngl7msb`mm!.

18

1

16

7

23

19

2535

11

8

15

40

17

41

12

26

3

5

JP@5MH – WKEMH HATO

Aek|c7! (1)

Ankc`p7! (2)

J`m`d` (3)

Weq|j` Peqosak7j` (4)

D`m7! (5)

Eqrnm7! (6)

Tp`mv7! (7)

M7lewwhm` (8)

Cpev7! (9)

Scnpyhm` (10)

6qk`md7! (11)

6r`k7! (12)

K`rb7! (13)

Khrb` (14)

K~jqelaspc (15)

M7depk`mdh (16)

Mnpbec7! (17)

Onk|y` (18)

Onprsc`k7! (19)

Pslsm7! (20)

Qknb`wwhm` (21)

Qknbem7! (22)

6qo`m7! (23)

Rspewwhm` (24)

Bekhj` Aphr`m7! (25)

Qonkswem7 Xr`rh @lephjh (26)

19

4

18

14

13

6

3339

36

37

42

46

44

34

3028

24

2

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21

22

29

32

38

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31

JP@5MH – O@PRMEPH

@ka`m7! (27)

B7plem7! (28)

@bqrp7! (29)

@gepa`idf`m (30)

A7knpsq| (31)

Unpb`r7! (32)

T7mk!md7! (33)

Cpsg7! (34)

6pk`md7! (35)

J`g`uqr`m (36)

Jhpchg|j` Peqosak7j` (37)

Lnkdnb` (38)

Pnq7! (39)

Xbev7! (40)

Xbeiv`p7! (41)

R`dfhjhqr`m (42)

jnkhxm! ^cnqk`bq|j`

Peqosak7j` L`jednm7!* (43)Rspjlemiqr`m (44)

Sjp`?m` (45)

Sgaejhqr`m (46)

* Rspewwhm` bhgm`; Peqosak7js L`jednm7! g` ?? jnmqrhrsv7imn~

m`gbn~.

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incn lef`lh. Gapnim7 qhkh jp`?m-o`prmep7b

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jp`?m`lh @k|!mqs. Sw`qr| o`prmep7b b noep`v7!u

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g`ona7c`mm! onxhpemm~ meqr`a7k|mnqr7.

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dnqb7d qksfah p`gnl g jnkec`lh g jp`?m M@RN 7

gm`~r|, !j qhkh @k|!mqs d7~r| s qjk`dmhu 7

b`fjhu qhrs`v7!u. Vei t`jrnp oepedsq7l qr`b

bhgm`w`k|mhl s opnveq7 onjp`y`mm! b7dmnqhm,onckhakemm! bg`;lnpngsl7mm! 7 dnb7ph l7f

gapnimhlh qhk`lh jp`?m, !j7 g` w`q7b unkndmn?

b7imh m`kef`kh dn jnmtpnmrs~whu `k|!mq7b, yn

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g l`md`rnl NNM, ; m`d`mm! o7drphljh

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dbnu deq!rhp7w cpnl`d!mq|jn? b7imh, ` r`jnf

g`ona7c`mm! qrbnpemm~ repnphqrhwmhu a`g m`

rephrnp7? jp`?mh.

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LQQA rephrnp7;~ J`ask` r` ophkeckhu p`inm7b,`ke o7gm7xe gnm` b7donb7d`k|mnqr7 ask`

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l`md`r` NNM. Onqrsonbn d7!k|m7qr| LQQA ask`

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op`v~~r| s opnb7mv7!u 7 onxhp~~r|

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onxhpemm! d7!k|mnqr7 LQQA m` g`u7d b7d J`ask`.Njp7l v|ncn, m` b7q7l rhfm7b askh pngcnpmsr7

dnd`rjnb7 qhkh dk! o7drphljh bhanpwncn opnveqs

b oep7nd o7dcnrnbjh 7 opnbedemm! opeghdemrq|jhu

bhanp7b, yn b7daskhq! b fnbrm7 2004 pnjs.

20

> Jp`?mh – o`prmeph b7d7cp`~r|

b`cnls pnk| s d7!k|mnqr7 L7fm`pndmhu

qhk qoph!mm! aegoev7 b @tc`m7qr`m7.

Qr`mnl m` bepeqem| 2004 pnjs deq!r|

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qoev7`k7gnb`m7 tnplsb`mm!, m`ophjk`d, g`cnmh

b7iq|jnbn? onk7v7? `an jnl`mdh qoev7`k7qr7b g

pngl7msb`mm!. Jp`?mh-o`prmeph Vemrp`k|mn? @g7?

dnonl`c`kh s l`rep7`k|mn-reum7wmnls

g`aegoewemm7 LQQA, nqj7k|jh nqm`yemm!

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OGL, qr`kh nqmnbn~ dbnqrnpnmm7u scnd, yn d`kh

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menau7dmn? reum7jh r` an;opho`q7b, ` r`jnf

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b`fkhbnqr7 o`prmepq|jhu b7dmnqhm dk! M@RN.

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18 b7dqnrj7b Qhk Jnqnb` (JTNP).

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b Anqm7? 7 Cepvecnbhm7 o7qk! o7dohq`mm!

Deirnmq|jn? lhpmn? scndh 14 cpsdm! 1995 pnjs.6TNP nrphl`kh l`md`r NNM, yn oepeda`w`b

bopnb`dfemm! b7iq|jnbhu `qoejr7b lhpmn? scndh:ophohmemm! b7iq|jnbhu d7i bnpncs~whu qrnp7m,pngbedemm! gapnimhu qhk mnbnqrbnpemhu

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S cpsdm7 1996 pnjs 6TNP askh g`l7mem7 lemxhlh

Qr`a7k7g`v7imhlh qhk`lh (QTNP). L7q7! QTNP

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21

> Xbev|jhi lhpnrbnpev| xsj`; l7mh g`

dnonlncn~ qksfanbncn qna`jh.

onbepr`rhq! dndnls a7femv!l 7 oepel7yemhl

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whqek|m7qr| lhpnrbnpv7b: b7d onw`rjnbhu 60 000nqnanbncn qjk`ds dn 7000 b 2004 pnv7.

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qo7k|mnrh. G`p`g b7dasb`;r|q! opnveq vhb7k|mn?

b7dasdnbh, 7 b opnb7mv7? op`jrhwmn b7dmnbkem7

slnbh dk! mnpl`k|mncn aegoewmncn fhrr!. Opnre,!j g`qb7dwhb qo`k`u l7ferm7wmn? bnpnfmew7 s

aepegm7 2004 pnjs, b opnb7mv7? 7qms~r| qepingm7

opnakelh, !j7 bhl`c`~r| ond`k|xn? b7iq|jnbn?

ophqsrmnqr7 b Jnqnb7.

Op`v~~wh p`gnl

Ndmhl 7g jk~wnbhu g`bd`m| opncp`lh

“O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps” ; g`aegoewemm!

qopnlnfmnqr7 b7iq|j jp`?m-o`prmep7b bg`;lnd7!rh

g qhk`lh M@RN o7d w`q opnbedemm! lhpnrbnpwhu

noep`v7i (dhb. r`jnf qrnp. 10 - 11). Sw`qr| s

dbnqrnpnmm7u opncp`l`u 7 b7iq|jnbhu rpemsb`mm!u

dnonl`c`; jp`?m`l-o`prmep`l m`asrh

op`jrhwmncn dnqb7ds dk! qo7k|mn? g qhk`lh M@RN

sw`qr7 b lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7!u. Jk~wnbs pnk|

oph v|nls b7d7cp`~r| gm`mm! `mck7iq|jn? lnbh 7

pngbhrnj noep`rhbmn? qsl7qmnqr7. Gapnim7 qhkh

vhu jp`?m ded`k7 jp`ye no`mnbs~r| noep`rhbm7

mnplh @k|!mqs yndn g`aegoewemm! etejrhbmncn

opnbedemm! onk|nbhu noep`v7i, ` r`jnf

bopnb`dfs~r| opnvedsph 7 mnplh, qsl7qm7 g rhlh,!j7 g`qrnqnbs~r| qhkh M@RN. Nrfe, Jnmveov7!

noep`rhbmn? qopnlnfmnqr7 b7d7cp`; jk~wnbs pnk|

s v|nls ok`m7. Vemrp jnnpdhm`v7? o`prmepqrb`

(VJO), qtnplnb`mhi s 1994 pnv7 oph xr`a7

Bepunbmncn cnknbmnjnl`mdsb`w` NGQ M@RN b

4bpno7, o7drphls; qrp`rec7wme jnl`mdsb`mm!

M@RN b jnnpdhmsb`mm7 m`bw`mm! 7 rpemsb`mm! b

p`lj`u OGL.

22

Sw`qr| jp`?m-o`prmep7b r` jp`?m -- me wkem7b

M@RN s lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7!u o7d ec7dn~ M@RN

opnundhr| b7donb7dmn dn onk7rhwmn-b7iq|jnbncn

p`ljnbncn dnjslemr`. V|nls r`jnf qoph!;

d7!k|m7qr| L7fm`pndmncn jnnpdhm`v7imncn vemrps,g`qmnb`mncn s fnbrm7 1995 pnjs oph xr`a7

Bepunbmncn cnknbmnjnl`mdsb`w` NGQ M@RN b

4bpno7, !jhi m`d`; ophl7yemm! dk! opnbedemm!

jnmqsk|r`v7i r` gd7iqmemm! ok`msb`mm! sq7l

jp`?m`l, !j7 me ; wkem`lh M@RN, `ke m`dqhk`~r|

qbn? b7iq|jnb7 jnmrhmcemrh dk! sw`qr7 b noep`v7!u.O7qk! opnbedemm! nv7mjh g`opnonmnb`mn? jp`?mn~

sw`qr7 b noep`v7!u M@RN, sjk`d`~r|q! t7m`mqnb7

r` reum7wm7 dnlnbkemnqr7 l7f jnfmn~

jnmjpermn~ jp`?mn~-sw`qmhve~ 7 M@RN. Jnfm`

jp`?m`-o`prmep aepe m` qeae b7donb7d`k|m7qr| g`

pngl7yemm! qbncn jnmrhmcemrs r` g`aegoewemm!

incn etejrhbmncn tsmjv7nmsb`mm!. S de!jhu

bho`dj`u o7drphlj` r`jnf lnfe asrh m`d`m`

jp`?mn~ -- wkemnl M@RN m` dbnqrnpnmm7i nqmnb7.

A7k|x7qr| jp`?m – me wkem7b M@RN, !j7

m`dqhk`~r| qbn? b7iq|j` dk! sw`qr7 b

lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7!u o7d ec7dn~ M@RN, aepsr|

sw`qr| s opncp`l7 OGL r` onund!r| g

;bpnoeiq|jncn jnmrhmemrs. Opnre oebm7 jp`?mh,!j7 m`dqhk`~r| qbn? b7iq|jnb7 jnmrhmcemrh,

onund!r| g 7mxhu jnmrhmemr7b, ` de!j7 m`b7r| me

l`~r| tnpl`k|mhu b7dmnqhm g @k|!mqnl. M`

o7bdemmn`lephj`mq|jnls jnmrhmemr7 ophjk`dnl

r`jn? qo7bop`v7 lnfe qkscsb`rh @pcemrhm`, !j`

m`dqhk`k` qbn?u b7iq|jnbhu dk! sw`qr7 s

Qr`a7k7g`v7imhu qhk`u (QTNP) r` Qhk`u Jnqnb`

(JTNP), ` r`jnf Whk7, wh? b7iq|jnb7 ap`kh sw`qr|

s Qr`a7k7g`v7imhu qhk`u. Qeped jp`?m, !j7 aepsr|

sw`qr| s Qepedgelmnlnpq|jnls d7`kng7 M@RN 7

m`dqhk`kh qbn? jnmrhmcemrh dk! sw`qr7 b

Qr`a7k7g`v7imhu qhk`u r` Qhk`u Jnqnb`, lnfm`

m`gb`rh Inpd`m7~ r` L`pnjjn, ` lhpnrbnpv7 g

4chors qksfhkh o7d ec7dn~ qhk M@RN b Anqm7? r`

Cepvecnbhm7. Ye ndm` jp`?m` -- opedqr`bmhj

`p`aq|jncn qb7rs, Na’;dm`m7 @p`aq|j7 El7p`rh,m`d`k` gm`wmhi b7iq|jnbhi jnmrhmcemr, yn

sb7ixnb dn qjk`ds Qhk Jnqnb`. L`k`ig7!,opedqr`bmhv! jp`?m O7bdemmn-Qu7dmn? @g7?, ap`k`

sw`qr| !j s qjk`d7 6lokelemr`v7imhu qhk (6TNP),r`j 7 Qr`a7k7g`v7imhu qhk. S p`lj`u opncp`l

nal7ms dnqb7dnl g Bekhjn~ Aphr`m7;~, b7iq|jnb7

g @bqrp`k7? r` Mnbn? Gek`md7? bg!kh sw`qr| s

lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7!u m` A`kj`m`u. Mhm7

mebekhj` cpso` b7iq|jnbhu g Mnbn? Gek`md7?

r`jnf qksfhr| s qjk`d7 LQQA.

Pnq7iq|j7 lhpnrbnpv7

A7k|xe qelh pnj7b, dn qbncn bhbedemm! g pec7nms

bk7rjs 2003 pnjs, pnq7iq|jhi jnmrhmcemr

lhpnrbnpwhu qhk m` A`kj`m`u asb m`ia7k|xhl

g` whqek|m7qr~ o7qk! jnmrhmcemrs qhk M@RN.Pnq7iq|j7 qnkd`rh op`v~b`kh ok7w-n-ok7w g

lhpnrbnpv!lh qhk @k|!mqs r` 7mxhu jp`?m-o`prmep7b, dnonl`c`~wh l7fm`pndmnls

qo7brnb`phqrbs onasdsb`rh dnbcnqrpnjnbs

aegoejs 7 qr`a7k|m7qr| s pec7nm7.

S q7wm7 1996 pnjs pnq7iq|jhi lhpnrbnpwhi jnmrhmcemr askn bbedemn dn Anqm7? r` Cepvecnbhmh, de b7m

sb7ixnb dn qjk`ds a`c`rnm`v7nm`k|mn? aphc`dh o7bm7wmncn qejrnp`. Pnq7iq|j7 lhpnrbnpv7 opnbndhkh

yndemme o`rpsk~b`mm! rephrnp7? r` gd7iqm~b`kh oepeb7pjh, ` r`jnf ap`kh sw`qr| s b7dasdnb7 jp`~ r`

pngb’!g`mm7 csl`m7r`pmhu opnakel. Onoph pnga7fmnqr7 b onck!d`u m` onb7rp!m7 sd`ph M@RN s 1999 pnv7,Pnq7iq|j` Tedep`v7! b7d7cp`k` jk~wnbs dhoknl`rhwms pnk| s pngb’!g`mm7 jnqnbq|jncn jnmtk7jrs, 7

pnq7iq|j7 b7iq|j`, !j7 sb7ixkh dn Jnqnb` s wepbm7 1999 pnjs b qjk`d7 a`c`rnm`v7nm`k|mhu aphc`d qu7dmncn,o7bm7wmncn r` o7bdemmncn qejrnp7b, dnonl`c`kh g`aegoewsb`rh tsmjv7nmsb`mm! `epndpnls s Op7xrhm7 r`

m`d`b`kh jnlokejqme ledhwme g`aegoewemm!.

23

Nanpnmm` petnpl`

G`cpng` jnmtpnmr`v7? l7f Qundnl 7 G`undnl

g`j7mwhk`q! 7g g`bepxemm!l unkndmn? b7imh.B7do`k` menau7dm7qr| srphlsb`rh bekhwegm7 `pl7?

r` whqkemm7 g`o`qh gapn? 7 an;opho`q7b. G’!bhk`q!

m`d7! gm`wmn qjnpnrhrh bhd`rjh m` ngapn;mm! b

slnb`u lhpmncn qo7b7qmsb`mm!. Bh!bhknq!, opnre,yn opnbedemm! nanpnmmn? petnplh -- ve

meopnqrhi jpnj, yn onrpeas; qsrr;bhu bhrp`r.Jp7l rncn, mebdnbg7 M@RN 7 jp`?mh-o`prmeph

g7rjmskhq! g mnbhlh opnakel`lh s c`ksg7 aegoejh

7 askh glsxem7 `d`orsb`rh qbn? gapnim7 qhkh dn

gl7memhu slnb, yn, aegoepewmn, l`kn qbn?

ejnmnl7wm7 m`qk7djh.

Jp`?mh -- wkemh M@RN onqrsonbn qjnpnwsb`kh

j7k|j7qr| qbn?u b7iq|jnbnqksfanbv7b, b7iq|jnbn?

reum7jh r` b7iq|jnbhu a`g, ` r`jnf petnplsb`kh

qbn? gapnim7 qhkh, yna bnmh jp`ye b7donb7d`kh

onrpea`l nanpnmh q|ncndemm!. A`c`rn jp`?m-o`prmep7b khxe g`p`g pngonwhm`~r| vei dnbchi

7 b`fjhi opnveq, 7 b mhu w`qrn me bhqr`w`;

menau7dmhu peqspq7b 7 dnqb7ds. Bnmh l`~r|

pngb’!g`rh meopnqrs opnakels peqrpsjrsphg`v7?

r` oepeo7dcnrnbjh b7iq|jnbhu qhk, !j7 p`m7xe

askh w`qrhmn~ l7k7r`phgnb`mncn qepednbhy`,opnre reoep qr`kh meonrp7am7 !j g rnwjh gnps

l`rep7`k|mncn srphl`mm!, r`j 7 g rnwjh gnps

delnjp`rhwmhu gl7m, yn b7daskhq!. S opnveq7

peqrpsjrsphg`v7? gapnimhu qhk jk~wnbhl

op7nphrernl qr`; pngpnaj` lnfkhbnqrei

etejrhbmn? sw`qr7 b specsk~b`mm7 jphg r`

lhpnrbnpwhu noep`v7!u b ;bpn`rk`mrhwmnls

pec7nm7. 6mxhl dsfe b`fkhbhl `qoejrnl

opnbedemm! nanpnmmn? petnplh qr`;

g`aegoewemm! b7donb7dmncn sop`bk7mm! ??

m`qk7dj`lh.

Ndmhl 7g m`ib`fkhb7xhu jnlonmemr7b opncp`lh

“O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps” qr`b Opnveq

ok`msb`mm! 7 nv7mjh qhk (OONQ, dhb. qrnp. 11), b

!jnls bhgm`w`~r|q! v7k7 r` leu`m7glh `m`k7gs,o7djp7okem7 dbnqrnpnmm7lh opncp`l`lh,pngpnakemhlh l7f M@RN r` njpelhlh jp`?m`lh-o`prmep`lh. Ve d`; glncs jp`?m`l -- wkem`l

M@RN r` g`u7dmn;bpnoeiq|jhl o`prmep`l

d7khrhq! dnqb7dnl 7 dnonl`c`rh pngb’!gsb`rh

jnmveors`k|m7 r` op`jrhwm7 opnakelh opnbedemm!

nanpnmmn? petnplh.

Opnbedemm! jnlokejqmn?

nanpnmmn? petnplh

Onasdnb` d7;bhu 7mqrhrsv7i

Tsmd`lemrnl c`p`mrsb`mm! qr`a7k|mnqr7 b

;bpn`rk`mrhwmnls pec7nm7 r` b`fkhbn~ qjk`dnbn~

l7fm`pndmn? qo7bop`v7 s c`ksg7 aegoejh qr`~r|

etejrhbm7 r` d7;b7 depf`bm7 nanpnmm7 7mqrhrsv7? o7d

delnjp`rhwmhl vhb7k|mhl jnmrpnkel. G

sp`usb`mm!l v|ncn, s wepbm7 2004 pnjs m` q`l7r7 b

Qr`lask7 askn g`onw`rjnb`mn mnbhi Ok`m d7i

o`prmepqrb` g pngasdnbh nanpnmmhu 7mqrhrsv7i,o7dohq`mhi ck`b`lh depf`b r` sp!d7b jp`?m P`dh

;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn o`prmepqrb`.

Vei leu`m7gl r`jnf qop!lnb`mn m` o7drphljs

gsqhk| jp`?m-o`prmep7b yndn g`onw`rjsb`mm! 7

opnbedemm! petnpl 7 peqrpsjrsphg`v7? nanpnmmhu

7mqrhrsv7i s b7donb7dmnqr7 dn bmsrp7xm7u v7kei 7

bhjnm`mm! l7fm`pndmhu gnanb’!g`m|. Vhl

leu`m7glnl bhgm`wemn qo7k|m7 v7k7 pnanrh

o`prmepqrb` s v7i qtep7, g`nunws;r|q! nal7m

b7donb7dmhl dnqb7dnl, ` r`jnf jnmjperhgs~r|q! 7

qop!lnbs~r|q! dbnqrnpnmm7 opncp`lh dnonlnch s

c`ksg7 aegoejh 7 nanpnmh.

Dn v7kei Ok`ms d7i bund!r|: etejrhbm7 7 opngnp7

leu`m7glh delnjp`rhwmncn jnmrpnk~ nanpnmmn?

d7!k|mnqr7, sw`qr| vhb7k|mhu s pngpnav7 onk7rhjh

nanpnmh 7 aegoejh, etejrhbmhi 7 opngnphi

~phdhwmhi r` g`jnmnd`bwhi m`ck!d g` nanpnmmn~

qtepn~, ckhanj` nv7mj` phghj7b s c`ksg7 aegoejh

r` m`v7nm`k|mhu nanpnmmhu onrpea o`p`kek|mn g

pngbhrjnl r` o7drphl`mm!l ejnmnl7wmn

menar!fkhbhu r` noep`rhbmn qsl7qmhu peqspq7b,norhl7g`v7! sop`bk7mm! l7m7qrepqrb`lh nanpnmh r`

7mxhlh `cemv7!lh, yn l`~r| s qbn;ls qjk`d7

b7iq|jnb7 qrpsjrsph, b7donb7dm7qr| l7fm`pndmhl

mnpl`l 7 op`jrhj`l s c`ksg7 nanpnmh, gnjpel`,ejqonprmncn jnmrpnk~, etejrhbm7 r` opngnp7

opnvedsph t7m`mqsb`mm!, ok`msb`mm! 7 pngond7ks

peqspq7b s c`ksg7 nanpnmh, etejrhbme sop`bk7mm!

bhrp`r`lh m` nanpnms, ` r`jnf qnv7`k|mn-ejnmnl7wm7 m`qk7djh peqrpsjrsphg`v7? qhqrelh

nanpnmh, etejrhbm7 r` opngnp7 qrpsjrsph

sop`bk7mm! j`dp`lh b gapnimhu qhk`u, etejrhbm`

l7fm`pndm` qo7bop`v! r` dnapnqsq7dq|j7 b7dmnqhmh

g ohr`m| nanpnmh r` aegoejh.

24

Bopnb`dfemm! Ok`ms d7i bhl`c`rhle

l`jqhl`k|mncn g`qrnqsb`mm! 7qms~whu 7mqrpslemr7b 7

leu`m7gl7b s p`lj`u P`dh ;bpn`rk`mrhwmncn

o`prmepqrb` 7 OGL. Opnveq ok`msb`mm! 7 nv7mjh qhk

OGL qkscsb`rhle nqmnbmhl 7mqrpslemrnl bhjnm`mm!

g`bd`m| Ok`ms d7i 7 asde b7donb7dmn `d`ornb`mhi.Dk! incn etejrhbmncn bopnb`dfemm! menau7dmn

dnq!crh qo7k|mncn pngsl7mm! qr`md`pr7b 7 jnmveov7i,yn m`kef`r| dn ohr`m| nanpnmh, sop`bk7mm!

nanpnmmhlh qrpsjrsp`lh 7 opnbedemm! nanpnmmn?

petnplh. Dnq!cmemm! r`jn? “jnmveors`k|mn?”noep`rhbmn? qsl7qmnqr7 onrpeas; gm`wmncn

7mbeqrsb`mm! peqspq7b b nqb7rs r` onqhkemm! gsqhk|

g nal7ms b7donb7dmhlh gm`mm!lh 7 dnqb7dnl l7f

qn~gmhj`lh 7 o`prmep`lh.

B7dmnqhmh g Sjp`?mn~

Opncp`l` qo7bop`v7 M@RN g Sjp`?mn~ s c`ksg7

nanpnmmn? petnplh ; m`ia7k|x xhpnjnl`qxr`amn~,m7f g asd|-!jn~ 7mxn~ jp`?mn~-o`prmepnl. M`

ophjk`d7 Sjp`?mh lnfm` oepeqb7dwhrhq|, !je

xhpnje jnkn g`und7b qo7bop`v7 M@RN opnonms;

jp`?m`l-o`prmep`l.

Jnkh s 1991 pnv7 Sjp`?m` ncnknqhk` meg`kefm7qr|, ?i

s qo`dnj khxhk`q! gm`wm` w`qrj` b7iq|jnbn?

qrpsjrsph 7 gapnimhu qhk jnkhxm|ncn P`d!mq|jncn

Qn~gs. Sjp`?m` gbepmsk`q! dn M@RN g opnu`mm!l

dnonlncrh oeperbnphrh sqo`djnb`m7 me~ g w`q7b

unkndmn? b7imh gapnim7 qhkh m` mebekhj7 g`

whqek|m7qr~, qsw`qm7 r` d7;b7 qhkh, gd`rm7

b7donb7d`rh mnbhl bhlnc`l s c`ksg7 aegoejh, `

r`jnf g`aegoewhrh nap`ms Sjp`?mn~ pnk| `jrhbmncn

sw`qmhj` c`p`mrsb`mm! aegoejh 7 qr`a7k|mnqr7 m`

;bpnoeiq|jnls jnmrhmemr7. Op7nphrer`lh M@RN b

m`d`mm7 r`jn? dnonlnch ; onqhkemm!

delnjp`rhwmncn 7 vhb7k|mncn jnmrpnk~ g`

gapnimhlh qhk`lh Sjp`?mh r` onjp`y`mm! p7bm! ?u

noep`rhbmn? qsl7qmnqr7 g qhk`lh M@RN.

O7qk! oph;dm`mm! s 1994 pnv7 dn opncp`lh

“O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps” naq!c jnmr`jr7b 7

qo7bpna7rmhvrb` l7f Sjp`?mn~ 7 M@RN gm`wmn

ga7k|xhbq!, yn dngbnkhkn Sjp`?m7 nal7m!rhq!

dnqb7dnl r` nrphl`rh op`jrhwms dnonlncs g anjs

@k|!mqs. Qo7bop`v! m`ask` ye a7k|x 7mremqhbmncn

u`p`jreps o7qk! o7dohq`mm! s 1997 pnv7 U`pr7? opn

Nqnakhbe o`prmepqrbn l7f M@RN r` Sjp`?mn~.Wepeg p7j askn srbnpemn Qo7k|ms pnanws cpsos g

nanpnmmn? petnplh, !j` l`k` qoph!rh

jnmqsk|r`v7!l 7 op`jrhwm7i qo7bop`v7 s c`ksg7

petnplsb`mm! qrpsjrsp aegoejh r` nanpnmh. S

jb7rm7 1999 pnjs s Jh;b7 askn b7djphrn Nt7q gb’!gjs

M@RN dk! qoph!mm! nanpnmmhl petnpl`l jp`?mh.

Sw`qr| s opncp`l7 “O`prmepqrbn g`p`dh lhps”dnonl`c`; Sjp`?m7 s opnbedemm7 nanpnmmn? petnplh

r` qoph!; o7dbhyemm~ p7bm! noep`rhbmn? qsl7qmnqr7.Nqnakhbn b`fkhbhl ; leu`m7gl Opnveqs

ok`msb`mm! 7 nv7mjh qhk OGL, `dfe b7m dnonl`c`;

bhgm`whrh jk~wnb7 bhlnch yndn v7kei nanpnmmncn

ok`msb`mm!. M`ib`fkhb7xhl ekelemrnl askn

m`d`mm! reum7wmn? dnonlnch r` jnmqsk|r`v7i oph

gd7iqmemm7 nanpnmmncn nck!ds, yn dnonlnckn Sjp`?m7

qjk`qrh dnpnfm~ j`prs opnbedemm! nanpnmmn?

petnplh. Nanpnmmhi nck!d ; qjk`dmhl,na’;jrhbmhl `m`k7rhwmhl opnveqnl, ler` !jncn

onk!c`; s bhgm`wemm7 nanpnmmhu onrpea jp`?mh

b7donb7dmn dn ?? m`v7nm`k|mn? onk7rhjh s c`ksg7

aegoejh, g`aegoewemm7 a`k`mqs l7f nanpnmmhlh

onrpea`lh r` m`!bmhlh peqspq`lh 7 bhpnakemm7

opnonghv7i yndn qhk 7 peqspq7b s r`jhi qonq7a, yna

g`aegoewhrh m`ietejrhbm7xe bhjnphqr`mm! jnxr7b

25

> Cnknb` B7iq|jnbncn

jnl7rers M@RN ( s

vemrp7) o7d w`q b7ghrs b

Sjp`?ms s k~rnls 2004

pnjs, ophqb!wemncn

`m`k7gs b7iq|jnbn?

qo7bop`v7 r` nanpnmmn?

petnplh.

ok`rmhj7b ond`rj7b. Pegsk|r`rnl nanpnmmncn nck!ds

; pngpnaj` jnmveors`k|mn? quelh opnbedemm!

ond`k|xn? petnplh, !j`, gpngsl7kn, onrpeasb`rhle

gm`wmhu gsqhk| opnr!cnl rphb`kncn oep7nds.

6mxhlh jk~wnbhlh t`jrnp`lh qo7bpna7rmhvrb` askh

dnonlnc` Sjp`?m7 s pngpnav7 mnbn? jnmveov7? aegoejh

r` b7iq|jnbn? dnjrphmh, s g`aegoewemm7 a7k|x

etejrhbmncn 7 opngnpncn tnplsb`mm! nanpnmmncn

a~dfers, ` r`jnf pngbhrjs vhb7k|mn-b7iq|jnbhu

b7dmnqhm, bjk~w`~wh ga7k|xemm! pnk7 vhb7k|mhu b

nanpnmmhu qrpsjrsp`u Sjp`?mh. Gsqhkk! Sjp`?mh,qop!lnb`m7 m` peqrpsjrsphg`v7~ r` oepeasdnbs

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26

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28

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29

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30

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31

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32

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repnphgls, onqhkemm! g`uhqrs jnpdnm7b, anpnr|a`

g jnmrp`a`mdn~, pngpnaj` etejrhbm7xhu qhqrel

bh!bkemm! bhasunbhu pewnbhm.

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pngsl7mm! dfepek bhmhjmemm! repnphgls,qnv7`k|mhu 7 oqhunknc7wmhu m`qk7dj7b repnphgls,ohr`mm! onqhkemm! opnrhd7? m`qekemm!

g`cpng`l repnphgls r`jnf bhbw`~r|q! g lern~

pngpnajh pejnlemd`v7i yndn tnplsb`mm!

b7donb7dmn? onk7rhjh.

Opnrhd7! 7mxhl g`cpng`l aegoev7

Qeped 7mxhu onremv7imhu, unw 7 me r`jhu nwebhdmhu,g`cpng aegoev7 r` qr`a7k|mnqr7 ; g`meo`d

m`bjnkhxm|ncn qepednbhy`, m`ophjk`d, onxhpemm!

osqrek|, epng7! gelek| `an g`apsdmemm! bndmhu

xk!u7b g`c`k|mncn bhjnphqr`mm!, ` r`jnf ap`j

meb7dmnbk~b`mhu peqspq7b, yn lnfsr| ophgbeqrh dn

bhmhjmemm! pec7nm`k|mhu `an ophjnpdnmmhu

jnmtk7jr7b. Bhp7xemm! r`jhu opnakel w`qrn bhl`c`;

me khxe m`sjnbhu reumnknc7i, “mns-u`s”, ` 7

a`c`rnqrnpnmm7u d7i. G v7;~ lern~ M@RN o7drphls;

opnejrh r` dnqk7dfemm!, qop!lnb`m7 m`

33

bhjnphqr`mm! m`ijp`yhu qsw`qmhu m`sjnbhu

pngpnanj r` g`kswemm! nqmnbmhu jp`?m, !jhu g`w7o`;

d`m` opnakel`.

Qb7r qr`b ah aegoewm7xhl, !jah lnfm` askn

opncmngsb`rh ophpndm7 j`r`qrpnth, glemxsb`rh ?u

m`qk7djh `an, yn m`b7r| jp`ye, bg`c`k7 smhj`rh ?u.V7 ohr`mm! qr`mnbk!r| jk~wnbhi 7mrepeq dk!

a`c`r|nu jp`?m-o`prmep7b. M@RN gd7iqm~; mhgjs

opnejr7b, qop!lnb`mhu m` glemxemm! psim7bmncn

bokhbs qhk|mhu gelkerpsq7b g lern~ qjnpnwemm!

j7k|jnqr7 g`chakhu, g`bd`mhu l`rep7`k|mhu gahrj7b,onpsxemm! g`c`k|mncn ejnmnl7wmncn r` qnv7`k|mncn

k`ds. S p`lj`u r`jhu opnejr7b pngck!d`;r|q!

lnfkhb7qr| onqhkemm! qr7ijnqr7 asd7bek| s p`g7

gelkerpsq7b, `an, m`ophjk`d, gd7iqm~;r|q! ga7p

d`mhu opn qeiqlnknc7wm7 r` cenknc7wm7

u`p`jrephqrhjh pec7nms dk! sjk`d`mm! j`pr

qeiql7wmn? meaegoejh, jnrp7 oph ok`msb`mm7 l7qr

dnonl`c`kh a bhp7xsb`rh, !j7 q`le asdhmjh lnfm`

aegoewmn asdsb`rh b qeiqlnmeaegoewmhu pec7nm`u.R`jnf g`aegoews;r|q! o7drphlj` opnejr7b pngpnajh

qhqrel p`mm|ncn onoepedfemm! r` qhqrel

sop`bk7mm! onbem!lh.

Qsw`qme qsqo7k|qrbn gm`wmn~ l7pn~ g`kefhr| b7d

onqr`w`mm! aegoewmhu u`pwnbhu opndsjr7b `an

m`d7imhu g`qna7b oeped`w7 7mtnpl`v7?, nrfe, v7

ohr`mm! lnfm` bb`f`rh jk~wnbhlh dk! ond`k|xhu

dnqk7dfem| s c`ksg7 o7dbhyemm! p7bm! aegoejh

qsw`qmncn qsqo7k|qrb`.

DNBJ6KK_ R@ AEGOEJ@

L7fm`pndmhi u`p`jrep opnakel m`bjnkhxm|ncn

qepednbhy` ophgb7b dn rncn, yn qb7rnb`

qo7k|mnr` onw`k` a7k|x `jrhbmn gd7iqm~b`rh

opnejrh, qop!lnb`m7 me khxe m` ond`k|xhi

pngbhrnj qnv7`k|mn? r` ejnmnl7wmn? qteph, `

r`jnf m` qoph!mm! aegoev7 r` qr`a7k|mnqr7.R`j7 opnejrh opnbnd!r|q! b p`lj`u opncp`lh

Jnl7rers g opnakel qsw`qmncn qsqo7k|qrb` r`

; b`fkhbn~ qjk`dnbn~ opncp`lh “Aegoej`

wepeg m`sjs”.

Gm`wmhl jpnjnl m` xk!us on;dm`mm! ohr`m|

m`bjnkhxm|ncn qepednbhy` r` aegoejh 7

qr`a7k|mnqr7 askn g`onw`rjsb`mm! s 2002 pnv7

qo7k|mn? 7m7v7`rhbh “G nunpnmh m`bjnkhxm|ncn

qepednbhy` 7 aegoejh” o7d ec7dn~ Npc`m7g`v7? g

aegoejh 7 qo7bpna7rmhvrb` b 4bpno7, Opncp`lh

NNM 7g g`uhqrs dnbj7kk! r` Opncp`lh pngbhrjs

NNM. Nqmnbms sb`cs s p`lj`u 6m7v7`rhbh

ophd7kemn m`iak7|x bp`gkhbhl pec7nm`l A`kj`m,J`bj`gs r` Vemrp`k|mn? @g7?.

Nqj7k|jh opncp`lh “Aegoej` wepeg m`sjs” 7

Jnl7rers g opnakel qsw`qmncn qsqo7k|qrb`

qop!lnb`m7 m` qoph!mm! aegoev7 wepeg pngbhrnj

qo7bpna7rmhvrb` m`sjnbncn 7 ophpndnnunpnmmncn

u`p`jreps g m`sjnbv!lh jp`?m-o`prmep7b

g`gm`wemhu pec7nm7b, bnmh qr`kh w`qrhmn~

7m7v7`rhbh “G nunpnmh m`bjnkhxm|ncn

qepednbhy` 7 aegoejh”. G`undh s p`lj`u v7;?

opncp`lh sgcndfs~r|q!, ` 7mtnpl`v7! opn

pnanrs r` ?? pegsk|r`rh onxhp~;r|q! qeped

b7donb7dmhu `cemv7i vhu pec7nm7b. S qbn~ wepcs,ve qoph!; a7k|x7i d7;bnqr7 qo7k|mhu g`und7b.

34

Dnonlnc` s p`g7

gelkerpsq7b

Gelkerpsqh

qr`mnbk!r| gm`wms

g`cpngs

csqrnm`qekemhl

pec7nm`l

Vemrp`k|mn? @g7?. S

p`lj`u opnejrs, yn

t7m`mqs;r|q! M@RN,t`u7bv7 g ohr`m|

gelkerpsq7b g

Rspewwhmh

dnonl`c`~r| qbn?l sgaev|jhl r` jhpchg|jhl jnkec`l pngpnahrh j`prh meaegoewmhu p`inm7b s qrnkhv!u --R`xjemr7 r` A7xjejs. R`j7 j`prh dnonlnfsr| t`u7bv!l g ok`msb`mm! l7qr s ophim!rr7 p7xem| yndn

asd7bmhvrb` mnbhu qonpsd r` sjp7okemm! bfe 7qms~whu.

Sxjndfemm!

fhrknbhu asdhmj7b s

A7xjejs, qophwhmem7

qeiql7wmn~ d7!k|m7qr~

J`m`kh, p7wjh

Ngep`

Gpsimnb`m7 asdhmjh, %

M`k`cndfemm! jnmr`jr7b

Dk! rncn yna d7gm`b`rhq! opn nqr`mm7 ond7? r`

pngpnajh, bwem7 onrpeas~r| m`d7imncn dnqrsos dn

7mtnpl`v7?. Opnre me bq7 cpnl`dh swemhu 7

m`sjnbv7b lnfsr| ye onub`khrhq! ophundnl

mnbn? 7mtnpl`v7imn? dnah `an lnfkhbnqr!lh

bhjnphqr`mm! lepef7 6mrepmer. G`c`k|mnb7dnln,yn b7dqsrm7qr| lnmnonk7? m` 7mtnpl`v7~ ;

nqmnbmn~ oepedslnbn~ delnjp`r7? r`

opnvb7r`mm! delnjp`rhwmncn qsqo7k|qrb`.

Dk! rncn yna dnonlncrh bhop`bhrh qhrs`v7~,yn qjk`k`q!, s p`lj`u Opncp`lh M@RN g

pngbhrjs vhb7k|mn? m`sjh j7k|j` m`sjnbhu r`

nqb7r!mq|jhu jnkejrhb7b b jp`?m`u-o`prmep`u

askh g`aegoewem7 menau7dmn~ 7mtp`qrpsjrspn~

dk! dnqrsos b 6mrepmer.

S bekhjhu l7qr`u askn qrbnpemn qhqrelh, yn

onjp`ys~r| `j`del7wmhl cpnl`d`l s qu7dmhu

pec7nm`u Pnq7? r` Sjp`?mh dnqrso dn 6mrepmers, `

r`jnf askh pngpnakem7 m`v7nm`k|m7 lepef7 b

Lnkdnb7, Pslsm7? r` jnkhxm7i ^cnqk`bq|j7i

Peqosak7v7 L`jednm7!*. M`ia7k|xhl 7

m`i`la7rm7xhl opnejrnl qr`b t7m`mqnb`mhi

M@RN opnejr “B7prs`k|mncn xnbjnbncn xk!us”,!jhi g`aegoews; `j`del7wm7i cpnl`d7 O7bdemmncn

J`bj`gs r` Vemrp`k|mn? @g7? dnqrso dn 6mrepmers

wepeg qsosrmhjnbhi gb’!gnj.

35

“B7prs`k|mhi xnbjnbhi xk!u”

Opnejr “B7prs`k|mncn xnbjnbncn

xk!us” askn g`onw`rjnb`mn s

fnbrm7 2001 pnjs (incn m`gb`

onb’!g`m` g Bekhjhl xnbjnbhl

xk!unl, yn on;dmsb`b 4bpnos r`

D`kejhi Qu7d 7 qoph!b nal7ms

rnb`p`lh, gm`mm!lh r` 7de!lh). S

p`lj`u opnejrs g`aegoews;r|q!

dnqrso dn 6mrepmers `j`del7wmhl

r` m`sjnbhl cpnl`d`l bnq|lh jp`?m-o`prmep7b O7bdemmncn J`bj`gs r` Vemrp`k|mn? @g7?: B7plem7?,@gepa`idf`ms, Cpsg7?, J`g`uqr`ms, Jhpchg|jn? Peqosak7jh, R`dfhjhqr`ms, Rspjlem7qr`ms r` Sgaejhqr`ms,` b 2004 pnv7 dn v|ncn opnejrs oph;dm`bq! @tc`m7qr`m.

G` dnonlncn~ v|ncn opnejrs pemr`aek|m7 g rnwjh gnps ejnmnl7wmn? etejrhbmnqr7 m`iqsw`qm7x7 pngpnajh

s c`ksg7 qsosrmhjnbhu reumnknc7i qoph!kh oph;dm`mm~ m`sjnbv7b 7 bwemhu jp`?m -- sw`qmhv| opnejrs dn

lepef7 6mrepmer wepeg qsosrmhjnbhi opnl7m|. Cp`mr M@RN asb bhjnphqr`mhi dk! bhd7kemm! menau7dmncn

d7`o`gnms 7 bqr`mnbkemm! deq!r|nu qsosrmhjnbhu `mrem s jp`?m`u -- sw`qmhv!u opnejrs. 6mx7 qonmqnph

opnejrs m`d`kh menau7dme nak`dm`mm!. Opnr!cnl wnrhp|nu pnj7b askn 7mbeqrnb`mn 3,5 l7k|inm` dnk`p7b

QX@, 7 ve qr`kn m`ia7k|xhl opnejrnl M@RN b p`lj`u Opncp`lh pngbhrjs vhb7k|mn? m`sjh.

Qop`bfm! jsk|rsp`

;bpn`rk`mrhwmn? aegoejh

Pngbhrnj mnbhu o7dund7b @k|!mqs dn onckhakemm!

o`prmepqrb` bh!bhbq! dsfe sqo7xmhl s gl7m7

qrp`rec7wmncn qepednbhy` m` sq|nls

;bpn`rk`mrhwmnls opnqrnp7. Xk!unl qoph!mm!

onk7rhwmnls d7`kncs r` b7iq|jnb7i noep`rhbm7i

qsl7qmnqr7 o`prmepqrbn dnonl`c`; asdsb`rh

qop`bfm~ jsk|rsps ;bpn`rk`mrhwmn? aegoejh, `

q`le, op`cmemm! qo7bop`v~b`rh g lern~

qo7k|mncn pngb’!g`mm! qepingmhu g`bd`m| aegoejh

!j bqepedhm7, r`j 7 g` lef`lh ;bpn`rk`mrhwmn?

qo7bdpsfmnqr7 m`v7i.

G`bd!jh op`jrhwmnls qo7bpna7rmhvrbs,qop!lnb`mnls m` o7dcnrnbjs dn qo7k|mhu d7i

b7iq|jnbhu qhk qn~gmhj7b r` jp`?m-o`prmep7b,b7iq|jnbnqksfanbv7 g jp`?m M@RN r` jp`?m-o`prmep7b qksf`r| ok7w-n-ok7w m` A`kj`m`u r` b

@tc`m7qr`m7. Jp7l v|ncn, o`prmepqrbn m`d`;

qhqrelms o7drphljs qn~gmhj`l 7 jp`?m`l-o`prmep`l s qo7k|m7i opnrhd7? g`cpng`l repnphgls

r` bhp7xemm7 r`jhu jk~wnbhu opnakel, !j

pngonbq~dfemm! gapn? l`qnbncn gmhyemm!.

Xk!unl qrhlsk~b`mm! r` onxhpemm! nanpnmmn?

petnplh s jp`?m`u-o`prmep`u o`prmepqrbn

qoph!; r`jnf delnjp`rhwmhl oeperbnpemm!l.Bnmn dnonl`c`; pngbhb`rh qsw`qm7x7,etejrhbm7x7 r` delnjp`rhwmn o7dgb7rm7 gapnim7

qhkh r` 7mx7 nanpnmm7 7mqrhrsv7?. Jp7l rncn,o`prmepqrbn dnonl`c`; jp`?m`l gd7iqm~b`rh

sop`bk7mm! qnv7`k|mhlh r` l`rep7`k|mhlh

m`qk7dj`lh opnbedemm! nanpnmmhu petnpl.

M`qekemm! jp`?m -- wkem7b M@RN r` jp`?m-o`prmep7b nrphls~r| r`jnf op!l7 oepeb`ch b7d

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u`p`jreps, ` r`jnf qo7bop`v7 s m`sjnb7i qtep7 r`

7g g`uhqrs m`bjnkhxm|ncn qepednbhy`.

G`bd!jh o`prmepqrbs bfe 10 jp`?m glnckh

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M@RN g`khx`~r|q! b7djphrhlh dk! mnbhu wkem7b.Jp7l v|ncn, o`prmepqrbn ; sm7j`k|mn~

lnfkhb7qr~ dk! g`u7dmn;bpnoeiq|jhu jp`?m, !j7

me oph;dm`khq! dn asd|-!jhu aknj7b 7 !j7 me

op`cmsr| wkemqrb` b @k|!mq7, gpnahrh qbn?

b7donb7dm7 bmeqjh dn g`aegoewemm!

;bpn`rk`mrhwmn? aegoejh, me g`bd`~wh oph v|nls

xjndh qbn?l ophmvho`l gnbm7xm|n? onk7rhjh r`

onk7rhjh s qtep7 aegoejh.

Opnakelh, yn onqr`~r| oeped qhqreln~

;bpn`rk`mrhwmn? aegoejh, onqr7imn gl7m~~r|q!.Mnb7 g`cpngh, bjk~w`~wh repnphgl r` m`!bm7qr|

opnakelmhu jp`?m, qophwhmem7 !j bmsrp7xm7lh, r`j

7 gnbm7xm7lh t`jrnp`lh, r`jnf l`~r|

rp`mqm`v7nm`k|mhi u`p`jrep. Unw` g`cpngh

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g`cpngh m`x7i qo7k|m7i aegoev7 lnfsr| bhmhj`rh 7

g pec7nms m` oephtep7? ;bpn`rk`mrhwmn? gnmh.Rnls gl7vmemm! l7fm`pndmn? qr`a7k|mnqr7 r`

aegoejh ye a7k|xe g`kef`r|, g ndmncn anjs, b7d

opnbedemm! bmsrp7xm7u petnpl, ` g 7mxncn -- b7d

pngxhpemm! l`qxr`a7b l7fm`pndmncn

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melnfkhbe b slnb`u b7dqsrmnqr7

tsmd`lemr`k|mhu delnjp`rhwmhu dnjrphm r`

7mqrhrsv7i. B nanu vhu ohr`mm!u

;bpn`rk`mrhwmnls o`prmepqrbs m`kefhr|

jk~wnb` pnk|.

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qopnlnfm7qr| pngb’!gsb`rh qo7k|m7 opnakelh 7

qo7k|mn qrbnp~b`rh m`d7ims qhqrels aegoejh dk!

ophidexm7u onjnk7m|, g`qmnb`ms m`

bg`;lnpngsl7mm7 r` qo7bpna7rmhvrb7.

36