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8/14/2019 Oranelles Presentation A
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/oranelles-presentation-a 1/29
CELLS
Continued!!!Structures and Functions
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Basic Parts of the Cell
• Plasma membrane – barrierbetween in and outside of cell
•Cytoplasm – everything inside cell• Cytosol – includes molecules and small
particles but not organelles
4. Genetic material
6. Ribosomes
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Organelles!Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleu
s
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The Nucleus• Most obvious structure (5 μm)
• Most eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus
• Function:
• Houses and protects geneticinformation
• Controls most functions of cell
4. Structure:
• Nuclear envelope – double membranelayer contains genetic contents; porous– materials enter and exit
• Nucleoplasm – jelly like fluid filling
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1.Processes:
• Cell Division
Normal state - DNA exists aschromatin: long, thin
structures
During division - DNA
condenses to formchromosomes• Transcription – DNA converted toRNA in the nucleus
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CellDivision
Chromatin
Chromosome
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Mitochondria
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Mitochondria• Size: 1-10 μm long
• Function: • Transfer energy from organic
molecules to adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) – powers mostcellular reactions
3. Structure: inner & outermembrane
• Outer – separates mitochondriafrom cytosol
• Inner – many folds (cristae) that
capture and store energy
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1. Processes:
• Cellular respiration – formation of ATP by extracting energy fromfood sources
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Ribosomes
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Ribosomes• small, spherical (< 25 nanometers)
• Function:• Build proteins
• Free ribosomes – make proteins
used in cytosol (Ex: enzyme)
• Bound ribosomes – make proteinsused in membranes, packaging,
and elsewhere in body3. Structure:
• Manufactured partly in nucleolus,
completed in cytoplasm
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EndoplasmicReticulum
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(ER)
• System of cisternae - membranous
tubes & sacs• Function – move molecules from one
part of cell to another
• Structure– Rough ER – covered with ribosomes;
makes certain proteins and
phospholipids• Secretory proteins – secreted in vesicles
(Ex: digestive enzymes)
•Membrane proteins – inserted inmembranes
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GolgiApparatus
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Golgi Apparatus• System of cisternae stacked up
• Function:a. Manufactures, stores, sorts, ships
b. Modify contents of nearby vesicles, give“address label,” transport to other partsof cell
3. Structure:– Distinct polarity – membranes on
opposite ends have different thickness &molecular composition
– Two poles:•
Receiving – near ER• –
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Vesicles
• Small, spherical shaped sacs
• Function:
a. Migrate to and merge with cellmembrane
b. Release contents outside of cell
3. Structure:a. Single membrane
b. Different types (lysosomes,peroxisomes)
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Lysosomes
• Structure – bud from Golgi,
contain digestive enzymes• Function – Break down
macromolecules (proteins,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids)• Processes:
– Autophagy – Digestion of worn-out
organelles– Autolysis – Digestion of damaged or
extra cells
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Vesicles
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Peroxisomes
1. NOT produced in Golgi, containdifferent enzymes
3. Neutralize oxygen ions
5. Detoxify alcohol and other drugs
7. Break down fatty acids
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Vacuole
1. Membrane bound storagestructures, contains fluid
3. Types:
– Food – stores nutrients
– Contractile – contract, dispose of excess water
Vacuoles
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Vacuoles
Centriole
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Centrioles
1. Animal cells ONLY!2. Organize cell structure during
division
3. 2 short cylinders of microtubules
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Part of cytoskeleton
k l
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Cytoskeleton• Provides shape and support
• 3 structural elements
– Microtubules – hollow tubes made of
maintain cell shape, hold organelles inplace
– Microfilaments - 2 strands intertwined;used in cell movement, musclecontraction, cell division
– Intermediate fibers – anchor nucleus and