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P : a

cce

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r

C.W

. Tang, Appl.Phys. Lett.

48(1986)183

η= 0

.47

AM

1.5

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/m2

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48(1986)183

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79 (2001), 1268

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Polimero: donatoreFullerene: accettore

N.S. Sariciftcietals. Science

(1992), 258, 1474 S. Morita

als. SolidState Comm.(1992) 82,249

C.J.Brabec

etals. Chem. Phys. Letts(2001) 340 , 232

Tra

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M b

ulk

het

eroj

unct

ions

el. d

onor

, p

sem

icon

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400

600

800

100

01

200

1400

nm

sola

rsp

ectr

um

Mor

pholog

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orph

olog

yOpt

imisation

Opt

imisation

App

lA

ppl . . Ph

ysPh

ys. . Le

tt.

Lett

.8

78

7, 0

83

50

6 (

20

05

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83

50

6 (

20

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)

Adv

Adv .

. F

unct

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ct. . M

ater

Mat

er. . 15

15

16

17 (

20

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17 (

20

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)

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ure

Nat

ure

Mat

eria

lsM

ater

ials

448

64

(2

00

5)

86

4 (

20

05

)

η∼ ∼∼∼

5 %

D:A

com

posi

tion

, th

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ther

mal

anne

aling

anne

aling,

dep

osit

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m

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ular

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ght,

pol

ymer

puri

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…..

el.a

ccep

tor,

n s

emic

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+

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ore

20

05

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%

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e is

roo

m t

o re

ach ∼ ∼∼∼

7.5

%

NIS

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loqu

ium

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orin

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3 G

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26

P3H

T:P

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M:

opti

mis

atio

nby

ther

mal

anne

alin

g1:

1 w

:w, c

hlor

oben

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, 12

0 °

C

0

10

20

30

40 3

00

400

500

600

700

800

not

anne

aled

4 m

in. an

n.

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Wavelength (nm)

EQ

E: (

nr. e

lett

roni

/nr

foto

ni inc

. )

00.2

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-2)

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V)

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10

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cur

ves

(whit

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ht,

1 s

un)

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9 300

400

500

600

700

800

not

ann

ealed

4 m

in.

30 m

in.

90 m

in.

Wavelength (nm)

Optical density

UV

-Vis

vsan

neal

ing

tim

e

5 µ

m

Opt

ical

mic

rosc

opy R.C

ugol

a,et

als,

Thi

nS

olid

Film

s, 5

11-5

12 (

20

06

) 4

89

not

ann.

4 m

in. a

nn.

�E

nhan

cem

ent

of t

he

deg

ree

of

order

/cri

stal

lini

tyof

P3

HT

�O

rder

/dem

ixin

gfa

vour

p an

d n

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ths

form

atio

n

NIS

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orin

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27

Ann

ealing

120

°C

Mic

rosc

opia

TE

M1

.5 µ

m

X. Y

ang

etal

s. N

anoL

ette

rs5

, 5

79 (

200

5)

P3H

T:P

CB

M, 1:

1

order

↔ph

ase

segr

egat

ion

Mic

haile

tchi

, Adv.

Fun

ct. M

ater

. 2006

, 16

, 69

9

Spa

ce C

har

ge L

imit

ed m

obilit

ies

upon

ann

ealing

, hol

e m

obilit

y in

th

e ble

nd r

each

es P

3H

T p

rist

. va

lues

! NIS

Col

loqu

ium

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orin

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3 G

iugn

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008

28

D:A

sel

f-or

gani

sati

on?

L. S

chm

idt-

Men

deet

als.

Sci

ence

(2001)

293

, 111

9

DA

:4

0:6

0

Dou

ble

cable

S

(CH

2) 5

O

O

O

O

C1

2H

25

S

C1

0H

21

XY

n

M. C

atel

lani

et

als.

, J

. Mat

er. C

hem

. 14

, 6

7 (

20

04);

S. L

uzza

ti e

tal

s. P

roc.

SPI

E V

ol. 5215

, p.

41,

Org

anic

Phot

ovol

taic

sIV

(20

04

)

NIS

Col

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ium

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orin

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3 G

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008

29

Ano

ther

exam

ple

of s

elf

orga

nisa

tion

Inte

rest

ing

mor

phol

ogie

s but

ver

y lo

w e

ffic

ienc

ies

Cur

rent

ly D

:A b

lend

s le

ads

to b

ette

r pe

rfor

man

ces

NIS

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loqu

ium

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orin

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3 G

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o2

008

Thel

laka

tgr

oup,

F

reib

urg

Uni

v.

30

Key

prop

erti

esof

BH

J a

ctiv

em

ater

ials

η=

= FF

P el.

out

P inc

.

Isc

Voc

P inc.

•so

lar

spec

trum

har

vest

ing

�H

OM

O-L

UM

O lev

els

∝ ∝∝∝Voc

DA

�m

orph

olog

yan

d c

har

getr

ansp

ort

NIS

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orin

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31

New P

New P

(bet

ter

than

P3H

T)::

•• Low

ering

Low

ering

band

gap

band

gap

•• Inc

reasing

Inc

reasing

oxid

ation

oxid

ation

pote

ntial

pote

ntial

Voc

Voc

∝ ∝∝∝∝ ∝∝∝Lum

oLum

o--Hom

oHom

o

P3HT

P3HT

low

erin

gban

d g

ap o

ften

dec

reas

esox

. pot

enti

al!

Des

ign

of n

ew p

olym

ers

P:PC

BM

bul

k het

eroj

unct

ion

DA

∝ ∝∝∝Voc

NIS

Col

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ium

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orin

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008

32

*cha

rge

phot

ogen

erat

ion

and

tran

spor

tsi

mila

rto

P3H

T:P

CB

M

Idea

l don

or p

olym

ers

for

P:PC

BM

BH

J

conv

. eff

.

M. Scharberetals, Adv. Mater18, 789 (2006)

Don

or p

olymer

featu

res

�HOM

O

~ 5

.7-

5.8

eV

�Eg

~ 1

.8-2 e

V

�go

od c

harg

e m

obility

�go

od b

lend

mor

pholog

y

Poly

mer

:pcb

mso

lar

cells

up

to

10

-12

% e

ffPo

lym

er:p

cbm

sola

r ce

lls

up t

o 1

0-1

2%

eff

NIS

Col

loqu

ium

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orin

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3 G

iugn

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008

33

conc

lusi

ons

“pla

stic

”so

lar

cells

: lo

w c

ost

and u

ncon

vent

iona

l ap

plic

atio

ns

effi

cien

cies

hav

e dra

stic

ally

im

prov

ed in

the

last

thre

e ye

ars,

rea

chin

g 5

%, a

thre

shol

d t

hat

ope

ns u

p to

the

mar

ket

the

des

ign

of t

he

orga

nic

phot

oact

ive

mat

eria

l has

a

key

role

for

the

effi

cien

cies

so

far

atta

ined

, an

d f

or

futu

re p

rogr

esse

s

in t

he

near

fut

ure

10-1

2 %

eff

are

expe

cted

for

sin

gle

cells

and

15

% f

or t

andem

cel

ls

NIS

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orin

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34

Tec

hno

logi

calis

sues

Roo

ftop

tes

ting

of

BH

J s

olar

cel

ls a

t K

ON

AR

KA

Flexib

le O

rganic

P3HT:P

CBM

Bulk-

Hete

roju

nction

Mod

ules

with m

ore t

han

1 Y

ear

Out

doo

r Lifetime

NIS

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orin

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35

Asp

etti

tec

nolo

gici

: in

caps

ulam

ento

O

PV f

less

ibili

oLE

Ds

celle

sol

ari

G.D

ennl

eret

al.,

J. M

ater

Res

. 20

, 3

32

4, (2

00

5);

Req

uisi

ti d

i im

perm

eabilit

àal

l’oss

igen

o e

all’a

cqua

per

l’e

lett

roni

ca o

rgan

ica

Cel

le s

olar

i in

caps

ulat

e

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bili

tàal

l’ari

a m

dm

oppv

:pcb

m

Inca

psul

amen

to

con

film

di PE

T

*In

caps

ulam

ento

co

n fi

lm d

i po

liet

ilen

naft

alen

etr

atta

to c

on

bar

rier

a

*

bar

rier

a: m

ulti

laye

ror

g/in

org

P. M

adak

asir

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th. M

etal

s15

53

32

(2

00

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NIS

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orin

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36

Gra

zie p

er

Gra

zie p

er

ll ’’ att

enz

ione

att

enz

ione

NIS

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loqu

ium

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orin

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ww

w.h

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