ortofrafia limbii chineze

8/21/2019 ortofrafia limbii chineze

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`Ortografa limbii chineze

Pinyin, din punct de vedere formal Hanyu Pinyin, este sistemul fonetic

official de transcriere n pronun a carcterelor chineze Mandarin n alfabetul

latin din China, Taiwan i Singapore. Este uneori folosit pentru predarea limbii

chineze standard, i silabisirea numelor n kimba chinez n publica iile de

politic strine sunt folosite ca medod incipient pentru a introduce n

calculator caractere vchineze ti.

Sistemul pin!in a fost dezvoltat n "#$% fiind bazat pe forme de

romanizare. & fost publicat de guvernul chinez n anul "#$' i a fost

The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s based on earlier forms ofromanization. It was published by

the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times.!"The International #rganization for

$tandardization%I$#& adopted pinyin as the international standard in 198!.'"

The system was adopted asthe offi(ial standard in Taiwan in !009) where it is used for romanization alone rather than for edu(ational

and (omputer input purposes.*"5"

Hnymeans the spo+en language of the,an peopleandpnynliterally means -spelledout sounds-. /"

,istory before 19*9edit"

In 1/05) the esuit missionaryatteo 2i((ipublishedXizi Qiji%Hsi-tzu Chi-chi3 3 lit. -The

ira(le of 4estern etters-& in 6ei7ing. This was the first boo+ to use the 2oman alphabet to write the

Chinese language. Twenty years later) another esuit in China)i(olas Trigault)issued hisXi Ru ErmuZi%Hsi Ju Erh-mu Tzu3 3 lit. -id to the :yes and :ars of 4estern iterati-& at ,angzhou.

either boo+ had mu(h immediate impa(t on the way in whi(h Chinese thought about their writing system)

and the romanizations they des(ribed were intended more for 4esterners than for the Chinese.

#ne of the earliest Chinese thin+ers to relate 4estern alphabets to Chinese was late ing to early ;ing

izhi %=ang I(hih3 3 1/11?1/@1&.

The first late ;ing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was $ong $hu %18/!?1910&.

student of the great s(holars)>u >ueandAhang Taiyan) $ong had been to apan and observed the

stunning effe(t of the kanasyllabaries and 4estern learning there. This galvanized him into a(tivity on a
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number of fronts) one of the most important being reform of the s(ript. 4hile $ong did not himself a(tually

(reate a system for spelling $initi( languages) his dis(ussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of

s(hemes for phoneti( s(ripts.

In the early 19'0s) Communist Barty of Chinaleaders trained in os(ow introdu(ed a phoneti( alphabetusing 2oman letters developed in the $oviet #riental Institute of eningrad. This $in 4enzor -ew

4riting-) from whi(h the present pinyin system differs only slightly) was mu(h more linguisti(ally

sophisti(ated than earlier alphabets) with the ma7or e(eption that it did not indi(ate tones.

In 19*0) several thousand members attended a 6order 2egion $in 4enz $o(iety (onvention. ao

AedongandAhu atsenDs

son)$un =o3Cai >uanpei) the (ountryDs most prestigious edu(ator3Tao Eingzhi)a leading edu(ational

reformer3 and u Eun. #ver thirty 7ournals soon appeared written in $in 4enz) plus large numbers oftranslations) biographies %in(luding in(oln) =ran+lin) :dison) =ord) and Charlie Chaplin&) some

(ontemporary Chinese literature) and a spe(trum of tetboo+s. In 19*0) the movement rea(hed an ape

when aoDs 6order 2egion Fovernment de(lared that the $in 4enz had the same legal status as

traditional (hara(ters in government and publi( do(uments. any edu(ators and politi(al leaders loo+ed

forward to the day when they would be universally a((epted and (ompletely repla(e (hara(ters. #pposition

arose) however) be(ause the system was less well adapted to writing regional languages) and therefore

would reGuire learning andarin. $in 4enzi fell into relative disuse during the following years. @"

,istory after 19*9edit"Binyin was developed as part of a Chinese government pro7e(t in the 1950s. #ne of the prominent figures

wasAhou >ouguang) who is often (alled -the father of Binyin-)8"9"as he led a government (ommittee in

developing the romanization system. 10"11"Ahou was wor+ing in a ew >or+ ban+ when he de(ided to return

to China to help rebuild the (ountry after the establishment of the BeopleDs 2epubli( of China in 19*9. Ahou

be(ame an e(onomi(s professor in $hanghai) and in 195*) when ChinaDs inistry of :du(ation (reated a

Committee for the 2eform of the Chinese 4ritten anguage) Ahou was assigned the tas+ of helping to

develop a new romanization system.

Hanyu Pinyinwas based on several preeisting systemsH (!"y#u R"matzyhof 19!8) $atin%ua &in

'#nzof 19'1) and the dia(riti( mar+ingsfrom zhuyin.1!"-Im not the father of pinyin)- Ahou said years

later) -Im the son of pinyin. Its the result of" a long tradition from the later years of the ;ing dynasty down

to today. 6ut we restudied the problem and revisited it and made it more perfe(t.- 1'"

first draft was published on =ebruary 1!) 195/. The first edition of Hanyu pinyinwas approved and

adopted at the =ifth $ession of the1st ational BeopleDs Congresson =ebruary 11) 1958. It was then

introdu(ed to primary s(hools as a way to tea(h$tandard Chinesepronun(iation and used to improve the

litera(y rate among adults.1*"
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6eginning in the early 1980s) 4estern publi(ations addressing ainland Chinabegan using the ,anyu

Binyin romanization system instead of earlier romanization systems315"this (hange followed the

normalization of diplomati( relations between the Jnited $tates and the B2C in [email protected]/"In !001) the B2C

Fovernment issued the )ati"na* C"mm"n $an+ua+# $a!) providing a legal basis for applying pinyin.1*"The

(urrent spe(ifi(ation of the orthographi( rules is laid down in the ational $tandard F6KT 1/159!01!.1@"

Jsageedit"

Binyin superseded olderromanization systemssu(h as4adeFiles%18593 modified 189!& and Chinese

Bostal ap 2omanization)and repla(ed zhuyinas the method of Chinese phoneti( instru(tion in mainland

China. The I$# adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for modern Chinese in 198! %I$# @098H198!)

superseded by I$# @098H1991&3 theJnited ationsfollowed suit in 198/. 18"It has also been a((epted by

the government of $ingapore) the Jnited $tatesDibrary of Congress) themeri(an ibrary sso(iation)

and many other international institutions.19"

The spelling of Chinese geographi(al or personal names in pinyin has be(ome the most (ommon way to

trans(ribe them in :nglish. Binyin has also be(ome the dominant method forentering Chinese tet into

(omputersin ainland China) in (ontrast to Taiwan where 6opomofois most (ommonly used.

s(hool slogan as+ing elementary students to spea+Butonghuais annotated with Binyin) but without tonal mar+s.

=amilies outside of Taiwan who spea+ andarin as a mother tongue use pinyin to help (hildren asso(iate

(hara(ters with spo+en words whi(h they already +now. Chinese families outside of Taiwan who spea+

some other language as their mother tongue use the system to tea(h (hildren andarin pronun(iation

when they learn vo(abulary inelementary s(hool.1"!0"

$in(e 1958) pinyin has been a(tively used inadult edu(ationas well) ma+ing it easier for formerly illiterate

people to (ontinue with selfstudy after a short period of pinyin litera(y instru(tion. !1"

Binyin has be(ome a tool for many foreigners to learn the andarin pronun(iation) and is used to eplain

both the grammar and spo+en andarin (oupled with hanzi. 6oo+s (ontaining both Chinese (hara(ters

and pinyin are often used by foreign learners of Chinese3 pinyinDs role in tea(hing pronun(iation to

foreigners and (hildren is similar in some respe(ts to furiganabased boo+s %with hiraganaletters written

above or net to +an7i&in apaneseor fully vo(alisedtets inrabi(%-vo(alised rabi(-&.

The tonemar+ing dia(riti(s are (ommonly omitted in popular news stories and even in s(holarly wor+s.This results in some degree of ambiguity as to whi(h words are being represented.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-Asiaone-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-Asiaone-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Postal_Map_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Postal_Map_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Postal_Map_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-snowling-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furiganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furiganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dajia-shuo-Putonghua-2817.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-Asiaone-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Postal_Map_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Postal_Map_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-snowling-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furiganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraganahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet


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#verviewedit"

In>iling) >i(hang) ,ubei) tet on road signs appears both in Hanziand in Binyin

4hen a foreign writing system with one set of sounds and (odingKde(oding system is ta+en to write a

language) (ertain (ompromises may have to be made. The result is that the de(oding systems used in

some foreign languages will enable nonnative spea+ers to produ(e sounds more (losely resembling the

target language than will the (odingKde(oding system used by other foreign languages. ative spea+ers of

:nglish will de(ode pinyin spellings to fairly (lose approimations of andarin e(ept in the (ase of (ertain

spee(h sounds that are not ordinarily produ(ed by most native spea+ers of :nglishHj, , %, z, c, s, zh, ch,

sh,and rehibiting the greatest dis(repan(ies. %4hen Chinese spea+ers (all out these letters) they read

them asHji, i, %i, zi, ci, si, zhi, chi, shi,and ri.The iin the last four sounds more li+e rand the use of iis

purely a matter of (onvention.&

ost native spea+ers of :nglish find these sounds diffi(ult.
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In this system) the (orresponden(e between the 2oman letter and the sound is sometimesidiosyn(rati()

though not ne(essarily more so than the way the atin s(ript is employed in other languages. =or eample)

the aspiration distin(tion between /, 0, +andp, t, kis similar to that of :nglish %in whi(h the two sets are

however also differentiated by voi(ing&) but not to that of =ren(h. Zand calso have that distin(tion)

pronoun(ed as ts" and ts ". =rom s, z, c(ome the digraphs sh, zh, chby analogy with :nglish sh,

ch.lthough this introdu(es the novel (ombination zh,it is internally (onsistent in how the two series are

related) and reminds the trained reader that many Chinese pronoun(e sh, zh, chas s, z, c%and :nglish

spea+ers use zhto represent K K in foreign languages su(h as 2ussian anyway&. In the %, j, series) the

Binyin use of%is similar to its use in Bortuguese) Fali(ian) Catalan) 6asGue and altese3 and the

Binyin is a+in to its value in lbanian3 both Binyin and lbanian pronun(iations may sound similar to

the chto the untrained ear. Binyinvowelsare pronoun(ed in a similar way to vowels in 2oman(e

languages.

The pronun(iation and spelling of Chinese words are generally given in terms of initialsandfinals) whi(h

represent the s#+m#nta* ph"n#micportion of the language) rather than letter by letter. Initials are initial

(onsonants) while finals are all possible (ombinations of medials %semivowels(oming before the vowel&)

the nu(leusvowel) and(oda%final vowel or (onsonant&.

Initials and finalsedit"

Jnli+e :uropean languages) (lusters of letters ? initials %simplified ChineseH 3 traditional ChineseH 3

pinyinH sh1n+m& and finals %simplified ChineseH 3 traditional ChineseH 3 pinyinH y2nm& ? and not

(onsonant and vowel letters) form the fundamental elements in pinyin %and most other phoneti( systems

used to des(ribe the ,an language&. :very andarin syllable (an be spelled with ea(tly one initial

followed by one final) e(ept for the spe(ial syllable #ror when a trailing -ris (onsidered part of a syllable

%see below&. The latter (ase) though a (ommon pra(ti(e in some subdiale(ts) is rarely used in offi(ial

publi(ations. #ne e(eption is the (ity,arbin%simplified ChineseH 3 traditional ChineseH &)

whose name (omes from the an(hu language.

:ven though most initials (ontain a (onsonant) finals are not always simple vowels) espe(ially in (ompound

finals %simplified ChineseH 3 traditional ChineseH 3 pinyinH 3uyunmu&) i.e.) when a -medial- is

pla(ed in front of the final. =or eample) the medials i" and u" are pronoun(ed with su(h tight openings at

the beginning of a final that some native Chinese spea+ers %espe(ially when singing&

pronoun(e y%ChineseH 3 ) (lothes) offi(ially pronoun(ed KLK& as K7LK and !4i%simplified ChineseH 3

traditional ChineseH ) to en(lose) offi(ially pronoun(ed KuMiK& as KwMiK or KwuMiK. #ften these medials are

treated as separate from the finals rather than as part of them3 this (onvention is followed in the (hart of

finals below.

Initialsedit"

In ea(h (ell below) the bold letters indi(ate pinyin and the bra(+ets en(lose the symbol in the International

Bhoneti( lphabet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncratichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncratichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_codahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_codahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncratichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_codahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet


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Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar RetroflexAlveolo-palatal

Velar

Voiceless

Voiced Voiceless Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiceless

Nasal m (m) n (n)

Plosive

Unaspirated b (p) d (t) g (k)

Aspirated p (p ) t (t ) (k )

Affricate

Unaspirated ! (ts) !" ( ) # (t )

Aspirated c (ts ) c" ( ) $ (t )

%ricative f (f) s (s) s" ( )r ( * )

" x ( ) " (+)

Lateral l (l)

Approximant y&()-( ) and '&(w)

1rmay phoneti(ally be "%a voi(ed retrofle fri(ative& or "%a retrofle approimant&. This pronun(iation

varies among different spea+ers) and is not two different phonemes.

!

yis pronoun(ed " %alabialpalatal approimant& before u.'the letters !and yare not in(luded in the table of initials in the offi(ial pinyin system. They are an

orthographi( (onvention for the medials i, uand 5when no initial is present. 4hen i, uor 5are finals and

no initial is present) they are spelled yi) !u) and yu) respe(tively. The (onventional order

%e(luding !and y&) derived from the zhuyin system) isH

b p m f d t n l g " # $ x !" c" s" r! c

s

Finalsedit"

Standard Chinese vowels(with IPAand Pinyin)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial-palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial-palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_vowel_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_vowel_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labialized_palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial-palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_vowel_diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA


7/45

%ront (entral Bac

(lose

i / ! 0120i2

u

0e2 / o0er2

032

a

(lose-mid

)pen-mid

)pen

The following (hart gives the (ombinations of medials and finals based

on an analysis that assumes 7ust two vowel nu(lei) KaK and KNK3

!!"various allophones result depending on phoneti( (ontet.

In ea(h (ell below) the first line indi(ates IB) the se(ond indi(ates

pinyin for a standalone %noinitial& form) and the third indi(ates pinyin

for a (ombination with an initial. #ther than finals modified by an -r)

whi(h are omitted) the following is an ehaustive table of all possible

finals.1!'"

The only syllablefinal (onsonants in $tandard Chinese are -nand -n+)

and -r) whi(h is atta(hed as a grammati(al suffi. Chinese syllable

ending with any other (onsonant either is from a nonandarin

language %a southern Chinese language su(h as Cantonese) or a

minority language of China&) or indi(ates the use of a nonpinyin

2omanization system %where final (onsonants may be used to indi(ate

tones&.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-Hashimoto-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-Hashimoto-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-Hashimoto-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-23


8/45

%inal

Nucleus -a- -4-

(oda -i- -u- -n- -5- -i- -u- -n- -5-

*edial

(6)a7a

(a )ai7ai

( )ao7ao

(6n)an7an

( 5)ang7ang

( )e7e

(e )ei7ei

(o )ou7ou

(4n)en7en

( 5)eng7eng

( )

7i

-i-( 6)i !a7ia

( )i !ao7iao

( n)i !an7ian

( 5)i !ang7iang

( )i !e7ie

( o )i !ou7iu

(in)!in7in

(i5)!ing7ing

(i)!i7i

-u-( 6)uwa7ua

( a )u wai7uai

( 6n)uwan7uan

( 5)uwang7uang

( )u 8

wo7uo-7o

( e )u wei7ui

( 4n)uwen7un

( 5), ( 5)u 9

weng7ong

(u)wu7u

-!-( n)y!uan71an

( :)y!ue71e

(!n)!un71n

( 5)i !ong7iong

(!)!u71

1 "is written #r. =or other finals formed by the suffi -r,pinyin does

not use spe(ial orthography3 one simply appends rto the final that it is

added to) without regard for any sound (hanges that may ta+e pla(e

along the way. =or information on sound (hanges related to final r)

please see :rhuaO2ules.

!5is written as uafterj, , %,or y.

'u"is written as "after /, p, m,or 3.

*!#n+is pronoun(ed P" %written as "n+& when it follows an initial.

Te(hni(ally) i, u, 5without a following vowel are finals) not medials) and

therefore ta+e the tone mar+s) but they are more (on(isely displayed

as above. In addition) 6 " %) & and syllabi( nasals m%) &) n%)

&) n+%)& are used as inter7e(tions.

2ules given in terms of :nglishpronun(iationedit"

+"is section includes inline

lins to audio files,;f !ou

have trouble pla!ing the files,

see


9/45

ll rules given here in terms of :nglish pronun(iation are

approimations) as several of these sounds do not (orrespond dire(tly

to sounds in :nglish.

Pronunciation of initialsedit"Pinyin PA

.nglis"

approximation (9).xplanation

b (p) spit unaspirated p, as in spit

p (p) pa! strongl! aspirated p, as in pit

m (m) ma! as in English mumm!

f (f) fair as in English fun

d (t) stop unaspirated t, as in stop

t (t) take strongl! aspirated t, as in top

n (n) na! as in English nit

l (l) la! as in English love

g (k) skill unaspirated , as in sill

k (kh ) ka! strongl! aspirated , as in ill

h (+) lochroughl! like theScotsc". English "as in "a! or, more closel! in some &merican dialects, "ero is anb! ver! slowl! making a >k> sound, pausing at the point where there is ust restricted air flowing ove>k>2

j (t) church!ard?o e@uivalent in English, but similar to an unaspirated >7ch!7> sound when said @uickl!. Aike q,butpronunciation of >Beiing>. The se@uence >i> word7initiall! is the same as the apanese pronunciatio

q (t) punch !ourself?o e@uivalent in English. Aike punc" yourself, with the lips spread wide with ee. Curl the tip of the taspirate. The se@uence >@i> word7initiall! is the same as the apanese pronunciation of /0chi.

x () push !ourself

?o e@uivalent in English. Aike -s" y-, with the lips spread and the tip of !our tongue curled downwa

>+i> is the same as the apanese pronunciation of/0shi.

zh (t) unk Dather like c"0a sound between c"oke,#oke, true, and drew, tongue tip curled more upwards2. oic

ch (t) church as in c"in, but with the tongue curled upwardsF ver! similar to nurture in &merican English, but stro

sh () shirt as in s"oe, but with the tongue curled upwardsF ver! similar to mars"in &merican English

r(),()

ra!Similar to the English !in a!ure and rin reduce, but with the tongue curled upwards, like a cross betsound is rendered with the letter >H>.

z (ts) reads unaspirated c, similar to something between sudsand catsF as in sudsin a toneless s!llable

c (ts) hats like the English tsin cats, but strongl! aspirated, ver! similar to the Czech, Iolish and Slovak c.

s (s) sa! as in sun

w (w) wa! as in 'ater.J

y (),() !ea as in yes. Before a u, pronounce it with rounded lips.J

* Note on yand w

7and !are eGuivalent to the semivowelmedials i, u,and 5%see

below&. They are spelled differently when there is no initial (onsonant

in order to mar+ a new syllableH 3an+uanis3an-

+uan,while 3an+!anis 3an+-!an%and eGuivalent to 83an+-uan.4ith

this (onvention) an apostrophe only needs to be used to mar+ an

initial a, #,or "9 Xi:an%two syllablesH i.an"& vs. %ian%one

syllableH n"&. In addition)i yand !are added to fully vo(ali( i,
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial-palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%A1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial-palatal_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel


10/45

u,and 5when these o((ur without an initial (onsonant) so that they are

written yi, !u,and yu.$ome andarin spea+ers do pronoun(e

a 7" or w" sound at the beginning of su(h wordsQthat

is) yii" or 7i") !uu" or wu") yuy" or y")Qso this is an intuitive

(onvention. $ee below for a few finals whi(h are abbreviated after a

(onsonant plus !;uor y;imedialH !#nR CSun,!#iR CSui,!#n+R

CS"n+,and y"uR CSiu.

** Note on the apostrophe

Theapostrophe%D& is used before a syllable starting with a vowel % a) ")

or #& in a multiplesyllable word when the syllable does not start the

word %whi(h is most (ommonly realized as "&) unless the syllable

immediately follows a hyphenor other dash.!5"

This is done to removeambiguity that (ould arise) as inXi:an) whi(h (onsists of the two

syllables%i%--& an%--&) (ompared to su(h words as%ian%--&.

%This ambiguity does not o((ur when tone mar+s are usedH The two

tone mar+s inX


11/45

'. =or uafterj, , %,or y,loo+ under 5.

Pinyin PA%orm 'it" !ero

initial.xplanation

-i (), () 0n/a2

7i is a buzzed continuation of the consonant following z7, c7, s7, zh7, ch7, sh7 or r7.

0;n all other cases, 7i has the sound of beeF this is listed below.2

a (6) a like English >father>, but a bit more fronted

e ( ), (4) ea diphthong consisting first of a back, unrounded semivowel 0which can be formed b! first pronouncposition of the tongue2 followed b! a vowel similar to English >du">. =an! unstressed s!llables in

ai (a ) ai like English >e!e>, but a bit lighter

ei (e ) ei as in >hey>

ao ( ) ao appro+imatel! as in >co'>F the ais much more audible than the o

ou (o ) ou as in >so>

an (6n) an like British English >ban>, but more central

en (4n) en as in >taken>

ang ( 5) ang as in KermanAngst0starts with the vowel sound in father and ends in the velar nasalFlike songin so

eng ( 5) eng like ein enabove but with ng added to it at the back

er ( ) er similar to the sound in >bar> in &merican English

%inals beginning 'it" i- /y-0

i (i) yi like English bee.

ia ( 6)i ya as iL aF like English >yard>

ie ( )i ye as iL 1F but is ver! shortF e0pronounced like 2 is pronounced longer and carries the main stress 0si

iao ( )i yao as iL aoiu ( o )i you as iL ou

ian ( n)i yan as iL 1L nF like English yen

in (in) yin as iL n

iang ( 5)i yang as iL ang

ing (i5) ying as iL ng

%inals beginning 'it" u- /'-0

u (u) 'u like English >oo>

ua ( 6)u 'a as uL a

uo, o ( )u 'o as uL owhere the o0compare with the ointerection2 is pronounced shorter and lighter 0spelled as o

uai ( a )u 'ai as uL ailike as in '"y

ui ( e )u 'ei as uL eiF

uan ( 6n)u 'an as uL anF

un ( 4n)u 'en as uL enF like the onin the English wonF

uang ( 5)u 'ang as uL angF

ong ( 5), ( 5)u 'eng starts with the vowel sound in book and ends with the velar nasal sound in singF as uL engin zero i

%inals beginning 'it" 2- /yu-0

u, ! (!)0 listen2 yu as in Kerman >2ber> or Grench >lune> 0To pronounce this sound, sa! >ee> with rounded lips2

ue, !e ( :)y yue as 2L 1F the !is short and light

uan ( n)y yuan as 2L 1L nF
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_initialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_initialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_initialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_initialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Mandarinhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg


12/45

un (!n) yun as 2L nF

iong ( 5)i yong as iL ong

nter#ections

() 0n/a2 as in >bet>.

o () 0n/a2 &ppro+imatel! as in >office> in British accentF the lips are much more rounded.io ( )i yo as iL plain continental(clarification needed)>o>.

#rthographyedit"

Lettersedit"

Binyin differs from other romanizations in several aspe(ts) su(h as the

followingH

$yllables starting with uare written as !in pla(e of u%e.g.) uanis

written as !an&. $tandalone uis written as !u.

$yllables starting with iare written as yin pla(e of i%e.g.) ianis

written as yan&. $tandalone iis written as yi.

$yllables starting with 5are written as yuin pla(e of 5%e.g.) 5#is

written as yu#&.

5is written as uwhen there is no ambiguity %su(h asju) u)

and%u&) but written as 5when there are (orresponding usyllables

%su(h as *5and n5&. In su(h situations where there are

(orresponding usyllables) it is often repla(ed with =on a

(omputer) ma+ing it easier to type on a standard +eyboard.

4hen pre(eded by a (onsonant) i"u) u#i) and u#nare simplified

as iu) ui) and un%whi(h do not represent the a(tual pronun(iation&.

s in zhuyin) what are a(tually pronoun(ed as /u")pu") mu")

and 3u"are given a separate representationH /")p") m") and 3".

Theapostrophe%D& is used before a syllable starting with a vowel

%a) ") or #& in a multiplesyllable word when the syllable does not

start the word %whi(h is most (ommonly realized as "&) unless

the syllable immediately follows ahyphenor other dash.!5"This is

done to remove ambiguity that (ould arise) as inXi:an) whi(h

(onsists of the two syllables%i%--& an%--&) (ompared to su(h

words as%ian%--&. %This ambiguity does not o((ur when tone

mar+s are usedH The two tone mar+s in -EUn- unambiguously

show that the word (onsists of two syllables. ,owever) even with
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-apostrophes-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostrophehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-apostrophes-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi'an


13/45

tone mar+s) the (ity is usually spelled with an apostrophe as

-EDUn-.&

Ehalone is written as 63 elsewhere as #. $(hwais always written

as #.

zh) ch) and sh(an be abbreviated as ) >) and ?%z) c) swith

a(ir(umfle&. ,owever) the shorthands are rarely used due to

diffi(ulty of entering them on (omputers) and are (onfined mainly

to :speranto+eyboard layouts.

n+has the un(ommon shorthand of@.

The letter =is unused %e(ept in spelling foreign languages)

languages of minority nationalities) and some diale(ts&) despite a

(ons(ious effort to distribute letters more evenly than in 4estern

languages. ,owever) sometimes) for ease of typing into a

(omputer) the =is used to repla(e a 5.

ost of the above are used to avoid ambiguity when writing words of

more than one syllable in pinyin. =or eample u#nianis written

as !#nyanbe(ause it is not (lear whi(h syllables ma+e

up u#nian3 u#n-ian) u#n-i-anand u-#n-i-anare all possible(ombinations whereas !#nyanis unambiguous be(ause !#) nya) et(.

do not eist in pinyin. $ee the pinyin tablearti(le for a summary of

possible pinyin syllables %not in(luding tones&.

Capitalization and word forationedit"

lthough Chinese (hara(ters represent single syllables) andarin

Chinese is a polysyllabi(language. $pa(ing in pinyin is based on

whole words) not single syllables. ,owever) there are often ambiguities

in partitioning a word. #rthographi( rules were put into effe(t in 1988

by the ational :du(ational Commission %!"#)

pinyinH uAji< Ji"y2 'BiyunhuDand the ational anguage

Commission %) pinyinH uAji< 7yn '4nzD

n+zuF 'BiyunhuD.

!" #eneral

1. Sin$le eanin$%4ords with a single meaning)

whi(h are usually set up of two (hara(ters%sometimes one) seldom three&) are written together
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysyllabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperantohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysyllabic


14/45

and not (apitalizedHr4n%ChineseH $)

person&3p4n+y"u%ChineseH %&)

friend&) iG"k*D%ChineseH '()) (ho(olate&

!. Co&ined eanin$ (' characters)%$ame goes forwords (ombined of two words to one

meaningH hGi31n+%simplified ChineseH *3

traditional ChineseH *+) sea

breeze&3 !n0%simplified ChineseH 3 traditional

ChineseH ,-) ;V&) un+uA%simplified ChineseH

.3 traditional ChineseH ./) DpannationalD&

'. Co&ined eanin$ ( or ore

characters)%4ords with four or more (hara(ters

having one meaning are split up with their original

meaning if possibleH !I3n+ +


15/45

'. Nouns and naes%mKn+cK&H ouns are written in

oneH zhuzi%ChineseH GH) table&) m2t"u%simplified

ChineseH I3 traditional ChineseH IJ) wood&

1. :ven if a((ompanied by a prefi andsuffiH 32/2zhGn+%simplified ChineseH KL!3

traditional ChineseH KLM) vi(e

minister&) ch4n+!2yun%simplified ChineseH N"3

traditional ChineseH NOP)

(ondu(tor&) hizim#n%simplified ChineseH QH#3

traditional ChineseH QHR) (hildren&

!. 4ords of position are separatedH m4n !i%simplified

ChineseH $%3 traditional ChineseH ST)

outdoor&) h4 *i%simplified ChineseH UV3 traditional

ChineseH UW) under the river&) huLch1

shn+mian%simplified ChineseH X&'(3 traditional

ChineseH XYZ[) on the train&) Hun+ H4

yMnn%ChineseH \U]) south of the >ellow 2iver&

1. :(eptions are words traditionally

(onne(tedH ti


16/45

1. :(eptions

areH Ln+zM%aster Confu(ius&)


17/45

r4n%this person&) n cD huDyD%that meeting&) nG

zh


18/45

5. odal auiliaries at the end of a senten(eH Zh0"

maV%>D+nowX&) ui 2 /aW%Fit\&

/. :(lamations and inter7e(tionsHO, zh1n mBiW%#h)

thatDs so beautiful\&) P


19/45

2elative pit(h (hanges of the four tones

The pinyin system also usesdia(riti(sto mar+ the four tones of

andarin. The dia(riti( is pla(ed over the letter that represents

the syllable nu(leus) unless that letter is missing %see below&. any

boo+s printed in China use a mi of fonts) with vowels and tone mar+s

rendered in a different font from the surrounding tet) tending to give

su(h pinyin tets a typographi(ally ungainly appearan(e. This style)

most li+ely rooted in early te(hni(al limitations) has led many to believe

that pinyinDs rules (all for this pra(ti(e and also for the use of aatin

alpha%& rather than the standard style of the letter %a& found in most

fonts. The offi(ial rules of Hanyu Pinyin,however) spe(ify no su(h

pra(ti(e.

1. The first tone %=lat or ,igh evel Tone& is represented by

ama(ron%]& added to the pinyin vowelH

U % & _ c !. The se(ond tone %2ising or ,igh2ising Tone& is denoted by

an a(ute a((ent% &H

% & Y L j k q'. The third tone %=alling2ising or ow Tone& is mar+ed by

a(aronKhe+ %&. It is not the roundedbreve%&) though a

breve is sometimes substituted due to font limitations.

% & M x { | } ~ *. The fourth tone %=alling or ,igh=alling Tone& is represented

by agrave a((ent% &H
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Toneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Toneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Toneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Toneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_accent


20/45

% & Z [ 5. The fifth tone %eutral Tone& is represented by a normal vowel

without any a((ent mar+H

a % & e i o u : I # J %In some (ases) this is also written with a dot before the syllable3

for eample) ma.&citati"n n##0#0"

These tone mar+s normally are only used in andarin tetboo+s

or in foreign learning tets) but they are essential for (orre(t

pronun(iation of andarin syllables) as eemplified by the

following (lassi( eample of five (hara(ters whose pronun(iations

differ only in their tonesH

The four main tones of Standard =andarin pronounced with the s!llable MmaMN

MENU

0H00

Traditional charactersN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fourth_tone_(Mandarin).pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Third_tone_(Mandarin).pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Second_tone_(Mandarin).pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_tone_(Mandarin).pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


21/45

mO)

mP*

mQ+

mR,

ma-

Simplified charactersN

mO. mP* mQ/ mR0 ma1

The words are -mother-) -hemp-) -horse-) -s(old- and a Guestion

parti(le) respe(tively.

Nuerals in place of tone ar.sedit"

6efore the advent of (omputers) many typewriter fonts did not

(ontain vowels with ma(ronor(arondia(riti(s. Tones were thus

represented by pla(ing a tone numberat the end of individual

syllables. =or eample) tAn+is written t"n+.The number used for

ea(h tone is as the order listed above) e(ept the neutral tone)

whi(h is either not numbered) or given the number 0 or 5)

e.g. mafor 1Ke) an interrogativemar+er.

+one +one *ar Number added to end of

syllablein place of tone mar

.xampleusing

tone mar

.xampleusing

numberPA

Girst macron0 2 " mO ma" m

Second acute accent0 U 2 mP ma m

Third caron0 V 2 8 mQ ma8m

Gourth grave accent0 W 2 9 mR ma9 m

>?eutral>

?o markor dot before s!llable02

no number$%

mama

mama$ma%

m

/ules for placin$ the tone ar.edit"

6riefly) the tone mar+ should always be pla(ed by the orderQa, ",

#, i, u, 5) with the only e(eption being iu,where the tone mar+ is

pla(ed on the uinstead. Binyin tone mar+s appear primarily above

thenu(leus of the syllable) for eample as in kui,where kis the

initial) uthe medial) athe nu(leus) and ithe (oda. The e(eption is

syllabi( nasals li+e KmK) where the nu(leus of the syllable is a

(onsonant) the dia(riti( will be (arried by a written dummy vowel.

4hen the nu(leus is KNK %written #or "&) and there is both a medial

and a (oda) the nu(leus may be dropped from writing. In this (ase)

when the (oda is a (onsonant nor n+,the only vowel left is themedial i, u,or 5,and so this ta+es the dia(riti(. ,owever) when the
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_nucleus


22/45

(oda is a vowel) it is the (oda rather than the medial whi(h ta+es

the dia(riti( in the absen(e of a written nu(leus. This o((urs with

syllables ending in -ui%from !#iH %wi R u& and in -iu%from y"u9

yFu Y -i2.& That is) in the absen(e of a written nu(leus the finals

have priority for re(eiving the tone mar+er) as long as they are

vowelsH if not) the medial ta+es the dia(riti(.

n algorithm to find the (orre(t vowel letter %when there is more

than one& is as followsH !@"

1. If there is an aor an #,it will ta+e the tone mar+.

!. If there is an "u,then the "ta+es the tone mar+.

'. #therwise) the se(ond vowel ta+es the tone mar+.

4orded differently)

1. If there is an a, #,or ",it will ta+e the tone mar+3 in the

(ase of a",the mar+ goes on the a.

!. #therwise) the vowels are -iuor -ui,in whi(h (ase the

se(ond vowel ta+es the tone mar+.

If the tone is written over an i) the tittleabove the iis omitted) as

in y.

Phonolo$ical intuitionedit"

The pla(ement of the tone mar+er) when more than one of the

written letters a, #, i, ",and uappears) (an also be inferred from

the nature of the vowel sound in the medial and final. The rule is

that the tone mar+er goes on the spelled vowel that is not a

%near&semivowel. The e(eption is that) for triphthongs that are

spelled with only two vowel letters) both of whi(h are the semi

vowels) the tone mar+er goes on the se(ond spelled vowel.

$pe(ifi(ally) if the spelling of a diphthongbegins with i%as in ia&

or u%as in ua&) whi(h here serves as a nearsemivowel) this letter

does not ta+e the tone mar+er. i+ewise) if the spelling of a

diphthong ends with "or urepresenting a nearsemivowel %as

in a"or "u&) this letter does not re(eive a tone mar+er. In

atriphthongspelled with three of a, #, i,

",andu%with ior urepla(ed by yor !at the start of a syllable&) the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphthong


23/45

first and third letters (oin(ide with nearsemivowels and hen(e do

not re(eive the tone mar+er %as in ia"or uaior i"u&. 6ut if no letter

is written to represent a triphthongDs middle %nonsemivowel&

sound %as in uior iu&) then the tone mar+er goes on the final

%se(ond& vowel letter.

0sin$ tone colorsedit"

In addition totone numberand mar+) tone (olor has been

suggested as a visual aid for learning. lthough there are no

formal standards) there are a number of different (olor s(hemes in

use.


24/45

in *u%e.g. iKjoven&. Tonal mar+ers are added on top of the

trema) as in *.

,owever) the 5is n"tused in the other (ontets where it (ould

represent a front high rounded vowel) namely after thelettersj) )%and y. =or eample) the sound of the word 3Kk%fish&

is trans(ribed in pinyin simply as yI) not as y. This pra(ti(e is

opposed to 4adeFiles)whi(h always uses 5) and T"n+y"n+

pinyin,whi(h always uses yu. 4hereas 4adeFiles needs to use

the trema to distinguish between ch5%pinyinju&

and chu%pinyin zhu&) this ambiguity (annot arise with pinyin) so

the more (onvenient formjuis used instead ofj5. Fenuine

ambiguities only happen with nuKn5and *uK*5) whi(h are then

distinguished by a trema %dia(riti(&.

any fonts or output methods do not support a trema for 5or

(annot pla(e tone mar+s on top of 5. i+ewise) using 5in input

methods is diffi(ult be(ause it is not present as a simple +ey on

many +eyboard layouts. =or these reasons =is sometimes used

instead by (onvention. =or eample) it is (ommon for (ellphones

to use =instead of 5. dditionally) some stores in China

use =instead of 5in the transliteration of their names. The

drawba(+ is that there are no tone mar+s for the letter =.

This also presents a problem in trans(ribing names for use on

passports) affe(ting people with names that (onsist of the

sound *5or n5) parti(ularly people with the surname 4%$[&) a

fairly (ommon surname) parti(ularly (ompared to the surname 5

%[&) 6%x&) 7%j& and l%[&. Breviously) the pra(ti(e varied

among different passport issuing offi(es) with some trans(ribing as

-W- and -W- while others used -J- and -J-. #n 10 uly !01!)

theinistry of Bubli( $e(uritystandardized the pra(ti(e to use

->J- and ->J- in passports.'0"'1"

lthough n5#written as nu#) and *5#written as *u#are not

ambiguous) nu#or *u#are not (orre(t a((ording to the

rules3 n5#and *5#should be used instead. ,owever) some

Chinese input methods %e.g. i(rosoft Binyin I:& support

both n=#K*=#%typing =for 5& and nu#K*u#.

Binyin in Taiwanedit"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_(surname)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%99%86)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%99%86)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%B2%81)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E5%8D%A2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E8%B7%AF)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IMEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_(surname)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%99%86)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E9%B2%81)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E5%8D%A2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(surname_%E8%B7%AF)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IMEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=21


25/45

Taiwan %2epubli( of China& adoptedT"n+y"n+ pinyin,a

modifi(ation of Hanyu pinyin,as the offi(ial romanization system

on the national level between #(tober !00! and anuary !009)

when it swit(hed to Hanyu pinyin. T"n+y"n+ pinyin%-offi(ial

phoneti(-&) a variant of Binyin developed in Taiwan) was designed

to romanize languages and diale(ts spo+en on the island in

addition to andarin Chinese. The uomintang%Chinese

ationalist Barty& resisted its adoption) preferring the Hanyu

pinyinsystem used in China and in general use internationally.

2omanization preferen(es Gui(+ly be(ame asso(iated with issues

of national identity. Breferen(es split along party linesH

theuomintangand its affiliated parties in the panblue (oalition

supported the use of ,anyu Binyin while the


26/45

names) budget restraints pre(lude widespread repla(ement of

signage and stationery in every area) and Guestions remain about

the ability of the national government to enfor(e the standard

islandwide.'!"Brimary edu(ation in Taiwan (ontinues to tea(h

pronun(iation usingzhuyin%B$ or andarin Bhoneti( $ymbols&.

Comparison with other orthographiesedit"

Binyin is now used by foreign students learning Chinese as a

se(ond language.

Binyin assigns some atin letters sound values whi(h are Guite

different from that of most languages. This has drawn some

(riti(ism as it may lead to (onfusion when uninformed spea+ers

apply either native or :nglish assumed pronun(iations to words.

,owever this is not a spe(ifi( problem of pinyin) sin(e many

languages that use the atin alphabet natively assign different

values to the same letters. re(ent study on Chinese writing and

litera(y (on(luded) -6y and large) Binyin represents the Chinese

sounds better than the 4adeFiles system) and does so with

fewer etra mar+s.-''"

Binyin is purely a representation of the sounds of andarin)

therefore it la(+s thesemanti((ues thatChinese (hara(ters(an

provide. It is also unsuitable for trans(ribing someChinese spo+en

languagesother than andarin.

Chart of coparison with other

/oanizationsedit"

Vo'els a, e, o, i

PA 3

a e ou 3n 4n 5 5 i i iou i n in i5

Pinyin a o 3 e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng er !i !e !ou !an !in !ing

Tong!ongIin!in

a o e e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng er !i !e !ou !an !in !ing


27/45

Yhu!in 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E E: E? E@ EA EC

e+ample F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W

Vo'els u, y

PA u u ue u4n u 5 5 y y6 y n yn i 5

Pinyin wu wo-o wei wen weng ong !u !ue !uan !un !ong

Tong!ong Iin!in wu wo-o wei wun wong ong !u !ue !uan !un !ong


28/45

7ibilant consonants

PAt i

n

t i 5 t i

n

y

n

ts

tsu

ts

ts

ts

s

s

Pinyin ian iong @in +uan zhe zhi che chi she shi re ri ze zuo zi ce ci se si

Tong!ongIin!in

ian !ong cins!uan

he hih che chih sheshih

re rih ze zuo zih ce cih se sih


29/45

$imple (omputer systems) able to display only @bit$CIItet

%essentially the !/ atin letters) 10 digits and pun(tuation mar+s&)

long provided a (onvin(ing argument in favor of pinyin overhanzi.

Today) however) most (omputer systems are able to display

(hara(ters from Chinese and many other writing systems as well)

and have them entered with a atin +eyboard using an input

method editor.lternatively) someB


30/45

T"n+y"n+ pinyinwas developed in Taiwan for use in rendering not

only andarin Chinese) but other languages and diale(ts spo+en

on the island su(h asTaiwanese),a++aandaboriginal languages.

$ee alsoedit"

Trans(ription into Chinese (hara(ters

6opomofo

Chinese Bostal ap 2omanization

Combining (hara(ter

:rhua%qr&

yutping%most similar to IB&

egge romanization

ist of I$# romanizations

B h_e7e

Binyin input method

Binyin table

2omanization of apanese

$implified 4ade

Tibetan pinyin

Tone number

Tongyong Binyin

4ade?Files

2eferen(esedit"

1. ump up toHab$nowling) argaret .3 ,ulme) Charles

%!005&. Th# sci#nc# "3 r#a0in+9 a han0/""k. 6la(+well

handboo+s of developmental psy(hology& !3. 4iley

6la(+well. pp. '!0?!!.I$61*0511*88/.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Postal_Map_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutpinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin_input_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Wadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-1http://books.google.com/?id=qV7s-Oyx13oChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1488-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_aboriginal_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_charactershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Postal_Map_Romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_characterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutpinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_romanizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin_input_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Wadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Gileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin#cite_ref-snowling_1-1http://books.google.com/?id=qV7s-Oyx13oChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1488-6


31/45

!. 4up up 5-Binyin (elebrates 50th birthday-.Einhua ews

gen(y. !0080!11. 2etrieved !00809!0.

'. 4up up 5-I$# @098H198! ?


32/45

language law of !001. In Ahou inglang and $un ,ong+ai)

eds.$an+ua+# P"*icy ]n Th# P#"p*#:s R#pu/*ic ^3 China9

Th#"ry On0 Practic# &inc# _``) p. !'

1'. 4up up 56ranigan) Tania %!0080!!1&. -$ound

prin(iples-. Th# uar0ian%ondon&.

1*. ump up toHab-,anyu Binyin system turns 50-.$traits

Times. !0080!11. 2etrieved !00809!0.

15. 4up up 5Terry) :dith. H"! Osia "t Rich9 Japan, China

an0 th# Osian irac*#. .:. $harpe) !00!./'!.2etrieved

fromFoogle 6oo+son ugust @) !011.I$6 0@/5/0'5/

E) 9@80@/5/0'5/!.

1/. 4up up 5Terry) :dith. H"! Osia "t Rich9 Japan, China

an0 th# Osian irac*#. .:. $harpe) !00!./''.2etrieved

fromFoogle 6oo+son ugust @) !011.I$6 0@/5/0'5/

E) 9@80@/5/0'5/!.

1@. 4up up 5-ew Binyin $tandards %!01!&. #n


33/45

!'. 4up up 5>ou (an hear re(ordings of the =inals here

!*. 4up

up 5httpHKKhua.umf.maine.eduKChineseKtopi(sKpinyinKpinyin.ht

ml

!5. ump up toHab-postrophes in ,anyu BinyinH when and

where to use them-.

!/. 4up up 5-Jse of the ,yphen3 bbreviations and $hort

=orms-.Binyin.info. 2etrieved !01!0*0/.

!@. 4up up 5$wofford) ar+.-4here do the tone mar+s goX-.

Binyin.info. 2etrieved !00809!0.

!8. 4up up 5athan in 6inyong and ary =elley %1990&. Chin#s#

R"manizati"n. Bronun(iation and #rthography %,anyu pinyin

he zheng(ifa V&. 6ei7ingH $inolingua. I$6 @

8005!1*8/KI$6 08'5119'00.

Fao) . . %!005&. Pinyin sh"rthan09 a /i*in+ua* han0/""k dePinyin su ji 3af.


34/45

imball) 2. . %1988&. Quick r#3#r#nc# Chin#s#9 a practica*

+ui0# t" an0arin 3"r /#+inn#rs an0 tra=#*#rs in En+*ish,

Pinyin r"manizati"n, an0 Chin#s# charact#rs. $an =ran(is(o)

CH China 6oo+s V Beriodi(als.I$6 08'51!0'/8

Jy)


35/45

pinyinIX&3 por su eperien(iade vida el padre sabe Gue su hi7o le va a pedir permiso para salir) pero no se lo da aentender) (on lo (ual el hi7o tiene Gue epli(itar su propsito %pedir permiso&.


42/45

pesar de sus evidentes diferen(ias. os rasgos (omunes Gue (omparten (onstituyen lalengua) Gue es un modelo abstra(to. :ste modelo abstra(to se a(tualiza en (ada hablante%habla&. Cuando hablamos de la lengua espaola) (atalana) rumana) fran(esa en realidadnos referimos a ese modelo abstra(to Gue se (on(retiza (ada vez Gue alguien lo utiliza. Borello de(imos Gue la lengua es un fenmeno so(ial %modelo abstra(to (ompartido por losindividuos& y el habla individual %a(tualiza(iones individuales de ese modelo abstra(to&. Bor

(ole(tividad lingLsti(a entendemos el (on7unto de hablantes de una lengua.

.S.S. E* *#n+uaj#

:l signo lingLsti(o est (ompuesto por el signifi(ante y el signifi(ado %&aussur#, \., Curs" 0#*in+5Kstica +#n#ra*,19/9):d. osada ) 6uenos ires&

:n (ada lengua identifi(amos un signifi(ante %lo Gue per(ibimos u oLmos& y un signifi(ado Gueatribuimos a (ada signifi(ante os dos (onstituyen el signo lingLsti(o. sL) en la palabra(asa distinguimos el signifi(ante D+asa" y el signifi(ado edifi(io para habitar.

7"" La fon=tica y la fonolo$9a en la $ra>tica

82presi6n oral

nivel semnti(o

nivel gramati(al

nivel lYi(o

nivel fonolgi(o

nivel fonYti(o

nivel a(jsti(o


43/45

Coprensi6n auditiva

:ste es el orden en Gue su(eden los niveles de la gramti(a durante la (omuni(a(inH alhablar) epresamos lo Gue Gueremos de(ir %nivel semnti(o& de manera (orre(ta segjn la

gramti(a de nuestro idioma) lo (ual nos lleva a sele((ionar las palabras Gue utilizaremos.Cada palabra tiene su forma fonolgi(a %abstra(ta) mental& Gue nos lleva a su forma fonYti(a)Gue se epresa mediante ondas a(jsti(as. Bara la re(ep(in) se re(orren estos mismosniveles pero en sentido opuesto %la primera informa(in Gue per(ibimos es la onda a(jsti(a)Gue transmite la forma fonYti(a del mensa7e) Gue &.

Yi(onH es el inventario de unidades en Gue se re(oge toda su informa(in mLnimasemnti(a) sint(ti(a) morfolgi(a y fonolgi(a. Cadapa*a/raapare(e (ara(terizada por susignifi(ado) la fun(in Gue pueda o(upar dentro de la frase %su7eto) predi(ado) et(.&) susformas fle(tivas %de mas(ulino o femenino) singular y plural) por e7emplo) para lossustantivos& y su forma fonolgi(a) Gue no da (uenta) por e7emplo) de las diferen(ias entre

las dos (onsonantes KdK de la palabra 0a0") (orrespondientes a un mismo fonema. ainforma(in (ontenida en el lYi(on debe ser mLnima y para ello debe eliminar la mayor(antidad posible de redundan(ias. Bor e7emplo) no es ne(esario Gue (ontenga el valorSsonoro" para (ada vo(al pues todas las vo(ales son sonoras. o asL el (aso inverso) puesno todos los fonemas sonoros son vo(li(os.

2eglas (ategorialesH estable(en las estru(turas sint(ti(as bsi(as Gue sin el lYi(on nopodrLamos llenar de (ontenido lYi(o. Jna vez (ubiertas estas estru(turas) tenemosla estru(tura profunda %las reglas (ategoriales llenas de material lYi(o&.

:stru(tura superfi(ialH la estru(tura profunda Gue ha sufrido algunos (ambios) llevados a (abo

por las reglas transforma(ionales. Bor e7emplo) si alguien di(e u4 0ic#sV, el (ambioprovo(ado por el modo interrogativo %el modo enun(iativo postula el orden su7etoverboob7eto) tI 0ic#s u4& es una regla transforma(ional. Bermiten la elipsis % i c"ch# #s =#r0##* %(o(he& tuy" marrAn&. hora tenemos ora(iones todavLa no pronun(iadas.

nivel l=2ico (l=2icon) ? re$las cate$oriales @ estructura profunda

estructura profunda ? re$las transforacionales @ estructura superficial

ivel fonolgi(oH lleva al (ampo fLsi(o estas ora(iones. ntes de pronun(iarlas) nuestro(erebro (rea lo Gue serLa su forma ideal) antes de Gue entren en 7uego las reglas del nivelfonYti(o) Gue pueden (omportar algunos (ambios %por e7emplo) el (aso visto anteriormente

de la palabra 0a0") en Gue fonYti(amente apare(en dos sonidos distintos (orrespondientes aun jni(o fonema KdK&.

Bor tanto) la fonologLa opera en el nivel lYi(o %apo

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