Overall Syllabus

7/23/2019 Overall Syllabus

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S y llabus for Commercial Pilot License -Applicability

1.1.3

PAP E R IANNEX7AIRCRAFTNATIONALITAN!RE"ISTRATION

1. AirLaw MARKSApplicability

1.1.1

INTERNATIONALA"REE#ENTSAN!OR"ANISATIONS

1.1.4 ANNEX$PERSONNELLICENSIN"

a) The Convention of ChicagoApplicability

-relation between ANNEX 1 and CARs

b) Air Navigation1.1.5 R%LESOFT&EAIR'base(onANNEX)*

general principles and application sovereignty,territory

flight over territory of Contracting !tates right ofNon-sched"led flight# sched"led air services# cabotage#landing at c"sto$s airports# applicability of air reg"lations,r"les of the

air# search of aircraft$eas"res to facilitate air navigation c"sto$s d"ty,

conditions to be f"lfilled with respect to aircraft certificatesof airworthiness# licences of personnel# recognition ofcertificates and licences# cargo restrictions# photographicapparat"s doc"$ents to be carried in aircraft

international standards and reco$$ended practicesadoption of international standards and proced"res#endorse$ent of certificates and licences# validity ofendorsed certificates and licences depart"re fro$international standards and proced"res %notification ofdifferences)

c) The &nternational Civil Aviation 'rganisation

'b(ectives and co$position Regional str"ct"re and offices

d) 'ther &nternational agree$ents

The &nternational Air Transport Agree$ent the five freedo$s

The Convention of Toyo# *a +aye# ,ontreal ("risdiction a"thority of the pilot-in-co$$and of the aircraft

&ndian organisations na$e# co$position# ob(ectives andrelevant doc"$ents

&ndian Civil Aviation Conference, incl"ding Civil t Aviation Re"ire$ents

.arsaw Convention

e) /&C a"thority and responsibility regarding safety and!ec"rity

f) 'perators and pilots liabilities towards persons andgoods on the gro"nd# in case of da$age and in("ry ca"sed bythe operation of the aircraft0

g) Co$$ercial practices and associated r"les %leasing ry lease .et lease

- Anne2 3

essential definitions# applicability of the r"les of the air#general r"les %e2cept water operations)# vis"al flight r"les#instr"$ent flight r"les# signals,interception of civil aircraft#table of cr"ising levels

$+$+, PROCE!%RESFORAIRNA-I"ATIONAIRCRAFT

OPERATIONS!oc+.$,./OPS0,$$1-OL%#E$

a) Alti$eter setting proced"res %incl"ding &CA' oc0 4560regional s"pple$entary proced"res)

basic re"ire$ents %e2cept tables)# proc

b) !econdary s"rveillance radar transponder operatingproced"res %incl"ding &CA' oc0 4565 regionals"pple$entary proced"res)

operation of transponders operation of ACA! e"ip$ent phraseology

$+$+7AIRTRAFFICSER-ICES'base(onANNEX$$an(!oc+2222*

a) Air Traffic !ervices Anne2 11 definitions %see general state$ents)

b) 7eneral ob(ectives of AT!# divisions of AT!# designation of the

portions of the airspace and controlled aerodro$eswhere AT! will be provided# classification of airspaces%appendi2 8 of anne2 11)# re"ired navigationperfor$ance %RN/)# establish$ent and designation ofthe "nits providing AT!,specifications for flightinfor$ation regions# control areas and control 9ones,$ini$"$ flight altit"des# priority in the event of anaircraft in e$ergency# in-flight contingencies# ti$e in

AT!

c) Air Traffic Control application provision of air traffic control service# operation of air

traffic control service# separation $ini$a# contents ofclearances# co-ordination of clearances# control ofpersons and vehicles at aerodro$es

d) :light &nfor$ation !ervice application scope of flight infor$ation service operational flight infor$ation service broadcasts

1.1.2 ANNEX.AIR3ORT&INESSOFAIRCRAFTe) Alerting !ervice


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application# notification of resc"e co-ordination centres%only &NCER:A,A*ER:A# ETRE!:A)# infor$ation toaircraft operating in the vicinity of an aircraft in a stateof e$ergency.

f) /rinciples governing the identification of RN/ types andthe identification of AT! ro"tes other than standarddepart"re and arrival ro"tes %Appendi2 1)

g) R"les of the air and air traffic services %&CA' oc0 8888 RAC;


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$+$+$$ SEARC&AN!RESC%E'base(onANNEX$)*

a) Anne2 13 definitions

b) 'rganisation establish$ent and provision of !AR service establish$ent of !AR regions establish$ent and designation of !AR services "nits

c) Co-operation 2 co-operation between !tates co-operation with other services

d) 'perating proced"res proced"res for pilots-in-co$$and at the scene of an

accident proced"res for pilots-in-co$$and intercepting a

distress trans$ission search and resc"e signals

e) !earch and resc"e signals signals with s"rface craft

gro"nd;air vis"al signal code air;gro"nd signals

$+$.$)SEC%RIT'base(onANNEX$7*

- Anne2 14

- 7eneral ai$s and ob(ectives

- 'rganisation co-operation and co-ordination

- 'perators operators sec"rity progra$$e

$+$+$9AIRCRAFTACCI!ENTIN-ESTI"ATION'base(onANNEX$9*

-Anne2 16 definitions applicability

$+$+$2CARs

$+$+$5NATIONALLA3

- National law and differences to relevant &CA'Anne2es and CARs

)+ &%#ANPERFOR#ANCEAN!LI#ITATIONS

$+).$&umanFactors:basicconce;ts

a) +"$an :actors in aviation-Co$petence and li$itations- ?eco$ing a co$petent pilot

the traditional approach towards @proficiency@ the h"$an factors approach towards

@professionalis$@b) Accident statistics

c) :light safety concepts

$+)+)4asicayan(=ealt=maintenance

a) ?asics of flight physiology

- The at$osphere2

co$position gas *aws o2ygen re"ire$ent of tiss"es

- Respiratory and circ"latory syste$s f"nctional anato$y hypobaric environ$ent press"risation# deco$pression rapid deco$pression entrapped gases# barotra"$a co"nter $eas"res# hypo2ia sy$pto$s ti$e of "sef"l conscio"sness hyperventilation accelerations

b) ,an and Environ$ent the sensory syste$

- Central and peripheral nervo"s syste$ sensory threshold# sensitivity# adaptation habit"ation refle2es and biological control syste$s

- =ision f"nctional anato$y vis"al field# foveal and peripheral vision binoc"lar and $onoc"lar vision $onoc"lar vision c"es

night vision ,otion sicness-+earing

f"nctional anato$y flight related ha9ards to hearing

- E"ilibri"$ f"nctional anato$y $otion# acceleration# verticality $otion sicness

- &ntegration of sensory inp"ts spatial disorientation ill"sions physical origin

physiological origin psychological origin approach and landing proble$s

c) +ealth and hygiene-/ersonal hygiene- Co$$on $inor ail$ents

cold infl"en9a gastro-intestinal "pset

- /roble$ areas for pilots hearing loss defective vision hypotension# hypertension# coronaric disease obesity

n"trition hygiene tropical cli$ates

epide$ic diseases- &nto2ication

tobacco alcohol

dr"gs and self-$edication vario"s to2ic $aterials

- &ncapacitation sy$pto$s and ca"ses recognition

operating coping proced"res

$+)+94ASICA-IATIONPSC&OLO"


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a) +"$an infor$ation processing

- Attention and vigilance selectivity of attention divided attention

-/erception percept"al ill"sions s"b(ectivity of perception botto$-"p>;top-down> processing

- ,e$ory sensory $e$ory woring $e$ory long ter$ $e$ory

$otor $e$ory %sills)

- Response selection

learning principles and techni"es drives $otivation and perfor$ance

f) +"$an overload and "nderload

-Aro"sal

- !tress definition%s)# concept%s)# $odel%s)

an2iety and stress effects of stress- :atig"e

types# ca"ses# sy$pto$s effects of fatig"e

- ?ody rhyth$ and sleep rhyth$ dist"rbances sy$pto$s# effects# $anage$ent

- :atig"e and stress $anage$ent coping strategies $anage$ent techni"es health and fitness progra$$es rela2ation techni"es religio"s practices co"nselling techni"es

b) +"$an error and reliability

- Reliability of h"$an behavio"r-+ypotheses on reality

si$ilarity,fre"ency co$pletion ca"sality

- Theory and $odel of h"$an error- Error generation

internal factors %cognitive styles) e2ternal factors

ergono$ics

econo$ics social environ$ent %gro"p# organisation)

g) Advanced cocpit a"to$ation- Advantages and disadvantages %criticalities)-A"to$ation co$placency


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c) ecision $aing

- ecision-$aing concepts str"ct"re %phases)

li$its ris assess$ent practical application

d) Avoiding and $anaging errors cocpit $anage$ent

- !afety awareness ris area awareness identification of error proneness %oneself) identification of error so"rces %others)

sit"ational awareness!tress

- Co$$"nication co$$"nication $odel%s) verbal and non-verbal co$$"nication co$$"nication barriers

conflict $anage$ent

e) /ersonality

- /ersonality and attit"des develop$ent

environ$ental infl"ences- &ndivid"al differences in personality

self-concepts %e0g0# action vs0 state-orientation)

-T"rb"lence and g"stiness# types of t"rb"lence-'rigin and location of t"rb"lence

PAPER/II e) =ariation of wind with height

$+ #ETEOROLO"

-=ariation of wind in the friction layer

)+$+$T=eAtmos;=eref) *ocal winds

- Anabatic and catabatic winds# land and sea bree9es#a) Co$position# e2tent# vertical division vent"re effects

Co$position# e2tent# vertical division g) !tanding waves

b) Te$perat"re- =ertical distrib"tion of te$perat"re- Transfer of heat

solar and terrestrial radiation cond"ction convection advection and t"rb"lence

- *apse rate# stability and instability- evelop$ent of inversions# types of inversions-Te$perat"re near the earth>s s"rface# s"rface effects# di"rnal=ariation#effect of clo"ds# effect of wind

--'rigin of standing waves

)+$.9T&ER#O!NA#ICS

- +"$idity

-.ater vapo"r in the at$osphere-Te$perat"re;dewpoint# $i2ing ratio# relative h"$idity

)+$+2CLO%!SAN!FO"

c) At$ospheric press"re a) Clo"d for$ation and description

- ?aro$etric press"re# isobars -- /ress"re variation with height# conto"rs%isohypses)--Red"ction of press"re to $ean sea level#B::

- !"rface low;"pper-air low# s"rface high;"pper-air highprecipitation

d) At$ospheric density

- &nterrelationship of press"re# te$perat"re and density

- Clo"d types# clo"d classification- &nfl"ence of inversions on clo"d develop$ent

b) :og# $ist# ha9e

- Radiation fog- Advection fog- !tea$ing fog- :rontal fog- 'rographic fog

e) &nternational !tandard At$osphere %&!A)


6/90

- &nternational !tandard At$osphere

f) Alti$etry

- /ress"re altit"de# tr"e altit"de-+eight# altit"de# flight level- Alti$eter settings BN+# B:E# 151603< h/a- Effect of accelerated airflow d"e to topography

)+$+5PRECIPITATION

- evelop$ent of precipitation

- evelop$ent of precipitation- Types of precipitation- Types of precipitation# relationship with clo"d types

)+$+,AIR#ASSESAN!FRONTS

a) Types of air$asses)+$+) 3in(

-escription# factors affecting the properties of an air$assa) efinition and $eas"re$ent -Classification of air$asses# $odifications of air$asses,

areasof origin

- efinition and $eas"re$entb) :ronts

b) /ri$ary ca"se of wind

-/ri$ary ca"se of wind# press"re gradient# coriolis force#gradient wind

-Relationship between isobars and wind

c) 7eneral circ"lation

-7eneral circ"lation aro"nd the globe

d) T"rb"lence

- ?o"ndaries between air$asses %fronts)# general sit"ation#geographic differentiation

- .ar$ front# associated clo"ds and weather- Cold front# associated clo"ds and weather- .ar$ sector# associated clo"ds and weather- .eather behind the cold front- 'ccl"sions# associated clo"ds and weather- !tationary front# associated clo"ds and weather

- ,ove$ent of fronts and press"re syste$s# life cycle

)+$+7PRESS%RESSTE#S


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t"rb"lence# ice accretiona) *ocation of the principal press"re areas - evelop$ent and effect of valley inversions

- *ocation of the principal press"re areas g) =isibility red"cing pheno$ena

b) Anticyclone

- Anticyclones# types# general properties# cold and war$anticyclones# ridges and wedges# s"bsidence

- Red"ction of visibility ca"sed by $ist# s$oe# d"st#sand and precipitation

- Red"ction of visibility ca"sed by low drifting andblowing snow 2

c) Non frontal depressions )+$+$8 #ETEOROLO"ICALINFOR#ATION

- Ther$al-# orographic and secondary depressions# cold airpools# tro"ghs

)+$+.CLI#ATOLO"

a) Typical weather sit"ations in $id-latit"des

- .esterly waves- +igh press"re area- nifor$ press"re pattern- Cold pool

b) *ocal seasonal weather and wind

-*ocal seasonal weather and wind :oehn# ,istral# ?ora# !cirocco Dha$sin# +ar$attan# 7hibbli and /a$pero

)+$+6 Fli>=t&a?ar(s

a) &cing

-.eather conditions for ice accretion# topographicaleffects

b) T"rb"lence

- Effects on flight# avoidance

c) .indshear

a) 'bservation- 'n the gro"nd s"rface wind# visibility and r"nwayvis"al range# trans$isso$eters Clo"ds type#a$o"nt# height of base and tops# $ove$ent .eather incl"ding all types of precipitation# air te$perat"re#relative h"$idity,dewpoint# at$ospheric press"re

- Aircraft observations and reporting# data lin syste$s#/&RE/!

b) .eather charts

- !ignificant weather charts

- !"rface charts- pper air charts- !y$bols and signs on analysed and prognostic charts

c) &nfor$ation for flight planning- Aerona"tical codes ,ETAR# TA:# !/EC !&7,ET#!N'.TA,# r"nway report

-,eteorological broadcasts for aviation ='*,ET# AT&!#+:='*,ET# ACAR!

- Content and "se of pre-flight $eteorologicaldoc"$ents

- ,eteorological briefing and advice- ,eas"ring and warning syste$s for low level

windshear# inversion- !pecial $eteorological warnings

- efinition of windshear-.eather conditions for windshear- Effects on flight

d) Th"nderstor$s

- !tr"ct"re of th"nderstor$s# s"all lines# life history,!tor$ cells# electricity in the at$osphere# staticcharges

- Conditions for and process of develop$ent# forecast#location# type specification

- Th"nderstor$ avoidance# gro"nd;airborne radar#stor$scope- evelop$ent and effect of downb"rsts- evelop$ent of lightning discharges and effect of

lightning strie on aircraft and flight e2ec"tion

e) *ow and high level inversions

- &nfl"ence on aircraft perfor$ance

f) +a9ards in $o"ntaino"s areas

- &nfl"ence of terrain on clo"ds and precipitation# frontalpassage

- =ertical $ove$ents# $o"ntain waves# windshear#


8/90

necessary)- Re"ire$ents for re-weighing of aircraft- E"ip$ent lists

/A / ER-&&&

1. FLI"&TPERFOR#ANCEAN!PLANNIN"

9+$.$ #ASSAN!4ALANCEAero;lanes

- /roced"res for deter$ining aeroplane $ass and balancedoc"$entation /roced"res for deter$ining helicopter$ass and balance doc"$entation

a) INTRO!%CTIONTO#ASSAN!4ALANCE

-Centre of gravity %cg)- efinition-&$portance in regard to aircraft stability%Aeroplane) &$portance in regard tohelicopter stability %cyclic stic travel;li$itations) %+elicopter)

-,ass and balance-Cons"lt aeroplane;helicopter flight $an"al for

cg li$its for tae-off# landing# cr"iseconfig"rations

- ,a2i$"$ floor load- ,a2i$"$ ra$p and ta2i $ass %Aeroplane) ,a2i$"$ta2i $ass %+elicopter)

- :actors deter$ining $a2i$"$ per$issible $ass str"ct"ral li$itations perfor$ance li$itations s"ch as r"nway

available for tae-off and landing weather conditions %te$perat"re# press"re#

wind# precipitation) rate-of-cli$b and altit"dere"ire$ents for obstacle clearance engine-

o"t perfor$ance re"ire$ents- :actors deter$ining cg li$its

aircraft stability,helicopter stability ability of:light controls and s"rfaces to overco$e$ass and lift pitching $o$ents "nder allflight conditions

changes in cg location d"ring flight d"e tocons"$ption of f"el# raising and lowering of"ndercarriage# and intentional relocation ofpassengers or cargo# transfer of f"el

$ove$ent of centre of lift beca"se ofchanges in position of wing flaps%Aeroplane) &nfl"ence of hoist and e2ternalload operation %+elicopter)

- eter$ine ry 'perating ,ass %crew# e"ip$ent#etc0) -

- Add $ass of passengers and cargo %incl"dingpassengers baggage) %standard $ass)

- Add $ass of f"el- Chec that applicable $a2i$"$ gross $ass li$itsare not e2ceeded %$ass within legal li$its)

-Effects of overloading

- +igher tae-off and safety speeds- *onger tae-off and landing distances- *ower rate-of-cli$b- &nfl"ence on range and end"rance %Aeroplane)

ecreased range and end"rance %+elicopter)- ecreased engine-o"t perfor$ance 2 2 2 2- /ossible str"ct"ral da$age in e2tre$e cases

c) CENTREOF"RA-IT'c>*

-?asis of cg calc"lations %load and balancedoc"$entation)

- at"$ e2planation of ter$ location "se in cg calc"lation

- ,o$ent ar$ e2planation of ter$ deter$ination of algebraic signs "se

- ,o$ent e2planation $o$ent F $ass 2 $o$ent ar$

- E2pression in percentage of $ean aerodyna$icchord %G,AC)

b) LOA!IN"

-Ter$inology

-E$pty $ass-ry 'perating ,ass %e$pty $ass H crew Hoperating ite$s H "n"sable f"el )

- Iero :"el ,ass- !tandard $ass

crew,passengers and baggage f"el# oil# water %vol"$e;$ass conversion

factors) carry-on l"ggage

-sef"l load %traffic load H "sable f"el)

-Aircraft $ass checs

-/roced"re %in general ter$s# details not

-Calc"lation of cg %Aeroplane) Calc"lation of cg

longit"dinal and lateral %incl"ding co$p"ter calc"lations)%+elicopter)

-Cg at e$pty $ass deter$ined when aircraft is weighed

deter$ined when helicopter is weighed recorded in aircraft doc"$entation cg at ry

'perating ,ass %Aeroplane) recorded inhelicopter doc"$entationcg at ry 'perating,ass

-,ove$ent of cg with addition of f"el# load and?allast

-/ractical $ethods of calc"lation co$p"tation $ethod "sing either

$athe$atical co$p"tations or specially

designed slide r"le graph $ethod


9/90

table $ethod

-!ec"ring of load- &$portance of ade"ate tie-down

e"ip$ents for cargo co$part$ent andcargo aircraft

container J J

pallet- Effect of loadshift $ove$ent of cg# possible o"t of li$its possible da$age d"e to inertia of a

$oving load effect of acceleration of the aircraft load

-Area *oad# R"nning *oad# !"pporting

9+$+) Performance

a) 0/ER:'R,ANCE ': !&N7*E-EN7&NE AER'/*ANE!N'T CERT&:&E /ER:'R,ANCE C*A!! ?

-efinitions of ter$s and speeds "sed

-Tae-off and landing perfor$ance-Effect of aeroplane $ass# wind# density,altit"de# r"nway slope# r"nway conditions

-se of aeroplane flight $an"al data-Cli$b and cr"ise perfor$ance

- se of aeroplane flight data- Effect of density altit"de and aeroplane

$ass- End"rance and the effects of the different

reco$$ended power settings- !till air range with vario"s power settings

b) /ER:'R,ANCE ': ,*T&-EN7&NE AER'/*ANE! N'TCERT&:&E /ER:'R,ANCE C*A!! ?

-efinitions of ter$s and speeds- Any new ter$s "sed for $"lti-engine aeroplane

perfor$ance

-&$portance of perfor$ance calc"lations-eter$ination of perfor$ance "nder nor$al

conditions-Consideration of effects of press"re altit"de#

te$perat"re# wind# aeroplane $ass# r"nwayslope# and r"nway conditions

-Ele$ents of perfor$ance-Tae-off and landing distances

obstacle clearance at Tae-off- Rate of cli$b and descent

effects of selected power settings#

speeds# and aircraft config"ration- Cr"ise altit"des and altit"de ceiling2

en-ro"te re"ire$ents-/ayload;range trade-offs- !peed;econo$y trade-offs

-se of perfor$ance graphs and tab"lated data- /erfor$ance section of flight $an"al

9+$+9 Fli>=tPlannin>an(Fli>=t#onitorin>-A

terrain and obstacle clearance cr"ising levels appropriate for

direction of flight navigation chec points# vis"al or radio

- ,eas"re$ent of tracs and distances- 'btaining wind velocity forecast for each leg- Co$p"tations of headings# gro"nd speeds#

and ti$e en-ro"te fro$ tracs# tr"e airspeedand wind velocities- Co$pletion of pre-flight portion of navigationflight log

-:"el plan-Co$p"tation of planned f"el "sage for eachleg and total f"el "sage for the flight

flight $an"al fig"res for f"el flow d"ringcli$b # en-ro"te and d"ring descent

navigation plan for ti$es en-ro"te- :"el for holding and diversion to alternate

airfield- Reserves- Total f"el re"ire$ents for flight- Co$pletion of pre-flight portion of f"el log

-:light $onitoring and in-flight replanning

-&n-flight f"el co$p"tations recording of f"el "antities re$aining at

navigational checpoints- Calc"lation of act"al cons"$ption rate

co$parison of act"al and planned f"elcons"$ption and f"el state

- Revision of f"el reserve esti$ates- &n-flight replanning in case of proble$s

selection of cr"ise altit"de and powersettings for new destination

ti$e to new destination f"el state# f"el re"ire$ents# f"el

Reserves

-Radio co$$"nication and navigation aids- Co$$"nication fre"encies and call signs forappropriate control agencies and in-flightservice facilities s"ch as weather stations

- Radio navigation and approach aids# ifappropriate

type fre"encies identification

b* ICAOATCFLI"&TPLAN

-Types of flight plan

-&CA' flight plan for$at infor$ation incl"ded in co$pleted plan repetitive flight plan

-Co$pleting the flight plan- &nfor$ation for flight plan obtained fro$

navigation flight plan f"el plan operator>s records for basic aircraft

infor$ation $ass and balance records

a) :light /lans for Cross Co"ntry :lights

-Navigation plan- !election of ro"tes# speeds# heights%altit"des) and alternate airfield;landing sites

-:iling the flight plan- /roced"res for filing- Agency responsible for processing the flight plan- Re"ire$ents of the !tate concerning when a flight

plan $"st be filed


10/90

-Closing the flight plan- Responsibilities and proced"res- /rocessing agency-Checing slot ti$e

-Adherence to flight plan-Tolerances allowed by the !tate for vario"s types of

flight plans- &n-flight a$end$ent of flight plan conditions "nder which a flight plan $"st be

a$ended pilot>s responsibilities and proced"res for

filing an a$end$ent agency to which a$end$ents are s"b$itted

c* PRACTICALFLI"&TPLANNIN"

-Chart preparation- /lot tracs and $eas"re directions and distances

-Navigation plans-Co$pleting the navigation plan "sing

tracs and distances fro$ prepared charts wind velocities as provided tr"e airspeeds as appropriate

- !i$ple f"el plans- /reparation of f"el logs showing planned val"es

for f"el "sed on each leg f"el re$aining at end of each leg end"rance# based on f"el re$aining and

planned cons"$ption rate# at end of eachleg

-Radio planning practice- Co$$"nications

fre"encies and call signs of air trafficcontrol agencies and facilities and for in-flight

services s"ch as weather infor$ation

(* PRACTICALCO#PLETIONOFA@FLI"&TPLAN'fli>=t;lan1fli>=tlo>1naATC;lan1etc+*

-E2traction of data- E2traction of navigational data- E2traction of $eteorological data- E2traction of perfor$ance data- Co$pletion of navigation flight plan- Co$pletion of f"el plan

ti$e and f"el to top-of-cli$b

cr"ise sector ti$es and f"el "sed total ti$e and f"el re"ired to destination f"el re"ired for $issed approach# cli$b

en-ro"te altit"de# and cr"ise alternate reserve f"el

-Co$pletion of air traffic flight plan


11/90

- Dnowledge of the principles# standby and landing or $ainco$passes and re$ote reading co$passes

detailed nowledge of the "se of these co$passes

/A / E R &= serviceability tests advantages and disadvantages of the re$ote

1) NA-I"ATION

2+$+$"ENERALNA-I"ATIONindicating co$pass

ad("st$ent and co$pensation of direct reading$agnetic co$pass

a) 4ASICSOFNA-I"ATION

-The solar syste$ seasonal and apparent $ove$ents of the s"n

- The earth great circle# s$all circle# rh"$b line convergency,conversion angle latit"de# difference of latit"de longit"de,difference of longit"de

"se of latit"de and longit"de co-ordinates tolocate any specific position- Ti$e and ti$e conversions

apparent ti$e TC *,T standard ti$es dateline deter$ination of s"nrise,s"nset and civil twilight

-irections terrestrial $agnetis$ declination# deviation and

co$pass variations $agnetic poles# isogonals# relationship between

tr"e and $agnetic gridlines# isogrives

- istance "nits of distance and height "sed in navigation

na"tical $iles# stat"te $iles# ilo$etres# $etres#yards and feet

conversion fro$ one "nit to another relationship between na"tical $iles and $in"tes

of latit"de

b) #A"NETIS#AN!CO#PASSES

-7eneral principles terrestrial $agnetis$ resol"tion of the earth>s total $agnetic force into

vertical and hori9ontal co$ponents the effects of change of latit"de on these

co$ponents

directive force $agnetic dip variation

-Aircraft $agnetis$ hard iron and vertical soft iron the res"lting $agnetic fields the variation in directive force

change of deviation with change of latit"de and withchange in the aircraft>s heading

t"rning and acceleration errors eeping $agnetic $aterials clear of the co$pass

c) C&ARTS

-7eneral properties of $iscellaneo"s types of pro(ections ,ercator *a$bert confor$al conic polar stereographic transverse $ercator obli"e ,ercator

-The representation of $eridians,parallels# great circles and

rh"$b lines direct ,ercator *a$bert confor$al conic polar stereographic

-The "se of c"rrent aerona"tical charts plotting positions $ethods of indicating scale and relief conventional signs $eas"ring tracs and distances plotting bearings

d) !EA!RECBONIN"NA-I"ATION'!R*

-?asics of dead reconing

trac heading %co$pass# $agnetic# tr"e# grid) wind velocity airspeed % &A!# CA!# TA!# ,achn"$ber) gro"ndspeed ETA drift# wind correction angle R-position,fi2

-se of the navigational co$p"ter speed ti$e distance f"el cons"$ption conversions

heading airspeed wind velocity

-The triangle of velocities# $ethods of sol"tion for thedeter$ination of

heading gro"nd speed wind velocity trac and drift angle# trac error ti$e and distance proble$s

-eter$ination of R position need for R

confir$ation of flight progress %$ental R)


12/90

lost proced"res heading and TA! vector since last confir$ed

position application of wind velocity vector

last nown trac and gro"nd speed vector assess$ent of acc"racy of R position

-,eas"re$ent of R ele$ents calc"lation of altit"de# ad("st$ents# corrections#

errors deter$ination of te$perat"re deter$ination of appropriate speed deter$ination of $ach n"$ber

-Resol"tion of c"rrent R proble$s by $eans of

,ercator charts *a$bert charts

polar stereographic pro(ections

-,eas"re$ents of $a2i$"$ range radi"s of action point-of-safe-ret"rn and point-of-e"al-ti$e

-,iscellaneo"s R "ncertainties and practical $eans ofCorrection

errors and acc"racy factors affecting range and acc"racy

-='R and oppler-='R %incl"ding the "se of the radio$agnetic indicator)

principles presentation and interpretation coverage range errors and acc"racy factors affecting range and acc"racy

-,E %distance $eas"ring e"ip$ent) principles presentation and interpretation coverage range errors and acc"racy factors affecting range and acc"racy

b) 4ASICRA!ARPRINCIPLES

-!!R secondary s"rveillance radar and transponder principles presentation and interpretation $odes and codes,incl"ding $ode !

e) IN/FLI"&TNA-I"ATION

-se of vis"al observations and application to in-flight

navigation $agnetic infl"ences within thehelicopter

-Navigation in cli$b and descent

c) SELF/CONTAINE!AN!EXTERNAL/REFERENCE!NA-I"ATIONSSTE#S

- !atellite assisted navigation 7/!;7*'NA!!;7/! principle of operation advantages and disadvantages

average airspeed average wind velocitygro"nd speed;distance covered d"ring cli$b or

escent

2.) OPERATIONALPROCE!%RES

-Navigation in cr"ising flight# "se of fi2es to revisenavigation data as

gro"nd speed revision off-trac corrections calc"lation of wind speed and direction ETA revisions

-:light log %incl"ding navigation records)

2+$+) RA!IONA-I"ATION

a) RA!IOAI!S

2+)+$OPERATIONALPROCE!%RESSPECIALAN!E#ER"ENCPROCE!%RES

"eneral

a) &CA' Anne2 K# /arts && and &&& %as applicable

definitions

applicability general fra$ewor and contents

-7ro"nd ;: %incl"ding classification of bearings) principles presentation and interpretation coverage range errors and acc"racy factors affecting range and acc"racy

-A: %incl"ding associated beacons and "se of theradio $agnetic indicator)

principles presentation and interpretation coverage range

b) CAR'/! Re"ire$ents

- 7eneral re"ire$ents abo"t "ality syste$ additional crew $e$bers $ethod of carriage of persons ad$ission to flight dec "na"thorised carriage portable electronic devices

endangering safety additional infor$ations and for$s to be carried infor$ations retained on gro"nd power to inspect


13/90

prod"ction of doc"$entation and records preservation of doc"$entation leasing

-'perator certification and s"pervision re"ire$ents general r"les for Air 'perator Certification iss"e variation and contin"ed validity of an A'C ad$inistrative re"ire$ents

-'perational proced"res re"ire$ents operational control and s"pervision "se of Air Traffic !ervices instr"$ent depart"re and approach proced"res carriage of person with red"ced $obility carriage of inad$issible passengers,deportees or

persons in c"stody stowage of baggages and cargo passengers seating sec"ring of passenger cabin and galley%s) s$oing on board tae-off conditions application of tae-off $ini$as

-All weather operations re"ire$ents low visibility Aerodro$e 'perating ,ini$as 7eneral

Ter$inology *ow visibility operations 7eneral operating r"les *ow visibility operations Aerodro$e

considerations *ow visibility operations Training and

"alifications *ow visibility operations 'perating proced"res *ow visibility operations ,ini$"$ e"ip$ent

-&nstr"$ent and safety e"ip$ent re"ire$ents general introd"ction circ"it protection devices windshield wipers airborne weather radar e"ip$ent

flight crew interphone syste$ p"blic address syste$

internal doors and c"rtains first aid its e$ergency $edical it first aid o2ygen s"pple$ental o2ygen press"rised aeroplanes s"pple$ental o2ygen non-press"rised

aeroplanes crew protective breathing e"ip$ent hand fire e2ting"ishers crash a2es and crowbars $aring of brea-in points $eans for e$ergency evac"ation $egaphones e$ergency lightings a"to$atic e$ergency locator trans$itter

life (acets life rafts and s"rvival E*Ts for e2tendedoverwater flights

s"rvival e"ip$ent- Co$$"nication and navigation e"ip$ent re"ire$ents

radio e"ip$ent =:R co$$"nication and navigation &:R and =:R

-Aircraft $aintenance ter$inology application for and approval of the operator>s

$aintenance syste$ $aintenance $anage$ent "ality syste$ operator>s $aintenance $anage$ent e2position operator>s aircraft $aintenance progra$ contin"ed validity of the Air 'perator>s certificate

in respect of $aintenance syste$ e"ivalent safety case

-:light crew- :light and "ty Ti$e li$itations and rest re"ire$ents

%Reserved)- Cabin crew

c* SPECIALOPERATIONALPROCE!%RES

AN!&AAR!S'"ENERALASPECTS*

-,ini$"$ e"ip$ent list A:,

-7ro"nd de-icing icing conditions definition and recognition# on gro"nd;in flight de-icing# anti-icing# types of de-icing fl"ids perfor$ance deterioration# on gro"nd;in flight

-?ird strie ris and avoidance-Noise abate$ent

-infl"ence of the flight proced"re %depart"re#cr"ise# approach)

infl"ence by the pilot %power setting# low drag#*ow power))

-:ire;s$oe-carb"rettor fire

engine fire fire in the cabin# cocpit# freight co$part$ent%choice ofappropriate fire e2ting"ishing agentsaccording to fire classification and "se of thee2ting"ishers)

actions in case of overheated braes afteraborted taeoff and landing

s$oe in the cocpit and cabin %effects andactions taen)

-eco$pression of press"rised cabin

slow deco$pression rapid or e2plosive deco$pression

dangers and action taen

-.indshear# $icrob"rst definition and description effects and recognition d"ring depart"re and

approach actions to avoid and actions taen d"ring

Enco"nter-.ae t"rb"lence

ca"se infl"ence of speed and $ass# wind actions taen when crossing traffic# d"ring tae-

off and landing-!ec"rity

"nlawf"l events

-E$ergency and preca"tionary landings'perations in vario"s terrain water %i0e0 slopes#$o"ntains# ("ngle# offshore)

definition ca"se factors to be considered %wind# terrain#

preparation# flight tactics# landing in vario"sterrain and water)

passenger infor$ation evac"ation action after landing

-:"el (ettisoning safety aspects legal aspects

- Transport of dangero"s goods

Anne2 1L


14/90

practical aspects -Conta$inated r"nways

inds of conta$ination braing action# brae coefficient perfor$ance corrections and calc"lations

3.) Communications

2+9+$ -FRCO##%NICATIONS

a)!EFINITIONS

-,eanings and significance of associated ter$s -AirTraffic !ervices abbreviations 2 2 2 2- B-code gro"ps co$$only "sed in RT: air-gro"ndco$$"nications

- Categories of $essages

b)"ENERALOPERATIN"PROCE!%RES

-Trans$ission of letters- Trans$ission of n"$bers %incl"ding level

infor$ation)

- Trans$ission of ti$e- Trans$ission techni"e- !tandard words and phrases %relevant RT:phraseology incl"ded)

- Radiotelephony call signs for aerona"tical stationsincl"ding "se of abbreviated call signs

- Radiotelephony call signs for aircraft incl"ding "se ofabbreviated call signs

- Transfer of co$$"nication- Test proced"res incl"ding readability scale- Read bac and acnowledge$ent re"ire$ents -Radarproced"ral phraseology

c)RELE-ANT3EAT&ERINFOR#ATIONTER#S'-FR*

- Aerodro$e weather -.eather broadcast

d)ACTIONRED%IRE!TO4ETABENINCASEOFCO##%NICATIONFAIL%RE

e)!ISTRESSAN!%R"ENCPROCE!%RES

- istress %definition fre"encies watch of distressfre"encies distress signal distress $essage)

- rgency %definition fre"encies "rgency signal "rgency$essage)

f) #ORSECO!E


15/90

/A / E R -=

1. PRINCIPLESOFFLI"&T

5+$+$ S%4SONICAERO!NA#ICS

a) ?asics laws and definitions

-*aws and definitions "nits laws of Newton ideal gas e"ation e"ation of i$p"lse e"ation of contin"ity ?erno"lli>s theore$ static press"re dyna$ic press"re viscosity density &A!,CA!# EA!# TA!

- ?asics abo"t airflow

stationary airflow not stationary airflow strea$line strea$t"be two-di$ensional airflow three-di$ensional airflow

-Aerodyna$ic forces on s"rfaces2

res"lting airforce lift drag angle of attac forces and e"ilibri"$ of forces d"ring cli$b# level#descent and t"rn

-!hape of an aerofoil thicness to chord ratio chordline ca$berline nose radi"s ca$ber angle of attac angle of incidence

- The wing shape aspect ratio

root chord tip chord tapered wings shape of wing s"rface $ean aerodyna$ic chord %,AC)

b) The two-di$ensional airflow abo"t an aerofoil

-!trea$line pattern- !tagnation point- /ress"re distrib"tion

- Centre of press"re;C$a0c0- *ift and downwash- rag and wae %loss of i$p"lse)- &nfl"ence of angle of attac- :low separation at high angles of attac- The *ift ! graph

c) The coefficients

-The lift coefficient C the lift for$"la Cl ! graph Cl$a2 and ! Nor$al =al"es of Cl$a2,!crit# !stall,and the slope ofThe Cl;A0o0A c"rve

-The drag coefficient Cd the drag for$"la 9ero lift drag lift ind"ced drag Cd ! graph Cl Cd graph# profile polar Cl Cd ratio nor$al val"es of the Cl Cd ratio

d) The three-di$ensional airflow abo"t an aeroplane

-!trea$line pattern span-wise flow and ca"ses tip vortices and local ! tip vortices and angle of attac "p-wash and down-wash die to tip vortices span-wise lift distrib"tion wae t"rb"lence behind an aircraft %ca"ses,distrib"tion# d"ration of the pheno$enon)

-&nd"ced drag infl"ence of tip vortices on the angle of attac the ind"ced local !

infl"ence of ind"ced angle of attac on thedirection of the lift vector ind"ced drag and angle of attac ind"ced drag and speed ind"ced drag and wing aspect ratio ind"ced drag and wing planfor$ ind"ced drag coefficient ind"ced drag coefficient and angle of attac infl"ence of the ind"ced drag on the C* -! graph infl"ence of the ind"ced drag on the C* C graph#

airplane polar# lift drag ratio parabolic airplane polar in a graph and as a

for$"la infl"ence of plan of section winglets tip-tans

wing span loading infl"ence of wing twist

e) The total drag

infl"ence of change of ca$be- The parasite drag

profile drag interference drag

friction drag-The profile drag and speed- The ind"ced drag and speed- The total drag- The total drag and speed- ,ini$"$ drag

-The drag speed graph


16/90

f) The gro"nd effect- Effect on Ci- Effect on !crit- Effect on C*

- Effect on tae-off and landing characteristics of anAircraft

g) The relation between the lift coefficient and the speed forConstant lift- As a for$"la- &n a graph

h) The stall

-:low separation at increasing angles of attac2 the bo"ndary layer

la$inar layer t"rb"lent layer transition

separation point infl"ence of angle of attac infl"ence on

press"re distrib"tion location of centre of press"re C* C pitch $o$ents down-wash at hori9ontal stabiliser

b"ffet "se of controls

- The stall speed in the lift for$"la 1g stall speed :AA stall speed infl"ence of

the centre of gravity power setting

altit"de %&A!) wing loading# .;! load factor n

definition t"rns forces

-The initial stall in span-wise direction infl"ence of plan for$ aerodyna$ic twist %wash o"t) geo$etric twist "se of ailerons infl"ence of fences# vortilons# saw teeth and vorte2

7enerators

-!pecial pheno$ena of stall

the power-on stall cli$bing and descending t"rns swept bac wings s"per- or deep-stall# stic p"sher canards T-tailed aircraft avoidance of spins

spin develop$ent spin recognition spin recovery

ice %in stagnation point and on s"rface) absence of stall warning abnor$al behavio"r of the stall stabiliser stall

-!tall warning i$portance of stall warning

speed $argin

b"ffet stall strip flapper switch A'A vane A'A probe stic shaer recovery fro$ stall

i) C*$a2 a"g$entation

- Trailing edge flaps and the reasons for "se in tae-off and*anding

different types of flaps split flap plain flap slotted flap fowler flap

their infl"ence on the C* ! graph their infl"ence on the C* C graph flap asy$$etry infl"ence on pitch $ove$ent

-*eading edge devices and the reasons for "se in tae-off andlanding

different types r"eger flaps variable ca$ber flaps slats

their infl"ence on the C* ! graph their infl"ence on the C* C graph slat asy$$etry nor$al;a"to$atic operation

-=orte2 generators aerodyna$ic principles advantages

disadvantages

() ,eans to decrease the C* C ratio# increasing drag

-!poilers and the reasons for "se in the different phases offlight

different f"nctions flight spoilers %speedbraes) gro"nd spoilers %lift d"$pers) roll spoilers spoiler-$i2er

their infl"ence on the C* ! graph their infl"ence on the C* C graph and ratio

-!peedbraes as a $eans of increasing drag and the reasons

for "se in the different phases of flight the infl"ence on the C* C graph and ratio

) The bo"ndary layer

-ifferent types la$inar t"rb"lent

- Their advantages and disadvantages on press"re drag andfriction drag

l) !pecial circ"$stances

-&ce and other conta$ination ice in stagnation point ice on the s"rface %frost# snow# clear ice) rain conta$ination of the leading edge


17/90

effects on stall effects on loss of controllability effects on control s"rface $o$ent infl"ence on high lift devices d"ring tae-off#

*anding and low speeds affect on lift;drag ratio

- efor$ation and $odification of airfra$e# ageing aircraft

5+$+) STA4ILIT

a) Condition of e"ilibri"$ in stable hori9ontal flight

-/recondition for static stability- !"$ of $o$ents

lift and weight drag and thr"st

- !"$ of forces in hori9ontal plane in vertical plane

b) ,ethods of achieving balance

-.ing and e$pennage %tail and canard)- Control s"rfaces 2 2

- ?allast or weight tri$

c) *ongit"dinal stability

-?asics and definitions static stability,positive,ne"tral and negative precondition for dyna$ic stability dyna$ic stability,positive,ne"tral and negative da$ping

ph"goid short period

effect of high altit"de on dyna$ic stability- !tatic stability- Ne"tral point;location of ne"tral point 2 2

definition

- Contrib"tion of aircraft geo$etry down-wash

a0c0 of the wing- *ocation of centre of gravity

aft li$it# $ini$"$ stability $argin forward position effects on static and dyna$ic stability

-The C, ! graph- Contrib"tion of

location of centre of gravity control deflection $a(or aircraft parts %wings# f"selage# tail) config"ration

flap deflection gear e2tension- The elevator position speed graph %&A!) 2 2- Contrib"tion of

location of centre of gravity tri$ %tri$ tab) tri$ %stabiliser tri$)

- The stic force speed graph %&A!)

-Contrib"tion of location of centre of gravity tri$ %tri$ tab) tri$ %stabiliser tri$) ,ach n"$ber;,ach tri$ J friction in the syste$ downspring ?ob .eight

- The $anoe"vring;stic force per g

-Contrib"tion of location of centre of gravity tri$

spring ?ob .eight

- !tic force per g and the li$it load factor category of certification

- !pecial circ"$stances ice

effects of flap e2tension effects of stabiliser ice

rain defor$ation of airfra$e

d) !tatic directional stability

-!lip angle M- aw $o$ent coefficient CN- CN M graph- Contrib"tion of

location of centre of gravity angle of sweep of the wing

f"selage at high angles of attac straes dorsal fin and angle of sweep of fin $a(or aircraft parts

e) !tatic lateral stability

-?an angle O- The roll $o$ent coefficient Cl- Contrib"tion of angle of slip M- The Cl M graph- Contrib"tion of

angle of sweep of wing ventral fin location of the wing

dihedral;anhedral- Effective lateral stability

f) yna$ic lateral stability

-Effects of asy$$etric propeller slipstrea$- Tendency to spiral dive- "tch roll

ca"ses ,ach J yaw da$per

- Effects of altit"de on dyna$ic stability

5+$+9CONTROL

a) 7eneral

- ?asics# the Three /lanes and Three A2is- Ca$ber change- Angle of attac change

b) /itch control

- Elevator- own-wash effects- &ce on tail- *ocation of centre of gravity

c) aw control

- /edal;R"dder ratio changer- ,o$ents d"e to engine thr"st


18/90

direct ind"ced

- Engine fail"re %n 1) r"dder li$itations at asy$$etric thr"st $eaning of =,CA,=,C7

d) Roll control

- Ailerons inboard ailerons o"tboard ailerons f"nction in different phases of flight

- !poilers- Adverse yaw- ,eans to avoid adverse yaw

frise ailerons differential aileron deflection co"pling ailerons to r"dder by spring roll spoilers effects of asy$$etric propeller slip strea$

e) &nteraction in different planes %yaw;roll)- *i$itations of asy$$etric power

f) ,eans to red"ce control forces

- Aerodyna$ic balance nose balance hornbalances internal balances balance tab,antibalance tab servo tab spring tab

- Artificial-power assisted controls

f"lly powered controls artificial feel

inp"ts dyna$ic press"re stabiliser setting

g) ,ass balance

- Reasons to balance $eans

h) Tri$$ing

- Reasons to tri$- Tri$ tabs- !tabiliser tri$;Tri$ rate vers"s &A!

position of Centre of 7ravity infl"ence ontri$;stabiliser setting for tae-off

5+$+2LI#ITATIONS

a) 'perating li$itations fl"tter aileron reversal gear;flap operating

-=,'# =N',=NE 2 2- ,,'

b) ,anoe"vring envelope

- ,anoe"vring load diagra$ load factor

accelerated stall speed

=A# =C,=. $anoe"vring li$it load factor;certification category

- Contrib"tion of

$ass altit"de ,ach n"$ber

c) 7"st envelope

- 7"st load diagra$

vertical g"st speeds accelerated stall speed =?# =C,= g"st li$it load factor =RA

- Contrib"tion of $ass altit"de ,ach n"$ber

5+$+5 PROPELLERS

a) Conversion of engine tor"e to thr"st- ,eaning of pitch- ?lade twist- :i2ed pitch and variable pitch;constant speed- /ropeller efficiency vers"s speed- Effects of ice on propeller

b) Engine fail"re or engine stop

- .ind$illing drag infl"ence on yaw $o$ent when asy$$etric power

- :eathering infl"ence on glide perfor$ance infl"ence on yaw $o$ent when asy$$etric power

c) esign feat"re for power absorption

- Aspect ratio of blade- ia$eter of propeller

- N"$ber of blades- /ropeller noise

d) ,o$ents and co"ples d"e to propeller operation

-Tor"e reaction- 7yroscopic precession- Asy$$etric slipstrea$ effect- Asy$$etric blade effect

5+$+,FLI"&T#EC&ANICS

a) :orces acting on an airplane

- !traight hori9ontal steady flight

- !traight steady cli$b- !traight steady descent-0 !traight steady glide- !teady coordinated t"rn

ban angle load factor t"rn radi"s ang"lar velocity rate one t"rn

b) Asy$$etric thr"st

- ,o$ents abo"t the vertical a2is- :orces on vertical fin- &nfl"ence of ban angle2

overbaning

finstall- &nfl"ence of aircraft weight- &nfl"ence of "se of ailerons2


19/90

- &nfl"ence of special propeller effects on roll $o$ents propeller tor"e propeller wash on flaps

- &nfl"ence of slipangle on roll $o$ents- =,CA- =,C*

-

=,C7

- &nfl"ence of altit"de

c) E$ergency descent

- &nfl"ence of config"ration- &nfl"ence of chosen $ach n"$ber and &A!- Typical points on polar c"rve

d) .indshear

-!econdary controls leading and trailing edge lift a"g$entation

devices lift d"$ping and speed braes variable elevator $ode of act"ation %$echanical,hydra"lic#

electrical# flyby-wire)

operation# indicators# warning devices danger sit"ations and potential fail"resg) +ydra"lics

-?asic principles of hydro$echanics hydra"lic fl"ids sche$atic constr"ction and f"nctioning of+ydra"lic syste$s

- +ydra"lic syste$s $ain# standby and e$ergency syste$s operation# indicators# warning syste$s ancillary syste$s

2. Aircraft"eneralBnole(>eh) Air driven syste$s %piston engines only)

5+)+$ AIRFRA#EAN!SSTE#S/Aero;lanes

a) :"selage types of constr"ction str"ct"ral co$ponents and $aterials stress

b) Cocpit and cabin windows constr"ction %la$inate

c) .ings types of constr"ction str"ct"ral co$ponents and $aterials stress relief of engines# etc0 J stress

d) !tabilising s"rfaces

vertical# hori9ontal and =-tail s"rfaces constr"ction $aterials efforts @fl"tter@ co$pensation syste$ $ach tri$

e)*anding 7ear types constr"ction locing devices and e$ergency e2tension syste$s accidental retraction prevention devices position,$ove$ent lights and indicators nose wheel steering

wheels and tyres %constr"ction# li$itations) braing syste$s

constr"ction paring brae $ode of operation of anti-sid syste$ $ode of operations of a"to brae syste$ operation# indications and warning syste$s

f) :light Controls %constr"ction and operation)

-/ri$ary controls elevator,aileron and r"dder tri$ $ode of act"ation %$echanical,hydra"lic#electrical,flyby-wire)

operation# indicators# warning devices andcontrols efforts to trans$it

-Air conditioning syste$ heating and cooling constr"ction# f"nctioning and controls

- /ress"risation cabin altit"de# $a2i$"$ cabin altit"de# differential

press"re press"rised 9ones in the aircraft operation and indicators safety devices and warning syste$s rapid deco$pression,cabin altit"de warning e$ergency proced"res

- e-ice syste$s pne"$atic leading edge de-icing of wings and

Control s"rfaces sche$atic constr"ction operational li$itations initiation;ti$ing of de-icing syste$ "sage

i) Air riven !yste$s %T"rbopropeller and Pet aircraft)

-/ne"$atic syste$ power so"rces sche$atic constr"ction potential fail"res# warning devices operation# indicators# warning syste$s pne"$atic operated syste$s

- Air conditioning syste$2 constr"ction# f"nctioning# operation# indicators and

warning devices heating and cooling te$perat"re reg"lation a"to$atic and $an"al

ra$ air ventilation sche$atic constr"ction

- Anti-ice syste$s aerofoil %Aeroplane)# aerofoil;rotors %+elicopter)

And control s"rfaces,powerplant# air intaes#windshield

sche$atic constr"ction# operating li$itations andinitiation# ti$ing of de-icing syste$ "sage

ice warning syste$() /ress"risation

cabin altit"de# $a2i$"$ cabin altit"de# differentialpress"re

press"rised 9ones in the aircraft operation and indicators safety devices and warning syste$s

rapid deco$pression,cabin altit"de warning e$ergency proced"res


20/90

) Non-pne"$atic operated de-ice and anti-ice syste$s-!che$atic constr"ction# f"nctioning and operation of

air intae propeller %Aeroplane) propeller;rotors %+elicopter) pitot# static press"re sensor and stall warning

devices windshield

weeping wing syste$ rain repellent syste$l) :"el syste$

-:"el tans str"ct"ral co$ponents and types location of tans on single-and $"lti-engine

aircraft se"ence and types of ref"elling "n"sable f"el

- :"el feed gravity and press"re feed crossfeed sche$atic constr"ction

- :"el d"$ping syste$$) :"el syste$ $onitoring

operation# indicators# warning syste$s f"el $anage$ent %se"encing of f"el tan

switching) dip stic

5+)+) ELECTRICS

a) irect C"rrent %C) %AT/* and C/*) irect;AlternatingC"rrent %C;AC) %&R)

-7eneral electric circ"its voltage# c"rrent# resistance

'h$@s law resistive circ"its resistance as a f"nction of te$perat"re electrical power# electrical wor f"ses %f"nction# type and operation) the electrical field

the capacitor %f"nction) syste$# shocabsorbers)

ann"nciators electrical cons"$ers C power distrib"tion

constr"ction# operation and syste$$onitoring

ele$entary switching circ"its-&nverter %applications)

-The aircraft str"ct"re as an electrical cond"ctor

b) Alternating C"rrent %AC)

-7eneral single and $"lti-phase AC fre"ency phase shift-AC co$ponents

-7enerators 6-phase generator br"shless generator %constr"ction and

operation) generator drive

constant speed drive integrated drive

-AC power distrib"tion constr"ction# operation and $onitoring protection circ"its,paralleling of AC-generators

- Transfor$ers f"nction types and applications

- !ynchrono"s and asynchrono"s $otors operation application

- Transfor$er;rectifier "nits

c) !e$icond"ctors

principles of se$icond"ctors se$icond"ctor resistors %properties andapplication)

rectifier %f"nction and applications) transistor %f"nction and applications) diode %f"nction and applications)

d) ?asic nowledge of co$p"ters

-?atteries types# characteristics capacity "ses ha9ards

-,agnetis$

per$anent $agnetis$ electro$agnetis$

relay,circ"it breaer# solenoid valve%principle# f"nction and applications)

electro$agnetic power electro$agnetic ind"ction

-7enerators alternator

principle# f"nction and applications $onitoring devices reg"lation# control and protection $odes of e2citation

starter generator-istrib"tion

c"rrent distrib"tion %b"ses) $onitoring of electrical flight

instr"$ents;syste$s a$$eter# volt$eter

- *ogic circ"its- *ogical sy$bols- !witching circ"its and logical sy$bols

e) ?asic radio propagation theory

- ?asic principles electro$agnetic waves wave length# a$plit"de# phase angle# fre"ency fre"ency bands# sideband# single sideband p"lse characteristics carrier# $od"lation# de$od"lation inds of $od"lation %a$plit"de# fre"ency,

p"lse# $"ltiple2) oscillation circ"its

-Antennas characteristics polarisation types of antennas

-.ave propagation

gro"nd waves space waves propagation with the fre"ency bands

7


21/90

fre"ency prognosis %,:) fading factors affecting propagation %reflection#

absorption# interference# twilight# shoreline#$o"ntain# static)

5.2.3 PO3ERPLANT

a) /iston engine

-7eneral design types principles of the 8-stroe internal co$b"stion

engine $echanical co$ponents

- *"brication syste$ f"nction sche$atic constr"ction $onitoring instr"$ents and indicators l"bricants

- Air cooling syste$ $onitoring cylinder head te$perat"re cowl flaps

-&gnition sche$atic constr"ction and f"nction types of ignition $agneto chec

- Engine f"el s"pply carb"rettor %constr"ction and $ode of operation#

carb"rettor icing) f"el in(ection %constr"ction and $ode of

operation) alternate air

- Engine perfor$ance press"re;density altit"de perfor$ance as a f"nction of press"re and

te$perat"re- /ower a"g$entation devices

t"rbocharger# s"percharger %constr"ction andeffect on engine perfor$ance)

-:"el types# grades detonation characteristics# octane rating colo"r coding additives water content# ice for$ation f"el density alternate f"els# differences in specifications#

*i$itations

-,i2t"re

rich and lean $i2t"re $a2i$"$ power and f"el econo$y $i2t"re

!etting

-/ropeller2 fi2ed pitch and constant speed propeller principles and operation of propellers on singleAnd $"lti-engine aircraft propeller chec propeller efficiency as a f"nction of airspeed aircraft and engine protection %propelleroperation gro"nd;air# coarse;fine pitch li$itations)

-Engine handling and $anip"lation power setting# power range

$i2t"re setting operational li$itations

-'perational criteria $a2i$"$ and $ini$"$ R/, %ind"ced) engine vibration and critical R/, re$edial action by abnor$al engine start# r"n-"p

and inflight

b) T"rbine engine

-/rinciples of operation- Types of constr"ction

t"rboprop t"rbo(et t"rbofan

-Engine constr"ction

-Air inlet f"nction

-Co$pressor f"nction constr"ction and $ode of operation effects of da$age co$pressor stall and s"rge %ca"se and

avoidance)

co$pressor characteristics-iff"sor

f"nction- Co$b"stion cha$ber

f"nction# types and woring principles $i2ing ratios f"el in(ectors ther$al load

- T"rbine f"nction# constr"ction and woring principles ther$al and $echanical stress effects of da$age

$onitoring of e2ha"st gas te$perat"re

-Pet pipe f"nction different types noise silencing devices

-/ress"re# te$perat"re and airflow in a t"rbine engine-Reverse thr"st

f"nction# types and principles of operation degree of efficiency "se and $onitoring

-/erfor$ance and thr"st a"g$entation water in(ection# principles of operation "se and syste$ $onitoring

-?leed air effect of "se of bleed air on thr"st# e2ha"st

te$perat"re# R/, and press"re ratio-A"2iliary gearbo

f"nction

c) Engine syste$s

-&gnition f"nction# types# co$ponents# operation# safety

aspects- !tarter

f"nction# type# constr"ction and $ode ofoperation

control and $onitoring self s"staining and idle speeds


22/90

-Engine start $alf"nctions ca"se and avoidance

- :"el syste$ constr"ction# co$ponents operation and $onitoring $alf"nctions

- *"brication constr"ction# co$ponents operation and $onitoring $alf"nctions

- :"el effects of te$perat"re i$p"rities additives

-Thr"st thr"st for$"la flat rated engine thr"st as a f"nction of airspeed# air density,press"re# te$perat"re and R/,

- /owerplant operation and $onitoring

i. A"2iliary /ower nit %A/)

-7eneral f"nction# types location operation and $onitoring

-Ra$ air t"rbine f"nction

5.2.4 E#ER"ENCED%IP#ENT

life (acet# life raft pocet la$p,e$ergency lighting $egaphone crash a2e fireproof gloves e$ergency flotation syste$

5+)+5 INSTR%#ENTATIONAero;lanes

a) FLI"&TINSTR%#ENTS

-Air data instr"$ents

-/itot and static syste$ pitot t"be# constr"ction and principles of

operation static so"rce $alf"nction heating alternate static so"rce

- Alti$eter

constr"ction and principles of operation display and setting errors correction tables tolerances

- Airspeed indicator constr"ction and principles of operation speed indications %&A!) $eaning of colo"red sectors

- oors and e$ergency e2its-evac"ation slides# general "sage or as life rafts orflotation devices

$a2i$"$ speed indicator# =$o;,$o pointer errors

- !$oe detection

location# indicators# f"nction test

-:ire detection

location# warning $ode# f"nction test

-:ire fighting e"ip$ent

location# operation# contents# ga"ge# f"nctiontest

-Aircraft o2ygen e"ip$ent

drill# "se of e"ip$ent in case of rapid deco$pression o2ygen generators

-+ydra"lic syste$s

co$ponents# fl"ids operation# indication# warning syste$s a"2iliary syste$s

-E$ergency e"ip$ent

portable# hand-held fire e2ting"isher s$oe $as# s$oe protection hood

portable o2ygen syste$ e$ergency locator beacon# trans$itter

-Airspeed indicator constr"ction and principles of operation speed indications %&A!) $eaning of colo"red sectors $a2i$"$ speed indicator# =$o;,$o pointer errors

-=ertical !peed &ndicator %=!&) aneroid and instantaneo"s =!& %&=!&) constr"ction and principles of operation display

b) 7yroscopic instr"$ents

-7yro f"nda$entals theory of gyroscopic forces %stability,precession) types# constr"ction and principles of operation

vertical gyro directional gyro rate gyro rate integrating gyro

single degree-of-freedo$ gyro ring laser gyro

apparent drift rando$ drift $o"ntings drive types# $onitoring

-irectional gyro constr"ction and principles of operation

- !laved gyro co$pass constr"ction and principles of operation co$ponents


23/90

$o"nting and $odes of operation t"rn and acceleration errors application# "ses of o"tp"t data

- Attit"de indicator %vertical gyro) constr"ction and principles of operation display types t"rn and acceleration errors

application# "ses of o"tp"t data- T"rn and ban indicator %rate gyro)

constr"ction and principles of operation display types application errors application# "ses of o"tp"t data t"rn co-ordinator

-

d) ,agnetic co$pass

classification of warning display,indicator syste$s

5+)+7 PO3ERPLANTAN!SSTE##ONITORIN"INSTR%#ENTS

- /ress"re ga"ge

sensors press"re indicators $eaning of colo"red sectors

- Te$perat"re ga"ge

ra$ rise# recovery factor

constr"ction and principles of operation errors %deviation# effect of inclination)

e) Radio Alti$eter

co$ponents fre"ency band principle of operation display errors

- R/, indicator

interfacing of signal pic-"p to R/, ga"ge

R/, indicators# piston and t"rbine engines $eaning of colo"red sectors

- Cons"$ption ga"ge

high press"re line f"el flow$eter %f"nction# indications#fail"re warnings)

f) Electronic :light &nstr"$ent !yste$ %E:&!)

infor$ation display types data inp"t control panel# display "nit e2a$ple of a typical aircraft installation

- :"el ga"ge

$eas"re$ent of vol"$e;$ass# "nits $eas"ring sensors content# "antity indicators reasons for incorrect indications

g) :light ,anage$ent !yste$ %:,!)

general principles inp"ts and o"tp"ts of data

- Tor"e $eter

indicators# "nits $eaning of colo"red sectors

5+)+,A%TO#ATICFLI"&TCONTROLSSTE#S - :light ho"r $eter

a) :light irector

f"nction and application bloc diagra$# co$ponents $ode of operation operation set-"p for vario"s flight phases co$$and $odes %bars) $ode indicator

syste$ $onitoring li$itations# operational restrictions

drive so"rce-&ndicators

=ibration $onitoring indicators# "nits interfacing to bypass t"rbofan engines warning syste$ indicators

- Re$ote %signal) trans$ission syste$

b) A"topilot $echanical

a"toland# se"ence of operation syste$ concepts for a"toland# go aro"nd# tae-off# fail

passive# fail operational %red"ndant)

c) aw a$per ; !tability a"g$entation syste$

- Electronic isplays

E:&! E&CA! ECA,

f"nction bloc diagra$# co$ponents signal interfacing to vertical stabiliser

d) .ARN&N7 AN REC'R&N7 EB&/,ENT

- .arnings general


24/90

S y llabus for Air Trans;ort Pilot

Licenseeamination / Aero;lanes

PAP E R I

1. AirLa

e) 'perators and pilots liabilities towards persons andgoods on the gro"nd# in case of da$age and in("ry ca"sedby the operation of the aircraft.

f) Co$$ercial practices and associated r"les %leasing

ry

lease .etlease

10101 INTERNATIONALA"REE#ENTSAN!OR"ANISATIONS 1.1.2 ANNEX.AIR3ORT&INESSOFAIRCRAFT

a) The Convention of Chicago - Applicability

AirNaation

general principles and applicationsovereignty# territory

flight over territory of Contracting !tates right ofNon-sched"led flight# sched"led air services#

cabotage# landing at c"sto$s airports# applicability ofair reg"lations# r"les of the air# search of aircraft

$eas"res to facilitate air navigation c"sto$sd"ty# conditions to be f"lfilled with respect toaircraft certificatesof airworthiness# licences of personnel# recognition ofcertificates and licences# cargo restrictions#photographic apparat"s doc"$ents to be carried inaircraft

international standards and reco$$endedpractices adoption of international standards andproced"res# endorse$ent of certificates andlicences# validity of endorsed certificates andlicences depart"re fro$ international standards

and proced"res %notification of differences)

b) The &nternational Civil Aviation 'rganisation

'b(ectives and co$position Regional str"ct"re andoffices "ties in relation to

anne2es to the convention standards and reco$$endedpractices proced"res for airnavigation services regionals"pple$entary proced"res

regional airnavigation $an"als

and circ"lars

c) 'ther &nternational agree$ents

The &nternational Air TransportAgree$ent the five freedo$s

The Convention of Toyo# *a +aye#,ontreal ("risdiction a"thority of the pilot-in-co$$and of the aircraft

&ndian organisations na$e# co$position# ob(ectivesand

relevant doc"$ents &ndian Civil Aviation Conference# incl"ding Civil t Aviation

Re"ire$ents .arsaw Convention

d) /&C a"thority and responsibility regarding safetyand !ec"rity

1.1.3 ANNEX7AIRCRAFTNATIONALITAN!RE"ISTRATION#ARBS

- Applicability

1.1.4 ANNEX$PERSONNELLICENSIN"

- Applicability-relation between ANNEX 1 and CARs

1.1.5 R%LESOFT&EAIR'base(onANNEX)*

- Anne2 3

essential definitions# applicability of the r"les of theair# general r"les %e2cept water operations)# vis"al flightr"les# instr"$ent flight r"les# signals# interception of civilaircraft# table of cr"ising levels

$+$+, PROCE!%RESFORAIRNA-I"ATION

AIRCRAFTOPERATIONS!oc+.$,./OPS0,$$1 -OL%#E$

a) :oreword

introd"ction

b) efinitions and abbreviations %see general state$ents)

c) epart"re proced"res

general criteria standard instr"$entdepart"res o$nidirectionaldepart"res p"blished infor$ation si$"ltaneo"s operations on parallel or near-

parallel instr"$ent r"nways area navigation %RNA=) depart"re proced"res

based on ='R;,E "se of :,!;RNA= e"ip$ent to follow

conventional depart"re proced"res

d) Approach proced"res

general criteria %e2cept tables) approach proced"re design instr"$ent

approach areas# acc"racy of fi2es %onlyintersection fi2

tolerancefactors#other fi2 tolerance factors# acc"racy offacility providing trac# approach area splays#descent gradient)

arrival and approach seg$ents general# standard


25/90


26/90

instr"$ent arrival# initial approach seg$ent %onlygeneral)# inter$ediate approach seg$ent# finalapproach seg$ent %e2cept tables)# $issed approachseg$ent %only general)

vis"al $anoe"vring %circling) in the vicinity of theaerodro$e general# the vis"al $anoe"vring %circling)area %e2cept table)# vis"al $anoe"vring %circling) areanot considered for obstacle clearance %e2cept table)#

$ini$"$ descent altit"de;height# vis"al flight$anoe"vre# $issed approach whilst circling

si$"ltaneo"s &*! operations on parallel or near-/arallel r"nways

area navigation %RNA=) approach proced"res basedon

='R;,E "se of :,!;RNA= e"ip$ent to follow conventional

nonprecision approach proced"res

e) +olding proced"res

scope of flight infor$ation service operational flight infor$ation service broadcasts

e) Alerting !ervice

application# notification of resc"e co-ordinationcentres

%only &NCER:A# A*ER:A# ETRE!:A)# infor$ation

toaircraft operating in the vicinity of an aircraft in a

stateof e$ergency.

f) /rinciples governing the identification of RN/ types andthe identification of AT! ro"tes other than standarddepart"re and arrival ro"tes %Appendi2 1)

g) R"les of the air and air traffic services %&CA' oc0 8888 RAC;


27/90

arriving aircraft general proced"res for arrivingaircraft# clearance to descend s"b(ect to $aintainingown separation in vis"al $eteorological conditions#vis"al approach# instr"$ent approach# holding#approach se"ence# e2pected approach ti$e#infor$ation for arriving aircraft

) Aerodro$e Control !ervice

f"nctions of aerodro$e control towers general# alertingservice provided by aerodro$e control towers# s"spensionof =:R operations by aerodro$e control towers traffic and ta2i circ"its selection of r"nway-in-"se infor$ation to aircraft by aerodro$e control towersinfor$ation related to the operation of the aircraft#infor$ation on aerodro$e conditions control of aerodro$e traffic order of priority for arrivingand departing aircraft# control of departing and arrivingaircraft# wae t"rb"lence categorisation of aircraft andincreased longit"dinal separation $ini$a# a"thorisation ofspecial =:R flights

l) :light &nfor$ation !ervice and Alerting !ervice

flight infor$ation service alerting service

$) se of radar in Air Traffic !ervices

general provisions li$itations in the "se of radar#identification proced"res %only establish$ent of radaridentity)# position infor$ation# radar vectoring "se of radar in the air traffic control service

$+$+.AERONA%TICALINFOR#ATIONSER-ICE'4ase(onANNEX$5*

-Anne2 1s s"rface# s"rface effects#di"rnal

=ariation#effect of clo"ds# effect of wind

f) *ocal winds

- Anabatic and catabatic winds# land and sea bree9es#vent"re effects

g) Pet strea$s

- 'rigin of (et strea$s- escription and location of (et strea$s- Na$es# heights and seasonal occ"rrence of (etstrea$s

- Pet strea$ recognition 2 2- CAT ca"se# location and forecasting

c) At$ospheric press"reh) !tanding waves

- ?aro$etric press"re# isobars -- /ress"re variation with height# conto"rs%isohypses)--Red"ction of press"re to $ean sea level#B::- !"rface low;"pper-air low# s"rface high;"pper-air high

precipitation

--'rigin of standing waves

)+$+9T&ER#O!NA#ICS

a) +"$idity

d) At$ospheric density

- &nterrelationship of press"re# te$perat"re and density

e) &nternational !tandard At$osphere %&!A)

-.ater vapo"r in the at$osphere-Te$perat"re;dewpoint# $i2ing ratio# relative h"$idity

b) Change of state of aggregation

- &nternational !tandard At$osphere

f) Alti$etry

- /ress"re altit"de# tr"e altit"de-+eight# altit"de# flight level

- Alti$eter settings BN+# B:E# 151603< h/a-Calc"lation of terrain clearance# lowest "sable flightlevel# r"le of th"$b for te$perat"re and press"reinfl"ences- Effect of accelerated airflow d"e to topography

-Condensation# evaporation# s"bli$ation# free9ing and$elting# latent heat

c) Adiabatic processes--Adiabatic processes

)+$+2CLO%!SAN!FO"

a) Clo"d for$ation and description

)+$+) 3in(

a) efinition and $eas"re$ent

- efinition and $eas"re$ent

-Cooling by adiabatic e2pansion and by advection- Clo"d types# clo"d classification- &nfl"ence of inversions on clo"d develop$ent-:lying conditions in each clo"d type

b) :og# $ist# ha9e

b) /ri$ary ca"se of wind

-/ri$ary ca"se of wind# press"re gradient# coriolisforce#gradient wind

-Relationship between isobars and wind-Effects of convergence and divergence


31/90

- Radiationfog -Advectionfog -

!tea$ing fog -:rontal fog- 'rographic fog

)+$+5PRECIPITATION


32/90

a) evelop$ent of precipitation

- evelop$ent of precipitation- Types of precipitation- Types of precipitation# relationship with clo"d types

)+$+,AIR#ASSESAN!FRONTS

a) Types of air$asses

&TCI# general seasonal $ove$ent- Cli$atic ele$ents relative to the area %$onsoon#

tradewinds# sandstor$s# cold air o"tbreas)- Easterly waves

c) Typical weather sit"ations in $id-latit"des

- .esterly waves- +igh press"re area- nifor$ press"re pattern- Cold pool

-escription# factors affecting the properties of an air$ass-Classification of air$asses# $odifications of air$asses#areasof origin

b) :ronts

d) *ocal seasonal weather and wind

-*ocal seasonal weather and wind :oehn# ,istral# ?ora# !cirocco Dha$sin# +ar$attan# 7hibbli and /a$pero

- ?o"ndaries between air$asses %fronts)# general sit"ation#geographic differentiation

- .ar$ front# associated clo"ds and weather

- Cold front# associated clo"ds and weather- .ar$ sector# associated clo"ds and weather- .eather behind the cold front- 'ccl"sions# associated clo"ds and weather- !tationary front# associated clo"ds and weather- ,ove$ent of fronts and press"re syste$s# life cycle

)+$+7PRESS%RESSTE#S

a) *ocation of the principal press"re areas

- *ocation of the principal press"re areas

b) Anticyclone

- Anticyclones# types# general properties# cold and war$anticyclones# ridges and wedges# s"bsidence

c) Non frontal depressions

- Ther$al-# orographic and secondary depressions# cold airpools# tro"ghs

d) Tropical revolving stor$s

- evelop$ent of tropical revolving stor$s- 'rigin and local na$es# location and period of occ"rrence

)+$+.CLI#ATOLO"

a) Cli$atic 9ones

- 7eneral seasonal circ"lation in the troposphere andlower stratosphere

-Tropical rain cli$ate# dry cli$ate# $id-latit"de cli$ate#s"barctical cli$ate with cold winter# snowcli$ate

)+$+6Fli>=t&a?ar(s

a) &cing

-.eather conditions for ice accretion# topographicaleffects

- Types of ice accretion-+a9ards of ice accretion# avoidance

b) T"rb"lence

- Effects on flight# avoidance- CAT effects on flight

c) .indshear

- efinition of windshear-.eather conditions for windshear- Effects on flight

d) Th"nderstor$s

- !tr"ct"re of th"nderstor$s# s"all lines# life history#!tor$ cells# electricity in the at$osphere# staticcharges

- Conditions for and process of develop$ent# forecast#location# type specification

- Th"nderstor$ avoidance# gro"nd;airborne radar#stor$scope- evelop$ent and effect of downb"rsts

- evelop$ent of lightning discharges and effect oflightning strie on aircraft and flight e2ec"tion

e) Tornadoes

- 'cc"rrence

b) Tropical cli$atology f) *ow and high level inversions

- Ca"se and develop$ent of tropical showersh"$idity,

te$perat"re# tropopa"se- !easonal variations of weather and wind# typical

synoptic sit"ations- &ntertropical convergence 9one %&TCI)# weather inthe

- &nfl"ence on aircraft perfor$ance

g) !tratospheric conditions

- Tropopa"se infl"ence on aircraft perfor$ance- Effect of o9one# radioactivity


33/90

h) +a9ards in $o"ntaino"s areas

- &nfl"ence of terrain on clo"ds and precipitation# frontalpassage

- =ertical $ove$ents# $o"ntain waves# windshear#t"rb"lence# ice accretion

- evelop$ent and effect of valley inversions

i) =isibility red"cing pheno$ena

- Red"ction of visibility ca"sed by $ist# s$oe# d"st#sand and precipitation

- Red"ction of visibility ca"sed by low drifting andblowing snow

)+$+$8 #ETEOROLO"ICALINFOR#ATION

a) 'bservation- 'n the gro"nd s"rface wind# visibility and r"nway vis"alrange# trans$isso$eters Clo"ds type# a$o"nt# heightof base and tops# $ove$ent .eather

incl"ding all types of precipitation# air te$perat"re#relative h"$idity# dewpoint# at$ospheric press"re

- pper air observations 2 2 2 2 2- !atellite observations# interpretation 2 2 2 2 2- .eather radar observations gro"nd and airborne#

interpretation- Aircraft observations and reporting# data lin syste$s#

/&RE/!

b) .eather charts

- !ignificant weather charts -!"rface charts- pper air charts

- !y$bols and signs on analysed and prognosticcharts

c) &nfor$ation for flight planning- Aerona"tical codes ,ETAR# TA:# !/EC !&7,ET#!N'.TA,# r"nway report

-,eteorological broadcasts for aviation ='*,ET#AT&!#

+:='*,ET,ACAR!- Content and "se of pre-flight $eteorologicaldoc"$ents

- ,eteorological briefing and advice- ,eas"ring and warning syste$s for low level

windshear# inversion- !pecial $eteorological warnings- &nfor$ation for co$p"ter flight planning


34/90

-sef"l load %traffic load H "sable f"el)

PAPER/III

-Aircraft $ass checs-/roced"re %in general ter$s# details notnecessary)

- Re"ire$ents for re-weighing of aircraft

1. FLI"&TPERFOR#ANCEAN!PLANNIN"

9+$+$ #ASSAN!4ALANCEAero;lanes

- E"ip$ent lists

a)0 INTRO!%CTIONTO#ASSAN!4ALANCE

-Centre of gravity %cg)- efinition-&$portance in regard to aircraft stability%Aeroplane) &$portance in regard tohelicopter stability %cyclic stic travel;li$itations) %+elicopter)

-,ass and balance-Cons"lt aeroplane;helicopter flight $an"al for

cg li$its for tae-off# landing# cr"iseconfig"rations

- ,a2i$"$ floor load- ,a2i$"$ ra$p and ta2i $ass %Aeroplane) ,a2i$"$ta2i $ass %+elicopter)

- :actors deter$ining $a2i$"$ per$issible $ass str"ct"ral li$itations perfor$ance li$itations s"ch as r"nway

available for tae-off and landing weather conditions %te$perat"re# press"re#

wind# precipitation) rate-of-cli$b andaltit"de

re"ire$ents for obstacle clearanceengine-o"t perfor$ance re"ire$ents

- :actors deter$ining cg li$its aircraft stability# helicopter stability ability of

:light controls and s"rfaces to overco$e$ass and lift pitching $o$ents "nder allflight conditions

changes in cg location d"ring flight d"e tocons"$ption of f"el# raising and lowering of"ndercarriage# and intentional relocation ofpassengers or cargo# transfer of f"el

$ove$ent of centre of lift beca"se ofchanges in position of wing flaps%Aeroplane) &nfl"ence of hoist and

e2ternalload operation %+elicopter)

b) LOA!IN"

-Ter$inology

-E$pty $ass-ry 'perating ,ass %e$pty $ass H crew Hoperating ite$s H "n"sable f"el )

- Iero :"el ,ass- !tandard $ass

crew# passengers and baggage f"el# oil# water %vol"$e;$ass conversion

factors) carry-on l"ggage

- /roced"res for deter$ining aeroplane $ass andbalancedoc"$entation /roced"res for deter$ining helicopter$ass and balance doc"$entation

- eter$ine ry 'perating ,ass %crew# e"ip$ent#etc0) -

- Add $ass of passengers and cargo %incl"ding

passengers baggage) %standard $ass)- Add $ass of f"el- Chec that applicable $a2i$"$ gross $ass li$itsare not e2ceeded %$ass within legal li$its)

-Effects of overloading

- +igher tae-off and safety speeds- *onger tae-off and landing distances- *ower rate-of-cli$b- &nfl"ence on range and end"rance %Aeroplane)

ecreased range and end"rance %+elicopter)- ecreased engine-o"t perfor$ance 2 2 2 2- /ossible str"ct"ral da$age in e2tre$e cases

c) CENTREOF"RA-IT'c>*

-?asis of cg calc"lations %load and balancedoc"$entation)

- at"$ e2planation of ter$ location "se in cg calc"lation

- ,o$ent ar$ e2planation of ter$ deter$ination of algebraic signs

"se- ,o$ent

e2planation $o$ent F $ass 2 $o$ent ar$

- E2pression in percentage of $ean aerodyna$icchord %G,AC)

-Calc"lation of cg %Aeroplane) Calc"lation of cglongit"dinal and lateral %incl"ding co$p"ter

calc"lations)%+elicopter)

-Cg at e$pty $ass deter$ined when aircraft is weighed

deter$ined when helicopter is weighed


35/90

recorded in aircraft doc"$entation cg at ry'perating ,ass %Aeroplane) recorded inhelicopter doc"$entationcg at ry

'perating,ass

-,ove$ent of cg with addition of f"el# load and

?allast-/ractical $ethods of calc"lation

co$p"tation $ethod "sing either$athe$atical co$p"tations or speciallydesigned slide r"le

graph $ethod table $ethod

-!ec"ring of load- &$portance of ade"ate tie-down

e"ip$ents for cargo co$part$ent and

cargo aircraft container J pallet

- Effect of loadshift $ove$ent of cg# possible o"t of li$its possible da$age d"e to inertia of a

$oving load effect of acceleration of the aircraft load

-Area *oad# R"nning *oad# !"pporting

9+$+) Performance

a) 0/ER:'R,ANCE ': !&N7*E-EN7&NE AER'/*ANE!N'T CERT&:&E /ER:'R,ANCE C*A!! ?

-efinitions of ter$s and speeds "sed

-Tae-off and landing perfor$ance-Effect of aeroplane $ass# wind# density#altit"de# r"nway slope# r"nway conditions

-se of aeroplane flight $an"al data-Cli$b and cr"ise perfor$ance

- se of aeroplane flight data- Effect of density altit"de and aeroplane$ass

- End"rance and the effects of the differentreco$$ended power settings

- !till air range with vario"s power settings

b) /ER:'R,ANCE ': ,*T&-EN7&NE AER'/*ANE! N'TCERT&:&E /ER:'R,ANCE C*A!! ?

-efinitions of ter$s and speeds- Any new ter$s "sed for $"lti-engine

aeroplaneperfor$ance

-&$portance of perfor$ance calc"lations-eter$ination of perfor$ance "nder nor$al

conditions-Consideration of effects of press"re altit"de#te$perat"re# wind# aeroplane $ass# r"nwayslope# and r"nway conditions

-Ele$ents of perfor$ance-Tae-off and landing distances

obstacle clearance at Tae-off

- Rate of cli$b and descent effects of selected power settings#

speeds# and aircraft config"ration- Cr"ise altit"des and altit"de ceiling2

en-ro"te re"ire$ents-/ayload;range trade-offs- !peed;econo$y trade-offs

-se of perfor$ance graphs and tab"lated data- /erfor$ance section of flight $an"al

c) /ER:'R,ANCE ': AER'/*ANE! CERT&:&E /ER:'R,ANCE C*A!! A

c*TaGe/off

-efinitions of ter$s and speeds "sed appropriate speed definitions associated with tae-offperfor$ance# with e$phasis on

=1 decision speed in event of engine fail"re ontae-off

=R rotation speed =3 tae-off safety speed

appropriate distance definitions associated with tae-off balanced field length tae-off r"n available %T'RA) tae-off distance available %T'A) accelerate stop distance available %A!A) clearways# stopways $ass;altit"de;te$perat"re li$its

other appropriate speeds =,C7 =,CA =, =*': =,?E

- R"nway variables length# slope# s"rface strength of r"nway %load classification n"$ber#

singleisolated wheel loading)

-Aeroplane variables $ass flap angle red"ced power settings increased =3 "se of anti-ice and de-ice "se of bleed air %EC!)

- ,eteorological variables press"re altit"de and te$perat"re %density

altit"de),wind g"st factor# s"rface conditions %standing water#snow# ice etc0)

- Tae-off speeds co$p"tation of =1# =R and =3 initial cli$b speed#landing gear and flap retraction speeds

-Tae-off distance co$p"tations of tae-off distance incl"de consideration of aeroplane# r"nway# and

$eteorological variables when co$p"ting tae-offdistance and tae-off speed

effects of early or late rotation on tae-off distancepossibility of gro"nd stall with early rotation

(*Accelerate/sto;(istance


36/90

-Concept of balanced field length review of definitions %563 56 55 55) relationship between balanced;"nbalanced fieldlengthand =1

- se of flight $an"al charts co$p"ting accelerate-stop distances

decision ti$e and deceleration proced"re

ass"$ptions ti$e-to-decide allowance "se of braes "se of reverse thr"st

brae energy absorption li$its delayed te$perat"re rise

tyre li$itations

e*Initialclimb

-Cli$b seg$ents "ndercarriage and flap retraction tae-off $ass li$itation with regard to cli$b

re"ire$ents- All engines operating 2

cli$b speed rate of cli$b noise abate$ent proced"re

- Engine inoperative operation best angle-of-cli$b speed best rate-of-cli$b speed rates of cli$b effect of density altit"de on cli$b perfor$ance

- 'bstacle clearance re"ire$ents2 cli$b to clear obstacles t"rning to avoid obstacles effect t"rns have on cli$b perfor$ance

f*Climb

-se of flight $an"al perfor$ance charts2 effect of aeroplane $ass effect of density altit"de change ti$e-to-cli$b calc"lations for reaching cr"ise

altit"de- !ignificant airspeeds for cli$b

flap retraction speeds nor$al %all engines operating) cli$b speeds

best angle-of-cli$b best rate-of-cli$b

- 'ne engine inoperative cli$b cli$b airspeeds

best rate-of-cli$b best angle-of-cli$b

$a2i$"$ cr"ise height

>*Cruise

-se of cr"ise charts deter$ination of cr"ise heights $a2i$"$ attainable cr"ise height increase of $a2i$"$ cr"ise speeds and power

settings- Cr"ise control

$a2i$"$ range power settings# speeds# f"elcons"$ption

$a2i$"$ end"rance power settings# speeds# f"el

cons"$ption speed;range trade-offs# for cr"ise power settings $a2i$"$ cr"ise power settings res"ltant speeds#

f"elcons"$ption

- En-ro"te 'ne Engine &noperative engine inoperative charts range and end"rance

'ne-engine '"t !ervice Ceiling $a2i$"$ contin"o"s power settings ET'/! operations

-'bstacle clearance en-ro"te net flight path vertical and hori9ontal overhead $ass li$itations drift-down proced"res

- Enro"te Aeroplanes with Three or ,ore Engines# twoengines inoperative

re"ire$ents and li$itations

=*!escentan(lan(in>

-se of descent charts ti$e to start descent f"el cons"$ption in descent li$iting speed# e0g0

nor$al operating airspeed $a2i$"$ operating airspeed speed for $a2 glide ratio $a2i$"$ rate of descent speed %cabin

/ress"re rate of descent)- ,a2i$"$ per$itted landing $ass 2

str"ct"ral li$it specified by aircraft$an"fact"rer

And the !tate airworthiness a"thorities

-Approach and *anding data calc"lations2 s"itability of selected landing r"nway

landing distance available co$p"tation of $a2i$"$ landing $ass forthe given r"nway conditions co$p"tation of $ini$"$ r"nway length forthe

given other factors r"nway slope# s"rfaceconditions# wind te$perat"re# density altit"de

co$p"tation of e2pected act"al landing $ass co$p"tations of approach and landing speeds co$p"tations sho"ld be co$pleted for alternateaerodro$es as well definitions of ter$s and speed "sed

=T+# Threshold speed iscontin"ed Approach Cli$b *anding cli$b *anding distance# ry# .et and

Conta$inatedr"nways *anding istance re"ired

estination airport Alternate airport

*anding *anding config"ration %all engine) Approach config"ration %one engine o"t)

i* Practicala;;licationofanair;lane;erformancemanual


37/90

-se of typical t"rbo(et or t"rboprop aeroplane perfor$ance$an"al

tae-off and landing $ass calc"lations tae-off data co$p"tations

effects of r"nway variables# aeroplane variables and$eteorological variables

co$p"tation of the vario"s @=@ speeds for tae-offand initial cli$b co$p"tation of r"nway distance factors rate and gradient of initial cli$b obstacle clearance appropriate engine-o"t calc"lations

cli$b co$p"tations cli$b rates and gradients ti$e-to-cli$b f"el "sed engine-o"t calc"lations

-Cr"ise co$p"tations power settings and speeds for $a2i$"$ range#

$a2i$"$ end"rance and nor$al cr"ise f"el cons"$ption engine-o"t operation press"risation fail"re# effect of

lower altit"de on range and end"rance ET'/! flight additional considerations concerning f"el cons"$ption

effects of altit"de and aircraft $ass f"el for holding# approach and cr"ise toalternate in nor$al and abnor$al conditions after (et engine fail"re after deco$pression

9+$+9 Fli>=tPlannin>an(Fli>=t#onitorin>/&

a) :light /lans for Cross Co"ntry :lights

-Navigation plan- !election of ro"tes# speeds# heights%altit"des) and alternate airfield;landing sites

terrain and obstacle clearance cr"ising levels appropriate for

direction of flight navigation chec points# vis"al or radio

- ,eas"re$ent of tracs and distances- 'btaining wind velocity forecast for each leg- Co$p"tations of headings# gro"nd speeds#and ti$e en-ro"te fro$ tracs# tr"e airspeedand wind velocities

- Co$pletion of pre-flight portion of navigationflight log

-:"el plan-Co$p"tation of planned f"el "sage for eachleg and total f"el "sage for the flight

flight $an"al

Documents

Overall Syllabus