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University of Malaya RAIN WATER DISCHARGE SYSTEMFACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT BSES 1105 BUILDING SERVICES I

GROUP 8

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Content


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1.0 Acknowledgement

We are very grateful to God for allowing us to complete this assignment on

time and achieve its target. We are indebted to many people with their help and

guidance in the preparation of this assignment. A special thanks to our beloved

lecturer En. Syed Abdul Fatah Syed Yusoff who had helps us the most and

encourages us in completing the assignment. Special thanks also dedicated to the

Built of Environment technicians that had provided us with all the information and

material about the Surveyor Building. Furthermore, we also want to thanks to our

course mates for their commitment and help in completing the assignment. Last but

least, to our family, we will always do the best for you. Without all your help we would

not be able to complete this task successfully. Thank you very much.


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2.0 Introduction

2.1 Rain water discharged system

Having a good knowledge of rainwater discharge system is essential in any

building construction to prevent unwanted disaster such as mudflow, flood or building

structure damage. This system is used to collect and discharge rain water or surface

water from building to drain and then the river .

There are three types of rain water discharged systems available; separate

drainage system, combined drainage system and partial drainage system.

The separate drainage system separated the foul water and the rain water.

The foul water will go into the drain that carries sewage and trade effluent, to the

men hole. But rain water would flow into the drain that carried rainwater as it goes

directly into a watercourse before going into the river.

The combined drainage system has one drain that carries both foul and

surface water into the men hole

The partial separate system conveyed most of rain water into surface water

sewer and less costly by doing isolated inlet connection .

To ensure liquids go into the right drainage system, it's essential to identify

every gutter, manhole, drainage grill or gully on site as either connected to foul,

surface water or combined drains.


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ontinuous luminium Gutter

Continuous Aluminium utt s is onsi t most ommon used today

ecause it olds more ater t an traditional ood utter. Alt ough it is generally

recommended, thismaterial may deform henaheavy ladder is leanedupagainst

them. hiscan eavoided ycareful useof ladders.

Fi"

ure2.2.2:#

ontinuous$

luminium Gutter

Source:% % %

.naapinc.com

Integral Gutter

Integral gutter as popular in the 60s and used the end of the rafters and

fascia on a sloped roof to form this system. he advantage of this gutter is that it

holds themost ater thanmost othergutter types. But it has thepotential to leaks,

hich can result indamage to the framing, fascia, soffit andsheathingof the roof.

herefore, theseguttersshould e inspected al ays.

Figure2.2.3: Integral GuttersSource:

% % %

.brillandson.co.uk


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Cast Iron Gutter

Cast ironguttercan eeasily found inoldhouses. hiskindofguttercan last

for a long time if it as painted regularly. he inside should e primed hit zinc

chromatepaint and ituminouspaint forth e finishingcoat. heyareheavy, a it hard

tohandle yourselvesandshould emaintainedandchecked al ays.

Figure2.2.4:Cast irongutters

Source:) ) )

.marleyalutec.co.uk

Steel Gutter

Steel gutter is one of the familiar gutter and most homeowners now days

choose these types of gutters. alvanized steel gutters tend to e the most

economical, easy to install, light andcheap. Althoughsteel guttersprove to emore

durable and can withstand ladders and fallen branches, evengalvanizedsteel can

eventuallyrust through. Stainlesssteel guttersarestrong, rust -freeandcanmaintain

theirhighsheen foryears.

Figure2.2.5: Steel GuttersSource:

) ) )

.icopal.com


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UPVC Gutter

PVCgutter is made from un-plasticizedpolyvinyl chloride. he sectionsand

fittingsare lighter, easy to fix anddonot requirepainting. he fittingsavailableare

themost commonusedandeasy toworkwith if fitting themasa DIY enthusiast. Half

round, squareandogeeprofilegutteringan d fittingsareavailable. Anogee isahalf -

roundadaptorused to joinguttersofdifferent profiles. Squareguttershaveamuch

greatercapacity forcarryingwaterthan thehalf -round type.

Figure2.2.6: UPVCgutters

Source:3 3 3

.axholme-cleaning-services.co.uk

Vinyl and Plastic Gutter

Vinyl and Plastic are other commonly used gutter and easy for DIY

installation. Vinyl guttersdonot rust or rot. hedownsideof thesem aterials is that

theycanbecomebrittlewithageorinextremecold.

Figure2.2.7: Vinyl and Plastic GuttersSource:

3 3 3

.residentielcladding.com

2.2.2. M TE I LS OF GUTTE


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Normally gutters are made from wood, vinyl, aluminium, steel and copper.

ood is least popularbecauseof itshighmaintenanceandprice. Vinyl iseasy for

installationandaluminiumguttersare themost common. Metal guttersaremade in

sheet metal shops and require gutter specialists to install them.

luminium

Aluminium is made by casting, extrusion or pressing from sheet. hey are

jointed with bitumen butyl rubber or other plastic compound and supported every

1830mm by aluminium or galvanized mild steel brackets. ive good performance

with very little maintenance. However, this material will expand twice as much as

steel and 50 percent more than copper. Aluminium is less strong than steel or

copperandcanbedentedmoreeasily. Primaryaluminium is the thickest andmost

consistent kind. Avoidsecondaryaluminium, arecycledproduct that oftenplagued

by inconsistent thickness.

Copper

Copperrequire littlemaintenanceandare light. hey havevarioussizesup to

125mm and are supported by stays at 380mm centres and brackets at 760mm

centres. Copper isconsideredasaqualityandpremiumproduct. It isanappropriate

material forhistoricpreservationprojects. Copperdoesno t requirepaint, will not rust

and well suited for nautical environments. However, copper is more costly than

alternativematerials. Skilled installersarerequires forcuttingandsolderingof joints

and transitions.

Galvanized Steel


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Galvanizedsteel aremade in light gauge insizesraging from 75 to 150mm in

bothhalf-roundandogeesections, in lengthof 910, 1220, and 1830mm. Gutterare

boltedand jointedwitheitherred leadandputtyormastic jointingcompound. Heavy

pressed valley, box andhalf-roundguttersaremade foruse in industrial buildings.

Galvanized steel is stronger than aluminium at equivalent thickness. he

disadvantage is that it will rust overtime. Hot-dippedgalvanizedguttersarepreferred

overothergalvanized finishes, but arenot recommended fornautical environments

unless the coil has been pre -coated.

Cast Iron Gutter

Cast ironguttersaresupplied in 1830mm lengthsand insizesvarying from 75

to 150mm, withashallowsocket at oneend toreceive theadj oining length. he joint

ismadewithred ledandputtyormastic jointingcompoundand issecurebyasmall

bolt. Half-roundguttersaresupportedbybracketsat 915mm centresand theseare

screwed through thebackat 610mm centres to the fascia.

PVC-U Gutter

his ismade inunplasticisedPVC (polyvinyl chloride) andcommonly inblack

or light greyand in somecases, white incolour andaresubject to movement and

slight colour change inuse. Its expected life is 20 years or more. It is jointed with

factory fittingsealingpadandusuallysupportedbyvinyl brackets. However, theyare

vulnerable todamagewithheavy rain falls. PVC isnumerousdue to it cheap, light,

non-corrosive, and easy to cut and does not dent. he disadvantages ofPVC are

that it cancrackwith forceapplied, andgoesbrittlewithage.

2.2.3. HOW TO M INT IN GUTTE SYSTEMS


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An improperly functioning gutter can contribute to water and ice backing up

against fascias and under roof shingles, damage soffits, and can discolour or

deterioratesidingmaterials. Besides that, faultygutterscanalso lead tosoil erosion

adjacent to buildings and serious water and foundation displacement problems in

basementsandcrawl spaces.

Gutters should be sloped a minimum of 1 inch for every 40 feet of run.

Standingwatermay indicateasaggingorincorrectlypitchedgutter. Guttersareoften

sizedaccording to theroofarea theydrain.

y ive-inch-wide K-styleguttersare theresidential industry'sstandard.

y Six-inch-wide K-styleguttersareused forlargerroofs.

y Half-roundguttersare typicallysized 1 inchwider than K-style toprovide the

equivalent capacity.

iderguttersmayberequired forcertainhardsurfaceroofingmaterials, such

as slate and tile, or used on steeply-pitched roofs, to prevent water from shooting

over thegutter. Guttersshouldbepositioned tight against roofingmaterialsand the

fascia.

Figure2.2.8: ShapesofguttersSource:

C C C

.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/10162.shtml


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Other recent developments include the use of vinyl (PVC) snap -together

gutter systems used primarily in do -it-yourself market because of their ease of

installation. Anotherrelativelynewproduct, Rainhandler(tm), claims toeliminate the

need forguttersbydeflectingrainaway from thebuilding. Eachguttersystemhas its

ownspecial characteristicsanduses.

Figure2.2.9:G

ainhandlerSource:www.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/10162.shtml

epairExisting GutterSystems

Other than keeping gutters clean of leaves, pine needles, and debris, gutter

maintenance usually involves refastening hangers that have become unfastened,

repairing broken hangers, or adding new hangers where hanger spacing was

excessive. Hangers come inavarietyof types, includinghangerandstrap, hanger

andbracket, spikeand ferrule, andconcealedhanger(below).

Nowadays, concealed fastenersarebecomingpopularbecause theyareeasy

to install, arenot visible, relativelystrong, allow thegutters toexpandandcontract,

and come in a variety of sizes and configurations. Other maintenance and repair

items include keeping gutter anddownspout screens in place, refastening leaders,

andmaintainingsplashblocksorconnections toundergrounddrains.

2.3 IN W TE DOWN PIPE


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ain water down pipe is a pipe which used to collect and store the rain water

from top of roof to drainage. As with gutters, the materials used for rain water pipes

should be of adequate strength and durability and firmly fi ed without restricting

thermal movement. All pipe joints inside a building should capable of withstanding

the air tightness test for underground drainage. Figure . shows some e lements of

rain water down pipe. Figure . shows the connection of gutter and dow n pipe.

Higure 2. I .1 P Elements of rain water down pipe

Source: www.buildeaQ

y.com/plumbing_downpipe.html

H

igure 2.I

.2: Connection of gutter and down pipeSource: www.fao.org/docrep/S1250E/S1250E0l.htm

2. .1 A ERIA S RAI A ER PIPE


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Cast Iron Down Pipe

his ismade in 1830mm lengthsanddiameters from 50 to 150mm. hepipes

are generally enjoined, but joints may be filled with red and white lead putty or

approved mastic. Connection of pipes is usually fixed by nails through ear s and

distancepieces intohardwoodplugsbuilt intowall. Normally, thiskindofdownpipe

ispaintedorcoatedwithcomposition to increase thedurabilityofpipes.

U igure 2.3.3: Cast irondownpipeSource:www.myvalleyshouse.org.uk/en/EavesAndGutters.aspx

PVC-U Down Pipe

hiskindofdownpipe iscommonlychosen in theconstructionof rainwater

discharge system nowadays due to the cheaper price compared with the other

materials. hematerialsof thisdownpipe isunplasticisedPVCand its length ranges

from 2 to 5.5m, diameter of 50 to 100mm as well as rectangular section of

6550mm. no jointing material is necessary for the UPVC down pipe. igure 3.4

shows thePVC-U downpipe.

Uigure 2.3.4: PVC-U downpipe

Source: www.regal-roofline.co.uk/fascia.htm

sbestosCement Down Pipe


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his ismade indiameterof 50 to 150mmand length from 1.8 to 3m. Joints

areusually left unfilledbut areotherwise jointedwithcement andsand inratioof 1:2

or jointing mastic. he pipes are fixedwith galvanized mild steel ringclips to keep

them 38mmclearof thewall. However, asbestoscement downpipe israrelyused in

construction nowadays due to the difficulty of maintenance. igure 3.5 is the

structureofasbestoscement downpipe.

Y

igure 2.3.5: Asbestoscement downpipeSource: www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/gallery.htm

luminium Down Pipe

Sincealuminium isa flexiblematerial, aluminiumdownpipe ismadeofvariety

shapes, thicknessesandsizes. However, jointsmight be looseorcaulkeddue to the

fixing isconnectedbypipenails throughearsanddriven intohardwoodplugs. igure

3.6 shows theexampleofaluminiumdownpipe.

Yigure 2.3.6: Aluminiumdownpipe

Source: www.amazon-rws.co.uk/commercial.html

2.4 IN W TE D IN GE


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Generally the materials, designs, layout and installation of rain water drains

should follow the recommendation for soil drains the size of the drain should be

sufficient tocarry theanticipated flow from theroofplusanyrun -off frompavedareas

(although this run-off is not covered by the Building Regulations). he paved area

run-off should be calculated on the basis of a rainfall intensity of 50mm/h. the

minimumsizeofarainwaterdrain is 75mmand theminimum fall forboth 75mmand

100mmdrains is 1 in 100.

cigure 2.4.1: Rainwaterdrainage

Source:cield Study (2008)

2.5 M NHOLE


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A manhole (utility hole, maintenance hole or access chamber) is the top

opening to an underground utility vault used to house as an access point for

undergroundworksandotherservices includingsewers, telephone, electricity, storm

drains and gas. It is protected by a manhole cover, a plug designed to prevent

accidental or unauthorized access to the manhole. Manholes are usually outfitted

withmetal orpolypropy lenesteps installed in the innersideof thewall toalloweasy

descent into themanhole.

Manholes are generally found in streets and occasionally under sidewalks.

heyareusually incircularshape toprevent accidental fall of thecover in thehole.

he shape also represents their functions, like round shape for heavy duty and

squareshape for light work. In Malaysia, Indah ater is thecompany that commonly

maintenanceandauthorize themanhole.

g

igure 2.5.1: ManholeSource:

gield Study (2008)

3.0 Methodology


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In running the case study, our entire group member had doing some site

surveyof thebuildingby identifying thegutter, drainandmanhole. ecounted the

quantityof thepipe, themanhole, and lookout forthegutter.

Secondly, we also look up for the detail of the building drainage system by

referring to thedetailingplangivenby the technicianand JPPHB.

he third method used by us in preparing this assignment is by asking

questions from the lecturerand the technicianabout thisbu ilding.

hereare threesteps that weused in thepreparationof thisassignment really

contributes toachieveourmotive.

his issomesimplemeasures that wehad taken toensure theright drainagesystem

wasused:

y edrawupadrainageplan to identify all drainsandkeep it up -to-date, taking

intoaccount newbuildingwork.

y e identified all the gutters, type of drainage and where it flows and the

locationof themanhole.

y astly, we ensure facilities such as the gutters are connected to the foul or

directly into thedrainage.

4.0 Case Study


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In this task, wehadbeengiven topiconrainwater dischargesystem.

In our case, we have been choosing Survey Building as our experimental

buildingbecausewearecuriousabout thebuildingweusedeveryday andwewould

like toknowmoreabout thedrainagesystemof thebuilding. Inaddition, thissurvey

building isnear toour residential college , so it iseasy forus toaccess it any time.

Another reason why we choose this building is in our assignment is because its

easy forus to findout andget thedetail about thebuildingdrainagesystem. ith the

help and support from the Built Environment technicians, we succeed to have the

detail of thebuilding that weare looking for.

his study was conduct by the entire member of group eight Building

Surveying. e cooperate together to complete thisassignment. he job hadbeen

divided equally to each of the group member. As a result we had successfully

completed this task.

4.1 Separate Drainage System

Until now, thesewersystemhas to fulfil some requirement in the long term,

that includewatertight (pipesand joints), run insufficient depth (frost -safe), sufficient

gradient to carry the pollutant substances. Moreover, the resistant to chemical and

physical corrosionmaybeconsidered. Also, theappropriatestructurallydesignand

cost-efficient are required. Drainage installations for building have to deal not only

with flow fromsanitaryappliancesbut alsowithrainwaterfromroofandpaving.


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Figure 4.1.1w

he Separate Rainx

aterDischarge System

Source: Building SurveyingNotes, 2008

Asweknow, separatesystem is theseparatecollectionanddrainagesystem

for sanitary and rainwater. In separate system, the rainwater runoff is widely

unpollutedandcanbedischargedwithout treatment. Besides, rainwater fromroof in

surface will drain to surface water sewer or soak away. he foul sewerorsanitary

sewer also known as the domestic and industrial wastewater sewer. his sewer

requires small profile only because of relatively constant flow. he foul water from

sanitaryappliances in thedrainwill flow to foul watersewer. Nevertheless, thegreat

discharge frombasement levelswill result ingreat deepnessof thesewer. However,

discharge toareceiving riverisnot possible. hat isbecause it requires treatment.

In planning one has to choose the most appropriate drainage system thinking of

technical, economical andecological aspects.


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Inourcasestudy, wehaddone thesitesurveyandsomeresearchabou t the

building and found out that Survey Building is using the separate system. It has 9

rainwater pipes in the front of the building, 10 rainwater pipes at the back of the

building, 2 rainwaterpipesat theright andnoneat the left building. Rainwaterp ipes

mayrunexternallyand the jointswouldbewatertight. Removal of therain fallingon

the roof is bygutters that collect thewater and direct flow tosurface water sewer.

hen therainwaterpipe isdelivering toasurfacewaterdrain, no trap isnece ssary

andadirect connectionbetweenpipeanddrainarebemade.

Nevertheless, in separate system the advantage of the separate system isthat CSOs, and thepollutionassociatedwith them, areavoided. It alsoavoidanceof

surchargingofsewerbyvast volumeofsurfacewaterduringstorms. Also, there isa

reduced volume or treatment costs at processing plant. But on the other side, the

system allows the construction of smaller capacity drains and sewers to deal only

with foul drainage. In practice, however, truly separated drainage is difficult to

maintain, and is often confusing, leading to wrong connect ions being made by

developers. he contamination by tar used in roads and domestic driveways and,

more particularly, by increasing, amounts of oil and other deposits from motor

vehiclesarerendering thissystemofdrainage lessand lesseffectiveasamea nsof

preventing contamination of the natural water environment. here is also a high

investment costs forinstallationof thisdrainagesystem.


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4.2 low of the System

igure 4.2.1:

he flow of rainwater

Source:

ield study (200

)

Based on the figure above, rainwater will first hit the roof, then flows into the gutter on

the roof, flows do wn by gravity through the down pipe, reaches the d rain and then into a

sump. Basically, it will then flows to another drain and so on.


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5.0 P OBLEMS ND ISSUES

After completing the study, we know that the Survey Building in Faculty of

Built Environment, University Malaya is using separate rainwater discharge

system. his is inordertoreduce the treatment cost at processing plant.

By using this separate system also, we can prevent flooding and prevent

manhole fromoverloading. ealsonotice that the Survey Building isusingbigdrain.

his isbecause thesuitablesizeof thedrain is important tosupport thewaterand

rainquantity that will flow through thedrain.

In addition, the Survey Building in located at a sloping site, thus the rain

water flow in thedraincouldspeed fast and flow inabigquantity. hereforebigsize

of drainage is really suitable to this situation plus it can avoid flooding in that

compound.

hemainproblem that occurs in the faculty is thedrainandsumphasa lot of

rubbish inside, especially near the canteen part. e can observe that there were

many plastic bags, tissue papers andPVC food con tainer. hose itemare not bio

degradableas it will stayat thedrainandsump fora longperiod ifnoonecleans it .

Even thoughwehave largedrains for thebuilding, but it isnot impossible for

flood tooccurbecause therainwater isnot discharge inaproperway.


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6.0 CONCLUSIONS

Theorganization inchargeshouldhavea frequentlycleaning for thedrain. It

isnecessaryso that thedrainwouldnot stuckbecause University Malaya is located

in themiddleof Kuala umpur and we all knowhow Kuala umpuroften strike by

heavy flood.

ocated near the equator, Malaysia's climate is categorized as equatorial,

being hot and humid throughout the year. Annual rainfall exceeds 2000mm a year

and theaverage temperature is 27 degreesCelsius. Thisstatement also influences

thereasonwhy Survey Building isusingseparatesystemandbigdrain. Therefore it

isclear that theseparatesystemused in Survey Buildingreallysuit therequirement

of thebuilding. Even though the installationcharge isexpensive, the treatment cost

ischeapand it isgood forlong termperiod.


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REFERENCES

y Hall, Fred, 1994. Building Services & Equipment. 3 rd Edition. ongman

Scientific & Technical.

y Seely, IvorH., 1995. BuildingTechnology. 5 th Edition. ondon: McmillanPress

td.

y Barry, R., 1998. TheConstructionof Building. Volume 5.

y Greeno, Roger, 2000. Building ServicesTechnologyand Design.

y Frederick, Hall E., 1999. Essential Building Service & Equipment. ondon:

Butterworth-Heinemann.

y Barritt, C. M. H., 1997. The Building A ctsand Regulations Applied (Buildings

forPublic Assemblyand Residential Use). Addison esley ongman imited.

y Barritt, C. M. H., 1995. Building Acts and Regulations Applied (Houses and

Flats). 2nd

Edition. ongmanGroup imited.

y Building Servicenotes, 2008

y PeterBurberry. (1997). Environment and Services. (8thedition).

y http://www.wau.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/H811-

SIG/Skripten/811356/811356_04_b.pdf

y http://www.wikipedia.com


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APPENDIX

Pictures and drawings of the manhole and drainage that used at the

Survey Building, Facultyof Built Environment

Figure5.1.1: Picturesat Survey Building

Source: Fieldstudy 2008


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Figure5.1.2: DrawingofManhole

Source: Fieldstudy2008


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Figure5.1.3: DrawingofDrainage 1

Source: Fieldstudyk2008

l


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Figure5.1.2: DrawingofDrainage2

Source: Fieldstudy2008


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Figure5.1.3: DrawingofDrainage3

Source: Fieldstudy 2008

Documents

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