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PARASITOLOG

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Parasitology

Area of biology concernedwith

the phenomenon ofdependence

of one living organismon another.

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HELMINTHS

It means parasitic worms.

They are multicellular,eukaryotic organisms

in the Kingdom Animalia.

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HELMINTHS

2 major divisions

1. Nematoda or Nematodes* roundworms

2. Platyhelminthes* flatworms

a. Cestodes - tapeworms

b. Trematodes - flukes

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PARASITES

Are organisms that live on or in otherliving organisms called the hosts.

2 types

1. Ectoparasites- live on the outside of thehosts body

2. Endoparasites- live on the inside of thehosts body

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3 Major Stages in Helminth Life Cycle

EGG

ADULT

LARVA

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HOSTS

INTERMEDIATE HOSTS

The hosts that harbor the larval stage

DEFINITIVE HOSTS

The hosts that harbor the adult worm

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MOT1. ORAL

a. Ingestion of infective stage

a.1. EMBRYONATED OVA (UNHATCHED LARVAEex. Taenia, TAE(Trichuris, Ascaris & Enterobius)

a.2. Protozoan cyst

a.3. Metacercaria (Trematodes)

b. Intimate oral contactEx. Trichomonas tenax

Entamoeba gingivalis

a. Active larval penetrationEx. Filariform (Hookworm & Strongyloides)

Cercaria (Schistosoma)b. Arthropod introduction

Ex. Bite of mosquito (malaria & filaria)

2. SKIN

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MOT3. OTHERS

a. SEXUAL INTIMACYEx. T. vaginalis, E. histolytica, G.lamblia

b. Transplacental

Ex. Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosomes, Plasmodia

c. Transmammary (breastmilk)Ex. Strongyloides (smallest)

d. Intranasal (sinuses to the brain)

Ex. Acanthamoeba spp & Naegleria spp

e. Airborne (inhalation)Ex. Enterobius vermicularis & Ascaris

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EXIT = ANUS

SPECIMEN FOR DIAGNOSIS:

a. STOOL (eggs, cyst, scolex, gravid segments, adults)Ex. Intestinal nematodes, cestodes & trematodes other protozoa

b. SPUTUM

Ex. Pneumocystis carinii, Paragonimus wetermanii

Larval stages of nematodes requiring heart & lungphase (HAS) = Hookwork, Ascaris & Strongyloides

c. URINE

Ex. T. vaginalis, Schistosoma haematobium

d. BLOODEx. Malaria, Filaria, Trypanosomes, Leishmania

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA:

A. Rhizopoda=pseudopods

A. Ciliata=cilia

A. Mastigophora

=flagellaA. Sporozoa

=no organ oflocomotion

PROTOZOA (unicellular) METAZOA (worms)

Phylum PhylumNemathelminthes Platyhelminthes(ROUNDWORM) (FLATWORMS)

NEMATODA

CESTODES TREMATODES

TAPEWORM FLUKE

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NEMATODES

INTESTINAL NEMATODES

1 Ascaris lumbricoides

2 Enterobius vermicularis

3 Necator americanus

4 Strongyloides stercoralis

5 Trichuris trichiura

6. Capillaria philippinensis

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HABITAT

INTESTINAL

1 Capillaria

2 Ascaris

3 Strongyloides

4 Hookworm

1 Trichuris trichiura

LARGE INTESTINESMALL INTESTINE

2 Enterobius

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DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = EGG

EXCEPT

Strongyloides (Rhabditiform larva)

Enterobius vermicularis (ANAL SWAB)

STOOL AS SPECIMEN OF CHOICE

EXCEPT

INFECTIVE STAGE = EGG

EXCEPT

Filariform larva (Hookworm , Strongyloides)

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NEMATODES

Ascaris lumbricoidesCOMMON NAME: Large Intestinal Roundworm

INTERMEDIATE HOST: None

DEFINITIVE HOST: Human

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:

Ingestion of Eggs

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of eggs in stool specimens

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NEMATODES

ASCARIASIS/ASCARIS INFECTION

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NEMATODES

ASCARIASIS/ASCARIS INFECTION

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NEMATODES

Enterobius vermicularisCOMMON NAME: Pinworm




Ingestion of Eggs

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of eggs in

Scotch Tape Method or anal swab

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NEMATODES

ENTEROBIASIS / ENTEROBIUS INFECTION

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NEMATODES

Necator americanus

COMMON NAME: New World Hookworm



HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Penetration of skin by infective larva(Filariform larva)

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:

Observation of eggs in stool specimens

Ancylostoma duodenale

COMMON NAME: Old World Hookworm

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NEMATODES

HOOKWORM INFECTION

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Feeding stage

infective stage

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NEMATODES

Strongyloides stercoralisCOMMON NAME: Threadworm




Penetration of skin by infective larva(filariform larva)

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of eggs in duodenal aspirates

or stool specimens

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NEMATODES

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NEMATODES

Trichuris trichiuraCOMMON NAME: Whipworm




Ingestion of eggs


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NEMATODES

TRICHURIASIS / WHIPWORM INFECTION

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Capillaria philippinensis

Common name: none

INTERMEDIATE HOST: Freshwater fishes

DEFFINITIVE HOST: Human; Fish-eating Birds

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED: Ingestion ofinfected freshwater fishes with larvae

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED: Observation ofeggs in stool

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CAPILLARIASIS

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NEMATODES

BLOOD AND TISSUE NEMATODES

1 Dracunculus medinensis

2 Trichinella spiralis

3 Filarial worms

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NEMATODES

Dracunculus medinensisCOMMON NAME: Guinea Worm

INTERMEDIATE HOST: Cyclops (fresh water

crustacean)DEFINITIVE HOST: Human


Ingestion of infectedCyclops

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of adult worm beneath theskin or emerging from a blister (ankle or

foot)

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NEMATODES

DRACUNCULIASIS / GUINEA WORM INFECTION

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NEMATODES

Trichinella spiralisCOMMON NAME: none

INTERMEDIATE/DEFINITIVE HOST:

Pig, Bear, Walrus,Human (dead-end host) and etc.

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of pork or bear meat with larva

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Usually not diagnosed or an incidentalfinding at autopsy

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NEMATODES

TRICHINOSIS

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NEMATODES

FILARIAL NEMATODES

1 Brugia malayiand

Wuchereria bancrofti

2 Loa loa

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NEMATODES

Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancroftiCOMMON NAME: none

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Various species of

mosquitoes.

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Injection of infective larvae by mosquito

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of microfilariae in stainedblood specimens


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NEMATODES

FILARIASIS / ELEPHANTHIASIS

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NEMATODES

Loa loa

COMMON NAME: Eye Worm

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Chrysops ( Mango Fly).

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Injection of infective larvae by Chrysops

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of adult worm beneath theskin or in the conjunctiva of the eye


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NEMATODES

LOIASIS

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NEMATODES

Onchocerca volvulus

COMMON NAME: Blinding Worm

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Simulium (Black Fly).

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Injection of infective larvae by Simulium

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of microfilariae in

skin snips


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NEMATODES

ONCHOCERCIASIS / RIVER BLINDNESS

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CESTODES

INTESTINAL CESTODES

1 Diphyllobothrium latum

2 Dipylidium caninum

3 Hymenolepis diminuta

4 Hymenolepis nana

5 Taenia saginata

6 Taenia solium

Flat worms

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Flat worms

Ribbon-like

Segmented

Hermaphrodite

MOT: ingestion of infective stage of the parasite

Larva encysted in tse of vertebrates & invertebrates(Int. Host)

Adult : intestine

3 distinct regions

Scolex attachment

Neck region of growth; wheresegmentation start

STROBILA/PROGLOTTID body; chain ofsegments; contains two different sexes

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CESTODES

Diphyllobothrium latum

COMMON NAME: Fish Tapeworm

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Cyclops (1st IH)

Fresh Water Fish (2nd IH)

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of fresh water fish containingthe second-stage larvae (plerocercoid)

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:eggs in the stool specimen


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CESTODES

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS / FISH TAPEWORM INFECTION

OPERCULUM

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CESTODES

Dipylidium caninum

COMMON NAME: Dog Tapeworm

INTERMEDIATE HOST: Flea

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of infected flea w/ the infectivelarva (cysticercoid)

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of worm proglottids oregg packets in the stool specimen

DEFINITIVE HOST: Dog, Cat, Human

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CESTODES

DOG TAPEWORM INFECTION

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CESTODES

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Hymenolepis diminuta (ova larger than nana)(more spherical than nana)

COMMON NAME: Rat Tapeworm

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Beetle

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of infected arthropod w/infective stage (cysticerci)

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of egg in the stool specimen

DEFINITIVE HOST: Rat, Mouse, Human (accidental)

CESTODES

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RAT TAPEWORM INFECTION

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CESTODES

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CESTODES

Hymenolepis nana

COMMON NAME: Dwarf Tapeworm

INTERMEDIATE HOST: (accidental )

rice or flour beetles (Tenebrio species)

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:ingestion of E. eggcysticercoid in IH

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of E. eggin the stool specimen


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CESTODES

DWARF TAPEWORM INFECTION

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CESTODES

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CESTODES

Taenia saginata

COMMON NAME: Beef Tapeworm

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Cow

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of infected beef

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of egg or proglottidsin the stool specimen


CESTODES

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CESTODES

Taenia solium

COMMON NAME: Pork Tapeworm

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Pig

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of infected pork

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of egg or proglottidsin stool specimen; cysticercosis (CT scans,MRI techniques, x-ray or immunodiagnosticprocedures


CESTODES

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CESTODES

BEEF/PORK TAPEWORM INFECTION

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Taenia solium

Taenia solium

Taenia saginata

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Cysticercus cellulosae

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TISSUE CESTODE

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TISSUE CESTODE

Echinococcus granulosus

COMMON NAME: none

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Sheep, Human (dead-end)

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of E. eggs

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of hydatid cysts by CT scans,MRI techniques, or x-ray;immunodiagnostic procedures

DEFINITIVE HOST: Dog

TISSUE CESTODE

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HYDATIDOSIS / HYDATID DISEASE

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TREMATODES

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INTESTINAL TREMATODE

1 Fasciolopsis buski

2 Echinostoma ilocanum/malayanum

2 Fasciola hepatica

1 Paragonimus westermani

1 Schistosoma haematobium

2 Schistosoma japonicum

LIVER TREMATODES

1 Clonorchis sinensis

LUNG TREMATODE

BLOOD TREMATODES

3 Schistosoma mansoni

Characteristics:

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Characteristics:FlatLeaf-likeunsegmentedw/ suckers (oral & ventral)

GENERAL RULE:

1. All are hermaphrodite2. All lay operculated eggs3. All require 2 IH4. All have metacercaria as

infective stage

* Except: Schistosoma


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Fasciolopsis buski

COMMON NAME: intestinal Fluke

INTERMEDIATE HOST: Fresh Water Snailswater plant

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of raw or uncooked plants on

which metacercariae are encysted


DEFINITIVE HOST: Human, Dog, Pig, Rabbit

INTESTINAL TREMATODE(Fasciolopsiasis)

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S O

Echinostoma ilocanum/malayanum

COMMON NAME: none

INTERMEDIATE HOST: Fresh Water Snails(1st)freshwater fishes, frogs, freshwater

crustaceans, freshwater snails (2nd)


Ingestion of raw or uncooked 2nd IHwhich metacercariae

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:

Observation of eggs in stool specimens


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ECHINOSTOMIASIS

LIFE CYCLE

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LIFE CYCLE

LIVER TREMATODE

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Clonorchis sinensis

COMMON NAME: Chinese or Oriental Liver Fluke

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Fresh Water Snails (1st IH)Fresh Water Fish (2nd IH)

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of infected fresh water fish


DEFINITIVE HOST: Human, Dog, Cat

LIVER TREMATODE

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CLONORCHIASIS

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LIVER TREMATODE

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Fasciola hepatica

COMMON NAME: Liver Fluke

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Fresh Water SnailsFresh Water plants

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of raw or undercooked aquatic

vegetation (water cress) with metacercaria


DEFINITIVE HOST: Human, Cow, Sheep

LIVER TREMATODE

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FASCIOLIASIS

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LUNG TREMATODE

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Paragonimus westermani

COMMON NAME: Lung Fluke

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Fresh Water Snails(1ST IH)Crabs or Crayfish (2ND IH)

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Ingestion of infected crabs or crayfish

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of eggs in sputum orstool specimens

DEFINITIVE HOST: Human, Dog, Cat

LUNG TREMATODE

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PARAGONIMIASIS

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BLOOD TREMATODES

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Schistosoma species

COMMON NAME: Blood Fluke

INTERMEDIATE HOST:Fresh Water Snails

HOW INFECTION IS ACQUIRED:Penetration of skin by cercariae presentin fresh water

HOW INFECTION IS DIAGNOSED:Observation of eggs in urine(S. haematobium) or stool (S. japonicumand S. mansoni)


BLOOD TREMATODES

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SCHISTOSOMIASIS

S. haematobium

S. japonicum

S. mansoni

Vesical Bld FlukeOriental Bld Fluke

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PROTOZOA

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PROTOZOA

CLASSIFICATION

1Amoebae

2 Flagellates

3 Ciliates

4 Sporozoa

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PROTOZOAPHYLUM/SUBPHYLUM PARASITE

Sarcodina Entamoeba histolytica

Naegleria fowleri

Mastigophora Giardia lamblia

Trichomonas vaginalis

Leishmania specie

Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma cruzi

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PROTOZOAPHYLUM/SUBPHYLUM PARASITE

Ciliata Balantidium coli

Sporozoa Cryptosporidium parvum

Plasmodium species

Toxoplasma gondii

SARCODINA

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Entamoeba histolytica

DISEASE: Amebiasis; Amebic Dysentery;Extraintestinal amebic abscesses

HOW ACQUIRED: ingestion of cysts incontaminated water and food

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation of cystsand/or trophozoites in fecalspecimens

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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT:

1.CYST Infective stage; Transfer stageResistant stage; non-motile stageNon-feeding stage

2. TROPHOZOITE Pathogenic stage;Vegetative stage

Motile & Feeding stage

Entamoeba histolytica 1-4 nuclei

* 4 nuclei mature (infective)

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4 nuclei mature (infective)

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SARCODINA

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Naegleria fowleri

DISEASE: Primary Amebic Meningo-encephalitis (CNS)

HOW ACQUIRED: diving into contaminatedpond water

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation oftrophozoites in CSF or cysts inautopsy tissue

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MASTIGOPHORA

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Giardia lamblia

DISEASE: Giardiasis (intestinal)

HOW ACQUIRED: ingestion of cysts incontaminated water and food

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation of cysts and/or trophozoites in fecal specimens

Giardia lamblia

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Trichomonas vaginalis

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T. hominis T. tenax T.Vaginalis

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Habitat Intestine Oral Vagina/

ProstatePathogenicity Commensal Commensal NSV/NSP

Specimen fordiagnosis Stool OralScrapings Vaginal/Prostate Discharge

MOT Ingestion of

contaminated

food & drink

Kissing, use

of

contaminat

ed dishes &

glasses

Sexual

intercourse/

Direct contact

w/ fomites

MASTIGOPHORA

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Leishmania specie

DISEASE: Leishmaniasis; Kala-azar orDumdum Fever (PDOC&L)

HOW ACQUIRED: injection of the parasitewhen a Phelobotomus sand fly takesa blood meal must carry promastigote

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation of parasitein aspirates or biopsy specimens

Leishmania specie

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Leishmania specie

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MASTIGOPHORA

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Trypanosoma brucie

G - WestR East (acute)

DISEASE: African Trypanosomiasis(African Sleeping Sickness)

HOW ACQUIRED: injection of the parasitewhen a Tsetse fly takes a blood meal(metacyclic trypomastigote)

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation of trypano-mastigotes in blood or CSF specimensor lymph node aspirates

Trypanosoma brucie

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Kinetoplast post to nucleus

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MASTIGOPHORA

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Trypanosoma cruzi

DISEASE: American Trypanosomiasis(Chagas Disease)

HOW ACQUIRED: Parasites in the feces of aReduvidbug (KB;AB) get rubbed ibug bite wound (metacyclictrypomastigote)

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation of trypo-mastigotes in blood or CSF specimensor lymph node aspirates

Trypanosoma cruzi

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CILIATA (Ciliophora)

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Balantidium coli(Biggest of intestinalprotozoans)

DISEASE: Balantidiasis(a dysenteric disease)

HOW ACQUIRED: Ingestion of cysts incontaminated water

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation of cystsand/or trophozoites in fecal specimens

Balantidium coli

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SPOROZOA (Ring form Schizogony)

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Cryptosporidium parvum -AFO

DISEASE: Cryptosporidiosis(a chronic diarrheal disease amongimmunocompromised host)

HOW ACQUIRED: Ingestion of oocysts incontaminated water

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation of AF oocystsin fecal specimens

Cryptosporidium parvum

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OOCYSTS

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Plasmodium species

1 Plasmodium falciparum

4 Plasmodium vivax

3 Plasmodium ovale

2 Plasmodium malariae

SPOROZOA

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Plasmodium species

DISEASE: Malaria

HOW ACQUIRED: Injection of sporozoiteswhen a femaleAnopheles mosquitotakes a blood meal

HOW DIAGNOSED: Observation oftrophozoites, schizonts, and/orgametocytes in blood specimens

Plasmodium species

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SCHIZONTS

Plasmodium species

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SPOROZOA

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Toxoplasma gondii

DISEASE: Toxoplasmosis

HOW ACQUIRED: Ingestion of oocysts fromcat feces or cysts in contaminatedmeat

HOW DIAGNOSED: Immunodiagnosticprocedures

Toxoplasma gondii

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Documents

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