Personal Response -

Describe a situation when two people stopped being friendly because of a difference in opinion.

The Cold War 1945-1989

Winston Churchill Great Britain

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Joseph StalinSoviet Union

Causes of Cold War…

# 1 Soviet aggression

• secure Poland to prevent invasion / two in one century killing millions!

• reparations against Germany – FDR & Churchill insist amount based on ability to pay

• Snuffed out civil liberties in Romania, Hungary & Czechoslovakia

# 2 U.S. fears Communist ideology

• Postwar job lay-offs – foreign trade = 10% of economy Marshall Plan provides $12,000,000,000 (billion) to rebuild Europe over 3 years!

Time MagazineMarch 1952

June 17, 1949Washington Post

Personal Response - What does this cartoon tell you about the Cold War era?

Truman Doctrine

Containment Policy

“Domino” Theory

“Everywhere” is strategic

Asia & EuropePresident Harry S. Truman

Assignment = - pretend to be a diplomat or a citizen of the U.S. during the Cold War. - write about your experiences in a fictional diary. - should show knowledge of the Cold War and read “real” by including emotion, observations, fears, hopes, etc.

journals can include pictures, maps, drawings; examples or self-written pieces of poetry or music; other examples in a non-written format.

Product =

Diary Entries composed during Cold War

Diplomacy = art / practice of negotiations between nations

Origins of Cold War Features:

• must include: Truman Doctrine & Berlin Airlift (Blockade)

• PLUS 2 terms of your choice from p. 608

• should read “real” (include emotion, observations, fears, hopes, etc.)

18 – 19Below Average

- not all entries- few terms / components- brief entries- emotionally ‘flat’- little opinion / analysis- little description / concrete detail- messy

20 – 21Above Average

- All 5 entries completed- All terms / 5 + Power Words- reads real- accurate history- most include opinion / analysis- some description (concrete detail)- demonstrates effort / understanding

22 – 25Exceptional

- All 5 entries completed- All terms / 10 + Power Words- reads real- accurate history- all include opinion / analysis- thick description (concrete detail)- creative touches- demonstrates effort / understanding

Your name: ________________________ Your score: ______ Final score: ______

What was your favorite part of this entry? Why? _______________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What suggestions do you have to make this entry stronger? ________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

• Roots in Red Scare of WWI

• WWII: Soviets & U.S. = friends

• After WWII Soviets = enemy Soviets create puppet regimes across Eastern Europe

• 1949: Soviets get Atomic bomb

• 1949: Mao Zedong’s communist party gains control of China

Senator Joseph McCarthy

McCarthyism

October 31, 1947Washington Post

Personal Response:

What does this cartoon imply about the methods of this organization?

Read caption...

The Cold War At Home p. 616 – 621

Features:

• must include: Blacklist AND HUAC

• PLUS: Alger Hiss OR the Rosenbergs

• PLUS “McCarthyism”

October 4, 1962CONGRESSMAN'S REPORT By Morris K. Udall

WHO'S WINNING THE COLD WAR?

I'm proud and fortunate to be an American living in a 20th century society which enjoys more basic freedoms and more material wealth than any nation in the history of this earth. All of us can rejoice in the blessings we now have. Yet, I sense from my mail a great deal of worry and concern about the future of our country. This uneasiness seems to boil down to two conclusions which are drummed into our people from many sources: (1) We are gradually losing our free enterprise system to socialism; and (2) we are slowly, but surely, losing the cold war and will eventually live under communism.

Working w/ a partner (or individually) use grid on p. 604

1. One person write a sentence writing U.S. Goal

2. One person write a sentence writing Soviet Goal

3. Cooperate to write a sentence explaining the conflict over each goal.

US News May 1955

Cuban Missile Crisis

vs.

Nikita KhrushchevSoviet Union

John F. KennedyUnited States

Addtl. Missile sites

Good evening my fellow citizens:     This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet Military buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere.

     Upon receiving the first preliminary hard information of this nature last Tuesday morning at 9 a.m., I directed that our surveillance be stepped up. And having now confirmed and completed our evaluation of the evidence and our decision on a course of action, this Government feels obliged to report this new crisis to you in fullest detail.

Neither the United States of America nor the world community of nations can tolerate deliberate deception and offensive threats on the part of any nation, large or small. We no longer live in a world where only the actual firing of weapons represents a sufficient challenge to a nation's security to constitute maximum peril. Nuclear weapons are so destructive and ballistic missiles are so swift, that any substantially increased possibility of their use or any sudden change in their deployment may well be regarded as a definite threat to peace.

    For many years both the Soviet Union and the United States, recognizing this fact, have deployed strategic nuclear weapons with great care, never upsetting the precarious status quo which insured that these weapons would not be used in the absence of some vital challenge. Our own strategic missiles have never been transferred to the territory of any other nation under a cloak of secrecy and deception; and our history--unlike that of the Soviets since the end of World War II--demonstrates that we have no desire to dominate or conquer any other nation or impose our system upon its people. Nevertheless, American citizens have become adjusted to living daily on the Bull's-eye of Soviet missiles located inside the U.S.S.R. or in submarines.

     In that sense, missiles in Cuba add to an already clear and present danger--although it should be noted the nations of Latin America have never previously been subjected to a potential nuclear threat.

     But this secret, swift, and extraordinary buildup of Communist missiles--in an area well known to have a special and historical relationship to the United States and the nations of the Western Hemisphere, in violation of Soviet assurances, and in defiance of American and hemispheric policy--this sudden, clandestine decision to station strategic weapons for the first time outside of Soviet soil--is a deliberately provocative and unjustified change in the status quo which cannot be accepted by this country, if our courage and our commitments are ever to be trusted again by either friend or foe.

     The 1930's taught us a clear lesson: aggressive conduct, if allowed to go unchecked and unchallenged ultimately leads to war. This nation is opposed to war. We are also true to our word. Our unswerving objective, therefore, must be to prevent the use of these missiles against this or any other country, and to secure their withdrawal or elimination from the Western Hemisphere.

Rise of Totalitarian RegimesHitler, Mussolini, Japan

Our policy has been one of patience and restraint, as befits a peaceful and powerful nation, which leads a worldwide alliance. We have been determined not to be diverted from our central concerns by mere irritants and fanatics. But now further action is required--and it is under way; and these actions may only be the beginning. We will not prematurely or unnecessarily risk the costs of worldwide nuclear war in which even the fruits of victory would be ashes in our mouth--but neither will we shrink from that risk at any time it must be faced.

     Acting, therefore, in the defense of our own security and of the entire Western Hemisphere, and under the authority entrusted to me by the Constitution as endorsed by the resolution of the Congress, I have directed that the following initial steps be taken immediately

 First: To halt this offensive buildup, a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. All ships of any kind bound for Cuba from whatever nation or port will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back. This quarantine will be extended, if needed, to other types of cargo and carriers. We are not at this time, however, denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948.

Second: I have directed the continued and increased close surveillance of Cuba and its military buildup. The foreign ministers of the OAS, in their communique of October 6, rejected secrecy in such matters in this hemisphere. Should these offensive military preparations continue, thus increasing the threat to the hemisphere, further action will be justified. I have directed the Armed Forces to prepare for any eventualities; and I trust that in the interest of both the Cuban people and the Soviet technicians at the sites, the hazards to all concerned in continuing this threat will be recognized

Third: It shall be the policy of this Nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union.

 Fourth: As a necessary military precaution, I have reinforced our base at Guantanamo, evacuated today the dependents of our personnel there, and ordered additional military units to be on a standby alert basis.

Fifth: We are calling tonight for an immediate meeting of the Organ of Consultation under the Organization of American States, to consider this threat to hemispheric security and to invoke articles 6 and 8 of the Rio Treaty in support of all necessary action. The United Nations Charter allows for regional security arrangements--and the nations of this hemisphere decided long ago against the military presence of outside powers. Our other allies around the world have also been alerted.

Sixth: Under the Charter of the United Nations, we are asking tonight that an emergency meeting of the Security Council be convoked without delay to take action against this latest Soviet threat to world peace. Our resolution will call for the prompt dismantling and withdrawal of all offensive weapons in Cuba, under the supervision of U.N. observers, before the quarantine can be lifted.

Seventh and finally: I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to halt and eliminate this clandestine, reckless and provocative threat to world peace and to stable relations between our two nations. I call upon him further to abandon this course of world domination, and to join in an historic effort to end the perilous arms race and to transform the history of man. He has an opportunity now to move the world back from the abyss of destruction--by returning to his government's own words that it had no need to station missiles outside its own territory, and withdrawing these weapons from Cuba--by refraining from any action which will widen or deepen the present crisis--and then by participating in a search for peaceful and permanent solutions.

This Nation is prepared to present its case against the Soviet threat to peace, and our own proposals for a peaceful world, at any time and in any forum--in the OAS, in the United Nations, or in any other meeting that could be useful--without limiting our freedom of action. We have in the past made strenuous efforts to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. We have proposed the elimination of all arms and military bases in a fair and effective disarmament treaty. We are prepared to discuss new proposals for the removal of tensions on both sides--including the possibility of a genuinely independent Cuba, free to determine its own destiny. We have no wish to war with the Soviet Union--for we are a peaceful people who desire to live in peace with all other peoples.

 But it is difficult to settle or even discuss these problems in an atmosphere of intimidation. That is why this latest Soviet threat--or any other threat which is made either independently or in response to our actions this week--must and will be met with determination. Any hostile move anywhere in the world against the safety and freedom of peoples to whom we are committed--including in particular the brave people of West Berlin--will be met by whatever action is needed.

Finally, I want to say a few words to the captive people of Cuba, to whom this speech is being directly carried by special radio facilities. I speak to you as a friend, as one who knows of your deep attachment to your fatherland, as one who shares your aspirations for liberty and justice for all. And I have watched and the American people have watched with deep sorrow how your nationalist revolution was betrayed-- and how your fatherland fell under foreign domination. Now your leaders are no longer Cuban leaders inspired by Cuban ideals. They are puppets and agents of an international conspiracy which has turned Cuba against your friends and neighbors in the Americas--and turned it into the first Latin American country to become a target for nuclear war--the first Latin American country to have these weapons on its soil.

 These new weapons are not in your interest. They contribute nothing to your peace and well-being. They can only undermine it. But this country has no wish to cause you to suffer or to impose any system upon you. We know that your lives and land are being used as pawns by those who deny your freedom.     Many times in the past, the Cuban people have risen to throw out tyrants who destroyed their liberty. And I have no doubt that most Cubans today look forward to the time when they will be truly free--free from foreign domination, free to choose their own leaders, free to select their own system, free to own their own land, free to speak and write and worship without fear or degradation. And then shall Cuba be welcomed back to the society of free nations and to the associations of this hemisphere.

My fellow citizens: let no one doubt that this is a difficult and dangerous effort on which we have set out. No one can see precisely what course it will take or what costs or casualties will be incurred. Many months of sacrifice and self-discipline lie ahead--months in which our patience and our will will be tested--months in which many threats and denunciations will keep us aware of our dangers. But the greatest danger of all would be to do nothing.     The path we have chosen for the present is full of hazards, as all paths are--but it is the one most consistent with our character and courage as a nation and our commitments around the world. The cost of freedom is always high--and Americans have always paid it. And one path we shall never choose, and that is the path of surrender or submission

Our goal is not the victory of might, but the vindication of right- -not peace at the expense of freedom, but both peace and freedom, here in this hemisphere, and, we hope, around the world. God willing, that goal will be achieved.   Thank you and good night.

Khrushchev to John F. Kennedy

    You want to force us to renounce the rights enjoyed by every sovereign state; you are attempting to legislate questions of international law; you are violating the generally accepted standards of this law. All this is due not only to hatred for the Cuban people and their government, but also for reasons having to do with the election campaign in the USA. What morals, what laws can justify such an approach by the American government to international affairs? Such morals and laws are not to be found, because the actions of the USA in relation to Cuba are outright piracy. This, if you will, is the madness of a degenerating imperialism.  Unfortunately, people of all nations, and not least the American people themselves, could suffer heavily from madness such as this, since with the appearance of modern types of weapons, the USA has completely lost its former inaccessibility.

Respectfully, N. Khrushchev Moscow, 24 October 1962

What do you think is the cartoonists intended message? How does this political cartoon relate to the Cuban missile crisis?

Protestors both for and against the President’s actions

Kennedy and the Cold War p. 670 - 678

Features:

• must include terms: Cuban Missile Crisis AND Berlin Wall

• include addtl. detail by drawing on the web-site below.

http://www.cs.umb.edu/jfklibrary/cmc_exhibit_2002.html