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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S © 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook Foundations of Individual Behavior Chapter 2

Petemuan 2 Perilaku Individu.ppt

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  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*SASARAN PEMBELAJARANMendefinisikan karakteristik utama biography seseorangMendefinisi dua jenis kemampuan (ability)Bentuk perilaku terhadap orang lainMenjelaskan empat jenis schedules of reinforcement.Menjelaskan tentang aturan dalam punishment dalam proses learning.Praktek self-managementL E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Ability, Intellect, and IntelligenceAbility Kemampuan / kapasitas seorang individu dalam menyelesaikan berbagai tugas dalam sebuah jabatan (organisasi) .Intellectual Ability Kapasitas untuk mengerjakan pekerjaan mental (non fisik).Multiple Intelligences Intelligensia terdiri dari empat sub bagian, yaitu : cognitive, social, emotional, dan cultural.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Kecerdasan numerik (einstein, olimpiade matematika) Pemahaman Verbal (kemampuan memahami instruksi)Kecepatan perseptual (seni lukis, penterjemah perintah)Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoningSpatial visualization (= designer)Kapasitas kemapuan mengingat (hafidz, perawi, dll)Dimensions ofIntellectual AbilityE X H I B I T 21

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  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Physical AbilitiesKemampuan FisikKapasitas untuk melakukan tugas-tugas yang menuntut stamina, ketangkasan, kekuatan, dan karakteristik serupa

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Other FactorsBody coordinationBalanceStaminaSembilan Jenis Physical AbilitiesStrength FactorsDynamic strengthTrunk strengthStatic strengthExplosive strengthFlexibility FactorsExtent flexibilityDynamic flexibilityE X H I B I T 22Source: Adapted from HRMagazine published by the Society for Human Resource Management, Alexandria, VA.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*LearningLearningPerubahan yang relatif permanen pada pengetahuan, kemampuan atau perilaku/tingkah laku sebagai hasil dari pengalaman yang diperoleh seseorang.Proses belajar merupakan hubungan antara input dari proses penginderaan (akibat stimulus) dengan tingkah laku atau respon (sbg impuls) sehingga individu tsb memiliki habit tertentu (hubungan Stimulus S Respon R.Faktor lain dalam proses belajar adalah penguatan (Re-inforce) baik reward (+) maupun punishment (-).

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Theories of LearningKey ConceptsUnconditioned stimulusUnconditioned responseConditioned stimulusConditioned responseClassical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)Suatu pengondisian di mana seorang individu merespon beberapa rangsangan (stimulus) yang tidak biasa dalam menghasilkan suatu respon.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*E X H I B I T 23Source: The Far Side by Gary Larson 1993 Far Works, Inc. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

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  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Theories of Learning (contd)Key ConceptsReflexive (unlearned) behaviorConditioned (learned) behaviorReinforcementOperant Conditioning (BF Skinner)Tingkah laku merupaka fungsi dari konsekuensi (law of efffect) dimana tiap individu cenderung ingin mendapatkan sesuatu yang diinginkan (reward/konsekuensi positif) dan menghindari konsekuensi negatif (punishment).

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Theories of Learning (contd)Key ConceptsAttentional processesRetention processesMotor reproduction processesReinforcement processesSocial-Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)Manusia dapat melakukan proses belajar melalui pengamatan (observasi) dan pengalaman langsungGabungan antara teori belajar dan teori tingkah laku.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Theories of Learning (contd)Key ConceptsReinforcement is required to change behavior.Some rewards are more effective than others.The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.Shaping BehaviorPenguatan (reinforcement) secara sistematis akan mendekat individu untuk merespon sesuai keinginannya.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Types of ReinforcementPositive reinforcementMemberikan hadiah (rewards) atas pelaksanaan perilaku yang diinginkanNegative reinforcementMenghapus/menghilangkan konsekuensi tidak menyenangkan ketika perilaku yang diinginkan dilaksanakanPunishmentMenerapkan kondisi yang tidak diinginkan agar menghindari/menghilangkan perilaku yang tidak diinginkan.Extinction (Kepunahan)Pemotongan reinforcement dapat menyebabkan penghentian (dampak reinforcement) tersebut.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Schedules of ReinforcementContinuous ReinforcementA desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated.Intermittent ReinforcementA desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)Fixed-Interval ScheduleRewards yang diberikan dengan interval waktu yang seragam.Variable-Interval ScheduleRewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses Rewards yang diberikan setelah sejumlah respon atau tanggapan berlangsung tetap atau konstan.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Intermittent Schedules of ReinforcementE X H I B I T 25

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  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)E X H I B I T 25 (contd)

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  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*Behavior ModificationFive Step Problem-Solving ModelIdentify critical behaviorsDevelop baseline dataIdentify behavioral consequencesDevelop and apply interventionEvaluate performance improvementOB ModAplikasi konsep reinforcement terhadap individu tertentu pada pengaturan (sistem) kerja di organisasi.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.2*OB MOD Organizational ApplicationsWell Pay versus Sick PayMengurangi absensi melalui pemberian rewards, bukan melalui peniadaan (rewards tersebut)Employee DisciplineThe use of punishment can be counter-productive.Developing Training ProgramsOB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.Self-managementReduces the need for external management control.

    2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

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