Photovoltaics - energy from the sun - IDA - IDA assesment... · Photovoltaics - energy from the sun Peter Sommer-Larsen, Torben Damgaard Nielsen, and Frederik C. Krebs Risø National

Photovoltaics - energy from the sunPeter Sommer-Larsen, Torben Damgaard Nielsen, and Frederik C. KrebsRisø National Laboratory for Sustainable EnergyTechnical University of DenmarkFrederiksborgvej 399Frederiksborgvej 399DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Break through for Photovoltaics (PV)?• “Solceller foran globalt gennembrud”• Solceller foran globalt gennembrud• Udklip fra Børsen 17/9 2008 omkring PG&E’s ordrer på 800 MW

solcellefarm i Californien.

• UDKLIP fjernet

16-Jan-09P. Sommer-Larsen - Photovoltaics2 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

Market, capacity and price• Cummulative installed PV capacity (in MWp)• Cummulative installed PV capacity (in MWp)

9000ROW

6000

7000

8000(M

W)

ROW

US

Japan

EU

4000

5000

6000

alle

d P

V p

ower

1000

2000

3000Inst

a

01992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Source: IEA-PVPS Trends in Photovoltaic applications.( 1992-2005 data)


Marketbuzz™ 2007, 2008 (2006-2007 data, www.solarbuzz.com)

Market, capacity and price• Market 2007: The global PV market corresponded to 2826 MW installed • Market 2007: The global PV market corresponded to 2826 MW installed

capacity in 2007. The Spanish market increased 480% from 2006.

9000ROWGlobal PV market 2007

6000

7000

8000(M

W)

ROW

US

Japan

EU

Global PV market 2007

USAROE6%

ROW8%

4000

5000

6000

alle

d P

V p

ower

Germany47%

Japan8%

USA8%

6%

1000

2000

3000Inst

a

Spain23%

8%

Source: Marketbuzz™ 2008

01992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007


Market, capacity and price• Prices for solar cell modules have not changed 2001 2008• Prices for solar cell modules have not changed 2001-2008

9000ROWModule price

7

8

6000

7000

8000(M

W)

ROW

US

Japan

EU

Module price

01-$

/ W

4

5

6

4000

5000

6000

alle

d P

V p

ower

20

1

2

3

Source: Risø Energy Report 6 (2007)

1000

2000

3000Inst

a

Year

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20200

Source: Risø Energy Report 6 (2007)

01992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Source: IEA-PVPS Trends in Photovoltaic applications.( 1992-2005 data)


Marketbuzz™ 2007, 2008 (2006-2007 data, www.solarbuzz.com)

Incentive mechanisms key policy Incentive mechanisms – key policy measures• Feed in tariff (FIT): The renewable energy producer is guarantied a • Feed-in tariff (FIT): The renewable energy producer is guarantied a

tariff for the produced electrical energy over an extended period –typical 20 years.

• Net-metering : The renewable energy producer is paid the market tariff. Net metering : The renewable energy producer is paid the market tariff. A single reversible electricity meter is the preferred options for homeowners exporting to the grid.

• Investment support: in form of subsidies, tax facilities or subsidized low-interest rates.

• Denmark: Net-metering• Germany: FIT guaranteed over 20 years

2009: €0 32/kWh ground mounted2009: €0.32/kWh ground mounted€0.33-0.46/kWh BIPV depending on size

• Spain: FIT guaranteed over 25 years2008: €0.45/kWh2009: €0 32/kWh small rooftop systems €0 34/kWh 500 MWp max2009: €0.32/kWh, small rooftop systems €0.34/kWh. 500 MWp max2010: €0.32/kWh, small rooftop systems €0.34/kWh. 450 MWp maxTarget 3000 MW capacity by end of 2010.

• US: FIT bill proposed with technology dependent tariffsC lif i FIT d i


California: FIT and net-metering.

Market, capacity and price• By 2016 the global installed PV capacity is comparable to Wind turbine • By 2016, the global installed PV capacity is comparable to Wind turbine

capacity today

1000000 1000000ROW

100000

1000000

MW

)

100000

1000000ROW

US

Japan

EU

1000

10000

ed P

V p

ower

(M

1000

10000EU

10

100Inst

alle

10

100

11992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

1


Roadmaps and visions• 200 GWp installed PV capacity in EU by 2030 and 4% of the global • 200 GWp installed PV capacity in EU by 2030 and 4% of the global

electricity demand (A Vision for Photovoltaic Technology, Report by the Photovoltaic Technology Research Advisory Council (PV-TRAC), EU 2005)

• A Strategic Research Agenda for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Technology g g gy gyResearch and development in support of realising the Vision for Photovoltaic Technology, EU PV Technology Platform (PVTP), EU 2007


40 GW production capacity by 2012 !• The European Commissions Joint Research Centre in their 2008 status • The European Commissions Joint Research Centre in their 2008 status

report assessed the planned increase in the PV industry’s production capacity.

• The assessment of the Industry’s own plans sums to a global production The assessment of the Industry s own plans sums to a global production capacity og 40 GW by 2012 !!!

• The growth of the PV industry has year for year exceeded even the most g y y yoptimistic scenarios from previous years. So there is good reason to have confidence in the industry’s own expectations


Basics• Cells are interconnected in series and parallel into modules and modules • Cells are interconnected in series and parallel into modules and modules

are collected into panels.

15 x 15 cm0.5 V / 4A

• A solar cell system include balance-of-systemtechnology: Inverters cables frames electricity meter

Danfoss solar Inverters Dr-taget

Kilde ATV-SEMAPP

75 W: 18 V / 4A


technology: Inverters, cables, frames, electricity meter

Efficiencies, power and energy output• Solar cells are rated at standard test conditions (STC):• Solar cells are rated at standard test conditions (STC):

– solar irradiance of 1000W/m2

– solar reference spectrum AM1.5G25°C– 25°C.

• A 75 Wp (Watt peak) module delivers 75 W under STC.• 1 kWp system produces 850 kWh/year

in Denmarkin Denmark


Characterisation of PV• The IV curve• The IV-curve

max

light

Pη =P

Standard test conditions:

Plight= 1000 W/m2

T = 298.15 K

Solar reference spectrum AM1.5G

+VOC

Pmax=I·V -

IV

OC

ISC


Efficiency limits, efficiency tables• 30% limit (Shockley W Queisser H J 1961 Detailed balance limit of efficiency • 30% limit (Shockley, W., Queisser H.J., 1961, Detailed balance limit of efficiency

of P-N junction solar cells, Journal of Applied Physics, 32(3): 510-519)

• 32nd version of Solar Cell Efficiency Tables (Green, M.A., Emery, K., Hishikawa, Y., Warta, W., 2008, (Version 32), Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl.; 16: 435–440)

Technology Cell Module comment 1st generation

Mono c-Si 24.7% 22.7% Poly c Si 20 3% 15 3%Poly c-Si 20.3% 15.3%Mono c-GaAs 25.9%

2nd generation Amorphous Si 9.5% 8.2% CIGS 19 2% 13 4%CIGS 19.2% 13.4%CdTe 16.5% 10.7%

3rd generation Dye sensitized 10.4% 8.2% Organic Polymer 5.2% g y

High efficiency GaInP/GaAs/Ge 32.0% Multijunction GaInP/GaInAs/Ge 40.7% Multijunction, concentrator (240

suns)


Mono c-Si 27.3% Concentrator (93 suns)

Multijunction - tandem PV• Triple junction PV:• Triple-junction PV:

GaInP: >1.8 eV light absorbedGaAs: 1.4 eV to 1.8 eV absorbedGe: 0.7 eV to 1.4 eV absorbedSpectroLab Inc. η = 41%

• Theoretical limits:Si l j ti ll 31%

2,0+ + + + + + + + +

Single junction cell 31%Infinite-junction cell 65%+ concentration 85%

nm-1) 1,5

GaInP1.8 eV

Ge

GaAs1.4 eV

Inte

nsity

(W m

-2

1,0

Ge0.7 eV

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

0 1 2 3 4 50,0

0,5


hν (eV)

0 1 2 3 4 5

Concentrating PV• SolFocus 500 x concentration• SolFocus 500 x concentration


Efficiency limits, efficiency tables• 30% limit (Shockley W Queisser H J 1961 Detailed balance limit of efficiency • 30% limit (Shockley, W., Queisser H.J., 1961, Detailed balance limit of efficiency

of P-N junction solar cells, Journal of Applied Physics, 32(3): 510-519)

• 32nd version of Solar Cell Efficiency Tables (Green, M.A., Emery, K., Hishikawa, Y., Warta, W., 2008, (Version 32), Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl.; 16: 435–440)

Technology Cell Module comment 1st generation

Mono c-Si 24.7% 22.7% Poly c Si 20 3% 15 3%Poly c-Si 20.3% 15.3%Mono c-GaAs 25.9%

2nd generation Amorphous Si 9.5% 8.2% CIGS 19 2% 13 4%CIGS 19.2% 13.4%CdTe 16.5% 10.7%

3rd generation Dye sensitized 10.4% 8.2% Organic Polymer 5.2% g y

High efficiency GaInP/GaAs/Ge 32.0% Multijunction GaInP/GaInAs/Ge 40.7% Multijunction, concentrator (240

suns)


Mono c-Si 27.3% Concentrator (93 suns)

Three generations of solar cells1’st: Crystalline Silicon solar cells 20% Expensive1 st: Crystalline Silicon solar cells 20% Expensive

Low volume

2’nd: Thin film technology (amorphous Si, CdTe, CIGS)

8 (to 20%) CheaperHigher volume

3’rd: organic and polymer solar cells 1 (to 5%) Extremely cheapExtremely high volume

Uni-Solaramorphous Si flexible panelroll-to-roll pro-

Well tech.Monocrystal-line Si panelCut from ingots


cessing (slow)Cut from ingots

Risø DTU solar cell printed on textile. Screen print (fast)

Thin film PV (2nd generation)• 44% of US production is thin film • 44% of US production is thin film

PV (only 6% globally) (2006)

• First Solar (Perrysburg Ohio –• First Solar (Perrysburg, Ohio –www.firstsolar.com)CdTe: 10.7% (module) to 16.5% (cell)Target: 450 MW capacity (2010) and 0.70 $/Wp (2012)

A 40MW thin-film CdTe solar field being built in Saxony, Germany to be completed in early 2009 by First Solar and J i S l


Juwi Solar.Installed system price 3.25$ / Wp

Thinfilm solar farm in Nevada reach grid Thinfilm solar farm in Nevada reach grid parity• First solar has recently commenced a 10 MW CdTe solar cell farm in • First solar has recently commenced a 10 MW CdTe solar cell farm in

Nevada for Sempra Generation.• The installation is estimated to produce power at a price of 7.5

cents/kWh – below the average US electricity price of 9 cents/kWhcents/kWh below the average US electricity price of 9 cents/kWh

• Beware that grid parity is not really a target for solar power plants. Their production price should be compared to other renewable energy sources. p p p gyTake an example, EON won the second public bit for Rødsand II off-shore windmill farm at a price of 62,9 øre/kWh (Ingeniøren 25/4-2008).


Scientific focus on 3rd generation cells


Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and polymer solar cells (3rd generation)• O'Regan B Grätzel M 1991 A low cost high efficiency solar cell • O Regan, B., Grätzel, M., 1991, A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell

based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films, Nature 353(6346): 737–740• 12 % efficiency demonstrated. Dye-sensitized solar cells separate the

functions provided by a semiconductor solar cell:functions provided by a semiconductor solar cell:

•Absorption of light occurs in a dye absorbed on a nonporous TiO2 layer.

•Charge separation occurs at the interface ITO

TiO2 e-

•Charge separation occurs at the interface between the dye and the electron conducting TiO2.

•Electron transport: to the transparent conducting oxide electrode through the e

co duct g o de e ect ode t oug t eTiO2.

•Hole transport:diffusion of iodide to the dye, which extract electrons from the iodide and oxidizes it to triiodide.

I-

I3-•Reduction of triiodide at the Pt-electrode,

when the generated electron is transferred through an outer circuit.

•The cell is also called a Grätzel cell after its


PtThe cell is also called a Grätzel cell after its

inventor.

DSSC• G24i (Cardiff Wales) manufacture and markets(?) thin film DSSC • G24i (Cardiff,Wales) manufacture and markets(?) thin film DSSC

technology based on coating process

Powerboard Series

Efficient solar powerboard for endless pmobile talk time

Solar phone charger with integrated AA cell, cell battery optional models for universal cell battery optional models for universal charging options + reading lights

Works in low light conditions

Ultra-compact, light, hard wearing and durable


Polymer solar cell• Yu G Gao J Hummelen J C Wudl F Heeger A J 1995 Polymer • Yu, G., Gao, J., Hummelen, J.C., Wudl, F., Heeger, A.J., 1995, Polymer

photovoltaic cells - enhanced efficiencies via a Network if internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions , Science, 270(5243): 1789-1791

• Bulk hetero junction:Bulk hetero junction:

VoltVoltVolt

Aluminium

Active layer

Volt

Aluminium

Active layer

ITO

Substrate

+

-

+

ITO

Substrate

+

-

++ ++ +


Sun lightSun light

How it works – absorption of light

C6H13

S

C6H13

S

*S

C6H13

SS

C6H13

S

S

C6H13

S

C6H13

S

C6H13

S

C6H13


How it works electron transfer from donor How it works – electron transfer from donor to acceptor

e-C6H13

S

C6H13

S

S

C6H13

SS

C6H13

S

S

C6H13

S

C6H13

S

C6H13

S

C6H13


How it works – generation of charge carriers

e-e

C6H13

S

C6H13

S

h+S

C6H13

SS

C6H13

S

S

C6H13

S

C6H13

S

C6H13

S

C6H13


How it works – charge carrier diffusion

e-

h+


Risø DTU polymer solar cell group• Dr Frederik Christian Krebs (head of group)• Dr. Frederik Christian Krebs (head of group)

[email protected]. Mikkel Jørgensen (organic synthesis)Dr. Kion Normann (characterisation)Dr. Kion Normann (characterisation)Dr. Jenz Wenzel Andreasen (structure)Dr. Kristian O. Sylvester-Hvid (device physics)Dr. Eva Bundgaard (synthesis)g ( y )Msc. Martin H. Petersen (synthesis)Msc. Suren Gevorgyan (processing)Msc. Roar Søndergaard (synthesis)Msc Mette Mikkelsen (solar energy conversion)Msc. Mette Mikkelsen (solar energy conversion)Ole Hagemann (Lab. tech. synthesis)Jan Alstrup (Lab. tech. processing)Msc Torben D Nielsen (commercialisation)Msc. Torben D. Nielsen (commercialisation)


Risø DTU polymer solar cells

• The overall objective: To develop a new sustainable energy technology. On shorter terms to develop polymer solar terms to develop polymer solar cells apt for niche products.

• Key focus: To unify efficiency, stability, and processability in

eff5y, p ythe same material

ficiency5.9%

processabilitystabilityyears

processabilityscreen print

on textile


Hertz & Langberg 2005

Efficiency• 6 5% For tandem cells• 6.5% For tandem cells• > 99.9 % of scientific reports have efficiency as the selling point• > 99.9 % of scientific reports employ spin coating• > 99.9% of scientific reports employ evaporated metal back electrodes 99.9% of scientific reports employ evaporated metal back electrodes• > 99.9% of scientific reports employ indium based transparent electrodes

Science 317 (2007) 222


Science 317 (2007) 222.

New processing techniques are needed• Low cost• Low cost• Fast• R2R

Ambient air• Ambient air• No vacuum steps• Environmentally friendly


Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 805

New materials are neededThermocleavable materials What are they?Thermocleavable materials – What are they?

FC K b t l Ch M 17 (2005) 5235 5237FC Krebs et al., Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 5235-5237.


The solar hat – a public demonstration• Slide 31 35 describing the first large scale public demonstration of • Slide 31-35 describing the first large scale public demonstration of

polymer solar cells ever is deleted for publication reasons.• Risø demonstrated the technology at Roskilde festivalen 2008. The same

modules were used for demonstration in Sct. James Park, London, see modules were used for demonstration in Sct. James Park, London, see slide 36.


















St. James Park (Loop.PH, London)


Incresing efforts in polymer PV• Konarka Technologies Inc MA US• Konarka Technologies, Inc. , MA, US

• Plextronics, US (5.9% with spincoated ink)h k• A new research group a week

• Bundesministerin Dr. Annette Schavan und die Vorstände von BASF, B h M k d S h tt h b 27 J i 2007 i F kf t i Bosch, Merck und Schott haben am 27. Juni 2007 in Frankfurt eine gemeinsame Technologieinitiative für Organische Photovoltaik gestartet, für die sie in den kommenden Jahren 360 Mio. € bereitstellen wollen. 60 Mio € davon steuert das BMBF bei


Conclusions• PV will become a major renewable energy technology• PV will become a major renewable energy technology• New generations of PV has the potential for cheap, easy and large scale

production - the basis for visions where 25% of global electricity production is covered by PV in 2040.production is covered by PV in 2040.

• Feed-in-tariffs is the key incentive for building a European PV industry.• A constant struggle for lower productions prices. Target is a module price

of 1$/Wp.$/ p• 50% efficiency is targeted by multi-junction solar cells combined with

solar concentration.

• 6% efficiency has been demonstrated for polymer solar cells• >1 years stability has been demonstrated• Challenges for polymer solar cells are to unify stability and efficiency with g p y y y y

ease of production. New materials are needed.• 2-3% efficiency for coated polymer solar cells within reach with years

stability


• Demonstration is a corner stone

Conclusion• On the global level there is no doubt that photovoltaics will become a • On the global level, there is no doubt that photovoltaics will become a

major renewable electricity source and most likely – the major electricity source!

• There is a very good reasons to expect a continued price reduction. This will bring solar electricity on par with (and below) the average electricity price in Denmark before 2020.

• Hence Denmark should already now prepare for the challenge of installing solar cells in massive amounts.

• Yes, Denmark has an excellent position to take place in the continued R&D of technological breakthroughs in PV (like polymer solar cells) that

ti th iti f th PV continues the very positive progress of the PV area.

• And yes, PV is already a new “Windmill adventure” on the global scale.


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Photovoltaics - energy from the sun - IDA - IDA assesment... · Photovoltaics - energy from the sun Peter Sommer-Larsen, Torben Damgaard Nielsen, and Frederik C. Krebs Risø National